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-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/__init__.py180
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-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_add_newdocs.py7080
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-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_exceptions.py172
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-rwxr-xr-x.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_multiarray_tests.cpython-312-x86_64-linux-gnu.sobin0 -> 175912 bytes
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-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_ufunc_config.py466
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-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__multiarray_api.c314
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h1566
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__ufunc_api.c50
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-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_dtype_api.h408
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_neighborhood_iterator_imp.h90
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_numpyconfig.h32
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h12
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayscalars.h186
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/experimental_dtype_api.h365
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/halffloat.h70
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h251
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-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/noprefix.h211
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-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ufuncobject.h359
-rw-r--r--.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/utils.h37
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181 files changed, 125550 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/__init__.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d59b89e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+"""
+Contains the core of NumPy: ndarray, ufuncs, dtypes, etc.
+
+Please note that this module is private.  All functions and objects
+are available in the main ``numpy`` namespace - use that instead.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from numpy.version import version as __version__
+
+
+# disables OpenBLAS affinity setting of the main thread that limits
+# python threads or processes to one core
+env_added = []
+for envkey in ['OPENBLAS_MAIN_FREE', 'GOTOBLAS_MAIN_FREE']:
+    if envkey not in os.environ:
+        os.environ[envkey] = '1'
+        env_added.append(envkey)
+
+try:
+    from . import multiarray
+except ImportError as exc:
+    import sys
+    msg = """
+
+IMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THIS FOR ADVICE ON HOW TO SOLVE THIS ISSUE!
+
+Importing the numpy C-extensions failed. This error can happen for
+many reasons, often due to issues with your setup or how NumPy was
+installed.
+
+We have compiled some common reasons and troubleshooting tips at:
+
+    https://numpy.org/devdocs/user/troubleshooting-importerror.html
+
+Please note and check the following:
+
+  * The Python version is: Python%d.%d from "%s"
+  * The NumPy version is: "%s"
+
+and make sure that they are the versions you expect.
+Please carefully study the documentation linked above for further help.
+
+Original error was: %s
+""" % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1], sys.executable,
+        __version__, exc)
+    raise ImportError(msg)
+finally:
+    for envkey in env_added:
+        del os.environ[envkey]
+del envkey
+del env_added
+del os
+
+from . import umath
+
+# Check that multiarray,umath are pure python modules wrapping
+# _multiarray_umath and not either of the old c-extension modules
+if not (hasattr(multiarray, '_multiarray_umath') and
+        hasattr(umath, '_multiarray_umath')):
+    import sys
+    path = sys.modules['numpy'].__path__
+    msg = ("Something is wrong with the numpy installation. "
+        "While importing we detected an older version of "
+        "numpy in {}. One method of fixing this is to repeatedly uninstall "
+        "numpy until none is found, then reinstall this version.")
+    raise ImportError(msg.format(path))
+
+from . import numerictypes as nt
+multiarray.set_typeDict(nt.sctypeDict)
+from . import numeric
+from .numeric import *
+from . import fromnumeric
+from .fromnumeric import *
+from . import defchararray as char
+from . import records
+from . import records as rec
+from .records import record, recarray, format_parser
+# Note: module name memmap is overwritten by a class with same name
+from .memmap import *
+from .defchararray import chararray
+from . import function_base
+from .function_base import *
+from . import _machar
+from . import getlimits
+from .getlimits import *
+from . import shape_base
+from .shape_base import *
+from . import einsumfunc
+from .einsumfunc import *
+del nt
+
+from .numeric import absolute as abs
+
+# do this after everything else, to minimize the chance of this misleadingly
+# appearing in an import-time traceback
+from . import _add_newdocs
+from . import _add_newdocs_scalars
+# add these for module-freeze analysis (like PyInstaller)
+from . import _dtype_ctypes
+from . import _internal
+from . import _dtype
+from . import _methods
+
+__all__ = ['char', 'rec', 'memmap']
+__all__ += numeric.__all__
+__all__ += ['record', 'recarray', 'format_parser']
+__all__ += ['chararray']
+__all__ += function_base.__all__
+__all__ += getlimits.__all__
+__all__ += shape_base.__all__
+__all__ += einsumfunc.__all__
+
+# We used to use `np.core._ufunc_reconstruct` to unpickle. This is unnecessary,
+# but old pickles saved before 1.20 will be using it, and there is no reason
+# to break loading them.
+def _ufunc_reconstruct(module, name):
+    # The `fromlist` kwarg is required to ensure that `mod` points to the
+    # inner-most module rather than the parent package when module name is
+    # nested. This makes it possible to pickle non-toplevel ufuncs such as
+    # scipy.special.expit for instance.
+    mod = __import__(module, fromlist=[name])
+    return getattr(mod, name)
+
+
+def _ufunc_reduce(func):
+    # Report the `__name__`. pickle will try to find the module. Note that
+    # pickle supports for this `__name__` to be a `__qualname__`. It may
+    # make sense to add a `__qualname__` to ufuncs, to allow this more
+    # explicitly (Numba has ufuncs as attributes).
+    # See also: https://github.com/dask/distributed/issues/3450
+    return func.__name__
+
+
+def _DType_reconstruct(scalar_type):
+    # This is a work-around to pickle type(np.dtype(np.float64)), etc.
+    # and it should eventually be replaced with a better solution, e.g. when
+    # DTypes become HeapTypes.
+    return type(dtype(scalar_type))
+
+
+def _DType_reduce(DType):
+    # As types/classes, most DTypes can simply be pickled by their name:
+    if not DType._legacy or DType.__module__ == "numpy.dtypes":
+        return DType.__name__
+
+    # However, user defined legacy dtypes (like rational) do not end up in
+    # `numpy.dtypes` as module and do not have a public class at all.
+    # For these, we pickle them by reconstructing them from the scalar type:
+    scalar_type = DType.type
+    return _DType_reconstruct, (scalar_type,)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name):
+    # Deprecated 2022-11-22, NumPy 1.25.
+    if name == "MachAr":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `np.core.MachAr` is considered private API (NumPy 1.24)",
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return _machar.MachAr
+    raise AttributeError(f"Module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
+
+
+import copyreg
+
+copyreg.pickle(ufunc, _ufunc_reduce)
+copyreg.pickle(type(dtype), _DType_reduce, _DType_reconstruct)
+
+# Unclutter namespace (must keep _*_reconstruct for unpickling)
+del copyreg
+del _ufunc_reduce
+del _DType_reduce
+
+from numpy._pytesttester import PytestTester
+test = PytestTester(__name__)
+del PytestTester
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/__init__.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/__init__.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c7a42bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/__init__.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# NOTE: The `np.core` namespace is deliberately kept empty due to it
+# being private (despite the lack of leading underscore)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_add_newdocs.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_add_newdocs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e29fcf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_add_newdocs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7080 @@
+"""
+This is only meant to add docs to objects defined in C-extension modules.
+The purpose is to allow easier editing of the docstrings without
+requiring a re-compile.
+
+NOTE: Many of the methods of ndarray have corresponding functions.
+      If you update these docstrings, please keep also the ones in
+      core/fromnumeric.py, core/defmatrix.py up-to-date.
+
+"""
+
+from numpy.core.function_base import add_newdoc
+from numpy.core.overrides import array_function_like_doc
+
+
+###############################################################################
+#
+# flatiter
+#
+# flatiter needs a toplevel description
+#
+###############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'flatiter',
+    """
+    Flat iterator object to iterate over arrays.
+
+    A `flatiter` iterator is returned by ``x.flat`` for any array `x`.
+    It allows iterating over the array as if it were a 1-D array,
+    either in a for-loop or by calling its `next` method.
+
+    Iteration is done in row-major, C-style order (the last
+    index varying the fastest). The iterator can also be indexed using
+    basic slicing or advanced indexing.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.flat : Return a flat iterator over an array.
+    ndarray.flatten : Returns a flattened copy of an array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    A `flatiter` iterator can not be constructed directly from Python code
+    by calling the `flatiter` constructor.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    >>> fl = x.flat
+    >>> type(fl)
+    <class 'numpy.flatiter'>
+    >>> for item in fl:
+    ...     print(item)
+    ...
+    0
+    1
+    2
+    3
+    4
+    5
+
+    >>> fl[2:4]
+    array([2, 3])
+
+    """)
+
+# flatiter attributes
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'flatiter', ('base',
+    """
+    A reference to the array that is iterated over.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(5)
+    >>> fl = x.flat
+    >>> fl.base is x
+    True
+
+    """))
+
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'flatiter', ('coords',
+    """
+    An N-dimensional tuple of current coordinates.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    >>> fl = x.flat
+    >>> fl.coords
+    (0, 0)
+    >>> next(fl)
+    0
+    >>> fl.coords
+    (0, 1)
+
+    """))
+
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'flatiter', ('index',
+    """
+    Current flat index into the array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    >>> fl = x.flat
+    >>> fl.index
+    0
+    >>> next(fl)
+    0
+    >>> fl.index
+    1
+
+    """))
+
+# flatiter functions
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'flatiter', ('__array__',
+    """__array__(type=None) Get array from iterator
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'flatiter', ('copy',
+    """
+    copy()
+
+    Get a copy of the iterator as a 1-D array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    >>> x
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 4, 5]])
+    >>> fl = x.flat
+    >>> fl.copy()
+    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+    """))
+
+
+###############################################################################
+#
+# nditer
+#
+###############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer',
+    """
+    nditer(op, flags=None, op_flags=None, op_dtypes=None, order='K', casting='safe', op_axes=None, itershape=None, buffersize=0)
+
+    Efficient multi-dimensional iterator object to iterate over arrays.
+    To get started using this object, see the
+    :ref:`introductory guide to array iteration <arrays.nditer>`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    op : ndarray or sequence of array_like
+        The array(s) to iterate over.
+
+    flags : sequence of str, optional
+          Flags to control the behavior of the iterator.
+
+          * ``buffered`` enables buffering when required.
+          * ``c_index`` causes a C-order index to be tracked.
+          * ``f_index`` causes a Fortran-order index to be tracked.
+          * ``multi_index`` causes a multi-index, or a tuple of indices
+            with one per iteration dimension, to be tracked.
+          * ``common_dtype`` causes all the operands to be converted to
+            a common data type, with copying or buffering as necessary.
+          * ``copy_if_overlap`` causes the iterator to determine if read
+            operands have overlap with write operands, and make temporary
+            copies as necessary to avoid overlap. False positives (needless
+            copying) are possible in some cases.
+          * ``delay_bufalloc`` delays allocation of the buffers until
+            a reset() call is made. Allows ``allocate`` operands to
+            be initialized before their values are copied into the buffers.
+          * ``external_loop`` causes the ``values`` given to be
+            one-dimensional arrays with multiple values instead of
+            zero-dimensional arrays.
+          * ``grow_inner`` allows the ``value`` array sizes to be made
+            larger than the buffer size when both ``buffered`` and
+            ``external_loop`` is used.
+          * ``ranged`` allows the iterator to be restricted to a sub-range
+            of the iterindex values.
+          * ``refs_ok`` enables iteration of reference types, such as
+            object arrays.
+          * ``reduce_ok`` enables iteration of ``readwrite`` operands
+            which are broadcasted, also known as reduction operands.
+          * ``zerosize_ok`` allows `itersize` to be zero.
+    op_flags : list of list of str, optional
+          This is a list of flags for each operand. At minimum, one of
+          ``readonly``, ``readwrite``, or ``writeonly`` must be specified.
+
+          * ``readonly`` indicates the operand will only be read from.
+          * ``readwrite`` indicates the operand will be read from and written to.
+          * ``writeonly`` indicates the operand will only be written to.
+          * ``no_broadcast`` prevents the operand from being broadcasted.
+          * ``contig`` forces the operand data to be contiguous.
+          * ``aligned`` forces the operand data to be aligned.
+          * ``nbo`` forces the operand data to be in native byte order.
+          * ``copy`` allows a temporary read-only copy if required.
+          * ``updateifcopy`` allows a temporary read-write copy if required.
+          * ``allocate`` causes the array to be allocated if it is None
+            in the ``op`` parameter.
+          * ``no_subtype`` prevents an ``allocate`` operand from using a subtype.
+          * ``arraymask`` indicates that this operand is the mask to use
+            for selecting elements when writing to operands with the
+            'writemasked' flag set. The iterator does not enforce this,
+            but when writing from a buffer back to the array, it only
+            copies those elements indicated by this mask.
+          * ``writemasked`` indicates that only elements where the chosen
+            ``arraymask`` operand is True will be written to.
+          * ``overlap_assume_elementwise`` can be used to mark operands that are
+            accessed only in the iterator order, to allow less conservative
+            copying when ``copy_if_overlap`` is present.
+    op_dtypes : dtype or tuple of dtype(s), optional
+        The required data type(s) of the operands. If copying or buffering
+        is enabled, the data will be converted to/from their original types.
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
+        Controls the iteration order. 'C' means C order, 'F' means
+        Fortran order, 'A' means 'F' order if all the arrays are Fortran
+        contiguous, 'C' order otherwise, and 'K' means as close to the
+        order the array elements appear in memory as possible. This also
+        affects the element memory order of ``allocate`` operands, as they
+        are allocated to be compatible with iteration order.
+        Default is 'K'.
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur when making a copy
+        or buffering.  Setting this to 'unsafe' is not recommended,
+        as it can adversely affect accumulations.
+
+        * 'no' means the data types should not be cast at all.
+        * 'equiv' means only byte-order changes are allowed.
+        * 'safe' means only casts which can preserve values are allowed.
+        * 'same_kind' means only safe casts or casts within a kind,
+          like float64 to float32, are allowed.
+        * 'unsafe' means any data conversions may be done.
+    op_axes : list of list of ints, optional
+        If provided, is a list of ints or None for each operands.
+        The list of axes for an operand is a mapping from the dimensions
+        of the iterator to the dimensions of the operand. A value of
+        -1 can be placed for entries, causing that dimension to be
+        treated as `newaxis`.
+    itershape : tuple of ints, optional
+        The desired shape of the iterator. This allows ``allocate`` operands
+        with a dimension mapped by op_axes not corresponding to a dimension
+        of a different operand to get a value not equal to 1 for that
+        dimension.
+    buffersize : int, optional
+        When buffering is enabled, controls the size of the temporary
+        buffers. Set to 0 for the default value.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    dtypes : tuple of dtype(s)
+        The data types of the values provided in `value`. This may be
+        different from the operand data types if buffering is enabled.
+        Valid only before the iterator is closed.
+    finished : bool
+        Whether the iteration over the operands is finished or not.
+    has_delayed_bufalloc : bool
+        If True, the iterator was created with the ``delay_bufalloc`` flag,
+        and no reset() function was called on it yet.
+    has_index : bool
+        If True, the iterator was created with either the ``c_index`` or
+        the ``f_index`` flag, and the property `index` can be used to
+        retrieve it.
+    has_multi_index : bool
+        If True, the iterator was created with the ``multi_index`` flag,
+        and the property `multi_index` can be used to retrieve it.
+    index
+        When the ``c_index`` or ``f_index`` flag was used, this property
+        provides access to the index. Raises a ValueError if accessed
+        and ``has_index`` is False.
+    iterationneedsapi : bool
+        Whether iteration requires access to the Python API, for example
+        if one of the operands is an object array.
+    iterindex : int
+        An index which matches the order of iteration.
+    itersize : int
+        Size of the iterator.
+    itviews
+        Structured view(s) of `operands` in memory, matching the reordered
+        and optimized iterator access pattern. Valid only before the iterator
+        is closed.
+    multi_index
+        When the ``multi_index`` flag was used, this property
+        provides access to the index. Raises a ValueError if accessed
+        accessed and ``has_multi_index`` is False.
+    ndim : int
+        The dimensions of the iterator.
+    nop : int
+        The number of iterator operands.
+    operands : tuple of operand(s)
+        The array(s) to be iterated over. Valid only before the iterator is
+        closed.
+    shape : tuple of ints
+        Shape tuple, the shape of the iterator.
+    value
+        Value of ``operands`` at current iteration. Normally, this is a
+        tuple of array scalars, but if the flag ``external_loop`` is used,
+        it is a tuple of one dimensional arrays.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `nditer` supersedes `flatiter`.  The iterator implementation behind
+    `nditer` is also exposed by the NumPy C API.
+
+    The Python exposure supplies two iteration interfaces, one which follows
+    the Python iterator protocol, and another which mirrors the C-style
+    do-while pattern.  The native Python approach is better in most cases, but
+    if you need the coordinates or index of an iterator, use the C-style pattern.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Here is how we might write an ``iter_add`` function, using the
+    Python iterator protocol:
+
+    >>> def iter_add_py(x, y, out=None):
+    ...     addop = np.add
+    ...     it = np.nditer([x, y, out], [],
+    ...                 [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly','allocate']])
+    ...     with it:
+    ...         for (a, b, c) in it:
+    ...             addop(a, b, out=c)
+    ...         return it.operands[2]
+
+    Here is the same function, but following the C-style pattern:
+
+    >>> def iter_add(x, y, out=None):
+    ...    addop = np.add
+    ...    it = np.nditer([x, y, out], [],
+    ...                [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly','allocate']])
+    ...    with it:
+    ...        while not it.finished:
+    ...            addop(it[0], it[1], out=it[2])
+    ...            it.iternext()
+    ...        return it.operands[2]
+
+    Here is an example outer product function:
+
+    >>> def outer_it(x, y, out=None):
+    ...     mulop = np.multiply
+    ...     it = np.nditer([x, y, out], ['external_loop'],
+    ...             [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+    ...             op_axes=[list(range(x.ndim)) + [-1] * y.ndim,
+    ...                      [-1] * x.ndim + list(range(y.ndim)),
+    ...                      None])
+    ...     with it:
+    ...         for (a, b, c) in it:
+    ...             mulop(a, b, out=c)
+    ...         return it.operands[2]
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(2)+1
+    >>> b = np.arange(3)+1
+    >>> outer_it(a,b)
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [2, 4, 6]])
+
+    Here is an example function which operates like a "lambda" ufunc:
+
+    >>> def luf(lamdaexpr, *args, **kwargs):
+    ...    '''luf(lambdaexpr, op1, ..., opn, out=None, order='K', casting='safe', buffersize=0)'''
+    ...    nargs = len(args)
+    ...    op = (kwargs.get('out',None),) + args
+    ...    it = np.nditer(op, ['buffered','external_loop'],
+    ...            [['writeonly','allocate','no_broadcast']] +
+    ...                            [['readonly','nbo','aligned']]*nargs,
+    ...            order=kwargs.get('order','K'),
+    ...            casting=kwargs.get('casting','safe'),
+    ...            buffersize=kwargs.get('buffersize',0))
+    ...    while not it.finished:
+    ...        it[0] = lamdaexpr(*it[1:])
+    ...        it.iternext()
+    ...    return it.operands[0]
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(5)
+    >>> b = np.ones(5)
+    >>> luf(lambda i,j:i*i + j/2, a, b)
+    array([  0.5,   1.5,   4.5,   9.5,  16.5])
+
+    If operand flags ``"writeonly"`` or ``"readwrite"`` are used the
+    operands may be views into the original data with the
+    `WRITEBACKIFCOPY` flag. In this case `nditer` must be used as a
+    context manager or the `nditer.close` method must be called before
+    using the result. The temporary data will be written back to the
+    original data when the `__exit__` function is called but not before:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(6, dtype='i4')[::-2]
+    >>> with np.nditer(a, [],
+    ...        [['writeonly', 'updateifcopy']],
+    ...        casting='unsafe',
+    ...        op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')]) as i:
+    ...    x = i.operands[0]
+    ...    x[:] = [-1, -2, -3]
+    ...    # a still unchanged here
+    >>> a, x
+    (array([-1, -2, -3], dtype=int32), array([-1., -2., -3.], dtype=float32))
+
+    It is important to note that once the iterator is exited, dangling
+    references (like `x` in the example) may or may not share data with
+    the original data `a`. If writeback semantics were active, i.e. if
+    `x.base.flags.writebackifcopy` is `True`, then exiting the iterator
+    will sever the connection between `x` and `a`, writing to `x` will
+    no longer write to `a`. If writeback semantics are not active, then
+    `x.data` will still point at some part of `a.data`, and writing to
+    one will affect the other.
+
+    Context management and the `close` method appeared in version 1.15.0.
+
+    """)
+
+# nditer methods
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer', ('copy',
+    """
+    copy()
+
+    Get a copy of the iterator in its current state.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(10)
+    >>> y = x + 1
+    >>> it = np.nditer([x, y])
+    >>> next(it)
+    (array(0), array(1))
+    >>> it2 = it.copy()
+    >>> next(it2)
+    (array(1), array(2))
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer', ('operands',
+    """
+    operands[`Slice`]
+
+    The array(s) to be iterated over. Valid only before the iterator is closed.
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer', ('debug_print',
+    """
+    debug_print()
+
+    Print the current state of the `nditer` instance and debug info to stdout.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer', ('enable_external_loop',
+    """
+    enable_external_loop()
+
+    When the "external_loop" was not used during construction, but
+    is desired, this modifies the iterator to behave as if the flag
+    was specified.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer', ('iternext',
+    """
+    iternext()
+
+    Check whether iterations are left, and perform a single internal iteration
+    without returning the result.  Used in the C-style pattern do-while
+    pattern.  For an example, see `nditer`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    iternext : bool
+        Whether or not there are iterations left.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer', ('remove_axis',
+    """
+    remove_axis(i, /)
+
+    Removes axis `i` from the iterator. Requires that the flag "multi_index"
+    be enabled.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer', ('remove_multi_index',
+    """
+    remove_multi_index()
+
+    When the "multi_index" flag was specified, this removes it, allowing
+    the internal iteration structure to be optimized further.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer', ('reset',
+    """
+    reset()
+
+    Reset the iterator to its initial state.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nested_iters',
+    """
+    nested_iters(op, axes, flags=None, op_flags=None, op_dtypes=None, \
+    order="K", casting="safe", buffersize=0)
+
+    Create nditers for use in nested loops
+
+    Create a tuple of `nditer` objects which iterate in nested loops over
+    different axes of the op argument. The first iterator is used in the
+    outermost loop, the last in the innermost loop. Advancing one will change
+    the subsequent iterators to point at its new element.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    op : ndarray or sequence of array_like
+        The array(s) to iterate over.
+
+    axes : list of list of int
+        Each item is used as an "op_axes" argument to an nditer
+
+    flags, op_flags, op_dtypes, order, casting, buffersize (optional)
+        See `nditer` parameters of the same name
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    iters : tuple of nditer
+        An nditer for each item in `axes`, outermost first
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    nditer
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    Basic usage. Note how y is the "flattened" version of
+    [a[:, 0, :], a[:, 1, 0], a[:, 2, :]] since we specified
+    the first iter's axes as [1]
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)
+    >>> i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[1], [0, 2]], flags=["multi_index"])
+    >>> for x in i:
+    ...      print(i.multi_index)
+    ...      for y in j:
+    ...          print('', j.multi_index, y)
+    (0,)
+     (0, 0) 0
+     (0, 1) 1
+     (1, 0) 6
+     (1, 1) 7
+    (1,)
+     (0, 0) 2
+     (0, 1) 3
+     (1, 0) 8
+     (1, 1) 9
+    (2,)
+     (0, 0) 4
+     (0, 1) 5
+     (1, 0) 10
+     (1, 1) 11
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'nditer', ('close',
+    """
+    close()
+
+    Resolve all writeback semantics in writeable operands.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.15.0
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+
+    :ref:`nditer-context-manager`
+
+    """))
+
+
+###############################################################################
+#
+# broadcast
+#
+###############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'broadcast',
+    """
+    Produce an object that mimics broadcasting.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    in1, in2, ... : array_like
+        Input parameters.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    b : broadcast object
+        Broadcast the input parameters against one another, and
+        return an object that encapsulates the result.
+        Amongst others, it has ``shape`` and ``nd`` properties, and
+        may be used as an iterator.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    broadcast_arrays
+    broadcast_to
+    broadcast_shapes
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    Manually adding two vectors, using broadcasting:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[1], [2], [3]])
+    >>> y = np.array([4, 5, 6])
+    >>> b = np.broadcast(x, y)
+
+    >>> out = np.empty(b.shape)
+    >>> out.flat = [u+v for (u,v) in b]
+    >>> out
+    array([[5.,  6.,  7.],
+           [6.,  7.,  8.],
+           [7.,  8.,  9.]])
+
+    Compare against built-in broadcasting:
+
+    >>> x + y
+    array([[5, 6, 7],
+           [6, 7, 8],
+           [7, 8, 9]])
+
+    """)
+
+# attributes
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'broadcast', ('index',
+    """
+    current index in broadcasted result
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([[1], [2], [3]])
+    >>> y = np.array([4, 5, 6])
+    >>> b = np.broadcast(x, y)
+    >>> b.index
+    0
+    >>> next(b), next(b), next(b)
+    ((1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6))
+    >>> b.index
+    3
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'broadcast', ('iters',
+    """
+    tuple of iterators along ``self``'s "components."
+
+    Returns a tuple of `numpy.flatiter` objects, one for each "component"
+    of ``self``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.flatiter
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> y = np.array([[4], [5], [6]])
+    >>> b = np.broadcast(x, y)
+    >>> row, col = b.iters
+    >>> next(row), next(col)
+    (1, 4)
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'broadcast', ('ndim',
+    """
+    Number of dimensions of broadcasted result. Alias for `nd`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.12.0
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> y = np.array([[4], [5], [6]])
+    >>> b = np.broadcast(x, y)
+    >>> b.ndim
+    2
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'broadcast', ('nd',
+    """
+    Number of dimensions of broadcasted result. For code intended for NumPy
+    1.12.0 and later the more consistent `ndim` is preferred.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> y = np.array([[4], [5], [6]])
+    >>> b = np.broadcast(x, y)
+    >>> b.nd
+    2
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'broadcast', ('numiter',
+    """
+    Number of iterators possessed by the broadcasted result.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> y = np.array([[4], [5], [6]])
+    >>> b = np.broadcast(x, y)
+    >>> b.numiter
+    2
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'broadcast', ('shape',
+    """
+    Shape of broadcasted result.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> y = np.array([[4], [5], [6]])
+    >>> b = np.broadcast(x, y)
+    >>> b.shape
+    (3, 3)
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'broadcast', ('size',
+    """
+    Total size of broadcasted result.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> y = np.array([[4], [5], [6]])
+    >>> b = np.broadcast(x, y)
+    >>> b.size
+    9
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'broadcast', ('reset',
+    """
+    reset()
+
+    Reset the broadcasted result's iterator(s).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    None
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    None
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> y = np.array([[4], [5], [6]])
+    >>> b = np.broadcast(x, y)
+    >>> b.index
+    0
+    >>> next(b), next(b), next(b)
+    ((1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4))
+    >>> b.index
+    3
+    >>> b.reset()
+    >>> b.index
+    0
+
+    """))
+
+###############################################################################
+#
+# numpy functions
+#
+###############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'array',
+    """
+    array(object, dtype=None, *, copy=True, order='K', subok=False, ndmin=0,
+          like=None)
+
+    Create an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    object : array_like
+        An array, any object exposing the array interface, an object whose
+        ``__array__`` method returns an array, or any (nested) sequence.
+        If object is a scalar, a 0-dimensional array containing object is
+        returned.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        The desired data-type for the array. If not given, NumPy will try to use
+        a default ``dtype`` that can represent the values (by applying promotion
+        rules when necessary.)
+    copy : bool, optional
+        If true (default), then the object is copied.  Otherwise, a copy will
+        only be made if ``__array__`` returns a copy, if obj is a nested
+        sequence, or if a copy is needed to satisfy any of the other
+        requirements (``dtype``, ``order``, etc.).
+    order : {'K', 'A', 'C', 'F'}, optional
+        Specify the memory layout of the array. If object is not an array, the
+        newly created array will be in C order (row major) unless 'F' is
+        specified, in which case it will be in Fortran order (column major).
+        If object is an array the following holds.
+
+        ===== ========= ===================================================
+        order  no copy                     copy=True
+        ===== ========= ===================================================
+        'K'   unchanged F & C order preserved, otherwise most similar order
+        'A'   unchanged F order if input is F and not C, otherwise C order
+        'C'   C order   C order
+        'F'   F order   F order
+        ===== ========= ===================================================
+
+        When ``copy=False`` and a copy is made for other reasons, the result is
+        the same as if ``copy=True``, with some exceptions for 'A', see the
+        Notes section. The default order is 'K'.
+    subok : bool, optional
+        If True, then sub-classes will be passed-through, otherwise
+        the returned array will be forced to be a base-class array (default).
+    ndmin : int, optional
+        Specifies the minimum number of dimensions that the resulting
+        array should have.  Ones will be prepended to the shape as
+        needed to meet this requirement.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        An array object satisfying the specified requirements.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    empty_like : Return an empty array with shape and type of input.
+    ones_like : Return an array of ones with shape and type of input.
+    zeros_like : Return an array of zeros with shape and type of input.
+    full_like : Return a new array with shape of input filled with value.
+    empty : Return a new uninitialized array.
+    ones : Return a new array setting values to one.
+    zeros : Return a new array setting values to zero.
+    full : Return a new array of given shape filled with value.
+
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    When order is 'A' and ``object`` is an array in neither 'C' nor 'F' order,
+    and a copy is forced by a change in dtype, then the order of the result is
+    not necessarily 'C' as expected. This is likely a bug.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    array([1, 2, 3])
+
+    Upcasting:
+
+    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3.0])
+    array([ 1.,  2.,  3.])
+
+    More than one dimension:
+
+    >>> np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4]])
+
+    Minimum dimensions 2:
+
+    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3], ndmin=2)
+    array([[1, 2, 3]])
+
+    Type provided:
+
+    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=complex)
+    array([ 1.+0.j,  2.+0.j,  3.+0.j])
+
+    Data-type consisting of more than one element:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([(1,2),(3,4)],dtype=[('a','<i4'),('b','<i4')])
+    >>> x['a']
+    array([1, 3])
+
+    Creating an array from sub-classes:
+
+    >>> np.array(np.mat('1 2; 3 4'))
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4]])
+
+    >>> np.array(np.mat('1 2; 3 4'), subok=True)
+    matrix([[1, 2],
+            [3, 4]])
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'asarray',
+    """
+    asarray(a, dtype=None, order=None, *, like=None)
+
+    Convert the input to an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data, in any form that can be converted to an array.  This
+        includes lists, lists of tuples, tuples, tuples of tuples, tuples
+        of lists and ndarrays.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        By default, the data-type is inferred from the input data.
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
+        Memory layout.  'A' and 'K' depend on the order of input array a.
+        'C' row-major (C-style),
+        'F' column-major (Fortran-style) memory representation.
+        'A' (any) means 'F' if `a` is Fortran contiguous, 'C' otherwise
+        'K' (keep) preserve input order
+        Defaults to 'K'.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array interpretation of `a`.  No copy is performed if the input
+        is already an ndarray with matching dtype and order.  If `a` is a
+        subclass of ndarray, a base class ndarray is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    asanyarray : Similar function which passes through subclasses.
+    ascontiguousarray : Convert input to a contiguous array.
+    asfarray : Convert input to a floating point ndarray.
+    asfortranarray : Convert input to an ndarray with column-major
+                     memory order.
+    asarray_chkfinite : Similar function which checks input for NaNs and Infs.
+    fromiter : Create an array from an iterator.
+    fromfunction : Construct an array by executing a function on grid
+                   positions.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Convert a list into an array:
+
+    >>> a = [1, 2]
+    >>> np.asarray(a)
+    array([1, 2])
+
+    Existing arrays are not copied:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2])
+    >>> np.asarray(a) is a
+    True
+
+    If `dtype` is set, array is copied only if dtype does not match:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.float32)
+    >>> np.asarray(a, dtype=np.float32) is a
+    True
+    >>> np.asarray(a, dtype=np.float64) is a
+    False
+
+    Contrary to `asanyarray`, ndarray subclasses are not passed through:
+
+    >>> issubclass(np.recarray, np.ndarray)
+    True
+    >>> a = np.array([(1.0, 2), (3.0, 4)], dtype='f4,i4').view(np.recarray)
+    >>> np.asarray(a) is a
+    False
+    >>> np.asanyarray(a) is a
+    True
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'asanyarray',
+    """
+    asanyarray(a, dtype=None, order=None, *, like=None)
+
+    Convert the input to an ndarray, but pass ndarray subclasses through.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data, in any form that can be converted to an array.  This
+        includes scalars, lists, lists of tuples, tuples, tuples of tuples,
+        tuples of lists, and ndarrays.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        By default, the data-type is inferred from the input data.
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
+        Memory layout.  'A' and 'K' depend on the order of input array a.
+        'C' row-major (C-style),
+        'F' column-major (Fortran-style) memory representation.
+        'A' (any) means 'F' if `a` is Fortran contiguous, 'C' otherwise
+        'K' (keep) preserve input order
+        Defaults to 'C'.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray or an ndarray subclass
+        Array interpretation of `a`.  If `a` is an ndarray or a subclass
+        of ndarray, it is returned as-is and no copy is performed.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    asarray : Similar function which always returns ndarrays.
+    ascontiguousarray : Convert input to a contiguous array.
+    asfarray : Convert input to a floating point ndarray.
+    asfortranarray : Convert input to an ndarray with column-major
+                     memory order.
+    asarray_chkfinite : Similar function which checks input for NaNs and
+                        Infs.
+    fromiter : Create an array from an iterator.
+    fromfunction : Construct an array by executing a function on grid
+                   positions.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Convert a list into an array:
+
+    >>> a = [1, 2]
+    >>> np.asanyarray(a)
+    array([1, 2])
+
+    Instances of `ndarray` subclasses are passed through as-is:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([(1.0, 2), (3.0, 4)], dtype='f4,i4').view(np.recarray)
+    >>> np.asanyarray(a) is a
+    True
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ascontiguousarray',
+    """
+    ascontiguousarray(a, dtype=None, *, like=None)
+
+    Return a contiguous array (ndim >= 1) in memory (C order).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    dtype : str or dtype object, optional
+        Data-type of returned array.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Contiguous array of same shape and content as `a`, with type `dtype`
+        if specified.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    asfortranarray : Convert input to an ndarray with column-major
+                     memory order.
+    require : Return an ndarray that satisfies requirements.
+    ndarray.flags : Information about the memory layout of the array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Starting with a Fortran-contiguous array:
+
+    >>> x = np.ones((2, 3), order='F')
+    >>> x.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS']
+    True
+
+    Calling ``ascontiguousarray`` makes a C-contiguous copy:
+
+    >>> y = np.ascontiguousarray(x)
+    >>> y.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']
+    True
+    >>> np.may_share_memory(x, y)
+    False
+
+    Now, starting with a C-contiguous array:
+
+    >>> x = np.ones((2, 3), order='C')
+    >>> x.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']
+    True
+
+    Then, calling ``ascontiguousarray`` returns the same object:
+
+    >>> y = np.ascontiguousarray(x)
+    >>> x is y
+    True
+
+    Note: This function returns an array with at least one-dimension (1-d)
+    so it will not preserve 0-d arrays.
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'asfortranarray',
+    """
+    asfortranarray(a, dtype=None, *, like=None)
+
+    Return an array (ndim >= 1) laid out in Fortran order in memory.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    dtype : str or dtype object, optional
+        By default, the data-type is inferred from the input data.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        The input `a` in Fortran, or column-major, order.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ascontiguousarray : Convert input to a contiguous (C order) array.
+    asanyarray : Convert input to an ndarray with either row or
+        column-major memory order.
+    require : Return an ndarray that satisfies requirements.
+    ndarray.flags : Information about the memory layout of the array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Starting with a C-contiguous array:
+
+    >>> x = np.ones((2, 3), order='C')
+    >>> x.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']
+    True
+
+    Calling ``asfortranarray`` makes a Fortran-contiguous copy:
+
+    >>> y = np.asfortranarray(x)
+    >>> y.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS']
+    True
+    >>> np.may_share_memory(x, y)
+    False
+
+    Now, starting with a Fortran-contiguous array:
+
+    >>> x = np.ones((2, 3), order='F')
+    >>> x.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS']
+    True
+
+    Then, calling ``asfortranarray`` returns the same object:
+
+    >>> y = np.asfortranarray(x)
+    >>> x is y
+    True
+
+    Note: This function returns an array with at least one-dimension (1-d)
+    so it will not preserve 0-d arrays.
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'empty',
+    """
+    empty(shape, dtype=float, order='C', *, like=None)
+
+    Return a new array of given shape and type, without initializing entries.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    shape : int or tuple of int
+        Shape of the empty array, e.g., ``(2, 3)`` or ``2``.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Desired output data-type for the array, e.g, `numpy.int8`. Default is
+        `numpy.float64`.
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional, default: 'C'
+        Whether to store multi-dimensional data in row-major
+        (C-style) or column-major (Fortran-style) order in
+        memory.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of uninitialized (arbitrary) data of the given shape, dtype, and
+        order.  Object arrays will be initialized to None.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    empty_like : Return an empty array with shape and type of input.
+    ones : Return a new array setting values to one.
+    zeros : Return a new array setting values to zero.
+    full : Return a new array of given shape filled with value.
+
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `empty`, unlike `zeros`, does not set the array values to zero,
+    and may therefore be marginally faster.  On the other hand, it requires
+    the user to manually set all the values in the array, and should be
+    used with caution.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.empty([2, 2])
+    array([[ -9.74499359e+001,   6.69583040e-309],
+           [  2.13182611e-314,   3.06959433e-309]])         #uninitialized
+
+    >>> np.empty([2, 2], dtype=int)
+    array([[-1073741821, -1067949133],
+           [  496041986,    19249760]])                     #uninitialized
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'scalar',
+    """
+    scalar(dtype, obj)
+
+    Return a new scalar array of the given type initialized with obj.
+
+    This function is meant mainly for pickle support. `dtype` must be a
+    valid data-type descriptor. If `dtype` corresponds to an object
+    descriptor, then `obj` can be any object, otherwise `obj` must be a
+    string. If `obj` is not given, it will be interpreted as None for object
+    type and as zeros for all other types.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'zeros',
+    """
+    zeros(shape, dtype=float, order='C', *, like=None)
+
+    Return a new array of given shape and type, filled with zeros.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    shape : int or tuple of ints
+        Shape of the new array, e.g., ``(2, 3)`` or ``2``.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        The desired data-type for the array, e.g., `numpy.int8`.  Default is
+        `numpy.float64`.
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional, default: 'C'
+        Whether to store multi-dimensional data in row-major
+        (C-style) or column-major (Fortran-style) order in
+        memory.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of zeros with the given shape, dtype, and order.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    zeros_like : Return an array of zeros with shape and type of input.
+    empty : Return a new uninitialized array.
+    ones : Return a new array setting values to one.
+    full : Return a new array of given shape filled with value.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.zeros(5)
+    array([ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.])
+
+    >>> np.zeros((5,), dtype=int)
+    array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+
+    >>> np.zeros((2, 1))
+    array([[ 0.],
+           [ 0.]])
+
+    >>> s = (2,2)
+    >>> np.zeros(s)
+    array([[ 0.,  0.],
+           [ 0.,  0.]])
+
+    >>> np.zeros((2,), dtype=[('x', 'i4'), ('y', 'i4')]) # custom dtype
+    array([(0, 0), (0, 0)],
+          dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<i4')])
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'set_typeDict',
+    """set_typeDict(dict)
+
+    Set the internal dictionary that can look up an array type using a
+    registered code.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'fromstring',
+    """
+    fromstring(string, dtype=float, count=-1, *, sep, like=None)
+
+    A new 1-D array initialized from text data in a string.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    string : str
+        A string containing the data.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        The data type of the array; default: float.  For binary input data,
+        the data must be in exactly this format. Most builtin numeric types are
+        supported and extension types may be supported.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.18.0
+            Complex dtypes.
+
+    count : int, optional
+        Read this number of `dtype` elements from the data.  If this is
+        negative (the default), the count will be determined from the
+        length of the data.
+    sep : str, optional
+        The string separating numbers in the data; extra whitespace between
+        elements is also ignored.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.14
+            Passing ``sep=''``, the default, is deprecated since it will
+            trigger the deprecated binary mode of this function. This mode
+            interprets `string` as binary bytes, rather than ASCII text with
+            decimal numbers, an operation which is better spelt
+            ``frombuffer(string, dtype, count)``. If `string` contains unicode
+            text, the binary mode of `fromstring` will first encode it into
+            bytes using utf-8, which will not produce sane results.
+
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    arr : ndarray
+        The constructed array.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If the string is not the correct size to satisfy the requested
+        `dtype` and `count`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    frombuffer, fromfile, fromiter
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.fromstring('1 2', dtype=int, sep=' ')
+    array([1, 2])
+    >>> np.fromstring('1, 2', dtype=int, sep=',')
+    array([1, 2])
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'compare_chararrays',
+    """
+    compare_chararrays(a1, a2, cmp, rstrip)
+
+    Performs element-wise comparison of two string arrays using the
+    comparison operator specified by `cmp_op`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a1, a2 : array_like
+        Arrays to be compared.
+    cmp : {"<", "<=", "==", ">=", ">", "!="}
+        Type of comparison.
+    rstrip : Boolean
+        If True, the spaces at the end of Strings are removed before the comparison.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        The output array of type Boolean with the same shape as a and b.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `cmp_op` is not valid.
+    TypeError
+        If at least one of `a` or `b` is a non-string array
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array(["a", "b", "cde"])
+    >>> b = np.array(["a", "a", "dec"])
+    >>> np.compare_chararrays(a, b, ">", True)
+    array([False,  True, False])
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'fromiter',
+    """
+    fromiter(iter, dtype, count=-1, *, like=None)
+
+    Create a new 1-dimensional array from an iterable object.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    iter : iterable object
+        An iterable object providing data for the array.
+    dtype : data-type
+        The data-type of the returned array.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.23
+            Object and subarray dtypes are now supported (note that the final
+            result is not 1-D for a subarray dtype).
+
+    count : int, optional
+        The number of items to read from *iterable*.  The default is -1,
+        which means all data is read.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        The output array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Specify `count` to improve performance.  It allows ``fromiter`` to
+    pre-allocate the output array, instead of resizing it on demand.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> iterable = (x*x for x in range(5))
+    >>> np.fromiter(iterable, float)
+    array([  0.,   1.,   4.,   9.,  16.])
+
+    A carefully constructed subarray dtype will lead to higher dimensional
+    results:
+
+    >>> iterable = ((x+1, x+2) for x in range(5))
+    >>> np.fromiter(iterable, dtype=np.dtype((int, 2)))
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [2, 3],
+           [3, 4],
+           [4, 5],
+           [5, 6]])
+
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'fromfile',
+    """
+    fromfile(file, dtype=float, count=-1, sep='', offset=0, *, like=None)
+
+    Construct an array from data in a text or binary file.
+
+    A highly efficient way of reading binary data with a known data-type,
+    as well as parsing simply formatted text files.  Data written using the
+    `tofile` method can be read using this function.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    file : file or str or Path
+        Open file object or filename.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.17.0
+            `pathlib.Path` objects are now accepted.
+
+    dtype : data-type
+        Data type of the returned array.
+        For binary files, it is used to determine the size and byte-order
+        of the items in the file.
+        Most builtin numeric types are supported and extension types may be supported.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.18.0
+            Complex dtypes.
+
+    count : int
+        Number of items to read. ``-1`` means all items (i.e., the complete
+        file).
+    sep : str
+        Separator between items if file is a text file.
+        Empty ("") separator means the file should be treated as binary.
+        Spaces (" ") in the separator match zero or more whitespace characters.
+        A separator consisting only of spaces must match at least one
+        whitespace.
+    offset : int
+        The offset (in bytes) from the file's current position. Defaults to 0.
+        Only permitted for binary files.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    load, save
+    ndarray.tofile
+    loadtxt : More flexible way of loading data from a text file.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Do not rely on the combination of `tofile` and `fromfile` for
+    data storage, as the binary files generated are not platform
+    independent.  In particular, no byte-order or data-type information is
+    saved.  Data can be stored in the platform independent ``.npy`` format
+    using `save` and `load` instead.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Construct an ndarray:
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype([('time', [('min', np.int64), ('sec', np.int64)]),
+    ...                ('temp', float)])
+    >>> x = np.zeros((1,), dtype=dt)
+    >>> x['time']['min'] = 10; x['temp'] = 98.25
+    >>> x
+    array([((10, 0), 98.25)],
+          dtype=[('time', [('min', '<i8'), ('sec', '<i8')]), ('temp', '<f8')])
+
+    Save the raw data to disk:
+
+    >>> import tempfile
+    >>> fname = tempfile.mkstemp()[1]
+    >>> x.tofile(fname)
+
+    Read the raw data from disk:
+
+    >>> np.fromfile(fname, dtype=dt)
+    array([((10, 0), 98.25)],
+          dtype=[('time', [('min', '<i8'), ('sec', '<i8')]), ('temp', '<f8')])
+
+    The recommended way to store and load data:
+
+    >>> np.save(fname, x)
+    >>> np.load(fname + '.npy')
+    array([((10, 0), 98.25)],
+          dtype=[('time', [('min', '<i8'), ('sec', '<i8')]), ('temp', '<f8')])
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'frombuffer',
+    """
+    frombuffer(buffer, dtype=float, count=-1, offset=0, *, like=None)
+
+    Interpret a buffer as a 1-dimensional array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    buffer : buffer_like
+        An object that exposes the buffer interface.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Data-type of the returned array; default: float.
+    count : int, optional
+        Number of items to read. ``-1`` means all data in the buffer.
+    offset : int, optional
+        Start reading the buffer from this offset (in bytes); default: 0.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    ndarray.tobytes
+        Inverse of this operation, construct Python bytes from the raw data
+        bytes in the array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If the buffer has data that is not in machine byte-order, this should
+    be specified as part of the data-type, e.g.::
+
+      >>> dt = np.dtype(int)
+      >>> dt = dt.newbyteorder('>')
+      >>> np.frombuffer(buf, dtype=dt) # doctest: +SKIP
+
+    The data of the resulting array will not be byteswapped, but will be
+    interpreted correctly.
+
+    This function creates a view into the original object.  This should be safe
+    in general, but it may make sense to copy the result when the original
+    object is mutable or untrusted.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> s = b'hello world'
+    >>> np.frombuffer(s, dtype='S1', count=5, offset=6)
+    array([b'w', b'o', b'r', b'l', b'd'], dtype='|S1')
+
+    >>> np.frombuffer(b'\\x01\\x02', dtype=np.uint8)
+    array([1, 2], dtype=uint8)
+    >>> np.frombuffer(b'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05', dtype=np.uint8, count=3)
+    array([1, 2, 3], dtype=uint8)
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'from_dlpack',
+    """
+    from_dlpack(x, /)
+
+    Create a NumPy array from an object implementing the ``__dlpack__``
+    protocol. Generally, the returned NumPy array is a read-only view
+    of the input object. See [1]_ and [2]_ for more details.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : object
+        A Python object that implements the ``__dlpack__`` and
+        ``__dlpack_device__`` methods.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Array API documentation,
+       https://data-apis.org/array-api/latest/design_topics/data_interchange.html#syntax-for-data-interchange-with-dlpack
+
+    .. [2] Python specification for DLPack,
+       https://dmlc.github.io/dlpack/latest/python_spec.html
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import torch
+    >>> x = torch.arange(10)
+    >>> # create a view of the torch tensor "x" in NumPy
+    >>> y = np.from_dlpack(x)
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'fastCopyAndTranspose',
+    """
+    fastCopyAndTranspose(a)
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.24
+
+       fastCopyAndTranspose is deprecated and will be removed. Use the copy and
+       transpose methods instead, e.g. ``arr.T.copy()``
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'correlate',
+    """cross_correlate(a,v, mode=0)""")
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'arange',
+    """
+    arange([start,] stop[, step,], dtype=None, *, like=None)
+
+    Return evenly spaced values within a given interval.
+
+    ``arange`` can be called with a varying number of positional arguments:
+
+    * ``arange(stop)``: Values are generated within the half-open interval
+      ``[0, stop)`` (in other words, the interval including `start` but
+      excluding `stop`).
+    * ``arange(start, stop)``: Values are generated within the half-open
+      interval ``[start, stop)``.
+    * ``arange(start, stop, step)`` Values are generated within the half-open
+      interval ``[start, stop)``, with spacing between values given by
+      ``step``.
+
+    For integer arguments the function is roughly equivalent to the Python
+    built-in :py:class:`range`, but returns an ndarray rather than a ``range``
+    instance.
+
+    When using a non-integer step, such as 0.1, it is often better to use
+    `numpy.linspace`.
+
+    See the Warning sections below for more information.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    start : integer or real, optional
+        Start of interval.  The interval includes this value.  The default
+        start value is 0.
+    stop : integer or real
+        End of interval.  The interval does not include this value, except
+        in some cases where `step` is not an integer and floating point
+        round-off affects the length of `out`.
+    step : integer or real, optional
+        Spacing between values.  For any output `out`, this is the distance
+        between two adjacent values, ``out[i+1] - out[i]``.  The default
+        step size is 1.  If `step` is specified as a position argument,
+        `start` must also be given.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        The type of the output array.  If `dtype` is not given, infer the data
+        type from the other input arguments.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    arange : ndarray
+        Array of evenly spaced values.
+
+        For floating point arguments, the length of the result is
+        ``ceil((stop - start)/step)``.  Because of floating point overflow,
+        this rule may result in the last element of `out` being greater
+        than `stop`.
+
+    Warnings
+    --------
+    The length of the output might not be numerically stable.
+
+    Another stability issue is due to the internal implementation of
+    `numpy.arange`.
+    The actual step value used to populate the array is
+    ``dtype(start + step) - dtype(start)`` and not `step`. Precision loss
+    can occur here, due to casting or due to using floating points when
+    `start` is much larger than `step`. This can lead to unexpected
+    behaviour. For example::
+
+      >>> np.arange(0, 5, 0.5, dtype=int)
+      array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+      >>> np.arange(-3, 3, 0.5, dtype=int)
+      array([-3, -2, -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8])
+
+    In such cases, the use of `numpy.linspace` should be preferred.
+
+    The built-in :py:class:`range` generates :std:doc:`Python built-in integers
+    that have arbitrary size <python:c-api/long>`, while `numpy.arange`
+    produces `numpy.int32` or `numpy.int64` numbers. This may result in
+    incorrect results for large integer values::
+
+      >>> power = 40
+      >>> modulo = 10000
+      >>> x1 = [(n ** power) % modulo for n in range(8)]
+      >>> x2 = [(n ** power) % modulo for n in np.arange(8)]
+      >>> print(x1)
+      [0, 1, 7776, 8801, 6176, 625, 6576, 4001]  # correct
+      >>> print(x2)
+      [0, 1, 7776, 7185, 0, 5969, 4816, 3361]  # incorrect
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.linspace : Evenly spaced numbers with careful handling of endpoints.
+    numpy.ogrid: Arrays of evenly spaced numbers in N-dimensions.
+    numpy.mgrid: Grid-shaped arrays of evenly spaced numbers in N-dimensions.
+    :ref:`how-to-partition`
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.arange(3)
+    array([0, 1, 2])
+    >>> np.arange(3.0)
+    array([ 0.,  1.,  2.])
+    >>> np.arange(3,7)
+    array([3, 4, 5, 6])
+    >>> np.arange(3,7,2)
+    array([3, 5])
+
+    """.replace(
+        "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+        array_function_like_doc,
+    ))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', '_get_ndarray_c_version',
+    """_get_ndarray_c_version()
+
+    Return the compile time NPY_VERSION (formerly called NDARRAY_VERSION) number.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', '_reconstruct',
+    """_reconstruct(subtype, shape, dtype)
+
+    Construct an empty array. Used by Pickles.
+
+    """)
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'set_string_function',
+    """
+    set_string_function(f, repr=1)
+
+    Internal method to set a function to be used when pretty printing arrays.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'set_numeric_ops',
+    """
+    set_numeric_ops(op1=func1, op2=func2, ...)
+
+    Set numerical operators for array objects.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.16
+
+        For the general case, use :c:func:`PyUFunc_ReplaceLoopBySignature`.
+        For ndarray subclasses, define the ``__array_ufunc__`` method and
+        override the relevant ufunc.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    op1, op2, ... : callable
+        Each ``op = func`` pair describes an operator to be replaced.
+        For example, ``add = lambda x, y: np.add(x, y) % 5`` would replace
+        addition by modulus 5 addition.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    saved_ops : list of callables
+        A list of all operators, stored before making replacements.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. warning::
+       Use with care!  Incorrect usage may lead to memory errors.
+
+    A function replacing an operator cannot make use of that operator.
+    For example, when replacing add, you may not use ``+``.  Instead,
+    directly call ufuncs.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> def add_mod5(x, y):
+    ...     return np.add(x, y) % 5
+    ...
+    >>> old_funcs = np.set_numeric_ops(add=add_mod5)
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4))
+    >>> x + x
+    array([[0, 2, 4, 1],
+           [3, 0, 2, 4],
+           [1, 3, 0, 2]])
+
+    >>> ignore = np.set_numeric_ops(**old_funcs) # restore operators
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'promote_types',
+    """
+    promote_types(type1, type2)
+
+    Returns the data type with the smallest size and smallest scalar
+    kind to which both ``type1`` and ``type2`` may be safely cast.
+    The returned data type is always considered "canonical", this mainly
+    means that the promoted dtype will always be in native byte order.
+
+    This function is symmetric, but rarely associative.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    type1 : dtype or dtype specifier
+        First data type.
+    type2 : dtype or dtype specifier
+        Second data type.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : dtype
+        The promoted data type.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Please see `numpy.result_type` for additional information about promotion.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+
+    Starting in NumPy 1.9, promote_types function now returns a valid string
+    length when given an integer or float dtype as one argument and a string
+    dtype as another argument. Previously it always returned the input string
+    dtype, even if it wasn't long enough to store the max integer/float value
+    converted to a string.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.23.0
+
+    NumPy now supports promotion for more structured dtypes.  It will now
+    remove unnecessary padding from a structure dtype and promote included
+    fields individually.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    result_type, dtype, can_cast
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.promote_types('f4', 'f8')
+    dtype('float64')
+
+    >>> np.promote_types('i8', 'f4')
+    dtype('float64')
+
+    >>> np.promote_types('>i8', '<c8')
+    dtype('complex128')
+
+    >>> np.promote_types('i4', 'S8')
+    dtype('S11')
+
+    An example of a non-associative case:
+
+    >>> p = np.promote_types
+    >>> p('S', p('i1', 'u1'))
+    dtype('S6')
+    >>> p(p('S', 'i1'), 'u1')
+    dtype('S4')
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'c_einsum',
+    """
+    c_einsum(subscripts, *operands, out=None, dtype=None, order='K',
+           casting='safe')
+
+    *This documentation shadows that of the native python implementation of the `einsum` function,
+    except all references and examples related to the `optimize` argument (v 0.12.0) have been removed.*
+
+    Evaluates the Einstein summation convention on the operands.
+
+    Using the Einstein summation convention, many common multi-dimensional,
+    linear algebraic array operations can be represented in a simple fashion.
+    In *implicit* mode `einsum` computes these values.
+
+    In *explicit* mode, `einsum` provides further flexibility to compute
+    other array operations that might not be considered classical Einstein
+    summation operations, by disabling, or forcing summation over specified
+    subscript labels.
+
+    See the notes and examples for clarification.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    subscripts : str
+        Specifies the subscripts for summation as comma separated list of
+        subscript labels. An implicit (classical Einstein summation)
+        calculation is performed unless the explicit indicator '->' is
+        included as well as subscript labels of the precise output form.
+    operands : list of array_like
+        These are the arrays for the operation.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the calculation is done into this array.
+    dtype : {data-type, None}, optional
+        If provided, forces the calculation to use the data type specified.
+        Note that you may have to also give a more liberal `casting`
+        parameter to allow the conversions. Default is None.
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
+        Controls the memory layout of the output. 'C' means it should
+        be C contiguous. 'F' means it should be Fortran contiguous,
+        'A' means it should be 'F' if the inputs are all 'F', 'C' otherwise.
+        'K' means it should be as close to the layout of the inputs as
+        is possible, including arbitrarily permuted axes.
+        Default is 'K'.
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur.  Setting this to
+        'unsafe' is not recommended, as it can adversely affect accumulations.
+
+          * 'no' means the data types should not be cast at all.
+          * 'equiv' means only byte-order changes are allowed.
+          * 'safe' means only casts which can preserve values are allowed.
+          * 'same_kind' means only safe casts or casts within a kind,
+            like float64 to float32, are allowed.
+          * 'unsafe' means any data conversions may be done.
+
+        Default is 'safe'.
+    optimize : {False, True, 'greedy', 'optimal'}, optional
+        Controls if intermediate optimization should occur. No optimization
+        will occur if False and True will default to the 'greedy' algorithm.
+        Also accepts an explicit contraction list from the ``np.einsum_path``
+        function. See ``np.einsum_path`` for more details. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    output : ndarray
+        The calculation based on the Einstein summation convention.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    einsum_path, dot, inner, outer, tensordot, linalg.multi_dot
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+
+    The Einstein summation convention can be used to compute
+    many multi-dimensional, linear algebraic array operations. `einsum`
+    provides a succinct way of representing these.
+
+    A non-exhaustive list of these operations,
+    which can be computed by `einsum`, is shown below along with examples:
+
+    * Trace of an array, :py:func:`numpy.trace`.
+    * Return a diagonal, :py:func:`numpy.diag`.
+    * Array axis summations, :py:func:`numpy.sum`.
+    * Transpositions and permutations, :py:func:`numpy.transpose`.
+    * Matrix multiplication and dot product, :py:func:`numpy.matmul` :py:func:`numpy.dot`.
+    * Vector inner and outer products, :py:func:`numpy.inner` :py:func:`numpy.outer`.
+    * Broadcasting, element-wise and scalar multiplication, :py:func:`numpy.multiply`.
+    * Tensor contractions, :py:func:`numpy.tensordot`.
+    * Chained array operations, in efficient calculation order, :py:func:`numpy.einsum_path`.
+
+    The subscripts string is a comma-separated list of subscript labels,
+    where each label refers to a dimension of the corresponding operand.
+    Whenever a label is repeated it is summed, so ``np.einsum('i,i', a, b)``
+    is equivalent to :py:func:`np.inner(a,b) <numpy.inner>`. If a label
+    appears only once, it is not summed, so ``np.einsum('i', a)`` produces a
+    view of ``a`` with no changes. A further example ``np.einsum('ij,jk', a, b)``
+    describes traditional matrix multiplication and is equivalent to
+    :py:func:`np.matmul(a,b) <numpy.matmul>`. Repeated subscript labels in one
+    operand take the diagonal. For example, ``np.einsum('ii', a)`` is equivalent
+    to :py:func:`np.trace(a) <numpy.trace>`.
+
+    In *implicit mode*, the chosen subscripts are important
+    since the axes of the output are reordered alphabetically.  This
+    means that ``np.einsum('ij', a)`` doesn't affect a 2D array, while
+    ``np.einsum('ji', a)`` takes its transpose. Additionally,
+    ``np.einsum('ij,jk', a, b)`` returns a matrix multiplication, while,
+    ``np.einsum('ij,jh', a, b)`` returns the transpose of the
+    multiplication since subscript 'h' precedes subscript 'i'.
+
+    In *explicit mode* the output can be directly controlled by
+    specifying output subscript labels.  This requires the
+    identifier '->' as well as the list of output subscript labels.
+    This feature increases the flexibility of the function since
+    summing can be disabled or forced when required. The call
+    ``np.einsum('i->', a)`` is like :py:func:`np.sum(a, axis=-1) <numpy.sum>`,
+    and ``np.einsum('ii->i', a)`` is like :py:func:`np.diag(a) <numpy.diag>`.
+    The difference is that `einsum` does not allow broadcasting by default.
+    Additionally ``np.einsum('ij,jh->ih', a, b)`` directly specifies the
+    order of the output subscript labels and therefore returns matrix
+    multiplication, unlike the example above in implicit mode.
+
+    To enable and control broadcasting, use an ellipsis.  Default
+    NumPy-style broadcasting is done by adding an ellipsis
+    to the left of each term, like ``np.einsum('...ii->...i', a)``.
+    To take the trace along the first and last axes,
+    you can do ``np.einsum('i...i', a)``, or to do a matrix-matrix
+    product with the left-most indices instead of rightmost, one can do
+    ``np.einsum('ij...,jk...->ik...', a, b)``.
+
+    When there is only one operand, no axes are summed, and no output
+    parameter is provided, a view into the operand is returned instead
+    of a new array.  Thus, taking the diagonal as ``np.einsum('ii->i', a)``
+    produces a view (changed in version 1.10.0).
+
+    `einsum` also provides an alternative way to provide the subscripts
+    and operands as ``einsum(op0, sublist0, op1, sublist1, ..., [sublistout])``.
+    If the output shape is not provided in this format `einsum` will be
+    calculated in implicit mode, otherwise it will be performed explicitly.
+    The examples below have corresponding `einsum` calls with the two
+    parameter methods.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.10.0
+
+    Views returned from einsum are now writeable whenever the input array
+    is writeable. For example, ``np.einsum('ijk...->kji...', a)`` will now
+    have the same effect as :py:func:`np.swapaxes(a, 0, 2) <numpy.swapaxes>`
+    and ``np.einsum('ii->i', a)`` will return a writeable view of the diagonal
+    of a 2D array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)
+    >>> b = np.arange(5)
+    >>> c = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
+
+    Trace of a matrix:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ii', a)
+    60
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,0])
+    60
+    >>> np.trace(a)
+    60
+
+    Extract the diagonal (requires explicit form):
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ii->i', a)
+    array([ 0,  6, 12, 18, 24])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,0], [0])
+    array([ 0,  6, 12, 18, 24])
+    >>> np.diag(a)
+    array([ 0,  6, 12, 18, 24])
+
+    Sum over an axis (requires explicit form):
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ij->i', a)
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,1], [0])
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+    >>> np.sum(a, axis=1)
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+
+    For higher dimensional arrays summing a single axis can be done with ellipsis:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('...j->...', a)
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [Ellipsis,1], [Ellipsis])
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+
+    Compute a matrix transpose, or reorder any number of axes:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ji', c)
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [1, 4],
+           [2, 5]])
+    >>> np.einsum('ij->ji', c)
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [1, 4],
+           [2, 5]])
+    >>> np.einsum(c, [1,0])
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [1, 4],
+           [2, 5]])
+    >>> np.transpose(c)
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [1, 4],
+           [2, 5]])
+
+    Vector inner products:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('i,i', b, b)
+    30
+    >>> np.einsum(b, [0], b, [0])
+    30
+    >>> np.inner(b,b)
+    30
+
+    Matrix vector multiplication:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ij,j', a, b)
+    array([ 30,  80, 130, 180, 230])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,1], b, [1])
+    array([ 30,  80, 130, 180, 230])
+    >>> np.dot(a, b)
+    array([ 30,  80, 130, 180, 230])
+    >>> np.einsum('...j,j', a, b)
+    array([ 30,  80, 130, 180, 230])
+
+    Broadcasting and scalar multiplication:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('..., ...', 3, c)
+    array([[ 0,  3,  6],
+           [ 9, 12, 15]])
+    >>> np.einsum(',ij', 3, c)
+    array([[ 0,  3,  6],
+           [ 9, 12, 15]])
+    >>> np.einsum(3, [Ellipsis], c, [Ellipsis])
+    array([[ 0,  3,  6],
+           [ 9, 12, 15]])
+    >>> np.multiply(3, c)
+    array([[ 0,  3,  6],
+           [ 9, 12, 15]])
+
+    Vector outer product:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('i,j', np.arange(2)+1, b)
+    array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+           [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]])
+    >>> np.einsum(np.arange(2)+1, [0], b, [1])
+    array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+           [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]])
+    >>> np.outer(np.arange(2)+1, b)
+    array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+           [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]])
+
+    Tensor contraction:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(60.).reshape(3,4,5)
+    >>> b = np.arange(24.).reshape(4,3,2)
+    >>> np.einsum('ijk,jil->kl', a, b)
+    array([[ 4400.,  4730.],
+           [ 4532.,  4874.],
+           [ 4664.,  5018.],
+           [ 4796.,  5162.],
+           [ 4928.,  5306.]])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,1,2], b, [1,0,3], [2,3])
+    array([[ 4400.,  4730.],
+           [ 4532.,  4874.],
+           [ 4664.,  5018.],
+           [ 4796.,  5162.],
+           [ 4928.,  5306.]])
+    >>> np.tensordot(a,b, axes=([1,0],[0,1]))
+    array([[ 4400.,  4730.],
+           [ 4532.,  4874.],
+           [ 4664.,  5018.],
+           [ 4796.,  5162.],
+           [ 4928.,  5306.]])
+
+    Writeable returned arrays (since version 1.10.0):
+
+    >>> a = np.zeros((3, 3))
+    >>> np.einsum('ii->i', a)[:] = 1
+    >>> a
+    array([[ 1.,  0.,  0.],
+           [ 0.,  1.,  0.],
+           [ 0.,  0.,  1.]])
+
+    Example of ellipsis use:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(6).reshape((3,2))
+    >>> b = np.arange(12).reshape((4,3))
+    >>> np.einsum('ki,jk->ij', a, b)
+    array([[10, 28, 46, 64],
+           [13, 40, 67, 94]])
+    >>> np.einsum('ki,...k->i...', a, b)
+    array([[10, 28, 46, 64],
+           [13, 40, 67, 94]])
+    >>> np.einsum('k...,jk', a, b)
+    array([[10, 28, 46, 64],
+           [13, 40, 67, 94]])
+
+    """)
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# Documentation for ndarray attributes and methods
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# ndarray object
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray',
+    """
+    ndarray(shape, dtype=float, buffer=None, offset=0,
+            strides=None, order=None)
+
+    An array object represents a multidimensional, homogeneous array
+    of fixed-size items.  An associated data-type object describes the
+    format of each element in the array (its byte-order, how many bytes it
+    occupies in memory, whether it is an integer, a floating point number,
+    or something else, etc.)
+
+    Arrays should be constructed using `array`, `zeros` or `empty` (refer
+    to the See Also section below).  The parameters given here refer to
+    a low-level method (`ndarray(...)`) for instantiating an array.
+
+    For more information, refer to the `numpy` module and examine the
+    methods and attributes of an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    (for the __new__ method; see Notes below)
+
+    shape : tuple of ints
+        Shape of created array.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Any object that can be interpreted as a numpy data type.
+    buffer : object exposing buffer interface, optional
+        Used to fill the array with data.
+    offset : int, optional
+        Offset of array data in buffer.
+    strides : tuple of ints, optional
+        Strides of data in memory.
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
+        Row-major (C-style) or column-major (Fortran-style) order.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    T : ndarray
+        Transpose of the array.
+    data : buffer
+        The array's elements, in memory.
+    dtype : dtype object
+        Describes the format of the elements in the array.
+    flags : dict
+        Dictionary containing information related to memory use, e.g.,
+        'C_CONTIGUOUS', 'OWNDATA', 'WRITEABLE', etc.
+    flat : numpy.flatiter object
+        Flattened version of the array as an iterator.  The iterator
+        allows assignments, e.g., ``x.flat = 3`` (See `ndarray.flat` for
+        assignment examples; TODO).
+    imag : ndarray
+        Imaginary part of the array.
+    real : ndarray
+        Real part of the array.
+    size : int
+        Number of elements in the array.
+    itemsize : int
+        The memory use of each array element in bytes.
+    nbytes : int
+        The total number of bytes required to store the array data,
+        i.e., ``itemsize * size``.
+    ndim : int
+        The array's number of dimensions.
+    shape : tuple of ints
+        Shape of the array.
+    strides : tuple of ints
+        The step-size required to move from one element to the next in
+        memory. For example, a contiguous ``(3, 4)`` array of type
+        ``int16`` in C-order has strides ``(8, 2)``.  This implies that
+        to move from element to element in memory requires jumps of 2 bytes.
+        To move from row-to-row, one needs to jump 8 bytes at a time
+        (``2 * 4``).
+    ctypes : ctypes object
+        Class containing properties of the array needed for interaction
+        with ctypes.
+    base : ndarray
+        If the array is a view into another array, that array is its `base`
+        (unless that array is also a view).  The `base` array is where the
+        array data is actually stored.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    array : Construct an array.
+    zeros : Create an array, each element of which is zero.
+    empty : Create an array, but leave its allocated memory unchanged (i.e.,
+            it contains "garbage").
+    dtype : Create a data-type.
+    numpy.typing.NDArray : An ndarray alias :term:`generic <generic type>`
+                           w.r.t. its `dtype.type <numpy.dtype.type>`.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    There are two modes of creating an array using ``__new__``:
+
+    1. If `buffer` is None, then only `shape`, `dtype`, and `order`
+       are used.
+    2. If `buffer` is an object exposing the buffer interface, then
+       all keywords are interpreted.
+
+    No ``__init__`` method is needed because the array is fully initialized
+    after the ``__new__`` method.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    These examples illustrate the low-level `ndarray` constructor.  Refer
+    to the `See Also` section above for easier ways of constructing an
+    ndarray.
+
+    First mode, `buffer` is None:
+
+    >>> np.ndarray(shape=(2,2), dtype=float, order='F')
+    array([[0.0e+000, 0.0e+000], # random
+           [     nan, 2.5e-323]])
+
+    Second mode:
+
+    >>> np.ndarray((2,), buffer=np.array([1,2,3]),
+    ...            offset=np.int_().itemsize,
+    ...            dtype=int) # offset = 1*itemsize, i.e. skip first element
+    array([2, 3])
+
+    """)
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# ndarray attributes
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__array_interface__',
+    """Array protocol: Python side."""))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__array_priority__',
+    """Array priority."""))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__array_struct__',
+    """Array protocol: C-struct side."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__dlpack__',
+    """a.__dlpack__(*, stream=None)
+
+    DLPack Protocol: Part of the Array API."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__dlpack_device__',
+    """a.__dlpack_device__()
+
+    DLPack Protocol: Part of the Array API."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('base',
+    """
+    Base object if memory is from some other object.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    The base of an array that owns its memory is None:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([1,2,3,4])
+    >>> x.base is None
+    True
+
+    Slicing creates a view, whose memory is shared with x:
+
+    >>> y = x[2:]
+    >>> y.base is x
+    True
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('ctypes',
+    """
+    An object to simplify the interaction of the array with the ctypes
+    module.
+
+    This attribute creates an object that makes it easier to use arrays
+    when calling shared libraries with the ctypes module. The returned
+    object has, among others, data, shape, and strides attributes (see
+    Notes below) which themselves return ctypes objects that can be used
+    as arguments to a shared library.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    None
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    c : Python object
+        Possessing attributes data, shape, strides, etc.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.ctypeslib
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Below are the public attributes of this object which were documented
+    in "Guide to NumPy" (we have omitted undocumented public attributes,
+    as well as documented private attributes):
+
+    .. autoattribute:: numpy.core._internal._ctypes.data
+        :noindex:
+
+    .. autoattribute:: numpy.core._internal._ctypes.shape
+        :noindex:
+
+    .. autoattribute:: numpy.core._internal._ctypes.strides
+        :noindex:
+
+    .. automethod:: numpy.core._internal._ctypes.data_as
+        :noindex:
+
+    .. automethod:: numpy.core._internal._ctypes.shape_as
+        :noindex:
+
+    .. automethod:: numpy.core._internal._ctypes.strides_as
+        :noindex:
+
+    If the ctypes module is not available, then the ctypes attribute
+    of array objects still returns something useful, but ctypes objects
+    are not returned and errors may be raised instead. In particular,
+    the object will still have the ``as_parameter`` attribute which will
+    return an integer equal to the data attribute.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import ctypes
+    >>> x = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]], dtype=np.int32)
+    >>> x
+    array([[0, 1],
+           [2, 3]], dtype=int32)
+    >>> x.ctypes.data
+    31962608 # may vary
+    >>> x.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint32))
+    <__main__.LP_c_uint object at 0x7ff2fc1fc200> # may vary
+    >>> x.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint32)).contents
+    c_uint(0)
+    >>> x.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint64)).contents
+    c_ulong(4294967296)
+    >>> x.ctypes.shape
+    <numpy.core._internal.c_long_Array_2 object at 0x7ff2fc1fce60> # may vary
+    >>> x.ctypes.strides
+    <numpy.core._internal.c_long_Array_2 object at 0x7ff2fc1ff320> # may vary
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('data',
+    """Python buffer object pointing to the start of the array's data."""))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('dtype',
+    """
+    Data-type of the array's elements.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        Setting ``arr.dtype`` is discouraged and may be deprecated in the
+        future.  Setting will replace the ``dtype`` without modifying the
+        memory (see also `ndarray.view` and `ndarray.astype`).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    None
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    d : numpy dtype object
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.astype : Cast the values contained in the array to a new data-type.
+    ndarray.view : Create a view of the same data but a different data-type.
+    numpy.dtype
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x
+    array([[0, 1],
+           [2, 3]])
+    >>> x.dtype
+    dtype('int32')
+    >>> type(x.dtype)
+    <type 'numpy.dtype'>
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('imag',
+    """
+    The imaginary part of the array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.sqrt([1+0j, 0+1j])
+    >>> x.imag
+    array([ 0.        ,  0.70710678])
+    >>> x.imag.dtype
+    dtype('float64')
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('itemsize',
+    """
+    Length of one array element in bytes.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype=np.float64)
+    >>> x.itemsize
+    8
+    >>> x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype=np.complex128)
+    >>> x.itemsize
+    16
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('flags',
+    """
+    Information about the memory layout of the array.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    C_CONTIGUOUS (C)
+        The data is in a single, C-style contiguous segment.
+    F_CONTIGUOUS (F)
+        The data is in a single, Fortran-style contiguous segment.
+    OWNDATA (O)
+        The array owns the memory it uses or borrows it from another object.
+    WRITEABLE (W)
+        The data area can be written to.  Setting this to False locks
+        the data, making it read-only.  A view (slice, etc.) inherits WRITEABLE
+        from its base array at creation time, but a view of a writeable
+        array may be subsequently locked while the base array remains writeable.
+        (The opposite is not true, in that a view of a locked array may not
+        be made writeable.  However, currently, locking a base object does not
+        lock any views that already reference it, so under that circumstance it
+        is possible to alter the contents of a locked array via a previously
+        created writeable view onto it.)  Attempting to change a non-writeable
+        array raises a RuntimeError exception.
+    ALIGNED (A)
+        The data and all elements are aligned appropriately for the hardware.
+    WRITEBACKIFCOPY (X)
+        This array is a copy of some other array. The C-API function
+        PyArray_ResolveWritebackIfCopy must be called before deallocating
+        to the base array will be updated with the contents of this array.
+    FNC
+        F_CONTIGUOUS and not C_CONTIGUOUS.
+    FORC
+        F_CONTIGUOUS or C_CONTIGUOUS (one-segment test).
+    BEHAVED (B)
+        ALIGNED and WRITEABLE.
+    CARRAY (CA)
+        BEHAVED and C_CONTIGUOUS.
+    FARRAY (FA)
+        BEHAVED and F_CONTIGUOUS and not C_CONTIGUOUS.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The `flags` object can be accessed dictionary-like (as in ``a.flags['WRITEABLE']``),
+    or by using lowercased attribute names (as in ``a.flags.writeable``). Short flag
+    names are only supported in dictionary access.
+
+    Only the WRITEBACKIFCOPY, WRITEABLE, and ALIGNED flags can be
+    changed by the user, via direct assignment to the attribute or dictionary
+    entry, or by calling `ndarray.setflags`.
+
+    The array flags cannot be set arbitrarily:
+
+    - WRITEBACKIFCOPY can only be set ``False``.
+    - ALIGNED can only be set ``True`` if the data is truly aligned.
+    - WRITEABLE can only be set ``True`` if the array owns its own memory
+      or the ultimate owner of the memory exposes a writeable buffer
+      interface or is a string.
+
+    Arrays can be both C-style and Fortran-style contiguous simultaneously.
+    This is clear for 1-dimensional arrays, but can also be true for higher
+    dimensional arrays.
+
+    Even for contiguous arrays a stride for a given dimension
+    ``arr.strides[dim]`` may be *arbitrary* if ``arr.shape[dim] == 1``
+    or the array has no elements.
+    It does *not* generally hold that ``self.strides[-1] == self.itemsize``
+    for C-style contiguous arrays or ``self.strides[0] == self.itemsize`` for
+    Fortran-style contiguous arrays is true.
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('flat',
+    """
+    A 1-D iterator over the array.
+
+    This is a `numpy.flatiter` instance, which acts similarly to, but is not
+    a subclass of, Python's built-in iterator object.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    flatten : Return a copy of the array collapsed into one dimension.
+
+    flatiter
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(1, 7).reshape(2, 3)
+    >>> x
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+    >>> x.flat[3]
+    4
+    >>> x.T
+    array([[1, 4],
+           [2, 5],
+           [3, 6]])
+    >>> x.T.flat[3]
+    5
+    >>> type(x.flat)
+    <class 'numpy.flatiter'>
+
+    An assignment example:
+
+    >>> x.flat = 3; x
+    array([[3, 3, 3],
+           [3, 3, 3]])
+    >>> x.flat[[1,4]] = 1; x
+    array([[3, 1, 3],
+           [3, 1, 3]])
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('nbytes',
+    """
+    Total bytes consumed by the elements of the array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Does not include memory consumed by non-element attributes of the
+    array object.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    sys.getsizeof
+        Memory consumed by the object itself without parents in case view.
+        This does include memory consumed by non-element attributes.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.zeros((3,5,2), dtype=np.complex128)
+    >>> x.nbytes
+    480
+    >>> np.prod(x.shape) * x.itemsize
+    480
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('ndim',
+    """
+    Number of array dimensions.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> x.ndim
+    1
+    >>> y = np.zeros((2, 3, 4))
+    >>> y.ndim
+    3
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('real',
+    """
+    The real part of the array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.sqrt([1+0j, 0+1j])
+    >>> x.real
+    array([ 1.        ,  0.70710678])
+    >>> x.real.dtype
+    dtype('float64')
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.real : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('shape',
+    """
+    Tuple of array dimensions.
+
+    The shape property is usually used to get the current shape of an array,
+    but may also be used to reshape the array in-place by assigning a tuple of
+    array dimensions to it.  As with `numpy.reshape`, one of the new shape
+    dimensions can be -1, in which case its value is inferred from the size of
+    the array and the remaining dimensions. Reshaping an array in-place will
+    fail if a copy is required.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        Setting ``arr.shape`` is discouraged and may be deprecated in the
+        future.  Using `ndarray.reshape` is the preferred approach.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> x.shape
+    (4,)
+    >>> y = np.zeros((2, 3, 4))
+    >>> y.shape
+    (2, 3, 4)
+    >>> y.shape = (3, 8)
+    >>> y
+    array([[ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
+           [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
+           [ 0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.]])
+    >>> y.shape = (3, 6)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+    ValueError: total size of new array must be unchanged
+    >>> np.zeros((4,2))[::2].shape = (-1,)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+    AttributeError: Incompatible shape for in-place modification. Use
+    `.reshape()` to make a copy with the desired shape.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.shape : Equivalent getter function.
+    numpy.reshape : Function similar to setting ``shape``.
+    ndarray.reshape : Method similar to setting ``shape``.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('size',
+    """
+    Number of elements in the array.
+
+    Equal to ``np.prod(a.shape)``, i.e., the product of the array's
+    dimensions.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `a.size` returns a standard arbitrary precision Python integer. This
+    may not be the case with other methods of obtaining the same value
+    (like the suggested ``np.prod(a.shape)``, which returns an instance
+    of ``np.int_``), and may be relevant if the value is used further in
+    calculations that may overflow a fixed size integer type.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.zeros((3, 5, 2), dtype=np.complex128)
+    >>> x.size
+    30
+    >>> np.prod(x.shape)
+    30
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('strides',
+    """
+    Tuple of bytes to step in each dimension when traversing an array.
+
+    The byte offset of element ``(i[0], i[1], ..., i[n])`` in an array `a`
+    is::
+
+        offset = sum(np.array(i) * a.strides)
+
+    A more detailed explanation of strides can be found in the
+    "ndarray.rst" file in the NumPy reference guide.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        Setting ``arr.strides`` is discouraged and may be deprecated in the
+        future.  `numpy.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided` should be preferred
+        to create a new view of the same data in a safer way.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Imagine an array of 32-bit integers (each 4 bytes)::
+
+      x = np.array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+                    [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]], dtype=np.int32)
+
+    This array is stored in memory as 40 bytes, one after the other
+    (known as a contiguous block of memory).  The strides of an array tell
+    us how many bytes we have to skip in memory to move to the next position
+    along a certain axis.  For example, we have to skip 4 bytes (1 value) to
+    move to the next column, but 20 bytes (5 values) to get to the same
+    position in the next row.  As such, the strides for the array `x` will be
+    ``(20, 4)``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> y = np.reshape(np.arange(2*3*4), (2,3,4))
+    >>> y
+    array([[[ 0,  1,  2,  3],
+            [ 4,  5,  6,  7],
+            [ 8,  9, 10, 11]],
+           [[12, 13, 14, 15],
+            [16, 17, 18, 19],
+            [20, 21, 22, 23]]])
+    >>> y.strides
+    (48, 16, 4)
+    >>> y[1,1,1]
+    17
+    >>> offset=sum(y.strides * np.array((1,1,1)))
+    >>> offset/y.itemsize
+    17
+
+    >>> x = np.reshape(np.arange(5*6*7*8), (5,6,7,8)).transpose(2,3,1,0)
+    >>> x.strides
+    (32, 4, 224, 1344)
+    >>> i = np.array([3,5,2,2])
+    >>> offset = sum(i * x.strides)
+    >>> x[3,5,2,2]
+    813
+    >>> offset / x.itemsize
+    813
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('T',
+    """
+    View of the transposed array.
+
+    Same as ``self.transpose()``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    >>> a
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4]])
+    >>> a.T
+    array([[1, 3],
+           [2, 4]])
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> a
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> a.T
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    transpose
+
+    """))
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# ndarray methods
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__array__',
+    """ a.__array__([dtype], /)
+
+    Returns either a new reference to self if dtype is not given or a new array
+    of provided data type if dtype is different from the current dtype of the
+    array.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__array_finalize__',
+    """a.__array_finalize__(obj, /)
+
+    Present so subclasses can call super. Does nothing.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__array_prepare__',
+    """a.__array_prepare__(array[, context], /)
+
+    Returns a view of `array` with the same type as self.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__array_wrap__',
+    """a.__array_wrap__(array[, context], /)
+
+    Returns a view of `array` with the same type as self.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__copy__',
+    """a.__copy__()
+
+    Used if :func:`copy.copy` is called on an array. Returns a copy of the array.
+
+    Equivalent to ``a.copy(order='K')``.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__class_getitem__',
+    """a.__class_getitem__(item, /)
+
+    Return a parametrized wrapper around the `~numpy.ndarray` type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.22
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    alias : types.GenericAlias
+        A parametrized `~numpy.ndarray` type.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from typing import Any
+    >>> import numpy as np
+
+    >>> np.ndarray[Any, np.dtype[Any]]
+    numpy.ndarray[typing.Any, numpy.dtype[typing.Any]]
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :pep:`585` : Type hinting generics in standard collections.
+    numpy.typing.NDArray : An ndarray alias :term:`generic <generic type>`
+                        w.r.t. its `dtype.type <numpy.dtype.type>`.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__deepcopy__',
+    """a.__deepcopy__(memo, /)
+
+    Used if :func:`copy.deepcopy` is called on an array.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__reduce__',
+    """a.__reduce__()
+
+    For pickling.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('__setstate__',
+    """a.__setstate__(state, /)
+
+    For unpickling.
+
+    The `state` argument must be a sequence that contains the following
+    elements:
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    version : int
+        optional pickle version. If omitted defaults to 0.
+    shape : tuple
+    dtype : data-type
+    isFortran : bool
+    rawdata : string or list
+        a binary string with the data (or a list if 'a' is an object array)
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('all',
+    """
+    a.all(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False, *, where=True)
+
+    Returns True if all elements evaluate to True.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.all` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.all : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('any',
+    """
+    a.any(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False, *, where=True)
+
+    Returns True if any of the elements of `a` evaluate to True.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.any` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.any : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('argmax',
+    """
+    a.argmax(axis=None, out=None, *, keepdims=False)
+
+    Return indices of the maximum values along the given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.argmax` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.argmax : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('argmin',
+    """
+    a.argmin(axis=None, out=None, *, keepdims=False)
+
+    Return indices of the minimum values along the given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.argmin` for detailed documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.argmin : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('argsort',
+    """
+    a.argsort(axis=-1, kind=None, order=None)
+
+    Returns the indices that would sort this array.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.argsort` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.argsort : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('argpartition',
+    """
+    a.argpartition(kth, axis=-1, kind='introselect', order=None)
+
+    Returns the indices that would partition this array.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.argpartition` for full documentation.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.argpartition : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('astype',
+    """
+    a.astype(dtype, order='K', casting='unsafe', subok=True, copy=True)
+
+    Copy of the array, cast to a specified type.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dtype : str or dtype
+        Typecode or data-type to which the array is cast.
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
+        Controls the memory layout order of the result.
+        'C' means C order, 'F' means Fortran order, 'A'
+        means 'F' order if all the arrays are Fortran contiguous,
+        'C' order otherwise, and 'K' means as close to the
+        order the array elements appear in memory as possible.
+        Default is 'K'.
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur. Defaults to 'unsafe'
+        for backwards compatibility.
+
+          * 'no' means the data types should not be cast at all.
+          * 'equiv' means only byte-order changes are allowed.
+          * 'safe' means only casts which can preserve values are allowed.
+          * 'same_kind' means only safe casts or casts within a kind,
+            like float64 to float32, are allowed.
+          * 'unsafe' means any data conversions may be done.
+    subok : bool, optional
+        If True, then sub-classes will be passed-through (default), otherwise
+        the returned array will be forced to be a base-class array.
+    copy : bool, optional
+        By default, astype always returns a newly allocated array. If this
+        is set to false, and the `dtype`, `order`, and `subok`
+        requirements are satisfied, the input array is returned instead
+        of a copy.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    arr_t : ndarray
+        Unless `copy` is False and the other conditions for returning the input
+        array are satisfied (see description for `copy` input parameter), `arr_t`
+        is a new array of the same shape as the input array, with dtype, order
+        given by `dtype`, `order`.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.17.0
+       Casting between a simple data type and a structured one is possible only
+       for "unsafe" casting.  Casting to multiple fields is allowed, but
+       casting from multiple fields is not.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.9.0
+       Casting from numeric to string types in 'safe' casting mode requires
+       that the string dtype length is long enough to store the max
+       integer/float value converted.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ComplexWarning
+        When casting from complex to float or int. To avoid this,
+        one should use ``a.real.astype(t)``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 2.5])
+    >>> x
+    array([1. ,  2. ,  2.5])
+
+    >>> x.astype(int)
+    array([1, 2, 2])
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('byteswap',
+    """
+    a.byteswap(inplace=False)
+
+    Swap the bytes of the array elements
+
+    Toggle between low-endian and big-endian data representation by
+    returning a byteswapped array, optionally swapped in-place.
+    Arrays of byte-strings are not swapped. The real and imaginary
+    parts of a complex number are swapped individually.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    inplace : bool, optional
+        If ``True``, swap bytes in-place, default is ``False``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        The byteswapped array. If `inplace` is ``True``, this is
+        a view to self.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> A = np.array([1, 256, 8755], dtype=np.int16)
+    >>> list(map(hex, A))
+    ['0x1', '0x100', '0x2233']
+    >>> A.byteswap(inplace=True)
+    array([  256,     1, 13090], dtype=int16)
+    >>> list(map(hex, A))
+    ['0x100', '0x1', '0x3322']
+
+    Arrays of byte-strings are not swapped
+
+    >>> A = np.array([b'ceg', b'fac'])
+    >>> A.byteswap()
+    array([b'ceg', b'fac'], dtype='|S3')
+
+    ``A.newbyteorder().byteswap()`` produces an array with the same values
+      but different representation in memory
+
+    >>> A = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> A.view(np.uint8)
+    array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+           0, 0], dtype=uint8)
+    >>> A.newbyteorder().byteswap(inplace=True)
+    array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> A.view(np.uint8)
+    array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+           0, 3], dtype=uint8)
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('choose',
+    """
+    a.choose(choices, out=None, mode='raise')
+
+    Use an index array to construct a new array from a set of choices.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.choose` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.choose : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('clip',
+    """
+    a.clip(min=None, max=None, out=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Return an array whose values are limited to ``[min, max]``.
+    One of max or min must be given.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.clip` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.clip : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('compress',
+    """
+    a.compress(condition, axis=None, out=None)
+
+    Return selected slices of this array along given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.compress` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.compress : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('conj',
+    """
+    a.conj()
+
+    Complex-conjugate all elements.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.conjugate` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.conjugate : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('conjugate',
+    """
+    a.conjugate()
+
+    Return the complex conjugate, element-wise.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.conjugate` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.conjugate : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('copy',
+    """
+    a.copy(order='C')
+
+    Return a copy of the array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
+        Controls the memory layout of the copy. 'C' means C-order,
+        'F' means F-order, 'A' means 'F' if `a` is Fortran contiguous,
+        'C' otherwise. 'K' means match the layout of `a` as closely
+        as possible. (Note that this function and :func:`numpy.copy` are very
+        similar but have different default values for their order=
+        arguments, and this function always passes sub-classes through.)
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    numpy.copy : Similar function with different default behavior
+    numpy.copyto
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function is the preferred method for creating an array copy.  The
+    function :func:`numpy.copy` is similar, but it defaults to using order 'K',
+    and will not pass sub-classes through by default.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]], order='F')
+
+    >>> y = x.copy()
+
+    >>> x.fill(0)
+
+    >>> x
+    array([[0, 0, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0]])
+
+    >>> y
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+
+    >>> y.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']
+    True
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('cumprod',
+    """
+    a.cumprod(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None)
+
+    Return the cumulative product of the elements along the given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.cumprod` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.cumprod : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('cumsum',
+    """
+    a.cumsum(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None)
+
+    Return the cumulative sum of the elements along the given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.cumsum` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.cumsum : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('diagonal',
+    """
+    a.diagonal(offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1)
+
+    Return specified diagonals. In NumPy 1.9 the returned array is a
+    read-only view instead of a copy as in previous NumPy versions.  In
+    a future version the read-only restriction will be removed.
+
+    Refer to :func:`numpy.diagonal` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.diagonal : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('dot'))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('dump',
+    """a.dump(file)
+
+    Dump a pickle of the array to the specified file.
+    The array can be read back with pickle.load or numpy.load.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    file : str or Path
+        A string naming the dump file.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.17.0
+            `pathlib.Path` objects are now accepted.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('dumps',
+    """
+    a.dumps()
+
+    Returns the pickle of the array as a string.
+    pickle.loads will convert the string back to an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    None
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('fill',
+    """
+    a.fill(value)
+
+    Fill the array with a scalar value.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    value : scalar
+        All elements of `a` will be assigned this value.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2])
+    >>> a.fill(0)
+    >>> a
+    array([0, 0])
+    >>> a = np.empty(2)
+    >>> a.fill(1)
+    >>> a
+    array([1.,  1.])
+
+    Fill expects a scalar value and always behaves the same as assigning
+    to a single array element.  The following is a rare example where this
+    distinction is important:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([None, None], dtype=object)
+    >>> a[0] = np.array(3)
+    >>> a
+    array([array(3), None], dtype=object)
+    >>> a.fill(np.array(3))
+    >>> a
+    array([array(3), array(3)], dtype=object)
+
+    Where other forms of assignments will unpack the array being assigned:
+
+    >>> a[...] = np.array(3)
+    >>> a
+    array([3, 3], dtype=object)
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('flatten',
+    """
+    a.flatten(order='C')
+
+    Return a copy of the array collapsed into one dimension.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
+        'C' means to flatten in row-major (C-style) order.
+        'F' means to flatten in column-major (Fortran-
+        style) order. 'A' means to flatten in column-major
+        order if `a` is Fortran *contiguous* in memory,
+        row-major order otherwise. 'K' means to flatten
+        `a` in the order the elements occur in memory.
+        The default is 'C'.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y : ndarray
+        A copy of the input array, flattened to one dimension.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ravel : Return a flattened array.
+    flat : A 1-D flat iterator over the array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])
+    >>> a.flatten()
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> a.flatten('F')
+    array([1, 3, 2, 4])
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('getfield',
+    """
+    a.getfield(dtype, offset=0)
+
+    Returns a field of the given array as a certain type.
+
+    A field is a view of the array data with a given data-type. The values in
+    the view are determined by the given type and the offset into the current
+    array in bytes. The offset needs to be such that the view dtype fits in the
+    array dtype; for example an array of dtype complex128 has 16-byte elements.
+    If taking a view with a 32-bit integer (4 bytes), the offset needs to be
+    between 0 and 12 bytes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dtype : str or dtype
+        The data type of the view. The dtype size of the view can not be larger
+        than that of the array itself.
+    offset : int
+        Number of bytes to skip before beginning the element view.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.diag([1.+1.j]*2)
+    >>> x[1, 1] = 2 + 4.j
+    >>> x
+    array([[1.+1.j,  0.+0.j],
+           [0.+0.j,  2.+4.j]])
+    >>> x.getfield(np.float64)
+    array([[1.,  0.],
+           [0.,  2.]])
+
+    By choosing an offset of 8 bytes we can select the complex part of the
+    array for our view:
+
+    >>> x.getfield(np.float64, offset=8)
+    array([[1.,  0.],
+           [0.,  4.]])
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('item',
+    """
+    a.item(*args)
+
+    Copy an element of an array to a standard Python scalar and return it.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    \\*args : Arguments (variable number and type)
+
+        * none: in this case, the method only works for arrays
+          with one element (`a.size == 1`), which element is
+          copied into a standard Python scalar object and returned.
+
+        * int_type: this argument is interpreted as a flat index into
+          the array, specifying which element to copy and return.
+
+        * tuple of int_types: functions as does a single int_type argument,
+          except that the argument is interpreted as an nd-index into the
+          array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    z : Standard Python scalar object
+        A copy of the specified element of the array as a suitable
+        Python scalar
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    When the data type of `a` is longdouble or clongdouble, item() returns
+    a scalar array object because there is no available Python scalar that
+    would not lose information. Void arrays return a buffer object for item(),
+    unless fields are defined, in which case a tuple is returned.
+
+    `item` is very similar to a[args], except, instead of an array scalar,
+    a standard Python scalar is returned. This can be useful for speeding up
+    access to elements of the array and doing arithmetic on elements of the
+    array using Python's optimized math.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.random.seed(123)
+    >>> x = np.random.randint(9, size=(3, 3))
+    >>> x
+    array([[2, 2, 6],
+           [1, 3, 6],
+           [1, 0, 1]])
+    >>> x.item(3)
+    1
+    >>> x.item(7)
+    0
+    >>> x.item((0, 1))
+    2
+    >>> x.item((2, 2))
+    1
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('itemset',
+    """
+    a.itemset(*args)
+
+    Insert scalar into an array (scalar is cast to array's dtype, if possible)
+
+    There must be at least 1 argument, and define the last argument
+    as *item*.  Then, ``a.itemset(*args)`` is equivalent to but faster
+    than ``a[args] = item``.  The item should be a scalar value and `args`
+    must select a single item in the array `a`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    \\*args : Arguments
+        If one argument: a scalar, only used in case `a` is of size 1.
+        If two arguments: the last argument is the value to be set
+        and must be a scalar, the first argument specifies a single array
+        element location. It is either an int or a tuple.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Compared to indexing syntax, `itemset` provides some speed increase
+    for placing a scalar into a particular location in an `ndarray`,
+    if you must do this.  However, generally this is discouraged:
+    among other problems, it complicates the appearance of the code.
+    Also, when using `itemset` (and `item`) inside a loop, be sure
+    to assign the methods to a local variable to avoid the attribute
+    look-up at each loop iteration.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.random.seed(123)
+    >>> x = np.random.randint(9, size=(3, 3))
+    >>> x
+    array([[2, 2, 6],
+           [1, 3, 6],
+           [1, 0, 1]])
+    >>> x.itemset(4, 0)
+    >>> x.itemset((2, 2), 9)
+    >>> x
+    array([[2, 2, 6],
+           [1, 0, 6],
+           [1, 0, 9]])
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('max',
+    """
+    a.max(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False, initial=<no value>, where=True)
+
+    Return the maximum along a given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.amax` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.amax : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('mean',
+    """
+    a.mean(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False, *, where=True)
+
+    Returns the average of the array elements along given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.mean` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.mean : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('min',
+    """
+    a.min(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False, initial=<no value>, where=True)
+
+    Return the minimum along a given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.amin` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.amin : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('newbyteorder',
+    """
+    arr.newbyteorder(new_order='S', /)
+
+    Return the array with the same data viewed with a different byte order.
+
+    Equivalent to::
+
+        arr.view(arr.dtype.newbytorder(new_order))
+
+    Changes are also made in all fields and sub-arrays of the array data
+    type.
+
+
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    new_order : string, optional
+        Byte order to force; a value from the byte order specifications
+        below. `new_order` codes can be any of:
+
+        * 'S' - swap dtype from current to opposite endian
+        * {'<', 'little'} - little endian
+        * {'>', 'big'} - big endian
+        * {'=', 'native'} - native order, equivalent to `sys.byteorder`
+        * {'|', 'I'} - ignore (no change to byte order)
+
+        The default value ('S') results in swapping the current
+        byte order.
+
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    new_arr : array
+        New array object with the dtype reflecting given change to the
+        byte order.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('nonzero',
+    """
+    a.nonzero()
+
+    Return the indices of the elements that are non-zero.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.nonzero` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.nonzero : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('prod',
+    """
+    a.prod(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False, initial=1, where=True)
+
+    Return the product of the array elements over the given axis
+
+    Refer to `numpy.prod` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.prod : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('ptp',
+    """
+    a.ptp(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False)
+
+    Peak to peak (maximum - minimum) value along a given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.ptp` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.ptp : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('put',
+    """
+    a.put(indices, values, mode='raise')
+
+    Set ``a.flat[n] = values[n]`` for all `n` in indices.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.put` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.put : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('ravel',
+    """
+    a.ravel([order])
+
+    Return a flattened array.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.ravel` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.ravel : equivalent function
+
+    ndarray.flat : a flat iterator on the array.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('repeat',
+    """
+    a.repeat(repeats, axis=None)
+
+    Repeat elements of an array.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.repeat` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.repeat : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('reshape',
+    """
+    a.reshape(shape, order='C')
+
+    Returns an array containing the same data with a new shape.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.reshape` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.reshape : equivalent function
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Unlike the free function `numpy.reshape`, this method on `ndarray` allows
+    the elements of the shape parameter to be passed in as separate arguments.
+    For example, ``a.reshape(10, 11)`` is equivalent to
+    ``a.reshape((10, 11))``.
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('resize',
+    """
+    a.resize(new_shape, refcheck=True)
+
+    Change shape and size of array in-place.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    new_shape : tuple of ints, or `n` ints
+        Shape of resized array.
+    refcheck : bool, optional
+        If False, reference count will not be checked. Default is True.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    None
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `a` does not own its own data or references or views to it exist,
+        and the data memory must be changed.
+        PyPy only: will always raise if the data memory must be changed, since
+        there is no reliable way to determine if references or views to it
+        exist.
+
+    SystemError
+        If the `order` keyword argument is specified. This behaviour is a
+        bug in NumPy.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    resize : Return a new array with the specified shape.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This reallocates space for the data area if necessary.
+
+    Only contiguous arrays (data elements consecutive in memory) can be
+    resized.
+
+    The purpose of the reference count check is to make sure you
+    do not use this array as a buffer for another Python object and then
+    reallocate the memory. However, reference counts can increase in
+    other ways so if you are sure that you have not shared the memory
+    for this array with another Python object, then you may safely set
+    `refcheck` to False.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Shrinking an array: array is flattened (in the order that the data are
+    stored in memory), resized, and reshaped:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]], order='C')
+    >>> a.resize((2, 1))
+    >>> a
+    array([[0],
+           [1]])
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]], order='F')
+    >>> a.resize((2, 1))
+    >>> a
+    array([[0],
+           [2]])
+
+    Enlarging an array: as above, but missing entries are filled with zeros:
+
+    >>> b = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]])
+    >>> b.resize(2, 3) # new_shape parameter doesn't have to be a tuple
+    >>> b
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 0, 0]])
+
+    Referencing an array prevents resizing...
+
+    >>> c = a
+    >>> a.resize((1, 1))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    ValueError: cannot resize an array that references or is referenced ...
+
+    Unless `refcheck` is False:
+
+    >>> a.resize((1, 1), refcheck=False)
+    >>> a
+    array([[0]])
+    >>> c
+    array([[0]])
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('round',
+    """
+    a.round(decimals=0, out=None)
+
+    Return `a` with each element rounded to the given number of decimals.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.around` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.around : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('searchsorted',
+    """
+    a.searchsorted(v, side='left', sorter=None)
+
+    Find indices where elements of v should be inserted in a to maintain order.
+
+    For full documentation, see `numpy.searchsorted`
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.searchsorted : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('setfield',
+    """
+    a.setfield(val, dtype, offset=0)
+
+    Put a value into a specified place in a field defined by a data-type.
+
+    Place `val` into `a`'s field defined by `dtype` and beginning `offset`
+    bytes into the field.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    val : object
+        Value to be placed in field.
+    dtype : dtype object
+        Data-type of the field in which to place `val`.
+    offset : int, optional
+        The number of bytes into the field at which to place `val`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    None
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    getfield
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.eye(3)
+    >>> x.getfield(np.float64)
+    array([[1.,  0.,  0.],
+           [0.,  1.,  0.],
+           [0.,  0.,  1.]])
+    >>> x.setfield(3, np.int32)
+    >>> x.getfield(np.int32)
+    array([[3, 3, 3],
+           [3, 3, 3],
+           [3, 3, 3]], dtype=int32)
+    >>> x
+    array([[1.0e+000, 1.5e-323, 1.5e-323],
+           [1.5e-323, 1.0e+000, 1.5e-323],
+           [1.5e-323, 1.5e-323, 1.0e+000]])
+    >>> x.setfield(np.eye(3), np.int32)
+    >>> x
+    array([[1.,  0.,  0.],
+           [0.,  1.,  0.],
+           [0.,  0.,  1.]])
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('setflags',
+    """
+    a.setflags(write=None, align=None, uic=None)
+
+    Set array flags WRITEABLE, ALIGNED, WRITEBACKIFCOPY,
+    respectively.
+
+    These Boolean-valued flags affect how numpy interprets the memory
+    area used by `a` (see Notes below). The ALIGNED flag can only
+    be set to True if the data is actually aligned according to the type.
+    The WRITEBACKIFCOPY and flag can never be set
+    to True. The flag WRITEABLE can only be set to True if the array owns its
+    own memory, or the ultimate owner of the memory exposes a writeable buffer
+    interface, or is a string. (The exception for string is made so that
+    unpickling can be done without copying memory.)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    write : bool, optional
+        Describes whether or not `a` can be written to.
+    align : bool, optional
+        Describes whether or not `a` is aligned properly for its type.
+    uic : bool, optional
+        Describes whether or not `a` is a copy of another "base" array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Array flags provide information about how the memory area used
+    for the array is to be interpreted. There are 7 Boolean flags
+    in use, only four of which can be changed by the user:
+    WRITEBACKIFCOPY, WRITEABLE, and ALIGNED.
+
+    WRITEABLE (W) the data area can be written to;
+
+    ALIGNED (A) the data and strides are aligned appropriately for the hardware
+    (as determined by the compiler);
+
+    WRITEBACKIFCOPY (X) this array is a copy of some other array (referenced
+    by .base). When the C-API function PyArray_ResolveWritebackIfCopy is
+    called, the base array will be updated with the contents of this array.
+
+    All flags can be accessed using the single (upper case) letter as well
+    as the full name.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> y = np.array([[3, 1, 7],
+    ...               [2, 0, 0],
+    ...               [8, 5, 9]])
+    >>> y
+    array([[3, 1, 7],
+           [2, 0, 0],
+           [8, 5, 9]])
+    >>> y.flags
+      C_CONTIGUOUS : True
+      F_CONTIGUOUS : False
+      OWNDATA : True
+      WRITEABLE : True
+      ALIGNED : True
+      WRITEBACKIFCOPY : False
+    >>> y.setflags(write=0, align=0)
+    >>> y.flags
+      C_CONTIGUOUS : True
+      F_CONTIGUOUS : False
+      OWNDATA : True
+      WRITEABLE : False
+      ALIGNED : False
+      WRITEBACKIFCOPY : False
+    >>> y.setflags(uic=1)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+    ValueError: cannot set WRITEBACKIFCOPY flag to True
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('sort',
+    """
+    a.sort(axis=-1, kind=None, order=None)
+
+    Sort an array in-place. Refer to `numpy.sort` for full documentation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis along which to sort. Default is -1, which means sort along the
+        last axis.
+    kind : {'quicksort', 'mergesort', 'heapsort', 'stable'}, optional
+        Sorting algorithm. The default is 'quicksort'. Note that both 'stable'
+        and 'mergesort' use timsort under the covers and, in general, the
+        actual implementation will vary with datatype. The 'mergesort' option
+        is retained for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.15.0
+           The 'stable' option was added.
+
+    order : str or list of str, optional
+        When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument specifies
+        which fields to compare first, second, etc.  A single field can
+        be specified as a string, and not all fields need be specified,
+        but unspecified fields will still be used, in the order in which
+        they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.sort : Return a sorted copy of an array.
+    numpy.argsort : Indirect sort.
+    numpy.lexsort : Indirect stable sort on multiple keys.
+    numpy.searchsorted : Find elements in sorted array.
+    numpy.partition: Partial sort.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See `numpy.sort` for notes on the different sorting algorithms.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1,4], [3,1]])
+    >>> a.sort(axis=1)
+    >>> a
+    array([[1, 4],
+           [1, 3]])
+    >>> a.sort(axis=0)
+    >>> a
+    array([[1, 3],
+           [1, 4]])
+
+    Use the `order` keyword to specify a field to use when sorting a
+    structured array:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([('a', 2), ('c', 1)], dtype=[('x', 'S1'), ('y', int)])
+    >>> a.sort(order='y')
+    >>> a
+    array([(b'c', 1), (b'a', 2)],
+          dtype=[('x', 'S1'), ('y', '<i8')])
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('partition',
+    """
+    a.partition(kth, axis=-1, kind='introselect', order=None)
+
+    Rearranges the elements in the array in such a way that the value of the
+    element in kth position is in the position it would be in a sorted array.
+    All elements smaller than the kth element are moved before this element and
+    all equal or greater are moved behind it. The ordering of the elements in
+    the two partitions is undefined.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    kth : int or sequence of ints
+        Element index to partition by. The kth element value will be in its
+        final sorted position and all smaller elements will be moved before it
+        and all equal or greater elements behind it.
+        The order of all elements in the partitions is undefined.
+        If provided with a sequence of kth it will partition all elements
+        indexed by kth of them into their sorted position at once.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.22.0
+            Passing booleans as index is deprecated.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis along which to sort. Default is -1, which means sort along the
+        last axis.
+    kind : {'introselect'}, optional
+        Selection algorithm. Default is 'introselect'.
+    order : str or list of str, optional
+        When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument specifies
+        which fields to compare first, second, etc. A single field can
+        be specified as a string, and not all fields need to be specified,
+        but unspecified fields will still be used, in the order in which
+        they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.partition : Return a partitioned copy of an array.
+    argpartition : Indirect partition.
+    sort : Full sort.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See ``np.partition`` for notes on the different algorithms.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([3, 4, 2, 1])
+    >>> a.partition(3)
+    >>> a
+    array([2, 1, 3, 4])
+
+    >>> a.partition((1, 3))
+    >>> a
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('squeeze',
+    """
+    a.squeeze(axis=None)
+
+    Remove axes of length one from `a`.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.squeeze` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.squeeze : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('std',
+    """
+    a.std(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=False, *, where=True)
+
+    Returns the standard deviation of the array elements along given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.std` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.std : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('sum',
+    """
+    a.sum(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False, initial=0, where=True)
+
+    Return the sum of the array elements over the given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.sum` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.sum : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('swapaxes',
+    """
+    a.swapaxes(axis1, axis2)
+
+    Return a view of the array with `axis1` and `axis2` interchanged.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.swapaxes` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.swapaxes : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('take',
+    """
+    a.take(indices, axis=None, out=None, mode='raise')
+
+    Return an array formed from the elements of `a` at the given indices.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.take` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.take : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('tofile',
+    """
+    a.tofile(fid, sep="", format="%s")
+
+    Write array to a file as text or binary (default).
+
+    Data is always written in 'C' order, independent of the order of `a`.
+    The data produced by this method can be recovered using the function
+    fromfile().
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fid : file or str or Path
+        An open file object, or a string containing a filename.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.17.0
+            `pathlib.Path` objects are now accepted.
+
+    sep : str
+        Separator between array items for text output.
+        If "" (empty), a binary file is written, equivalent to
+        ``file.write(a.tobytes())``.
+    format : str
+        Format string for text file output.
+        Each entry in the array is formatted to text by first converting
+        it to the closest Python type, and then using "format" % item.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This is a convenience function for quick storage of array data.
+    Information on endianness and precision is lost, so this method is not a
+    good choice for files intended to archive data or transport data between
+    machines with different endianness. Some of these problems can be overcome
+    by outputting the data as text files, at the expense of speed and file
+    size.
+
+    When fid is a file object, array contents are directly written to the
+    file, bypassing the file object's ``write`` method. As a result, tofile
+    cannot be used with files objects supporting compression (e.g., GzipFile)
+    or file-like objects that do not support ``fileno()`` (e.g., BytesIO).
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('tolist',
+    """
+    a.tolist()
+
+    Return the array as an ``a.ndim``-levels deep nested list of Python scalars.
+
+    Return a copy of the array data as a (nested) Python list.
+    Data items are converted to the nearest compatible builtin Python type, via
+    the `~numpy.ndarray.item` function.
+
+    If ``a.ndim`` is 0, then since the depth of the nested list is 0, it will
+    not be a list at all, but a simple Python scalar.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    none
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y : object, or list of object, or list of list of object, or ...
+        The possibly nested list of array elements.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The array may be recreated via ``a = np.array(a.tolist())``, although this
+    may sometimes lose precision.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    For a 1D array, ``a.tolist()`` is almost the same as ``list(a)``,
+    except that ``tolist`` changes numpy scalars to Python scalars:
+
+    >>> a = np.uint32([1, 2])
+    >>> a_list = list(a)
+    >>> a_list
+    [1, 2]
+    >>> type(a_list[0])
+    <class 'numpy.uint32'>
+    >>> a_tolist = a.tolist()
+    >>> a_tolist
+    [1, 2]
+    >>> type(a_tolist[0])
+    <class 'int'>
+
+    Additionally, for a 2D array, ``tolist`` applies recursively:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    >>> list(a)
+    [array([1, 2]), array([3, 4])]
+    >>> a.tolist()
+    [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+
+    The base case for this recursion is a 0D array:
+
+    >>> a = np.array(1)
+    >>> list(a)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: iteration over a 0-d array
+    >>> a.tolist()
+    1
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('tobytes', """
+    a.tobytes(order='C')
+
+    Construct Python bytes containing the raw data bytes in the array.
+
+    Constructs Python bytes showing a copy of the raw contents of
+    data memory. The bytes object is produced in C-order by default.
+    This behavior is controlled by the ``order`` parameter.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.9.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A'}, optional
+        Controls the memory layout of the bytes object. 'C' means C-order,
+        'F' means F-order, 'A' (short for *Any*) means 'F' if `a` is
+        Fortran contiguous, 'C' otherwise. Default is 'C'.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    s : bytes
+        Python bytes exhibiting a copy of `a`'s raw data.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    frombuffer
+        Inverse of this operation, construct a 1-dimensional array from Python
+        bytes.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]], dtype='<u2')
+    >>> x.tobytes()
+    b'\\x00\\x00\\x01\\x00\\x02\\x00\\x03\\x00'
+    >>> x.tobytes('C') == x.tobytes()
+    True
+    >>> x.tobytes('F')
+    b'\\x00\\x00\\x02\\x00\\x01\\x00\\x03\\x00'
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('tostring', r"""
+    a.tostring(order='C')
+
+    A compatibility alias for `tobytes`, with exactly the same behavior.
+
+    Despite its name, it returns `bytes` not `str`\ s.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.19.0
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('trace',
+    """
+    a.trace(offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1, dtype=None, out=None)
+
+    Return the sum along diagonals of the array.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.trace` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.trace : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('transpose',
+    """
+    a.transpose(*axes)
+
+    Returns a view of the array with axes transposed.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.transpose` for full documentation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    axes : None, tuple of ints, or `n` ints
+
+     * None or no argument: reverses the order of the axes.
+
+     * tuple of ints: `i` in the `j`-th place in the tuple means that the
+       array's `i`-th axis becomes the transposed array's `j`-th axis.
+
+     * `n` ints: same as an n-tuple of the same ints (this form is
+       intended simply as a "convenience" alternative to the tuple form).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    p : ndarray
+        View of the array with its axes suitably permuted.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    transpose : Equivalent function.
+    ndarray.T : Array property returning the array transposed.
+    ndarray.reshape : Give a new shape to an array without changing its data.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    >>> a
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4]])
+    >>> a.transpose()
+    array([[1, 3],
+           [2, 4]])
+    >>> a.transpose((1, 0))
+    array([[1, 3],
+           [2, 4]])
+    >>> a.transpose(1, 0)
+    array([[1, 3],
+           [2, 4]])
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> a
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> a.transpose()
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('var',
+    """
+    a.var(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=False, *, where=True)
+
+    Returns the variance of the array elements, along given axis.
+
+    Refer to `numpy.var` for full documentation.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.var : equivalent function
+
+    """))
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'ndarray', ('view',
+    """
+    a.view([dtype][, type])
+
+    New view of array with the same data.
+
+    .. note::
+        Passing None for ``dtype`` is different from omitting the parameter,
+        since the former invokes ``dtype(None)`` which is an alias for
+        ``dtype('float_')``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dtype : data-type or ndarray sub-class, optional
+        Data-type descriptor of the returned view, e.g., float32 or int16.
+        Omitting it results in the view having the same data-type as `a`.
+        This argument can also be specified as an ndarray sub-class, which
+        then specifies the type of the returned object (this is equivalent to
+        setting the ``type`` parameter).
+    type : Python type, optional
+        Type of the returned view, e.g., ndarray or matrix.  Again, omission
+        of the parameter results in type preservation.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    ``a.view()`` is used two different ways:
+
+    ``a.view(some_dtype)`` or ``a.view(dtype=some_dtype)`` constructs a view
+    of the array's memory with a different data-type.  This can cause a
+    reinterpretation of the bytes of memory.
+
+    ``a.view(ndarray_subclass)`` or ``a.view(type=ndarray_subclass)`` just
+    returns an instance of `ndarray_subclass` that looks at the same array
+    (same shape, dtype, etc.)  This does not cause a reinterpretation of the
+    memory.
+
+    For ``a.view(some_dtype)``, if ``some_dtype`` has a different number of
+    bytes per entry than the previous dtype (for example, converting a regular
+    array to a structured array), then the last axis of ``a`` must be
+    contiguous. This axis will be resized in the result.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.23.0
+       Only the last axis needs to be contiguous. Previously, the entire array
+       had to be C-contiguous.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([(1, 2)], dtype=[('a', np.int8), ('b', np.int8)])
+
+    Viewing array data using a different type and dtype:
+
+    >>> y = x.view(dtype=np.int16, type=np.matrix)
+    >>> y
+    matrix([[513]], dtype=int16)
+    >>> print(type(y))
+    <class 'numpy.matrix'>
+
+    Creating a view on a structured array so it can be used in calculations
+
+    >>> x = np.array([(1, 2),(3,4)], dtype=[('a', np.int8), ('b', np.int8)])
+    >>> xv = x.view(dtype=np.int8).reshape(-1,2)
+    >>> xv
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4]], dtype=int8)
+    >>> xv.mean(0)
+    array([2.,  3.])
+
+    Making changes to the view changes the underlying array
+
+    >>> xv[0,1] = 20
+    >>> x
+    array([(1, 20), (3,  4)], dtype=[('a', 'i1'), ('b', 'i1')])
+
+    Using a view to convert an array to a recarray:
+
+    >>> z = x.view(np.recarray)
+    >>> z.a
+    array([1, 3], dtype=int8)
+
+    Views share data:
+
+    >>> x[0] = (9, 10)
+    >>> z[0]
+    (9, 10)
+
+    Views that change the dtype size (bytes per entry) should normally be
+    avoided on arrays defined by slices, transposes, fortran-ordering, etc.:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], dtype=np.int16)
+    >>> y = x[:, ::2]
+    >>> y
+    array([[1, 3],
+           [4, 6]], dtype=int16)
+    >>> y.view(dtype=[('width', np.int16), ('length', np.int16)])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: To change to a dtype of a different size, the last axis must be contiguous
+    >>> z = y.copy()
+    >>> z.view(dtype=[('width', np.int16), ('length', np.int16)])
+    array([[(1, 3)],
+           [(4, 6)]], dtype=[('width', '<i2'), ('length', '<i2')])
+
+    However, views that change dtype are totally fine for arrays with a
+    contiguous last axis, even if the rest of the axes are not C-contiguous:
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(2 * 3 * 4, dtype=np.int8).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    >>> x.transpose(1, 0, 2).view(np.int16)
+    array([[[ 256,  770],
+            [3340, 3854]],
+    <BLANKLINE>
+           [[1284, 1798],
+            [4368, 4882]],
+    <BLANKLINE>
+           [[2312, 2826],
+            [5396, 5910]]], dtype=int16)
+
+    """))
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# umath functions
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.umath', 'frompyfunc',
+    """
+    frompyfunc(func, /, nin, nout, *[, identity])
+
+    Takes an arbitrary Python function and returns a NumPy ufunc.
+
+    Can be used, for example, to add broadcasting to a built-in Python
+    function (see Examples section).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : Python function object
+        An arbitrary Python function.
+    nin : int
+        The number of input arguments.
+    nout : int
+        The number of objects returned by `func`.
+    identity : object, optional
+        The value to use for the `~numpy.ufunc.identity` attribute of the resulting
+        object. If specified, this is equivalent to setting the underlying
+        C ``identity`` field to ``PyUFunc_IdentityValue``.
+        If omitted, the identity is set to ``PyUFunc_None``. Note that this is
+        _not_ equivalent to setting the identity to ``None``, which implies the
+        operation is reorderable.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ufunc
+        Returns a NumPy universal function (``ufunc``) object.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    vectorize : Evaluates pyfunc over input arrays using broadcasting rules of numpy.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The returned ufunc always returns PyObject arrays.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Use frompyfunc to add broadcasting to the Python function ``oct``:
+
+    >>> oct_array = np.frompyfunc(oct, 1, 1)
+    >>> oct_array(np.array((10, 30, 100)))
+    array(['0o12', '0o36', '0o144'], dtype=object)
+    >>> np.array((oct(10), oct(30), oct(100))) # for comparison
+    array(['0o12', '0o36', '0o144'], dtype='<U5')
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.umath', 'geterrobj',
+    """
+    geterrobj()
+
+    Return the current object that defines floating-point error handling.
+
+    The error object contains all information that defines the error handling
+    behavior in NumPy. `geterrobj` is used internally by the other
+    functions that get and set error handling behavior (`geterr`, `seterr`,
+    `geterrcall`, `seterrcall`).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    errobj : list
+        The error object, a list containing three elements:
+        [internal numpy buffer size, error mask, error callback function].
+
+        The error mask is a single integer that holds the treatment information
+        on all four floating point errors. The information for each error type
+        is contained in three bits of the integer. If we print it in base 8, we
+        can see what treatment is set for "invalid", "under", "over", and
+        "divide" (in that order). The printed string can be interpreted with
+
+        * 0 : 'ignore'
+        * 1 : 'warn'
+        * 2 : 'raise'
+        * 3 : 'call'
+        * 4 : 'print'
+        * 5 : 'log'
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    seterrobj, seterr, geterr, seterrcall, geterrcall
+    getbufsize, setbufsize
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For complete documentation of the types of floating-point exceptions and
+    treatment options, see `seterr`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.geterrobj()  # first get the defaults
+    [8192, 521, None]
+
+    >>> def err_handler(type, flag):
+    ...     print("Floating point error (%s), with flag %s" % (type, flag))
+    ...
+    >>> old_bufsize = np.setbufsize(20000)
+    >>> old_err = np.seterr(divide='raise')
+    >>> old_handler = np.seterrcall(err_handler)
+    >>> np.geterrobj()
+    [8192, 521, <function err_handler at 0x91dcaac>]
+
+    >>> old_err = np.seterr(all='ignore')
+    >>> np.base_repr(np.geterrobj()[1], 8)
+    '0'
+    >>> old_err = np.seterr(divide='warn', over='log', under='call',
+    ...                     invalid='print')
+    >>> np.base_repr(np.geterrobj()[1], 8)
+    '4351'
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.umath', 'seterrobj',
+    """
+    seterrobj(errobj, /)
+
+    Set the object that defines floating-point error handling.
+
+    The error object contains all information that defines the error handling
+    behavior in NumPy. `seterrobj` is used internally by the other
+    functions that set error handling behavior (`seterr`, `seterrcall`).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    errobj : list
+        The error object, a list containing three elements:
+        [internal numpy buffer size, error mask, error callback function].
+
+        The error mask is a single integer that holds the treatment information
+        on all four floating point errors. The information for each error type
+        is contained in three bits of the integer. If we print it in base 8, we
+        can see what treatment is set for "invalid", "under", "over", and
+        "divide" (in that order). The printed string can be interpreted with
+
+        * 0 : 'ignore'
+        * 1 : 'warn'
+        * 2 : 'raise'
+        * 3 : 'call'
+        * 4 : 'print'
+        * 5 : 'log'
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    geterrobj, seterr, geterr, seterrcall, geterrcall
+    getbufsize, setbufsize
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For complete documentation of the types of floating-point exceptions and
+    treatment options, see `seterr`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> old_errobj = np.geterrobj()  # first get the defaults
+    >>> old_errobj
+    [8192, 521, None]
+
+    >>> def err_handler(type, flag):
+    ...     print("Floating point error (%s), with flag %s" % (type, flag))
+    ...
+    >>> new_errobj = [20000, 12, err_handler]
+    >>> np.seterrobj(new_errobj)
+    >>> np.base_repr(12, 8)  # int for divide=4 ('print') and over=1 ('warn')
+    '14'
+    >>> np.geterr()
+    {'over': 'warn', 'divide': 'print', 'invalid': 'ignore', 'under': 'ignore'}
+    >>> np.geterrcall() is err_handler
+    True
+
+    """)
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# compiled_base functions
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'add_docstring',
+    """
+    add_docstring(obj, docstring)
+
+    Add a docstring to a built-in obj if possible.
+    If the obj already has a docstring raise a RuntimeError
+    If this routine does not know how to add a docstring to the object
+    raise a TypeError
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.umath', '_add_newdoc_ufunc',
+    """
+    add_ufunc_docstring(ufunc, new_docstring)
+
+    Replace the docstring for a ufunc with new_docstring.
+    This method will only work if the current docstring for
+    the ufunc is NULL. (At the C level, i.e. when ufunc->doc is NULL.)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ufunc : numpy.ufunc
+        A ufunc whose current doc is NULL.
+    new_docstring : string
+        The new docstring for the ufunc.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This method allocates memory for new_docstring on
+    the heap. Technically this creates a mempory leak, since this
+    memory will not be reclaimed until the end of the program
+    even if the ufunc itself is removed. However this will only
+    be a problem if the user is repeatedly creating ufuncs with
+    no documentation, adding documentation via add_newdoc_ufunc,
+    and then throwing away the ufunc.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'get_handler_name',
+    """
+    get_handler_name(a: ndarray) -> str,None
+
+    Return the name of the memory handler used by `a`. If not provided, return
+    the name of the memory handler that will be used to allocate data for the
+    next `ndarray` in this context. May return None if `a` does not own its
+    memory, in which case you can traverse ``a.base`` for a memory handler.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'get_handler_version',
+    """
+    get_handler_version(a: ndarray) -> int,None
+
+    Return the version of the memory handler used by `a`. If not provided,
+    return the version of the memory handler that will be used to allocate data
+    for the next `ndarray` in this context. May return None if `a` does not own
+    its memory, in which case you can traverse ``a.base`` for a memory handler.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', '_get_madvise_hugepage',
+    """
+    _get_madvise_hugepage() -> bool
+
+    Get use of ``madvise (2)`` MADV_HUGEPAGE support when
+    allocating the array data. Returns the currently set value.
+    See `global_state` for more information.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', '_set_madvise_hugepage',
+    """
+    _set_madvise_hugepage(enabled: bool) -> bool
+
+    Set  or unset use of ``madvise (2)`` MADV_HUGEPAGE support when
+    allocating the array data. Returns the previously set value.
+    See `global_state` for more information.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core._multiarray_tests', 'format_float_OSprintf_g',
+    """
+    format_float_OSprintf_g(val, precision)
+
+    Print a floating point scalar using the system's printf function,
+    equivalent to:
+
+        printf("%.*g", precision, val);
+
+    for half/float/double, or replacing 'g' by 'Lg' for longdouble. This
+    method is designed to help cross-validate the format_float_* methods.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    val : python float or numpy floating scalar
+        Value to format.
+
+    precision : non-negative integer, optional
+        Precision given to printf.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    rep : string
+        The string representation of the floating point value
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    format_float_scientific
+    format_float_positional
+    """)
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# Documentation for ufunc attributes and methods
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# ufunc object
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc',
+    """
+    Functions that operate element by element on whole arrays.
+
+    To see the documentation for a specific ufunc, use `info`.  For
+    example, ``np.info(np.sin)``.  Because ufuncs are written in C
+    (for speed) and linked into Python with NumPy's ufunc facility,
+    Python's help() function finds this page whenever help() is called
+    on a ufunc.
+
+    A detailed explanation of ufuncs can be found in the docs for :ref:`ufuncs`.
+
+    **Calling ufuncs:** ``op(*x[, out], where=True, **kwargs)``
+
+    Apply `op` to the arguments `*x` elementwise, broadcasting the arguments.
+
+    The broadcasting rules are:
+
+    * Dimensions of length 1 may be prepended to either array.
+    * Arrays may be repeated along dimensions of length 1.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    *x : array_like
+        Input arrays.
+    out : ndarray, None, or tuple of ndarray and None, optional
+        Alternate array object(s) in which to put the result; if provided, it
+        must have a shape that the inputs broadcast to. A tuple of arrays
+        (possible only as a keyword argument) must have length equal to the
+        number of outputs; use None for uninitialized outputs to be
+        allocated by the ufunc.
+    where : array_like, optional
+        This condition is broadcast over the input. At locations where the
+        condition is True, the `out` array will be set to the ufunc result.
+        Elsewhere, the `out` array will retain its original value.
+        Note that if an uninitialized `out` array is created via the default
+        ``out=None``, locations within it where the condition is False will
+        remain uninitialized.
+    **kwargs
+        For other keyword-only arguments, see the :ref:`ufunc docs <ufuncs.kwargs>`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    r : ndarray or tuple of ndarray
+        `r` will have the shape that the arrays in `x` broadcast to; if `out` is
+        provided, it will be returned. If not, `r` will be allocated and
+        may contain uninitialized values. If the function has more than one
+        output, then the result will be a tuple of arrays.
+
+    """)
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# ufunc attributes
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('identity',
+    """
+    The identity value.
+
+    Data attribute containing the identity element for the ufunc, if it has one.
+    If it does not, the attribute value is None.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.add.identity
+    0
+    >>> np.multiply.identity
+    1
+    >>> np.power.identity
+    1
+    >>> print(np.exp.identity)
+    None
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('nargs',
+    """
+    The number of arguments.
+
+    Data attribute containing the number of arguments the ufunc takes, including
+    optional ones.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Typically this value will be one more than what you might expect because all
+    ufuncs take  the optional "out" argument.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.add.nargs
+    3
+    >>> np.multiply.nargs
+    3
+    >>> np.power.nargs
+    3
+    >>> np.exp.nargs
+    2
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('nin',
+    """
+    The number of inputs.
+
+    Data attribute containing the number of arguments the ufunc treats as input.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.add.nin
+    2
+    >>> np.multiply.nin
+    2
+    >>> np.power.nin
+    2
+    >>> np.exp.nin
+    1
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('nout',
+    """
+    The number of outputs.
+
+    Data attribute containing the number of arguments the ufunc treats as output.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Since all ufuncs can take output arguments, this will always be (at least) 1.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.add.nout
+    1
+    >>> np.multiply.nout
+    1
+    >>> np.power.nout
+    1
+    >>> np.exp.nout
+    1
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('ntypes',
+    """
+    The number of types.
+
+    The number of numerical NumPy types - of which there are 18 total - on which
+    the ufunc can operate.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.ufunc.types
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.add.ntypes
+    18
+    >>> np.multiply.ntypes
+    18
+    >>> np.power.ntypes
+    17
+    >>> np.exp.ntypes
+    7
+    >>> np.remainder.ntypes
+    14
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('types',
+    """
+    Returns a list with types grouped input->output.
+
+    Data attribute listing the data-type "Domain-Range" groupings the ufunc can
+    deliver. The data-types are given using the character codes.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.ufunc.ntypes
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.add.types
+    ['??->?', 'bb->b', 'BB->B', 'hh->h', 'HH->H', 'ii->i', 'II->I', 'll->l',
+    'LL->L', 'qq->q', 'QQ->Q', 'ff->f', 'dd->d', 'gg->g', 'FF->F', 'DD->D',
+    'GG->G', 'OO->O']
+
+    >>> np.multiply.types
+    ['??->?', 'bb->b', 'BB->B', 'hh->h', 'HH->H', 'ii->i', 'II->I', 'll->l',
+    'LL->L', 'qq->q', 'QQ->Q', 'ff->f', 'dd->d', 'gg->g', 'FF->F', 'DD->D',
+    'GG->G', 'OO->O']
+
+    >>> np.power.types
+    ['bb->b', 'BB->B', 'hh->h', 'HH->H', 'ii->i', 'II->I', 'll->l', 'LL->L',
+    'qq->q', 'QQ->Q', 'ff->f', 'dd->d', 'gg->g', 'FF->F', 'DD->D', 'GG->G',
+    'OO->O']
+
+    >>> np.exp.types
+    ['f->f', 'd->d', 'g->g', 'F->F', 'D->D', 'G->G', 'O->O']
+
+    >>> np.remainder.types
+    ['bb->b', 'BB->B', 'hh->h', 'HH->H', 'ii->i', 'II->I', 'll->l', 'LL->L',
+    'qq->q', 'QQ->Q', 'ff->f', 'dd->d', 'gg->g', 'OO->O']
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('signature',
+    """
+    Definition of the core elements a generalized ufunc operates on.
+
+    The signature determines how the dimensions of each input/output array
+    are split into core and loop dimensions:
+
+    1. Each dimension in the signature is matched to a dimension of the
+       corresponding passed-in array, starting from the end of the shape tuple.
+    2. Core dimensions assigned to the same label in the signature must have
+       exactly matching sizes, no broadcasting is performed.
+    3. The core dimensions are removed from all inputs and the remaining
+       dimensions are broadcast together, defining the loop dimensions.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Generalized ufuncs are used internally in many linalg functions, and in
+    the testing suite; the examples below are taken from these.
+    For ufuncs that operate on scalars, the signature is None, which is
+    equivalent to '()' for every argument.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.core.umath_tests.matrix_multiply.signature
+    '(m,n),(n,p)->(m,p)'
+    >>> np.linalg._umath_linalg.det.signature
+    '(m,m)->()'
+    >>> np.add.signature is None
+    True  # equivalent to '(),()->()'
+    """))
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# ufunc methods
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('reduce',
+    """
+    reduce(array, axis=0, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False, initial=<no value>, where=True)
+
+    Reduces `array`'s dimension by one, by applying ufunc along one axis.
+
+    Let :math:`array.shape = (N_0, ..., N_i, ..., N_{M-1})`.  Then
+    :math:`ufunc.reduce(array, axis=i)[k_0, ..,k_{i-1}, k_{i+1}, .., k_{M-1}]` =
+    the result of iterating `j` over :math:`range(N_i)`, cumulatively applying
+    ufunc to each :math:`array[k_0, ..,k_{i-1}, j, k_{i+1}, .., k_{M-1}]`.
+    For a one-dimensional array, reduce produces results equivalent to:
+    ::
+
+     r = op.identity # op = ufunc
+     for i in range(len(A)):
+       r = op(r, A[i])
+     return r
+
+    For example, add.reduce() is equivalent to sum().
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    array : array_like
+        The array to act on.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which a reduction is performed.
+        The default (`axis` = 0) is perform a reduction over the first
+        dimension of the input array. `axis` may be negative, in
+        which case it counts from the last to the first axis.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If this is None, a reduction is performed over all the axes.
+        If this is a tuple of ints, a reduction is performed on multiple
+        axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
+
+        For operations which are either not commutative or not associative,
+        doing a reduction over multiple axes is not well-defined. The
+        ufuncs do not currently raise an exception in this case, but will
+        likely do so in the future.
+    dtype : data-type code, optional
+        The type used to represent the intermediate results. Defaults
+        to the data-type of the output array if this is provided, or
+        the data-type of the input array if no output array is provided.
+    out : ndarray, None, or tuple of ndarray and None, optional
+        A location into which the result is stored. If not provided or None,
+        a freshly-allocated array is returned. For consistency with
+        ``ufunc.__call__``, if given as a keyword, this may be wrapped in a
+        1-element tuple.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.13.0
+           Tuples are allowed for keyword argument.
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the original `array`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+    initial : scalar, optional
+        The value with which to start the reduction.
+        If the ufunc has no identity or the dtype is object, this defaults
+        to None - otherwise it defaults to ufunc.identity.
+        If ``None`` is given, the first element of the reduction is used,
+        and an error is thrown if the reduction is empty.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.15.0
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        A boolean array which is broadcasted to match the dimensions
+        of `array`, and selects elements to include in the reduction. Note
+        that for ufuncs like ``minimum`` that do not have an identity
+        defined, one has to pass in also ``initial``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    r : ndarray
+        The reduced array. If `out` was supplied, `r` is a reference to it.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.multiply.reduce([2,3,5])
+    30
+
+    A multi-dimensional array example:
+
+    >>> X = np.arange(8).reshape((2,2,2))
+    >>> X
+    array([[[0, 1],
+            [2, 3]],
+           [[4, 5],
+            [6, 7]]])
+    >>> np.add.reduce(X, 0)
+    array([[ 4,  6],
+           [ 8, 10]])
+    >>> np.add.reduce(X) # confirm: default axis value is 0
+    array([[ 4,  6],
+           [ 8, 10]])
+    >>> np.add.reduce(X, 1)
+    array([[ 2,  4],
+           [10, 12]])
+    >>> np.add.reduce(X, 2)
+    array([[ 1,  5],
+           [ 9, 13]])
+
+    You can use the ``initial`` keyword argument to initialize the reduction
+    with a different value, and ``where`` to select specific elements to include:
+
+    >>> np.add.reduce([10], initial=5)
+    15
+    >>> np.add.reduce(np.ones((2, 2, 2)), axis=(0, 2), initial=10)
+    array([14., 14.])
+    >>> a = np.array([10., np.nan, 10])
+    >>> np.add.reduce(a, where=~np.isnan(a))
+    20.0
+
+    Allows reductions of empty arrays where they would normally fail, i.e.
+    for ufuncs without an identity.
+
+    >>> np.minimum.reduce([], initial=np.inf)
+    inf
+    >>> np.minimum.reduce([[1., 2.], [3., 4.]], initial=10., where=[True, False])
+    array([ 1., 10.])
+    >>> np.minimum.reduce([])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: zero-size array to reduction operation minimum which has no identity
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('accumulate',
+    """
+    accumulate(array, axis=0, dtype=None, out=None)
+
+    Accumulate the result of applying the operator to all elements.
+
+    For a one-dimensional array, accumulate produces results equivalent to::
+
+      r = np.empty(len(A))
+      t = op.identity        # op = the ufunc being applied to A's  elements
+      for i in range(len(A)):
+          t = op(t, A[i])
+          r[i] = t
+      return r
+
+    For example, add.accumulate() is equivalent to np.cumsum().
+
+    For a multi-dimensional array, accumulate is applied along only one
+    axis (axis zero by default; see Examples below) so repeated use is
+    necessary if one wants to accumulate over multiple axes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    array : array_like
+        The array to act on.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis along which to apply the accumulation; default is zero.
+    dtype : data-type code, optional
+        The data-type used to represent the intermediate results. Defaults
+        to the data-type of the output array if such is provided, or the
+        data-type of the input array if no output array is provided.
+    out : ndarray, None, or tuple of ndarray and None, optional
+        A location into which the result is stored. If not provided or None,
+        a freshly-allocated array is returned. For consistency with
+        ``ufunc.__call__``, if given as a keyword, this may be wrapped in a
+        1-element tuple.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.13.0
+           Tuples are allowed for keyword argument.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    r : ndarray
+        The accumulated values. If `out` was supplied, `r` is a reference to
+        `out`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    1-D array examples:
+
+    >>> np.add.accumulate([2, 3, 5])
+    array([ 2,  5, 10])
+    >>> np.multiply.accumulate([2, 3, 5])
+    array([ 2,  6, 30])
+
+    2-D array examples:
+
+    >>> I = np.eye(2)
+    >>> I
+    array([[1.,  0.],
+           [0.,  1.]])
+
+    Accumulate along axis 0 (rows), down columns:
+
+    >>> np.add.accumulate(I, 0)
+    array([[1.,  0.],
+           [1.,  1.]])
+    >>> np.add.accumulate(I) # no axis specified = axis zero
+    array([[1.,  0.],
+           [1.,  1.]])
+
+    Accumulate along axis 1 (columns), through rows:
+
+    >>> np.add.accumulate(I, 1)
+    array([[1.,  1.],
+           [0.,  1.]])
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('reduceat',
+    """
+    reduceat(array, indices, axis=0, dtype=None, out=None)
+
+    Performs a (local) reduce with specified slices over a single axis.
+
+    For i in ``range(len(indices))``, `reduceat` computes
+    ``ufunc.reduce(array[indices[i]:indices[i+1]])``, which becomes the i-th
+    generalized "row" parallel to `axis` in the final result (i.e., in a
+    2-D array, for example, if `axis = 0`, it becomes the i-th row, but if
+    `axis = 1`, it becomes the i-th column).  There are three exceptions to this:
+
+    * when ``i = len(indices) - 1`` (so for the last index),
+      ``indices[i+1] = array.shape[axis]``.
+    * if ``indices[i] >= indices[i + 1]``, the i-th generalized "row" is
+      simply ``array[indices[i]]``.
+    * if ``indices[i] >= len(array)`` or ``indices[i] < 0``, an error is raised.
+
+    The shape of the output depends on the size of `indices`, and may be
+    larger than `array` (this happens if ``len(indices) > array.shape[axis]``).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    array : array_like
+        The array to act on.
+    indices : array_like
+        Paired indices, comma separated (not colon), specifying slices to
+        reduce.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis along which to apply the reduceat.
+    dtype : data-type code, optional
+        The type used to represent the intermediate results. Defaults
+        to the data type of the output array if this is provided, or
+        the data type of the input array if no output array is provided.
+    out : ndarray, None, or tuple of ndarray and None, optional
+        A location into which the result is stored. If not provided or None,
+        a freshly-allocated array is returned. For consistency with
+        ``ufunc.__call__``, if given as a keyword, this may be wrapped in a
+        1-element tuple.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.13.0
+           Tuples are allowed for keyword argument.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    r : ndarray
+        The reduced values. If `out` was supplied, `r` is a reference to
+        `out`.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    A descriptive example:
+
+    If `array` is 1-D, the function `ufunc.accumulate(array)` is the same as
+    ``ufunc.reduceat(array, indices)[::2]`` where `indices` is
+    ``range(len(array) - 1)`` with a zero placed
+    in every other element:
+    ``indices = zeros(2 * len(array) - 1)``,
+    ``indices[1::2] = range(1, len(array))``.
+
+    Don't be fooled by this attribute's name: `reduceat(array)` is not
+    necessarily smaller than `array`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    To take the running sum of four successive values:
+
+    >>> np.add.reduceat(np.arange(8),[0,4, 1,5, 2,6, 3,7])[::2]
+    array([ 6, 10, 14, 18])
+
+    A 2-D example:
+
+    >>> x = np.linspace(0, 15, 16).reshape(4,4)
+    >>> x
+    array([[ 0.,   1.,   2.,   3.],
+           [ 4.,   5.,   6.,   7.],
+           [ 8.,   9.,  10.,  11.],
+           [12.,  13.,  14.,  15.]])
+
+    ::
+
+     # reduce such that the result has the following five rows:
+     # [row1 + row2 + row3]
+     # [row4]
+     # [row2]
+     # [row3]
+     # [row1 + row2 + row3 + row4]
+
+    >>> np.add.reduceat(x, [0, 3, 1, 2, 0])
+    array([[12.,  15.,  18.,  21.],
+           [12.,  13.,  14.,  15.],
+           [ 4.,   5.,   6.,   7.],
+           [ 8.,   9.,  10.,  11.],
+           [24.,  28.,  32.,  36.]])
+
+    ::
+
+     # reduce such that result has the following two columns:
+     # [col1 * col2 * col3, col4]
+
+    >>> np.multiply.reduceat(x, [0, 3], 1)
+    array([[   0.,     3.],
+           [ 120.,     7.],
+           [ 720.,    11.],
+           [2184.,    15.]])
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('outer',
+    r"""
+    outer(A, B, /, **kwargs)
+
+    Apply the ufunc `op` to all pairs (a, b) with a in `A` and b in `B`.
+
+    Let ``M = A.ndim``, ``N = B.ndim``. Then the result, `C`, of
+    ``op.outer(A, B)`` is an array of dimension M + N such that:
+
+    .. math:: C[i_0, ..., i_{M-1}, j_0, ..., j_{N-1}] =
+       op(A[i_0, ..., i_{M-1}], B[j_0, ..., j_{N-1}])
+
+    For `A` and `B` one-dimensional, this is equivalent to::
+
+      r = empty(len(A),len(B))
+      for i in range(len(A)):
+          for j in range(len(B)):
+              r[i,j] = op(A[i], B[j])  # op = ufunc in question
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    A : array_like
+        First array
+    B : array_like
+        Second array
+    kwargs : any
+        Arguments to pass on to the ufunc. Typically `dtype` or `out`.
+        See `ufunc` for a comprehensive overview of all available arguments.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    r : ndarray
+        Output array
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.outer : A less powerful version of ``np.multiply.outer``
+                  that `ravel`\ s all inputs to 1D. This exists
+                  primarily for compatibility with old code.
+
+    tensordot : ``np.tensordot(a, b, axes=((), ()))`` and
+                ``np.multiply.outer(a, b)`` behave same for all
+                dimensions of a and b.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.multiply.outer([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
+    array([[ 4,  5,  6],
+           [ 8, 10, 12],
+           [12, 15, 18]])
+
+    A multi-dimensional example:
+
+    >>> A = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+    >>> A.shape
+    (2, 3)
+    >>> B = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4]])
+    >>> B.shape
+    (1, 4)
+    >>> C = np.multiply.outer(A, B)
+    >>> C.shape; C
+    (2, 3, 1, 4)
+    array([[[[ 1,  2,  3,  4]],
+            [[ 2,  4,  6,  8]],
+            [[ 3,  6,  9, 12]]],
+           [[[ 4,  8, 12, 16]],
+            [[ 5, 10, 15, 20]],
+            [[ 6, 12, 18, 24]]]])
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('at',
+    """
+    at(a, indices, b=None, /)
+
+    Performs unbuffered in place operation on operand 'a' for elements
+    specified by 'indices'. For addition ufunc, this method is equivalent to
+    ``a[indices] += b``, except that results are accumulated for elements that
+    are indexed more than once. For example, ``a[[0,0]] += 1`` will only
+    increment the first element once because of buffering, whereas
+    ``add.at(a, [0,0], 1)`` will increment the first element twice.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        The array to perform in place operation on.
+    indices : array_like or tuple
+        Array like index object or slice object for indexing into first
+        operand. If first operand has multiple dimensions, indices can be a
+        tuple of array like index objects or slice objects.
+    b : array_like
+        Second operand for ufuncs requiring two operands. Operand must be
+        broadcastable over first operand after indexing or slicing.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Set items 0 and 1 to their negative values:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> np.negative.at(a, [0, 1])
+    >>> a
+    array([-1, -2,  3,  4])
+
+    Increment items 0 and 1, and increment item 2 twice:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> np.add.at(a, [0, 1, 2, 2], 1)
+    >>> a
+    array([2, 3, 5, 4])
+
+    Add items 0 and 1 in first array to second array,
+    and store results in first array:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> b = np.array([1, 2])
+    >>> np.add.at(a, [0, 1], b)
+    >>> a
+    array([2, 4, 3, 4])
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('resolve_dtypes',
+    """
+    resolve_dtypes(dtypes, *, signature=None, casting=None, reduction=False)
+
+    Find the dtypes NumPy will use for the operation.  Both input and
+    output dtypes are returned and may differ from those provided.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        This function always applies NEP 50 rules since it is not provided
+        any actual values.  The Python types ``int``, ``float``, and
+        ``complex`` thus behave weak and should be passed for "untyped"
+        Python input.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dtypes : tuple of dtypes, None, or literal int, float, complex
+        The input dtypes for each operand.  Output operands can be
+        None, indicating that the dtype must be found.
+    signature : tuple of DTypes or None, optional
+        If given, enforces exact DType (classes) of the specific operand.
+        The ufunc ``dtype`` argument is equivalent to passing a tuple with
+        only output dtypes set.
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        The casting mode when casting is necessary.  This is identical to
+        the ufunc call casting modes.
+    reduction : boolean
+        If given, the resolution assumes a reduce operation is happening
+        which slightly changes the promotion and type resolution rules.
+        `dtypes` is usually something like ``(None, np.dtype("i2"), None)``
+        for reductions (first input is also the output).
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The default casting mode is "same_kind", however, as of
+            NumPy 1.24, NumPy uses "unsafe" for reductions.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dtypes : tuple of dtypes
+        The dtypes which NumPy would use for the calculation.  Note that
+        dtypes may not match the passed in ones (casting is necessary).
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.ufunc._resolve_dtypes_and_context :
+        Similar function to this, but returns additional information which
+        give access to the core C functionality of NumPy.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    This API requires passing dtypes, define them for convenience:
+
+    >>> int32 = np.dtype("int32")
+    >>> float32 = np.dtype("float32")
+
+    The typical ufunc call does not pass an output dtype.  `np.add` has two
+    inputs and one output, so leave the output as ``None`` (not provided):
+
+    >>> np.add.resolve_dtypes((int32, float32, None))
+    (dtype('float64'), dtype('float64'), dtype('float64'))
+
+    The loop found uses "float64" for all operands (including the output), the
+    first input would be cast.
+
+    ``resolve_dtypes`` supports "weak" handling for Python scalars by passing
+    ``int``, ``float``, or ``complex``:
+
+    >>> np.add.resolve_dtypes((float32, float, None))
+    (dtype('float32'), dtype('float32'), dtype('float32'))
+
+    Where the Python ``float`` behaves samilar to a Python value ``0.0``
+    in a ufunc call.  (See :ref:`NEP 50 <NEP50>` for details.)
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('_resolve_dtypes_and_context',
+    """
+    _resolve_dtypes_and_context(dtypes, *, signature=None, casting=None, reduction=False)
+
+    See `numpy.ufunc.resolve_dtypes` for parameter information.  This
+    function is considered *unstable*.  You may use it, but the returned
+    information is NumPy version specific and expected to change.
+    Large API/ABI changes are not expected, but a new NumPy version is
+    expected to require updating code using this functionality.
+
+    This function is designed to be used in conjunction with
+    `numpy.ufunc._get_strided_loop`.  The calls are split to mirror the C API
+    and allow future improvements.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dtypes : tuple of dtypes
+    call_info :
+        PyCapsule with all necessary information to get access to low level
+        C calls.  See `numpy.ufunc._get_strided_loop` for more information.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core', 'ufunc', ('_get_strided_loop',
+    """
+    _get_strided_loop(call_info, /, *, fixed_strides=None)
+
+    This function fills in the ``call_info`` capsule to include all
+    information necessary to call the low-level strided loop from NumPy.
+
+    See notes for more information.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    call_info : PyCapsule
+        The PyCapsule returned by `numpy.ufunc._resolve_dtypes_and_context`.
+    fixed_strides : tuple of int or None, optional
+        A tuple with fixed byte strides of all input arrays.  NumPy may use
+        this information to find specialized loops, so any call must follow
+        the given stride.  Use ``None`` to indicate that the stride is not
+        known (or not fixed) for all calls.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Together with `numpy.ufunc._resolve_dtypes_and_context` this function
+    gives low-level access to the NumPy ufunc loops.
+    The first function does general preparation and returns the required
+    information. It returns this as a C capsule with the version specific
+    name ``numpy_1.24_ufunc_call_info``.
+    The NumPy 1.24 ufunc call info capsule has the following layout::
+
+        typedef struct {
+            PyArrayMethod_StridedLoop *strided_loop;
+            PyArrayMethod_Context *context;
+            NpyAuxData *auxdata;
+
+            /* Flag information (expected to change) */
+            npy_bool requires_pyapi;  /* GIL is required by loop */
+
+            /* Loop doesn't set FPE flags; if not set check FPE flags */
+            npy_bool no_floatingpoint_errors;
+        } ufunc_call_info;
+
+    Note that the first call only fills in the ``context``.  The call to
+    ``_get_strided_loop`` fills in all other data.
+    Please see the ``numpy/experimental_dtype_api.h`` header for exact
+    call information; the main thing to note is that the new-style loops
+    return 0 on success, -1 on failure.  They are passed context as new
+    first input and ``auxdata`` as (replaced) last.
+
+    Only the ``strided_loop``signature is considered guaranteed stable
+    for NumPy bug-fix releases.  All other API is tied to the experimental
+    API versioning.
+
+    The reason for the split call is that cast information is required to
+    decide what the fixed-strides will be.
+
+    NumPy ties the lifetime of the ``auxdata`` information to the capsule.
+
+    """))
+
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# Documentation for dtype attributes and methods
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# dtype object
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype',
+    """
+    dtype(dtype, align=False, copy=False, [metadata])
+
+    Create a data type object.
+
+    A numpy array is homogeneous, and contains elements described by a
+    dtype object. A dtype object can be constructed from different
+    combinations of fundamental numeric types.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dtype
+        Object to be converted to a data type object.
+    align : bool, optional
+        Add padding to the fields to match what a C compiler would output
+        for a similar C-struct. Can be ``True`` only if `obj` is a dictionary
+        or a comma-separated string. If a struct dtype is being created,
+        this also sets a sticky alignment flag ``isalignedstruct``.
+    copy : bool, optional
+        Make a new copy of the data-type object. If ``False``, the result
+        may just be a reference to a built-in data-type object.
+    metadata : dict, optional
+        An optional dictionary with dtype metadata.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    result_type
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Using array-scalar type:
+
+    >>> np.dtype(np.int16)
+    dtype('int16')
+
+    Structured type, one field name 'f1', containing int16:
+
+    >>> np.dtype([('f1', np.int16)])
+    dtype([('f1', '<i2')])
+
+    Structured type, one field named 'f1', in itself containing a structured
+    type with one field:
+
+    >>> np.dtype([('f1', [('f1', np.int16)])])
+    dtype([('f1', [('f1', '<i2')])])
+
+    Structured type, two fields: the first field contains an unsigned int, the
+    second an int32:
+
+    >>> np.dtype([('f1', np.uint64), ('f2', np.int32)])
+    dtype([('f1', '<u8'), ('f2', '<i4')])
+
+    Using array-protocol type strings:
+
+    >>> np.dtype([('a','f8'),('b','S10')])
+    dtype([('a', '<f8'), ('b', 'S10')])
+
+    Using comma-separated field formats.  The shape is (2,3):
+
+    >>> np.dtype("i4, (2,3)f8")
+    dtype([('f0', '<i4'), ('f1', '<f8', (2, 3))])
+
+    Using tuples.  ``int`` is a fixed type, 3 the field's shape.  ``void``
+    is a flexible type, here of size 10:
+
+    >>> np.dtype([('hello',(np.int64,3)),('world',np.void,10)])
+    dtype([('hello', '<i8', (3,)), ('world', 'V10')])
+
+    Subdivide ``int16`` into 2 ``int8``'s, called x and y.  0 and 1 are
+    the offsets in bytes:
+
+    >>> np.dtype((np.int16, {'x':(np.int8,0), 'y':(np.int8,1)}))
+    dtype((numpy.int16, [('x', 'i1'), ('y', 'i1')]))
+
+    Using dictionaries.  Two fields named 'gender' and 'age':
+
+    >>> np.dtype({'names':['gender','age'], 'formats':['S1',np.uint8]})
+    dtype([('gender', 'S1'), ('age', 'u1')])
+
+    Offsets in bytes, here 0 and 25:
+
+    >>> np.dtype({'surname':('S25',0),'age':(np.uint8,25)})
+    dtype([('surname', 'S25'), ('age', 'u1')])
+
+    """)
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# dtype attributes
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('alignment',
+    """
+    The required alignment (bytes) of this data-type according to the compiler.
+
+    More information is available in the C-API section of the manual.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> x = np.dtype('i4')
+    >>> x.alignment
+    4
+
+    >>> x = np.dtype(float)
+    >>> x.alignment
+    8
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('byteorder',
+    """
+    A character indicating the byte-order of this data-type object.
+
+    One of:
+
+    ===  ==============
+    '='  native
+    '<'  little-endian
+    '>'  big-endian
+    '|'  not applicable
+    ===  ==============
+
+    All built-in data-type objects have byteorder either '=' or '|'.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype('i2')
+    >>> dt.byteorder
+    '='
+    >>> # endian is not relevant for 8 bit numbers
+    >>> np.dtype('i1').byteorder
+    '|'
+    >>> # or ASCII strings
+    >>> np.dtype('S2').byteorder
+    '|'
+    >>> # Even if specific code is given, and it is native
+    >>> # '=' is the byteorder
+    >>> import sys
+    >>> sys_is_le = sys.byteorder == 'little'
+    >>> native_code = '<' if sys_is_le else '>'
+    >>> swapped_code = '>' if sys_is_le else '<'
+    >>> dt = np.dtype(native_code + 'i2')
+    >>> dt.byteorder
+    '='
+    >>> # Swapped code shows up as itself
+    >>> dt = np.dtype(swapped_code + 'i2')
+    >>> dt.byteorder == swapped_code
+    True
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('char',
+    """A unique character code for each of the 21 different built-in types.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> x = np.dtype(float)
+    >>> x.char
+    'd'
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('descr',
+    """
+    `__array_interface__` description of the data-type.
+
+    The format is that required by the 'descr' key in the
+    `__array_interface__` attribute.
+
+    Warning: This attribute exists specifically for `__array_interface__`,
+    and passing it directly to `np.dtype` will not accurately reconstruct
+    some dtypes (e.g., scalar and subarray dtypes).
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> x = np.dtype(float)
+    >>> x.descr
+    [('', '<f8')]
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype([('name', np.str_, 16), ('grades', np.float64, (2,))])
+    >>> dt.descr
+    [('name', '<U16'), ('grades', '<f8', (2,))]
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('fields',
+    """
+    Dictionary of named fields defined for this data type, or ``None``.
+
+    The dictionary is indexed by keys that are the names of the fields.
+    Each entry in the dictionary is a tuple fully describing the field::
+
+      (dtype, offset[, title])
+
+    Offset is limited to C int, which is signed and usually 32 bits.
+    If present, the optional title can be any object (if it is a string
+    or unicode then it will also be a key in the fields dictionary,
+    otherwise it's meta-data). Notice also that the first two elements
+    of the tuple can be passed directly as arguments to the ``ndarray.getfield``
+    and ``ndarray.setfield`` methods.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.getfield, ndarray.setfield
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> dt = np.dtype([('name', np.str_, 16), ('grades', np.float64, (2,))])
+    >>> print(dt.fields)
+    {'grades': (dtype(('float64',(2,))), 16), 'name': (dtype('|S16'), 0)}
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('flags',
+    """
+    Bit-flags describing how this data type is to be interpreted.
+
+    Bit-masks are in `numpy.core.multiarray` as the constants
+    `ITEM_HASOBJECT`, `LIST_PICKLE`, `ITEM_IS_POINTER`, `NEEDS_INIT`,
+    `NEEDS_PYAPI`, `USE_GETITEM`, `USE_SETITEM`. A full explanation
+    of these flags is in C-API documentation; they are largely useful
+    for user-defined data-types.
+
+    The following example demonstrates that operations on this particular
+    dtype requires Python C-API.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> x = np.dtype([('a', np.int32, 8), ('b', np.float64, 6)])
+    >>> x.flags
+    16
+    >>> np.core.multiarray.NEEDS_PYAPI
+    16
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('hasobject',
+    """
+    Boolean indicating whether this dtype contains any reference-counted
+    objects in any fields or sub-dtypes.
+
+    Recall that what is actually in the ndarray memory representing
+    the Python object is the memory address of that object (a pointer).
+    Special handling may be required, and this attribute is useful for
+    distinguishing data types that may contain arbitrary Python objects
+    and data-types that won't.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('isbuiltin',
+    """
+    Integer indicating how this dtype relates to the built-in dtypes.
+
+    Read-only.
+
+    =  ========================================================================
+    0  if this is a structured array type, with fields
+    1  if this is a dtype compiled into numpy (such as ints, floats etc)
+    2  if the dtype is for a user-defined numpy type
+       A user-defined type uses the numpy C-API machinery to extend
+       numpy to handle a new array type. See
+       :ref:`user.user-defined-data-types` in the NumPy manual.
+    =  ========================================================================
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> dt = np.dtype('i2')
+    >>> dt.isbuiltin
+    1
+    >>> dt = np.dtype('f8')
+    >>> dt.isbuiltin
+    1
+    >>> dt = np.dtype([('field1', 'f8')])
+    >>> dt.isbuiltin
+    0
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('isnative',
+    """
+    Boolean indicating whether the byte order of this dtype is native
+    to the platform.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('isalignedstruct',
+    """
+    Boolean indicating whether the dtype is a struct which maintains
+    field alignment. This flag is sticky, so when combining multiple
+    structs together, it is preserved and produces new dtypes which
+    are also aligned.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('itemsize',
+    """
+    The element size of this data-type object.
+
+    For 18 of the 21 types this number is fixed by the data-type.
+    For the flexible data-types, this number can be anything.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> arr = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    >>> arr.dtype
+    dtype('int64')
+    >>> arr.itemsize
+    8
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype([('name', np.str_, 16), ('grades', np.float64, (2,))])
+    >>> dt.itemsize
+    80
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('kind',
+    """
+    A character code (one of 'biufcmMOSUV') identifying the general kind of data.
+
+    =  ======================
+    b  boolean
+    i  signed integer
+    u  unsigned integer
+    f  floating-point
+    c  complex floating-point
+    m  timedelta
+    M  datetime
+    O  object
+    S  (byte-)string
+    U  Unicode
+    V  void
+    =  ======================
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype('i4')
+    >>> dt.kind
+    'i'
+    >>> dt = np.dtype('f8')
+    >>> dt.kind
+    'f'
+    >>> dt = np.dtype([('field1', 'f8')])
+    >>> dt.kind
+    'V'
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('metadata',
+    """
+    Either ``None`` or a readonly dictionary of metadata (mappingproxy).
+
+    The metadata field can be set using any dictionary at data-type
+    creation. NumPy currently has no uniform approach to propagating
+    metadata; although some array operations preserve it, there is no
+    guarantee that others will.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        Although used in certain projects, this feature was long undocumented
+        and is not well supported. Some aspects of metadata propagation
+        are expected to change in the future.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype(float, metadata={"key": "value"})
+    >>> dt.metadata["key"]
+    'value'
+    >>> arr = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+    >>> arr.dtype.metadata
+    mappingproxy({'key': 'value'})
+
+    Adding arrays with identical datatypes currently preserves the metadata:
+
+    >>> (arr + arr).dtype.metadata
+    mappingproxy({'key': 'value'})
+
+    But if the arrays have different dtype metadata, the metadata may be
+    dropped:
+
+    >>> dt2 = np.dtype(float, metadata={"key2": "value2"})
+    >>> arr2 = np.array([3, 2, 1], dtype=dt2)
+    >>> (arr + arr2).dtype.metadata is None
+    True  # The metadata field is cleared so None is returned
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('name',
+    """
+    A bit-width name for this data-type.
+
+    Un-sized flexible data-type objects do not have this attribute.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> x = np.dtype(float)
+    >>> x.name
+    'float64'
+    >>> x = np.dtype([('a', np.int32, 8), ('b', np.float64, 6)])
+    >>> x.name
+    'void640'
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('names',
+    """
+    Ordered list of field names, or ``None`` if there are no fields.
+
+    The names are ordered according to increasing byte offset. This can be
+    used, for example, to walk through all of the named fields in offset order.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> dt = np.dtype([('name', np.str_, 16), ('grades', np.float64, (2,))])
+    >>> dt.names
+    ('name', 'grades')
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('num',
+    """
+    A unique number for each of the 21 different built-in types.
+
+    These are roughly ordered from least-to-most precision.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype(str)
+    >>> dt.num
+    19
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype(float)
+    >>> dt.num
+    12
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('shape',
+    """
+    Shape tuple of the sub-array if this data type describes a sub-array,
+    and ``()`` otherwise.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype(('i4', 4))
+    >>> dt.shape
+    (4,)
+
+    >>> dt = np.dtype(('i4', (2, 3)))
+    >>> dt.shape
+    (2, 3)
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('ndim',
+    """
+    Number of dimensions of the sub-array if this data type describes a
+    sub-array, and ``0`` otherwise.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.13.0
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.dtype(float)
+    >>> x.ndim
+    0
+
+    >>> x = np.dtype((float, 8))
+    >>> x.ndim
+    1
+
+    >>> x = np.dtype(('i4', (3, 4)))
+    >>> x.ndim
+    2
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('str',
+    """The array-protocol typestring of this data-type object."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('subdtype',
+    """
+    Tuple ``(item_dtype, shape)`` if this `dtype` describes a sub-array, and
+    None otherwise.
+
+    The *shape* is the fixed shape of the sub-array described by this
+    data type, and *item_dtype* the data type of the array.
+
+    If a field whose dtype object has this attribute is retrieved,
+    then the extra dimensions implied by *shape* are tacked on to
+    the end of the retrieved array.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    dtype.base
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = numpy.dtype('8f')
+    >>> x.subdtype
+    (dtype('float32'), (8,))
+
+    >>> x =  numpy.dtype('i2')
+    >>> x.subdtype
+    >>>
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('base',
+    """
+    Returns dtype for the base element of the subarrays,
+    regardless of their dimension or shape.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    dtype.subdtype
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = numpy.dtype('8f')
+    >>> x.base
+    dtype('float32')
+
+    >>> x =  numpy.dtype('i2')
+    >>> x.base
+    dtype('int16')
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('type',
+    """The type object used to instantiate a scalar of this data-type."""))
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# dtype methods
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('newbyteorder',
+    """
+    newbyteorder(new_order='S', /)
+
+    Return a new dtype with a different byte order.
+
+    Changes are also made in all fields and sub-arrays of the data type.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    new_order : string, optional
+        Byte order to force; a value from the byte order specifications
+        below.  The default value ('S') results in swapping the current
+        byte order.  `new_order` codes can be any of:
+
+        * 'S' - swap dtype from current to opposite endian
+        * {'<', 'little'} - little endian
+        * {'>', 'big'} - big endian
+        * {'=', 'native'} - native order
+        * {'|', 'I'} - ignore (no change to byte order)
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    new_dtype : dtype
+        New dtype object with the given change to the byte order.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Changes are also made in all fields and sub-arrays of the data type.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import sys
+    >>> sys_is_le = sys.byteorder == 'little'
+    >>> native_code = '<' if sys_is_le else '>'
+    >>> swapped_code = '>' if sys_is_le else '<'
+    >>> native_dt = np.dtype(native_code+'i2')
+    >>> swapped_dt = np.dtype(swapped_code+'i2')
+    >>> native_dt.newbyteorder('S') == swapped_dt
+    True
+    >>> native_dt.newbyteorder() == swapped_dt
+    True
+    >>> native_dt == swapped_dt.newbyteorder('S')
+    True
+    >>> native_dt == swapped_dt.newbyteorder('=')
+    True
+    >>> native_dt == swapped_dt.newbyteorder('N')
+    True
+    >>> native_dt == native_dt.newbyteorder('|')
+    True
+    >>> np.dtype('<i2') == native_dt.newbyteorder('<')
+    True
+    >>> np.dtype('<i2') == native_dt.newbyteorder('L')
+    True
+    >>> np.dtype('>i2') == native_dt.newbyteorder('>')
+    True
+    >>> np.dtype('>i2') == native_dt.newbyteorder('B')
+    True
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('__class_getitem__',
+    """
+    __class_getitem__(item, /)
+
+    Return a parametrized wrapper around the `~numpy.dtype` type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.22
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    alias : types.GenericAlias
+        A parametrized `~numpy.dtype` type.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+
+    >>> np.dtype[np.int64]
+    numpy.dtype[numpy.int64]
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :pep:`585` : Type hinting generics in standard collections.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('__ge__',
+    """
+    __ge__(value, /)
+
+    Return ``self >= value``.
+
+    Equivalent to ``np.can_cast(value, self, casting="safe")``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    can_cast : Returns True if cast between data types can occur according to
+               the casting rule.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('__le__',
+    """
+    __le__(value, /)
+
+    Return ``self <= value``.
+
+    Equivalent to ``np.can_cast(self, value, casting="safe")``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    can_cast : Returns True if cast between data types can occur according to
+               the casting rule.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('__gt__',
+    """
+    __ge__(value, /)
+
+    Return ``self > value``.
+
+    Equivalent to
+    ``self != value and np.can_cast(value, self, casting="safe")``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    can_cast : Returns True if cast between data types can occur according to
+               the casting rule.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'dtype', ('__lt__',
+    """
+    __lt__(value, /)
+
+    Return ``self < value``.
+
+    Equivalent to
+    ``self != value and np.can_cast(self, value, casting="safe")``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    can_cast : Returns True if cast between data types can occur according to
+               the casting rule.
+
+    """))
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# Datetime-related Methods
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'busdaycalendar',
+    """
+    busdaycalendar(weekmask='1111100', holidays=None)
+
+    A business day calendar object that efficiently stores information
+    defining valid days for the busday family of functions.
+
+    The default valid days are Monday through Friday ("business days").
+    A busdaycalendar object can be specified with any set of weekly
+    valid days, plus an optional "holiday" dates that always will be invalid.
+
+    Once a busdaycalendar object is created, the weekmask and holidays
+    cannot be modified.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    weekmask : str or array_like of bool, optional
+        A seven-element array indicating which of Monday through Sunday are
+        valid days. May be specified as a length-seven list or array, like
+        [1,1,1,1,1,0,0]; a length-seven string, like '1111100'; or a string
+        like "Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri", made up of 3-character abbreviations for
+        weekdays, optionally separated by white space. Valid abbreviations
+        are: Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
+    holidays : array_like of datetime64[D], optional
+        An array of dates to consider as invalid dates, no matter which
+        weekday they fall upon.  Holiday dates may be specified in any
+        order, and NaT (not-a-time) dates are ignored.  This list is
+        saved in a normalized form that is suited for fast calculations
+        of valid days.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : busdaycalendar
+        A business day calendar object containing the specified
+        weekmask and holidays values.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    is_busday : Returns a boolean array indicating valid days.
+    busday_offset : Applies an offset counted in valid days.
+    busday_count : Counts how many valid days are in a half-open date range.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    Note: once a busdaycalendar object is created, you cannot modify the
+    weekmask or holidays.  The attributes return copies of internal data.
+    weekmask : (copy) seven-element array of bool
+    holidays : (copy) sorted array of datetime64[D]
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> # Some important days in July
+    ... bdd = np.busdaycalendar(
+    ...             holidays=['2011-07-01', '2011-07-04', '2011-07-17'])
+    >>> # Default is Monday to Friday weekdays
+    ... bdd.weekmask
+    array([ True,  True,  True,  True,  True, False, False])
+    >>> # Any holidays already on the weekend are removed
+    ... bdd.holidays
+    array(['2011-07-01', '2011-07-04'], dtype='datetime64[D]')
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'busdaycalendar', ('weekmask',
+    """A copy of the seven-element boolean mask indicating valid days."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'busdaycalendar', ('holidays',
+    """A copy of the holiday array indicating additional invalid days."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'normalize_axis_index',
+    """
+    normalize_axis_index(axis, ndim, msg_prefix=None)
+
+    Normalizes an axis index, `axis`, such that is a valid positive index into
+    the shape of array with `ndim` dimensions. Raises an AxisError with an
+    appropriate message if this is not possible.
+
+    Used internally by all axis-checking logic.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.13.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    axis : int
+        The un-normalized index of the axis. Can be negative
+    ndim : int
+        The number of dimensions of the array that `axis` should be normalized
+        against
+    msg_prefix : str
+        A prefix to put before the message, typically the name of the argument
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    normalized_axis : int
+        The normalized axis index, such that `0 <= normalized_axis < ndim`
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    AxisError
+        If the axis index is invalid, when `-ndim <= axis < ndim` is false.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> normalize_axis_index(0, ndim=3)
+    0
+    >>> normalize_axis_index(1, ndim=3)
+    1
+    >>> normalize_axis_index(-1, ndim=3)
+    2
+
+    >>> normalize_axis_index(3, ndim=3)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    AxisError: axis 3 is out of bounds for array of dimension 3
+    >>> normalize_axis_index(-4, ndim=3, msg_prefix='axes_arg')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    AxisError: axes_arg: axis -4 is out of bounds for array of dimension 3
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.multiarray', 'datetime_data',
+    """
+    datetime_data(dtype, /)
+
+    Get information about the step size of a date or time type.
+
+    The returned tuple can be passed as the second argument of `numpy.datetime64` and
+    `numpy.timedelta64`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dtype : dtype
+        The dtype object, which must be a `datetime64` or `timedelta64` type.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    unit : str
+        The :ref:`datetime unit <arrays.dtypes.dateunits>` on which this dtype
+        is based.
+    count : int
+        The number of base units in a step.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> dt_25s = np.dtype('timedelta64[25s]')
+    >>> np.datetime_data(dt_25s)
+    ('s', 25)
+    >>> np.array(10, dt_25s).astype('timedelta64[s]')
+    array(250, dtype='timedelta64[s]')
+
+    The result can be used to construct a datetime that uses the same units
+    as a timedelta
+
+    >>> np.datetime64('2010', np.datetime_data(dt_25s))
+    numpy.datetime64('2010-01-01T00:00:00','25s')
+    """)
+
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# Documentation for `generic` attributes and methods
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+    """
+    Base class for numpy scalar types.
+
+    Class from which most (all?) numpy scalar types are derived.  For
+    consistency, exposes the same API as `ndarray`, despite many
+    consequent attributes being either "get-only," or completely irrelevant.
+    This is the class from which it is strongly suggested users should derive
+    custom scalar types.
+
+    """)
+
+# Attributes
+
+def refer_to_array_attribute(attr, method=True):
+    docstring = """
+    Scalar {} identical to the corresponding array attribute.
+
+    Please see `ndarray.{}`.
+    """
+
+    return attr, docstring.format("method" if method else "attribute", attr)
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('T', method=False))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('base', method=False))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('data',
+    """Pointer to start of data."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('dtype',
+    """Get array data-descriptor."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('flags',
+    """The integer value of flags."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('flat',
+    """A 1-D view of the scalar."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('imag',
+    """The imaginary part of the scalar."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('itemsize',
+    """The length of one element in bytes."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('nbytes',
+    """The length of the scalar in bytes."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('ndim',
+    """The number of array dimensions."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('real',
+    """The real part of the scalar."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('shape',
+    """Tuple of array dimensions."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('size',
+    """The number of elements in the gentype."""))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('strides',
+    """Tuple of bytes steps in each dimension."""))
+
+# Methods
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('all'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('any'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('argmax'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('argmin'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('argsort'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('astype'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('byteswap'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('choose'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('clip'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('compress'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('conjugate'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('copy'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('cumprod'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('cumsum'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('diagonal'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('dump'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('dumps'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('fill'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('flatten'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('getfield'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('item'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('itemset'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('max'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('mean'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('min'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic', ('newbyteorder',
+    """
+    newbyteorder(new_order='S', /)
+
+    Return a new `dtype` with a different byte order.
+
+    Changes are also made in all fields and sub-arrays of the data type.
+
+    The `new_order` code can be any from the following:
+
+    * 'S' - swap dtype from current to opposite endian
+    * {'<', 'little'} - little endian
+    * {'>', 'big'} - big endian
+    * {'=', 'native'} - native order
+    * {'|', 'I'} - ignore (no change to byte order)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    new_order : str, optional
+        Byte order to force; a value from the byte order specifications
+        above.  The default value ('S') results in swapping the current
+        byte order.
+
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    new_dtype : dtype
+        New `dtype` object with the given change to the byte order.
+
+    """))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('nonzero'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('prod'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('ptp'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('put'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('ravel'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('repeat'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('reshape'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('resize'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('round'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('searchsorted'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('setfield'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('setflags'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('sort'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('squeeze'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('std'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('sum'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('swapaxes'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('take'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('tofile'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('tolist'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('tostring'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('trace'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('transpose'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('var'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'generic',
+           refer_to_array_attribute('view'))
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'number', ('__class_getitem__',
+    """
+    __class_getitem__(item, /)
+
+    Return a parametrized wrapper around the `~numpy.number` type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.22
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    alias : types.GenericAlias
+        A parametrized `~numpy.number` type.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from typing import Any
+    >>> import numpy as np
+
+    >>> np.signedinteger[Any]
+    numpy.signedinteger[typing.Any]
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :pep:`585` : Type hinting generics in standard collections.
+
+    """))
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# Documentation for scalar type abstract base classes in type hierarchy
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'number',
+    """
+    Abstract base class of all numeric scalar types.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'integer',
+    """
+    Abstract base class of all integer scalar types.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'signedinteger',
+    """
+    Abstract base class of all signed integer scalar types.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'unsignedinteger',
+    """
+    Abstract base class of all unsigned integer scalar types.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'inexact',
+    """
+    Abstract base class of all numeric scalar types with a (potentially)
+    inexact representation of the values in its range, such as
+    floating-point numbers.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'floating',
+    """
+    Abstract base class of all floating-point scalar types.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'complexfloating',
+    """
+    Abstract base class of all complex number scalar types that are made up of
+    floating-point numbers.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'flexible',
+    """
+    Abstract base class of all scalar types without predefined length.
+    The actual size of these types depends on the specific `np.dtype`
+    instantiation.
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', 'character',
+    """
+    Abstract base class of all character string scalar types.
+
+    """)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_add_newdocs_scalars.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_add_newdocs_scalars.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9a6ad96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_add_newdocs_scalars.py
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+"""
+This file is separate from ``_add_newdocs.py`` so that it can be mocked out by
+our sphinx ``conf.py`` during doc builds, where we want to avoid showing
+platform-dependent information.
+"""
+import sys
+import os
+from numpy.core import dtype
+from numpy.core import numerictypes as _numerictypes
+from numpy.core.function_base import add_newdoc
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+# Documentation for concrete scalar classes
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+def numeric_type_aliases(aliases):
+    def type_aliases_gen():
+        for alias, doc in aliases:
+            try:
+                alias_type = getattr(_numerictypes, alias)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # The set of aliases that actually exist varies between platforms
+                pass
+            else:
+                yield (alias_type, alias, doc)
+    return list(type_aliases_gen())
+
+
+possible_aliases = numeric_type_aliases([
+    ('int8', '8-bit signed integer (``-128`` to ``127``)'),
+    ('int16', '16-bit signed integer (``-32_768`` to ``32_767``)'),
+    ('int32', '32-bit signed integer (``-2_147_483_648`` to ``2_147_483_647``)'),
+    ('int64', '64-bit signed integer (``-9_223_372_036_854_775_808`` to ``9_223_372_036_854_775_807``)'),
+    ('intp', 'Signed integer large enough to fit pointer, compatible with C ``intptr_t``'),
+    ('uint8', '8-bit unsigned integer (``0`` to ``255``)'),
+    ('uint16', '16-bit unsigned integer (``0`` to ``65_535``)'),
+    ('uint32', '32-bit unsigned integer (``0`` to ``4_294_967_295``)'),
+    ('uint64', '64-bit unsigned integer (``0`` to ``18_446_744_073_709_551_615``)'),
+    ('uintp', 'Unsigned integer large enough to fit pointer, compatible with C ``uintptr_t``'),
+    ('float16', '16-bit-precision floating-point number type: sign bit, 5 bits exponent, 10 bits mantissa'),
+    ('float32', '32-bit-precision floating-point number type: sign bit, 8 bits exponent, 23 bits mantissa'),
+    ('float64', '64-bit precision floating-point number type: sign bit, 11 bits exponent, 52 bits mantissa'),
+    ('float96', '96-bit extended-precision floating-point number type'),
+    ('float128', '128-bit extended-precision floating-point number type'),
+    ('complex64', 'Complex number type composed of 2 32-bit-precision floating-point numbers'),
+    ('complex128', 'Complex number type composed of 2 64-bit-precision floating-point numbers'),
+    ('complex192', 'Complex number type composed of 2 96-bit extended-precision floating-point numbers'),
+    ('complex256', 'Complex number type composed of 2 128-bit extended-precision floating-point numbers'),
+    ])
+
+
+def _get_platform_and_machine():
+    try:
+        system, _, _, _, machine = os.uname()
+    except AttributeError:
+        system = sys.platform
+        if system == 'win32':
+            machine = os.environ.get('PROCESSOR_ARCHITEW6432', '') \
+                    or os.environ.get('PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE', '')
+        else:
+            machine = 'unknown'
+    return system, machine
+
+
+_system, _machine = _get_platform_and_machine()
+_doc_alias_string = f":Alias on this platform ({_system} {_machine}):"
+
+
+def add_newdoc_for_scalar_type(obj, fixed_aliases, doc):
+    # note: `:field: value` is rST syntax which renders as field lists.
+    o = getattr(_numerictypes, obj)
+
+    character_code = dtype(o).char
+    canonical_name_doc = "" if obj == o.__name__ else \
+                        f":Canonical name: `numpy.{obj}`\n    "
+    if fixed_aliases:
+        alias_doc = ''.join(f":Alias: `numpy.{alias}`\n    "
+                            for alias in fixed_aliases)
+    else:
+        alias_doc = ''
+    alias_doc += ''.join(f"{_doc_alias_string} `numpy.{alias}`: {doc}.\n    "
+                         for (alias_type, alias, doc) in possible_aliases if alias_type is o)
+
+    docstring = f"""
+    {doc.strip()}
+
+    :Character code: ``'{character_code}'``
+    {canonical_name_doc}{alias_doc}
+    """
+
+    add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', obj, docstring)
+
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('bool_', [],
+    """
+    Boolean type (True or False), stored as a byte.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+       The :class:`bool_` type is not a subclass of the :class:`int_` type
+       (the :class:`bool_` is not even a number type). This is different
+       than Python's default implementation of :class:`bool` as a
+       sub-class of :class:`int`.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('byte', [],
+    """
+    Signed integer type, compatible with C ``char``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('short', [],
+    """
+    Signed integer type, compatible with C ``short``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('intc', [],
+    """
+    Signed integer type, compatible with C ``int``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('int_', [],
+    """
+    Signed integer type, compatible with Python `int` and C ``long``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('longlong', [],
+    """
+    Signed integer type, compatible with C ``long long``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('ubyte', [],
+    """
+    Unsigned integer type, compatible with C ``unsigned char``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('ushort', [],
+    """
+    Unsigned integer type, compatible with C ``unsigned short``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('uintc', [],
+    """
+    Unsigned integer type, compatible with C ``unsigned int``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('uint', [],
+    """
+    Unsigned integer type, compatible with C ``unsigned long``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('ulonglong', [],
+    """
+    Signed integer type, compatible with C ``unsigned long long``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('half', [],
+    """
+    Half-precision floating-point number type.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('single', [],
+    """
+    Single-precision floating-point number type, compatible with C ``float``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('double', ['float_'],
+    """
+    Double-precision floating-point number type, compatible with Python `float`
+    and C ``double``.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('longdouble', ['longfloat'],
+    """
+    Extended-precision floating-point number type, compatible with C
+    ``long double`` but not necessarily with IEEE 754 quadruple-precision.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('csingle', ['singlecomplex'],
+    """
+    Complex number type composed of two single-precision floating-point
+    numbers.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('cdouble', ['cfloat', 'complex_'],
+    """
+    Complex number type composed of two double-precision floating-point
+    numbers, compatible with Python `complex`.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('clongdouble', ['clongfloat', 'longcomplex'],
+    """
+    Complex number type composed of two extended-precision floating-point
+    numbers.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('object_', [],
+    """
+    Any Python object.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('str_', ['unicode_'],
+    r"""
+    A unicode string.
+
+    This type strips trailing null codepoints.
+
+    >>> s = np.str_("abc\x00")
+    >>> s
+    'abc'
+
+    Unlike the builtin `str`, this supports the :ref:`python:bufferobjects`, exposing its
+    contents as UCS4:
+
+    >>> m = memoryview(np.str_("abc"))
+    >>> m.format
+    '3w'
+    >>> m.tobytes()
+    b'a\x00\x00\x00b\x00\x00\x00c\x00\x00\x00'
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('bytes_', ['string_'],
+    r"""
+    A byte string.
+
+    When used in arrays, this type strips trailing null bytes.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('void', [],
+    r"""
+    np.void(length_or_data, /, dtype=None)
+
+    Create a new structured or unstructured void scalar.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    length_or_data : int, array-like, bytes-like, object
+       One of multiple meanings (see notes).  The length or
+       bytes data of an unstructured void.  Or alternatively,
+       the data to be stored in the new scalar when `dtype`
+       is provided.
+       This can be an array-like, in which case an array may
+       be returned.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        If provided the dtype of the new scalar.  This dtype must
+        be "void" dtype (i.e. a structured or unstructured void,
+        see also :ref:`defining-structured-types`).
+
+       ..versionadded:: 1.24
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For historical reasons and because void scalars can represent both
+    arbitrary byte data and structured dtypes, the void constructor
+    has three calling conventions:
+
+    1. ``np.void(5)`` creates a ``dtype="V5"`` scalar filled with five
+       ``\0`` bytes.  The 5 can be a Python or NumPy integer.
+    2. ``np.void(b"bytes-like")`` creates a void scalar from the byte string.
+       The dtype itemsize will match the byte string length, here ``"V10"``.
+    3. When a ``dtype=`` is passed the call is roughly the same as an
+       array creation.  However, a void scalar rather than array is returned.
+
+    Please see the examples which show all three different conventions.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.void(5)
+    void(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
+    >>> np.void(b'abcd')
+    void(b'\x61\x62\x63\x64')
+    >>> np.void((5, 3.2, "eggs"), dtype="i,d,S5")
+    (5, 3.2, b'eggs')  # looks like a tuple, but is `np.void`
+    >>> np.void(3, dtype=[('x', np.int8), ('y', np.int8)])
+    (3, 3)  # looks like a tuple, but is `np.void`
+
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('datetime64', [],
+    """
+    If created from a 64-bit integer, it represents an offset from
+    ``1970-01-01T00:00:00``.
+    If created from string, the string can be in ISO 8601 date
+    or datetime format.
+
+    >>> np.datetime64(10, 'Y')
+    numpy.datetime64('1980')
+    >>> np.datetime64('1980', 'Y')
+    numpy.datetime64('1980')
+    >>> np.datetime64(10, 'D')
+    numpy.datetime64('1970-01-11')
+
+    See :ref:`arrays.datetime` for more information.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc_for_scalar_type('timedelta64', [],
+    """
+    A timedelta stored as a 64-bit integer.
+
+    See :ref:`arrays.datetime` for more information.
+    """)
+
+add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', "integer", ('is_integer',
+    """
+    integer.is_integer() -> bool
+
+    Return ``True`` if the number is finite with integral value.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.22
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.int64(-2).is_integer()
+    True
+    >>> np.uint32(5).is_integer()
+    True
+    """))
+
+# TODO: work out how to put this on the base class, np.floating
+for float_name in ('half', 'single', 'double', 'longdouble'):
+    add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', float_name, ('as_integer_ratio',
+        """
+        {ftype}.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int)
+
+        Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original
+        floating point number, and with a positive denominator.
+        Raise `OverflowError` on infinities and a `ValueError` on NaNs.
+
+        >>> np.{ftype}(10.0).as_integer_ratio()
+        (10, 1)
+        >>> np.{ftype}(0.0).as_integer_ratio()
+        (0, 1)
+        >>> np.{ftype}(-.25).as_integer_ratio()
+        (-1, 4)
+        """.format(ftype=float_name)))
+
+    add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', float_name, ('is_integer',
+        f"""
+        {float_name}.is_integer() -> bool
+
+        Return ``True`` if the floating point number is finite with integral
+        value, and ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.22
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> np.{float_name}(-2.0).is_integer()
+        True
+        >>> np.{float_name}(3.2).is_integer()
+        False
+        """))
+
+for int_name in ('int8', 'uint8', 'int16', 'uint16', 'int32', 'uint32',
+        'int64', 'uint64', 'int64', 'uint64', 'int64', 'uint64'):
+    # Add negative examples for signed cases by checking typecode
+    add_newdoc('numpy.core.numerictypes', int_name, ('bit_count',
+        f"""
+        {int_name}.bit_count() -> int
+
+        Computes the number of 1-bits in the absolute value of the input.
+        Analogous to the builtin `int.bit_count` or ``popcount`` in C++.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> np.{int_name}(127).bit_count()
+        7""" +
+        (f"""
+        >>> np.{int_name}(-127).bit_count()
+        7
+        """ if dtype(int_name).char.islower() else "")))
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_asarray.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_asarray.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9abc5a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_asarray.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"""
+Functions in the ``as*array`` family that promote array-likes into arrays.
+
+`require` fits this category despite its name not matching this pattern.
+"""
+from .overrides import (
+    array_function_dispatch,
+    set_array_function_like_doc,
+    set_module,
+)
+from .multiarray import array, asanyarray
+
+
+__all__ = ["require"]
+
+
+POSSIBLE_FLAGS = {
+    'C': 'C', 'C_CONTIGUOUS': 'C', 'CONTIGUOUS': 'C',
+    'F': 'F', 'F_CONTIGUOUS': 'F', 'FORTRAN': 'F',
+    'A': 'A', 'ALIGNED': 'A',
+    'W': 'W', 'WRITEABLE': 'W',
+    'O': 'O', 'OWNDATA': 'O',
+    'E': 'E', 'ENSUREARRAY': 'E'
+}
+
+
+@set_array_function_like_doc
+@set_module('numpy')
+def require(a, dtype=None, requirements=None, *, like=None):
+    """
+    Return an ndarray of the provided type that satisfies requirements.
+
+    This function is useful to be sure that an array with the correct flags
+    is returned for passing to compiled code (perhaps through ctypes).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+       The object to be converted to a type-and-requirement-satisfying array.
+    dtype : data-type
+       The required data-type. If None preserve the current dtype. If your
+       application requires the data to be in native byteorder, include
+       a byteorder specification as a part of the dtype specification.
+    requirements : str or sequence of str
+       The requirements list can be any of the following
+
+       * 'F_CONTIGUOUS' ('F') - ensure a Fortran-contiguous array
+       * 'C_CONTIGUOUS' ('C') - ensure a C-contiguous array
+       * 'ALIGNED' ('A')      - ensure a data-type aligned array
+       * 'WRITEABLE' ('W')    - ensure a writable array
+       * 'OWNDATA' ('O')      - ensure an array that owns its own data
+       * 'ENSUREARRAY', ('E') - ensure a base array, instead of a subclass
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array with specified requirements and type if given.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    asarray : Convert input to an ndarray.
+    asanyarray : Convert to an ndarray, but pass through ndarray subclasses.
+    ascontiguousarray : Convert input to a contiguous array.
+    asfortranarray : Convert input to an ndarray with column-major
+                     memory order.
+    ndarray.flags : Information about the memory layout of the array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The returned array will be guaranteed to have the listed requirements
+    by making a copy if needed.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
+    >>> x.flags
+      C_CONTIGUOUS : True
+      F_CONTIGUOUS : False
+      OWNDATA : False
+      WRITEABLE : True
+      ALIGNED : True
+      WRITEBACKIFCOPY : False
+
+    >>> y = np.require(x, dtype=np.float32, requirements=['A', 'O', 'W', 'F'])
+    >>> y.flags
+      C_CONTIGUOUS : False
+      F_CONTIGUOUS : True
+      OWNDATA : True
+      WRITEABLE : True
+      ALIGNED : True
+      WRITEBACKIFCOPY : False
+
+    """
+    if like is not None:
+        return _require_with_like(
+            like,
+            a,
+            dtype=dtype,
+            requirements=requirements,
+        )
+
+    if not requirements:
+        return asanyarray(a, dtype=dtype)
+
+    requirements = {POSSIBLE_FLAGS[x.upper()] for x in requirements}
+
+    if 'E' in requirements:
+        requirements.remove('E')
+        subok = False
+    else:
+        subok = True
+
+    order = 'A'
+    if requirements >= {'C', 'F'}:
+        raise ValueError('Cannot specify both "C" and "F" order')
+    elif 'F' in requirements:
+        order = 'F'
+        requirements.remove('F')
+    elif 'C' in requirements:
+        order = 'C'
+        requirements.remove('C')
+
+    arr = array(a, dtype=dtype, order=order, copy=False, subok=subok)
+
+    for prop in requirements:
+        if not arr.flags[prop]:
+            return arr.copy(order)
+    return arr
+
+
+_require_with_like = array_function_dispatch()(require)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_asarray.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_asarray.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69d1528d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_asarray.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, Union, overload, Literal
+
+from numpy import ndarray
+from numpy._typing import DTypeLike, _SupportsArrayFunc
+
+_ArrayType = TypeVar("_ArrayType", bound=ndarray[Any, Any])
+
+_Requirements = Literal[
+    "C", "C_CONTIGUOUS", "CONTIGUOUS",
+    "F", "F_CONTIGUOUS", "FORTRAN",
+    "A", "ALIGNED",
+    "W", "WRITEABLE",
+    "O", "OWNDATA"
+]
+_E = Literal["E", "ENSUREARRAY"]
+_RequirementsWithE = Union[_Requirements, _E]
+
+@overload
+def require(
+    a: _ArrayType,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    requirements: None | _Requirements | Iterable[_Requirements] = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def require(
+    a: object,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    requirements: _E | Iterable[_RequirementsWithE] = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...
+) -> ndarray[Any, Any]: ...
+@overload
+def require(
+    a: object,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    requirements: None | _Requirements | Iterable[_Requirements] = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...
+) -> ndarray[Any, Any]: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_dtype.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_dtype.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff50f519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_dtype.py
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+"""
+A place for code to be called from the implementation of np.dtype
+
+String handling is much easier to do correctly in python.
+"""
+import numpy as np
+
+
+_kind_to_stem = {
+    'u': 'uint',
+    'i': 'int',
+    'c': 'complex',
+    'f': 'float',
+    'b': 'bool',
+    'V': 'void',
+    'O': 'object',
+    'M': 'datetime',
+    'm': 'timedelta',
+    'S': 'bytes',
+    'U': 'str',
+}
+
+
+def _kind_name(dtype):
+    try:
+        return _kind_to_stem[dtype.kind]
+    except KeyError as e:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "internal dtype error, unknown kind {!r}"
+            .format(dtype.kind)
+        ) from None
+
+
+def __str__(dtype):
+    if dtype.fields is not None:
+        return _struct_str(dtype, include_align=True)
+    elif dtype.subdtype:
+        return _subarray_str(dtype)
+    elif issubclass(dtype.type, np.flexible) or not dtype.isnative:
+        return dtype.str
+    else:
+        return dtype.name
+
+
+def __repr__(dtype):
+    arg_str = _construction_repr(dtype, include_align=False)
+    if dtype.isalignedstruct:
+        arg_str = arg_str + ", align=True"
+    return "dtype({})".format(arg_str)
+
+
+def _unpack_field(dtype, offset, title=None):
+    """
+    Helper function to normalize the items in dtype.fields.
+
+    Call as:
+
+    dtype, offset, title = _unpack_field(*dtype.fields[name])
+    """
+    return dtype, offset, title
+
+
+def _isunsized(dtype):
+    # PyDataType_ISUNSIZED
+    return dtype.itemsize == 0
+
+
+def _construction_repr(dtype, include_align=False, short=False):
+    """
+    Creates a string repr of the dtype, excluding the 'dtype()' part
+    surrounding the object. This object may be a string, a list, or
+    a dict depending on the nature of the dtype. This
+    is the object passed as the first parameter to the dtype
+    constructor, and if no additional constructor parameters are
+    given, will reproduce the exact memory layout.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    short : bool
+        If true, this creates a shorter repr using 'kind' and 'itemsize', instead
+        of the longer type name.
+
+    include_align : bool
+        If true, this includes the 'align=True' parameter
+        inside the struct dtype construction dict when needed. Use this flag
+        if you want a proper repr string without the 'dtype()' part around it.
+
+        If false, this does not preserve the
+        'align=True' parameter or sticky NPY_ALIGNED_STRUCT flag for
+        struct arrays like the regular repr does, because the 'align'
+        flag is not part of first dtype constructor parameter. This
+        mode is intended for a full 'repr', where the 'align=True' is
+        provided as the second parameter.
+    """
+    if dtype.fields is not None:
+        return _struct_str(dtype, include_align=include_align)
+    elif dtype.subdtype:
+        return _subarray_str(dtype)
+    else:
+        return _scalar_str(dtype, short=short)
+
+
+def _scalar_str(dtype, short):
+    byteorder = _byte_order_str(dtype)
+
+    if dtype.type == np.bool_:
+        if short:
+            return "'?'"
+        else:
+            return "'bool'"
+
+    elif dtype.type == np.object_:
+        # The object reference may be different sizes on different
+        # platforms, so it should never include the itemsize here.
+        return "'O'"
+
+    elif dtype.type == np.bytes_:
+        if _isunsized(dtype):
+            return "'S'"
+        else:
+            return "'S%d'" % dtype.itemsize
+
+    elif dtype.type == np.str_:
+        if _isunsized(dtype):
+            return "'%sU'" % byteorder
+        else:
+            return "'%sU%d'" % (byteorder, dtype.itemsize / 4)
+
+    # unlike the other types, subclasses of void are preserved - but
+    # historically the repr does not actually reveal the subclass
+    elif issubclass(dtype.type, np.void):
+        if _isunsized(dtype):
+            return "'V'"
+        else:
+            return "'V%d'" % dtype.itemsize
+
+    elif dtype.type == np.datetime64:
+        return "'%sM8%s'" % (byteorder, _datetime_metadata_str(dtype))
+
+    elif dtype.type == np.timedelta64:
+        return "'%sm8%s'" % (byteorder, _datetime_metadata_str(dtype))
+
+    elif np.issubdtype(dtype, np.number):
+        # Short repr with endianness, like '<f8'
+        if short or dtype.byteorder not in ('=', '|'):
+            return "'%s%c%d'" % (byteorder, dtype.kind, dtype.itemsize)
+
+        # Longer repr, like 'float64'
+        else:
+            return "'%s%d'" % (_kind_name(dtype), 8*dtype.itemsize)
+
+    elif dtype.isbuiltin == 2:
+        return dtype.type.__name__
+
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Internal error: NumPy dtype unrecognized type number")
+
+
+def _byte_order_str(dtype):
+    """ Normalize byteorder to '<' or '>' """
+    # hack to obtain the native and swapped byte order characters
+    swapped = np.dtype(int).newbyteorder('S')
+    native = swapped.newbyteorder('S')
+
+    byteorder = dtype.byteorder
+    if byteorder == '=':
+        return native.byteorder
+    if byteorder == 'S':
+        # TODO: this path can never be reached
+        return swapped.byteorder
+    elif byteorder == '|':
+        return ''
+    else:
+        return byteorder
+
+
+def _datetime_metadata_str(dtype):
+    # TODO: this duplicates the C metastr_to_unicode functionality
+    unit, count = np.datetime_data(dtype)
+    if unit == 'generic':
+        return ''
+    elif count == 1:
+        return '[{}]'.format(unit)
+    else:
+        return '[{}{}]'.format(count, unit)
+
+
+def _struct_dict_str(dtype, includealignedflag):
+    # unpack the fields dictionary into ls
+    names = dtype.names
+    fld_dtypes = []
+    offsets = []
+    titles = []
+    for name in names:
+        fld_dtype, offset, title = _unpack_field(*dtype.fields[name])
+        fld_dtypes.append(fld_dtype)
+        offsets.append(offset)
+        titles.append(title)
+
+    # Build up a string to make the dictionary
+
+    if np.core.arrayprint._get_legacy_print_mode() <= 121:
+        colon = ":"
+        fieldsep = ","
+    else:
+        colon = ": "
+        fieldsep = ", "
+
+    # First, the names
+    ret = "{'names'%s[" % colon
+    ret += fieldsep.join(repr(name) for name in names)
+
+    # Second, the formats
+    ret += "], 'formats'%s[" % colon
+    ret += fieldsep.join(
+        _construction_repr(fld_dtype, short=True) for fld_dtype in fld_dtypes)
+
+    # Third, the offsets
+    ret += "], 'offsets'%s[" % colon
+    ret += fieldsep.join("%d" % offset for offset in offsets)
+
+    # Fourth, the titles
+    if any(title is not None for title in titles):
+        ret += "], 'titles'%s[" % colon
+        ret += fieldsep.join(repr(title) for title in titles)
+
+    # Fifth, the itemsize
+    ret += "], 'itemsize'%s%d" % (colon, dtype.itemsize)
+
+    if (includealignedflag and dtype.isalignedstruct):
+        # Finally, the aligned flag
+        ret += ", 'aligned'%sTrue}" % colon
+    else:
+        ret += "}"
+
+    return ret
+
+
+def _aligned_offset(offset, alignment):
+    # round up offset:
+    return - (-offset // alignment) * alignment
+
+
+def _is_packed(dtype):
+    """
+    Checks whether the structured data type in 'dtype'
+    has a simple layout, where all the fields are in order,
+    and follow each other with no alignment padding.
+
+    When this returns true, the dtype can be reconstructed
+    from a list of the field names and dtypes with no additional
+    dtype parameters.
+
+    Duplicates the C `is_dtype_struct_simple_unaligned_layout` function.
+    """
+    align = dtype.isalignedstruct
+    max_alignment = 1
+    total_offset = 0
+    for name in dtype.names:
+        fld_dtype, fld_offset, title = _unpack_field(*dtype.fields[name])
+
+        if align:
+            total_offset = _aligned_offset(total_offset, fld_dtype.alignment)
+            max_alignment = max(max_alignment, fld_dtype.alignment)
+
+        if fld_offset != total_offset:
+            return False
+        total_offset += fld_dtype.itemsize
+
+    if align:
+        total_offset = _aligned_offset(total_offset, max_alignment)
+
+    if total_offset != dtype.itemsize:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def _struct_list_str(dtype):
+    items = []
+    for name in dtype.names:
+        fld_dtype, fld_offset, title = _unpack_field(*dtype.fields[name])
+
+        item = "("
+        if title is not None:
+            item += "({!r}, {!r}), ".format(title, name)
+        else:
+            item += "{!r}, ".format(name)
+        # Special case subarray handling here
+        if fld_dtype.subdtype is not None:
+            base, shape = fld_dtype.subdtype
+            item += "{}, {}".format(
+                _construction_repr(base, short=True),
+                shape
+            )
+        else:
+            item += _construction_repr(fld_dtype, short=True)
+
+        item += ")"
+        items.append(item)
+
+    return "[" + ", ".join(items) + "]"
+
+
+def _struct_str(dtype, include_align):
+    # The list str representation can't include the 'align=' flag,
+    # so if it is requested and the struct has the aligned flag set,
+    # we must use the dict str instead.
+    if not (include_align and dtype.isalignedstruct) and _is_packed(dtype):
+        sub = _struct_list_str(dtype)
+
+    else:
+        sub = _struct_dict_str(dtype, include_align)
+
+    # If the data type isn't the default, void, show it
+    if dtype.type != np.void:
+        return "({t.__module__}.{t.__name__}, {f})".format(t=dtype.type, f=sub)
+    else:
+        return sub
+
+
+def _subarray_str(dtype):
+    base, shape = dtype.subdtype
+    return "({}, {})".format(
+        _construction_repr(base, short=True),
+        shape
+    )
+
+
+def _name_includes_bit_suffix(dtype):
+    if dtype.type == np.object_:
+        # pointer size varies by system, best to omit it
+        return False
+    elif dtype.type == np.bool_:
+        # implied
+        return False
+    elif dtype.type is None:
+        return True
+    elif np.issubdtype(dtype, np.flexible) and _isunsized(dtype):
+        # unspecified
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def _name_get(dtype):
+    # provides dtype.name.__get__, documented as returning a "bit name"
+
+    if dtype.isbuiltin == 2:
+        # user dtypes don't promise to do anything special
+        return dtype.type.__name__
+
+    if dtype.kind == '\x00':
+        name = type(dtype).__name__
+    elif issubclass(dtype.type, np.void):
+        # historically, void subclasses preserve their name, eg `record64`
+        name = dtype.type.__name__
+    else:
+        name = _kind_name(dtype)
+
+    # append bit counts
+    if _name_includes_bit_suffix(dtype):
+        name += "{}".format(dtype.itemsize * 8)
+
+    # append metadata to datetimes
+    if dtype.type in (np.datetime64, np.timedelta64):
+        name += _datetime_metadata_str(dtype)
+
+    return name
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_dtype_ctypes.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_dtype_ctypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d7cbb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_dtype_ctypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+"""
+Conversion from ctypes to dtype.
+
+In an ideal world, we could achieve this through the PEP3118 buffer protocol,
+something like::
+
+    def dtype_from_ctypes_type(t):
+        # needed to ensure that the shape of `t` is within memoryview.format
+        class DummyStruct(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [('a', t)]
+
+        # empty to avoid memory allocation
+        ctype_0 = (DummyStruct * 0)()
+        mv = memoryview(ctype_0)
+
+        # convert the struct, and slice back out the field
+        return _dtype_from_pep3118(mv.format)['a']
+
+Unfortunately, this fails because:
+
+* ctypes cannot handle length-0 arrays with PEP3118 (bpo-32782)
+* PEP3118 cannot represent unions, but both numpy and ctypes can
+* ctypes cannot handle big-endian structs with PEP3118 (bpo-32780)
+"""
+
+# We delay-import ctypes for distributions that do not include it.
+# While this module is not used unless the user passes in ctypes
+# members, it is eagerly imported from numpy/core/__init__.py.
+import numpy as np
+
+
+def _from_ctypes_array(t):
+    return np.dtype((dtype_from_ctypes_type(t._type_), (t._length_,)))
+
+
+def _from_ctypes_structure(t):
+    for item in t._fields_:
+        if len(item) > 2:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "ctypes bitfields have no dtype equivalent")
+
+    if hasattr(t, "_pack_"):
+        import ctypes
+        formats = []
+        offsets = []
+        names = []
+        current_offset = 0
+        for fname, ftyp in t._fields_:
+            names.append(fname)
+            formats.append(dtype_from_ctypes_type(ftyp))
+            # Each type has a default offset, this is platform dependent for some types.
+            effective_pack = min(t._pack_, ctypes.alignment(ftyp))
+            current_offset = ((current_offset + effective_pack - 1) // effective_pack) * effective_pack
+            offsets.append(current_offset)
+            current_offset += ctypes.sizeof(ftyp)
+
+        return np.dtype(dict(
+            formats=formats,
+            offsets=offsets,
+            names=names,
+            itemsize=ctypes.sizeof(t)))
+    else:
+        fields = []
+        for fname, ftyp in t._fields_:
+            fields.append((fname, dtype_from_ctypes_type(ftyp)))
+
+        # by default, ctypes structs are aligned
+        return np.dtype(fields, align=True)
+
+
+def _from_ctypes_scalar(t):
+    """
+    Return the dtype type with endianness included if it's the case
+    """
+    if getattr(t, '__ctype_be__', None) is t:
+        return np.dtype('>' + t._type_)
+    elif getattr(t, '__ctype_le__', None) is t:
+        return np.dtype('<' + t._type_)
+    else:
+        return np.dtype(t._type_)
+
+
+def _from_ctypes_union(t):
+    import ctypes
+    formats = []
+    offsets = []
+    names = []
+    for fname, ftyp in t._fields_:
+        names.append(fname)
+        formats.append(dtype_from_ctypes_type(ftyp))
+        offsets.append(0)  # Union fields are offset to 0
+
+    return np.dtype(dict(
+        formats=formats,
+        offsets=offsets,
+        names=names,
+        itemsize=ctypes.sizeof(t)))
+
+
+def dtype_from_ctypes_type(t):
+    """
+    Construct a dtype object from a ctypes type
+    """
+    import _ctypes
+    if issubclass(t, _ctypes.Array):
+        return _from_ctypes_array(t)
+    elif issubclass(t, _ctypes._Pointer):
+        raise TypeError("ctypes pointers have no dtype equivalent")
+    elif issubclass(t, _ctypes.Structure):
+        return _from_ctypes_structure(t)
+    elif issubclass(t, _ctypes.Union):
+        return _from_ctypes_union(t)
+    elif isinstance(getattr(t, '_type_', None), str):
+        return _from_ctypes_scalar(t)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Unknown ctypes type {}".format(t.__name__))
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_exceptions.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87d4213a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+"""
+Various richly-typed exceptions, that also help us deal with string formatting
+in python where it's easier.
+
+By putting the formatting in `__str__`, we also avoid paying the cost for
+users who silence the exceptions.
+"""
+from .._utils import set_module
+
+def _unpack_tuple(tup):
+    if len(tup) == 1:
+        return tup[0]
+    else:
+        return tup
+
+
+def _display_as_base(cls):
+    """
+    A decorator that makes an exception class look like its base.
+
+    We use this to hide subclasses that are implementation details - the user
+    should catch the base type, which is what the traceback will show them.
+
+    Classes decorated with this decorator are subject to removal without a
+    deprecation warning.
+    """
+    assert issubclass(cls, Exception)
+    cls.__name__ = cls.__base__.__name__
+    return cls
+
+
+class UFuncTypeError(TypeError):
+    """ Base class for all ufunc exceptions """
+    def __init__(self, ufunc):
+        self.ufunc = ufunc
+
+
+@_display_as_base
+class _UFuncNoLoopError(UFuncTypeError):
+    """ Thrown when a ufunc loop cannot be found """
+    def __init__(self, ufunc, dtypes):
+        super().__init__(ufunc)
+        self.dtypes = tuple(dtypes)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return (
+            "ufunc {!r} did not contain a loop with signature matching types "
+            "{!r} -> {!r}"
+        ).format(
+            self.ufunc.__name__,
+            _unpack_tuple(self.dtypes[:self.ufunc.nin]),
+            _unpack_tuple(self.dtypes[self.ufunc.nin:])
+        )
+
+
+@_display_as_base
+class _UFuncBinaryResolutionError(_UFuncNoLoopError):
+    """ Thrown when a binary resolution fails """
+    def __init__(self, ufunc, dtypes):
+        super().__init__(ufunc, dtypes)
+        assert len(self.dtypes) == 2
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return (
+            "ufunc {!r} cannot use operands with types {!r} and {!r}"
+        ).format(
+            self.ufunc.__name__, *self.dtypes
+        )
+
+
+@_display_as_base
+class _UFuncCastingError(UFuncTypeError):
+    def __init__(self, ufunc, casting, from_, to):
+        super().__init__(ufunc)
+        self.casting = casting
+        self.from_ = from_
+        self.to = to
+
+
+@_display_as_base
+class _UFuncInputCastingError(_UFuncCastingError):
+    """ Thrown when a ufunc input cannot be casted """
+    def __init__(self, ufunc, casting, from_, to, i):
+        super().__init__(ufunc, casting, from_, to)
+        self.in_i = i
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        # only show the number if more than one input exists
+        i_str = "{} ".format(self.in_i) if self.ufunc.nin != 1 else ""
+        return (
+            "Cannot cast ufunc {!r} input {}from {!r} to {!r} with casting "
+            "rule {!r}"
+        ).format(
+            self.ufunc.__name__, i_str, self.from_, self.to, self.casting
+        )
+
+
+@_display_as_base
+class _UFuncOutputCastingError(_UFuncCastingError):
+    """ Thrown when a ufunc output cannot be casted """
+    def __init__(self, ufunc, casting, from_, to, i):
+        super().__init__(ufunc, casting, from_, to)
+        self.out_i = i
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        # only show the number if more than one output exists
+        i_str = "{} ".format(self.out_i) if self.ufunc.nout != 1 else ""
+        return (
+            "Cannot cast ufunc {!r} output {}from {!r} to {!r} with casting "
+            "rule {!r}"
+        ).format(
+            self.ufunc.__name__, i_str, self.from_, self.to, self.casting
+        )
+
+
+@_display_as_base
+class _ArrayMemoryError(MemoryError):
+    """ Thrown when an array cannot be allocated"""
+    def __init__(self, shape, dtype):
+        self.shape = shape
+        self.dtype = dtype
+
+    @property
+    def _total_size(self):
+        num_bytes = self.dtype.itemsize
+        for dim in self.shape:
+            num_bytes *= dim
+        return num_bytes
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _size_to_string(num_bytes):
+        """ Convert a number of bytes into a binary size string """
+
+        # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix
+        LOG2_STEP = 10
+        STEP = 1024
+        units = ['bytes', 'KiB', 'MiB', 'GiB', 'TiB', 'PiB', 'EiB']
+
+        unit_i = max(num_bytes.bit_length() - 1, 1) // LOG2_STEP
+        unit_val = 1 << (unit_i * LOG2_STEP)
+        n_units = num_bytes / unit_val
+        del unit_val
+
+        # ensure we pick a unit that is correct after rounding
+        if round(n_units) == STEP:
+            unit_i += 1
+            n_units /= STEP
+
+        # deal with sizes so large that we don't have units for them
+        if unit_i >= len(units):
+            new_unit_i = len(units) - 1
+            n_units *= 1 << ((unit_i - new_unit_i) * LOG2_STEP)
+            unit_i = new_unit_i
+
+        unit_name = units[unit_i]
+        # format with a sensible number of digits
+        if unit_i == 0:
+            # no decimal point on bytes
+            return '{:.0f} {}'.format(n_units, unit_name)
+        elif round(n_units) < 1000:
+            # 3 significant figures, if none are dropped to the left of the .
+            return '{:#.3g} {}'.format(n_units, unit_name)
+        else:
+            # just give all the digits otherwise
+            return '{:#.0f} {}'.format(n_units, unit_name)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        size_str = self._size_to_string(self._total_size)
+        return (
+            "Unable to allocate {} for an array with shape {} and data type {}"
+            .format(size_str, self.shape, self.dtype)
+        )
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_internal.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_internal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7838588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_internal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,935 @@
+"""
+A place for internal code
+
+Some things are more easily handled Python.
+
+"""
+import ast
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from ..exceptions import DTypePromotionError
+from .multiarray import dtype, array, ndarray, promote_types
+try:
+    import ctypes
+except ImportError:
+    ctypes = None
+
+IS_PYPY = sys.implementation.name == 'pypy'
+
+if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+    _nbo = '<'
+else:
+    _nbo = '>'
+
+def _makenames_list(adict, align):
+    allfields = []
+
+    for fname, obj in adict.items():
+        n = len(obj)
+        if not isinstance(obj, tuple) or n not in (2, 3):
+            raise ValueError("entry not a 2- or 3- tuple")
+        if n > 2 and obj[2] == fname:
+            continue
+        num = int(obj[1])
+        if num < 0:
+            raise ValueError("invalid offset.")
+        format = dtype(obj[0], align=align)
+        if n > 2:
+            title = obj[2]
+        else:
+            title = None
+        allfields.append((fname, format, num, title))
+    # sort by offsets
+    allfields.sort(key=lambda x: x[2])
+    names = [x[0] for x in allfields]
+    formats = [x[1] for x in allfields]
+    offsets = [x[2] for x in allfields]
+    titles = [x[3] for x in allfields]
+
+    return names, formats, offsets, titles
+
+# Called in PyArray_DescrConverter function when
+#  a dictionary without "names" and "formats"
+#  fields is used as a data-type descriptor.
+def _usefields(adict, align):
+    try:
+        names = adict[-1]
+    except KeyError:
+        names = None
+    if names is None:
+        names, formats, offsets, titles = _makenames_list(adict, align)
+    else:
+        formats = []
+        offsets = []
+        titles = []
+        for name in names:
+            res = adict[name]
+            formats.append(res[0])
+            offsets.append(res[1])
+            if len(res) > 2:
+                titles.append(res[2])
+            else:
+                titles.append(None)
+
+    return dtype({"names": names,
+                  "formats": formats,
+                  "offsets": offsets,
+                  "titles": titles}, align)
+
+
+# construct an array_protocol descriptor list
+#  from the fields attribute of a descriptor
+# This calls itself recursively but should eventually hit
+#  a descriptor that has no fields and then return
+#  a simple typestring
+
+def _array_descr(descriptor):
+    fields = descriptor.fields
+    if fields is None:
+        subdtype = descriptor.subdtype
+        if subdtype is None:
+            if descriptor.metadata is None:
+                return descriptor.str
+            else:
+                new = descriptor.metadata.copy()
+                if new:
+                    return (descriptor.str, new)
+                else:
+                    return descriptor.str
+        else:
+            return (_array_descr(subdtype[0]), subdtype[1])
+
+    names = descriptor.names
+    ordered_fields = [fields[x] + (x,) for x in names]
+    result = []
+    offset = 0
+    for field in ordered_fields:
+        if field[1] > offset:
+            num = field[1] - offset
+            result.append(('', f'|V{num}'))
+            offset += num
+        elif field[1] < offset:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "dtype.descr is not defined for types with overlapping or "
+                "out-of-order fields")
+        if len(field) > 3:
+            name = (field[2], field[3])
+        else:
+            name = field[2]
+        if field[0].subdtype:
+            tup = (name, _array_descr(field[0].subdtype[0]),
+                   field[0].subdtype[1])
+        else:
+            tup = (name, _array_descr(field[0]))
+        offset += field[0].itemsize
+        result.append(tup)
+
+    if descriptor.itemsize > offset:
+        num = descriptor.itemsize - offset
+        result.append(('', f'|V{num}'))
+
+    return result
+
+# Build a new array from the information in a pickle.
+# Note that the name numpy.core._internal._reconstruct is embedded in
+# pickles of ndarrays made with NumPy before release 1.0
+# so don't remove the name here, or you'll
+# break backward compatibility.
+def _reconstruct(subtype, shape, dtype):
+    return ndarray.__new__(subtype, shape, dtype)
+
+
+# format_re was originally from numarray by J. Todd Miller
+
+format_re = re.compile(r'(?P<order1>[<>|=]?)'
+                       r'(?P<repeats> *[(]?[ ,0-9]*[)]? *)'
+                       r'(?P<order2>[<>|=]?)'
+                       r'(?P<dtype>[A-Za-z0-9.?]*(?:\[[a-zA-Z0-9,.]+\])?)')
+sep_re = re.compile(r'\s*,\s*')
+space_re = re.compile(r'\s+$')
+
+# astr is a string (perhaps comma separated)
+
+_convorder = {'=': _nbo}
+
+def _commastring(astr):
+    startindex = 0
+    result = []
+    while startindex < len(astr):
+        mo = format_re.match(astr, pos=startindex)
+        try:
+            (order1, repeats, order2, dtype) = mo.groups()
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'format number {len(result)+1} of "{astr}" is not recognized'
+                ) from None
+        startindex = mo.end()
+        # Separator or ending padding
+        if startindex < len(astr):
+            if space_re.match(astr, pos=startindex):
+                startindex = len(astr)
+            else:
+                mo = sep_re.match(astr, pos=startindex)
+                if not mo:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        'format number %d of "%s" is not recognized' %
+                        (len(result)+1, astr))
+                startindex = mo.end()
+
+        if order2 == '':
+            order = order1
+        elif order1 == '':
+            order = order2
+        else:
+            order1 = _convorder.get(order1, order1)
+            order2 = _convorder.get(order2, order2)
+            if (order1 != order2):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'inconsistent byte-order specification %s and %s' %
+                    (order1, order2))
+            order = order1
+
+        if order in ('|', '=', _nbo):
+            order = ''
+        dtype = order + dtype
+        if (repeats == ''):
+            newitem = dtype
+        else:
+            newitem = (dtype, ast.literal_eval(repeats))
+        result.append(newitem)
+
+    return result
+
+class dummy_ctype:
+    def __init__(self, cls):
+        self._cls = cls
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        return self
+    def __call__(self, *other):
+        return self._cls(other)
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._cls == other._cls
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._cls != other._cls
+
+def _getintp_ctype():
+    val = _getintp_ctype.cache
+    if val is not None:
+        return val
+    if ctypes is None:
+        import numpy as np
+        val = dummy_ctype(np.intp)
+    else:
+        char = dtype('p').char
+        if char == 'i':
+            val = ctypes.c_int
+        elif char == 'l':
+            val = ctypes.c_long
+        elif char == 'q':
+            val = ctypes.c_longlong
+        else:
+            val = ctypes.c_long
+    _getintp_ctype.cache = val
+    return val
+_getintp_ctype.cache = None
+
+# Used for .ctypes attribute of ndarray
+
+class _missing_ctypes:
+    def cast(self, num, obj):
+        return num.value
+
+    class c_void_p:
+        def __init__(self, ptr):
+            self.value = ptr
+
+
+class _ctypes:
+    def __init__(self, array, ptr=None):
+        self._arr = array
+
+        if ctypes:
+            self._ctypes = ctypes
+            self._data = self._ctypes.c_void_p(ptr)
+        else:
+            # fake a pointer-like object that holds onto the reference
+            self._ctypes = _missing_ctypes()
+            self._data = self._ctypes.c_void_p(ptr)
+            self._data._objects = array
+
+        if self._arr.ndim == 0:
+            self._zerod = True
+        else:
+            self._zerod = False
+
+    def data_as(self, obj):
+        """
+        Return the data pointer cast to a particular c-types object.
+        For example, calling ``self._as_parameter_`` is equivalent to
+        ``self.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)``. Perhaps you want to use the data as a
+        pointer to a ctypes array of floating-point data:
+        ``self.data_as(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_double))``.
+
+        The returned pointer will keep a reference to the array.
+        """
+        # _ctypes.cast function causes a circular reference of self._data in
+        # self._data._objects. Attributes of self._data cannot be released
+        # until gc.collect is called. Make a copy of the pointer first then let
+        # it hold the array reference. This is a workaround to circumvent the
+        # CPython bug https://bugs.python.org/issue12836
+        ptr = self._ctypes.cast(self._data, obj)
+        ptr._arr = self._arr
+        return ptr
+
+    def shape_as(self, obj):
+        """
+        Return the shape tuple as an array of some other c-types
+        type. For example: ``self.shape_as(ctypes.c_short)``.
+        """
+        if self._zerod:
+            return None
+        return (obj*self._arr.ndim)(*self._arr.shape)
+
+    def strides_as(self, obj):
+        """
+        Return the strides tuple as an array of some other
+        c-types type. For example: ``self.strides_as(ctypes.c_longlong)``.
+        """
+        if self._zerod:
+            return None
+        return (obj*self._arr.ndim)(*self._arr.strides)
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        """
+        A pointer to the memory area of the array as a Python integer.
+        This memory area may contain data that is not aligned, or not in correct
+        byte-order. The memory area may not even be writeable. The array
+        flags and data-type of this array should be respected when passing this
+        attribute to arbitrary C-code to avoid trouble that can include Python
+        crashing. User Beware! The value of this attribute is exactly the same
+        as ``self._array_interface_['data'][0]``.
+
+        Note that unlike ``data_as``, a reference will not be kept to the array:
+        code like ``ctypes.c_void_p((a + b).ctypes.data)`` will result in a
+        pointer to a deallocated array, and should be spelt
+        ``(a + b).ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)``
+        """
+        return self._data.value
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self):
+        """
+        (c_intp*self.ndim): A ctypes array of length self.ndim where
+        the basetype is the C-integer corresponding to ``dtype('p')`` on this
+        platform (see `~numpy.ctypeslib.c_intp`). This base-type could be
+        `ctypes.c_int`, `ctypes.c_long`, or `ctypes.c_longlong` depending on
+        the platform. The ctypes array contains the shape of
+        the underlying array.
+        """
+        return self.shape_as(_getintp_ctype())
+
+    @property
+    def strides(self):
+        """
+        (c_intp*self.ndim): A ctypes array of length self.ndim where
+        the basetype is the same as for the shape attribute. This ctypes array
+        contains the strides information from the underlying array. This strides
+        information is important for showing how many bytes must be jumped to
+        get to the next element in the array.
+        """
+        return self.strides_as(_getintp_ctype())
+
+    @property
+    def _as_parameter_(self):
+        """
+        Overrides the ctypes semi-magic method
+
+        Enables `c_func(some_array.ctypes)`
+        """
+        return self.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)
+
+    # Numpy 1.21.0, 2021-05-18
+
+    def get_data(self):
+        """Deprecated getter for the `_ctypes.data` property.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.21
+        """
+        warnings.warn('"get_data" is deprecated. Use "data" instead',
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return self.data
+
+    def get_shape(self):
+        """Deprecated getter for the `_ctypes.shape` property.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.21
+        """
+        warnings.warn('"get_shape" is deprecated. Use "shape" instead',
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return self.shape
+
+    def get_strides(self):
+        """Deprecated getter for the `_ctypes.strides` property.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.21
+        """
+        warnings.warn('"get_strides" is deprecated. Use "strides" instead',
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return self.strides
+
+    def get_as_parameter(self):
+        """Deprecated getter for the `_ctypes._as_parameter_` property.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.21
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            '"get_as_parameter" is deprecated. Use "_as_parameter_" instead',
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self._as_parameter_
+
+
+def _newnames(datatype, order):
+    """
+    Given a datatype and an order object, return a new names tuple, with the
+    order indicated
+    """
+    oldnames = datatype.names
+    nameslist = list(oldnames)
+    if isinstance(order, str):
+        order = [order]
+    seen = set()
+    if isinstance(order, (list, tuple)):
+        for name in order:
+            try:
+                nameslist.remove(name)
+            except ValueError:
+                if name in seen:
+                    raise ValueError(f"duplicate field name: {name}") from None
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(f"unknown field name: {name}") from None
+            seen.add(name)
+        return tuple(list(order) + nameslist)
+    raise ValueError(f"unsupported order value: {order}")
+
+def _copy_fields(ary):
+    """Return copy of structured array with padding between fields removed.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ary : ndarray
+       Structured array from which to remove padding bytes
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ary_copy : ndarray
+       Copy of ary with padding bytes removed
+    """
+    dt = ary.dtype
+    copy_dtype = {'names': dt.names,
+                  'formats': [dt.fields[name][0] for name in dt.names]}
+    return array(ary, dtype=copy_dtype, copy=True)
+
+def _promote_fields(dt1, dt2):
+    """ Perform type promotion for two structured dtypes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dt1 : structured dtype
+        First dtype.
+    dt2 : structured dtype
+        Second dtype.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : dtype
+        The promoted dtype
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If one of the inputs is aligned, the result will be.  The titles of
+    both descriptors must match (point to the same field).
+    """
+    # Both must be structured and have the same names in the same order
+    if (dt1.names is None or dt2.names is None) or dt1.names != dt2.names:
+        raise DTypePromotionError(
+                f"field names `{dt1.names}` and `{dt2.names}` mismatch.")
+
+    # if both are identical, we can (maybe!) just return the same dtype.
+    identical = dt1 is dt2
+    new_fields = []
+    for name in dt1.names:
+        field1 = dt1.fields[name]
+        field2 = dt2.fields[name]
+        new_descr = promote_types(field1[0], field2[0])
+        identical = identical and new_descr is field1[0]
+
+        # Check that the titles match (if given):
+        if field1[2:] != field2[2:]:
+            raise DTypePromotionError(
+                    f"field titles of field '{name}' mismatch")
+        if len(field1) == 2:
+            new_fields.append((name, new_descr))
+        else:
+            new_fields.append(((field1[2], name), new_descr))
+
+    res = dtype(new_fields, align=dt1.isalignedstruct or dt2.isalignedstruct)
+
+    # Might as well preserve identity (and metadata) if the dtype is identical
+    # and the itemsize, offsets are also unmodified.  This could probably be
+    # sped up, but also probably just be removed entirely.
+    if identical and res.itemsize == dt1.itemsize:
+        for name in dt1.names:
+            if dt1.fields[name][1] != res.fields[name][1]:
+                return res  # the dtype changed.
+        return dt1
+
+    return res
+
+
+def _getfield_is_safe(oldtype, newtype, offset):
+    """ Checks safety of getfield for object arrays.
+
+    As in _view_is_safe, we need to check that memory containing objects is not
+    reinterpreted as a non-object datatype and vice versa.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    oldtype : data-type
+        Data type of the original ndarray.
+    newtype : data-type
+        Data type of the field being accessed by ndarray.getfield
+    offset : int
+        Offset of the field being accessed by ndarray.getfield
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    TypeError
+        If the field access is invalid
+
+    """
+    if newtype.hasobject or oldtype.hasobject:
+        if offset == 0 and newtype == oldtype:
+            return
+        if oldtype.names is not None:
+            for name in oldtype.names:
+                if (oldtype.fields[name][1] == offset and
+                        oldtype.fields[name][0] == newtype):
+                    return
+        raise TypeError("Cannot get/set field of an object array")
+    return
+
+def _view_is_safe(oldtype, newtype):
+    """ Checks safety of a view involving object arrays, for example when
+    doing::
+
+        np.zeros(10, dtype=oldtype).view(newtype)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    oldtype : data-type
+        Data type of original ndarray
+    newtype : data-type
+        Data type of the view
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    TypeError
+        If the new type is incompatible with the old type.
+
+    """
+
+    # if the types are equivalent, there is no problem.
+    # for example: dtype((np.record, 'i4,i4')) == dtype((np.void, 'i4,i4'))
+    if oldtype == newtype:
+        return
+
+    if newtype.hasobject or oldtype.hasobject:
+        raise TypeError("Cannot change data-type for object array.")
+    return
+
+# Given a string containing a PEP 3118 format specifier,
+# construct a NumPy dtype
+
+_pep3118_native_map = {
+    '?': '?',
+    'c': 'S1',
+    'b': 'b',
+    'B': 'B',
+    'h': 'h',
+    'H': 'H',
+    'i': 'i',
+    'I': 'I',
+    'l': 'l',
+    'L': 'L',
+    'q': 'q',
+    'Q': 'Q',
+    'e': 'e',
+    'f': 'f',
+    'd': 'd',
+    'g': 'g',
+    'Zf': 'F',
+    'Zd': 'D',
+    'Zg': 'G',
+    's': 'S',
+    'w': 'U',
+    'O': 'O',
+    'x': 'V',  # padding
+}
+_pep3118_native_typechars = ''.join(_pep3118_native_map.keys())
+
+_pep3118_standard_map = {
+    '?': '?',
+    'c': 'S1',
+    'b': 'b',
+    'B': 'B',
+    'h': 'i2',
+    'H': 'u2',
+    'i': 'i4',
+    'I': 'u4',
+    'l': 'i4',
+    'L': 'u4',
+    'q': 'i8',
+    'Q': 'u8',
+    'e': 'f2',
+    'f': 'f',
+    'd': 'd',
+    'Zf': 'F',
+    'Zd': 'D',
+    's': 'S',
+    'w': 'U',
+    'O': 'O',
+    'x': 'V',  # padding
+}
+_pep3118_standard_typechars = ''.join(_pep3118_standard_map.keys())
+
+_pep3118_unsupported_map = {
+    'u': 'UCS-2 strings',
+    '&': 'pointers',
+    't': 'bitfields',
+    'X': 'function pointers',
+}
+
+class _Stream:
+    def __init__(self, s):
+        self.s = s
+        self.byteorder = '@'
+
+    def advance(self, n):
+        res = self.s[:n]
+        self.s = self.s[n:]
+        return res
+
+    def consume(self, c):
+        if self.s[:len(c)] == c:
+            self.advance(len(c))
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def consume_until(self, c):
+        if callable(c):
+            i = 0
+            while i < len(self.s) and not c(self.s[i]):
+                i = i + 1
+            return self.advance(i)
+        else:
+            i = self.s.index(c)
+            res = self.advance(i)
+            self.advance(len(c))
+            return res
+
+    @property
+    def next(self):
+        return self.s[0]
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.s)
+
+
+def _dtype_from_pep3118(spec):
+    stream = _Stream(spec)
+    dtype, align = __dtype_from_pep3118(stream, is_subdtype=False)
+    return dtype
+
+def __dtype_from_pep3118(stream, is_subdtype):
+    field_spec = dict(
+        names=[],
+        formats=[],
+        offsets=[],
+        itemsize=0
+    )
+    offset = 0
+    common_alignment = 1
+    is_padding = False
+
+    # Parse spec
+    while stream:
+        value = None
+
+        # End of structure, bail out to upper level
+        if stream.consume('}'):
+            break
+
+        # Sub-arrays (1)
+        shape = None
+        if stream.consume('('):
+            shape = stream.consume_until(')')
+            shape = tuple(map(int, shape.split(',')))
+
+        # Byte order
+        if stream.next in ('@', '=', '<', '>', '^', '!'):
+            byteorder = stream.advance(1)
+            if byteorder == '!':
+                byteorder = '>'
+            stream.byteorder = byteorder
+
+        # Byte order characters also control native vs. standard type sizes
+        if stream.byteorder in ('@', '^'):
+            type_map = _pep3118_native_map
+            type_map_chars = _pep3118_native_typechars
+        else:
+            type_map = _pep3118_standard_map
+            type_map_chars = _pep3118_standard_typechars
+
+        # Item sizes
+        itemsize_str = stream.consume_until(lambda c: not c.isdigit())
+        if itemsize_str:
+            itemsize = int(itemsize_str)
+        else:
+            itemsize = 1
+
+        # Data types
+        is_padding = False
+
+        if stream.consume('T{'):
+            value, align = __dtype_from_pep3118(
+                stream, is_subdtype=True)
+        elif stream.next in type_map_chars:
+            if stream.next == 'Z':
+                typechar = stream.advance(2)
+            else:
+                typechar = stream.advance(1)
+
+            is_padding = (typechar == 'x')
+            dtypechar = type_map[typechar]
+            if dtypechar in 'USV':
+                dtypechar += '%d' % itemsize
+                itemsize = 1
+            numpy_byteorder = {'@': '=', '^': '='}.get(
+                stream.byteorder, stream.byteorder)
+            value = dtype(numpy_byteorder + dtypechar)
+            align = value.alignment
+        elif stream.next in _pep3118_unsupported_map:
+            desc = _pep3118_unsupported_map[stream.next]
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Unrepresentable PEP 3118 data type {!r} ({})"
+                .format(stream.next, desc))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown PEP 3118 data type specifier %r" % stream.s)
+
+        #
+        # Native alignment may require padding
+        #
+        # Here we assume that the presence of a '@' character implicitly implies
+        # that the start of the array is *already* aligned.
+        #
+        extra_offset = 0
+        if stream.byteorder == '@':
+            start_padding = (-offset) % align
+            intra_padding = (-value.itemsize) % align
+
+            offset += start_padding
+
+            if intra_padding != 0:
+                if itemsize > 1 or (shape is not None and _prod(shape) > 1):
+                    # Inject internal padding to the end of the sub-item
+                    value = _add_trailing_padding(value, intra_padding)
+                else:
+                    # We can postpone the injection of internal padding,
+                    # as the item appears at most once
+                    extra_offset += intra_padding
+
+            # Update common alignment
+            common_alignment = _lcm(align, common_alignment)
+
+        # Convert itemsize to sub-array
+        if itemsize != 1:
+            value = dtype((value, (itemsize,)))
+
+        # Sub-arrays (2)
+        if shape is not None:
+            value = dtype((value, shape))
+
+        # Field name
+        if stream.consume(':'):
+            name = stream.consume_until(':')
+        else:
+            name = None
+
+        if not (is_padding and name is None):
+            if name is not None and name in field_spec['names']:
+                raise RuntimeError(f"Duplicate field name '{name}' in PEP3118 format")
+            field_spec['names'].append(name)
+            field_spec['formats'].append(value)
+            field_spec['offsets'].append(offset)
+
+        offset += value.itemsize
+        offset += extra_offset
+
+        field_spec['itemsize'] = offset
+
+    # extra final padding for aligned types
+    if stream.byteorder == '@':
+        field_spec['itemsize'] += (-offset) % common_alignment
+
+    # Check if this was a simple 1-item type, and unwrap it
+    if (field_spec['names'] == [None]
+            and field_spec['offsets'][0] == 0
+            and field_spec['itemsize'] == field_spec['formats'][0].itemsize
+            and not is_subdtype):
+        ret = field_spec['formats'][0]
+    else:
+        _fix_names(field_spec)
+        ret = dtype(field_spec)
+
+    # Finished
+    return ret, common_alignment
+
+def _fix_names(field_spec):
+    """ Replace names which are None with the next unused f%d name """
+    names = field_spec['names']
+    for i, name in enumerate(names):
+        if name is not None:
+            continue
+
+        j = 0
+        while True:
+            name = f'f{j}'
+            if name not in names:
+                break
+            j = j + 1
+        names[i] = name
+
+def _add_trailing_padding(value, padding):
+    """Inject the specified number of padding bytes at the end of a dtype"""
+    if value.fields is None:
+        field_spec = dict(
+            names=['f0'],
+            formats=[value],
+            offsets=[0],
+            itemsize=value.itemsize
+        )
+    else:
+        fields = value.fields
+        names = value.names
+        field_spec = dict(
+            names=names,
+            formats=[fields[name][0] for name in names],
+            offsets=[fields[name][1] for name in names],
+            itemsize=value.itemsize
+        )
+
+    field_spec['itemsize'] += padding
+    return dtype(field_spec)
+
+def _prod(a):
+    p = 1
+    for x in a:
+        p *= x
+    return p
+
+def _gcd(a, b):
+    """Calculate the greatest common divisor of a and b"""
+    while b:
+        a, b = b, a % b
+    return a
+
+def _lcm(a, b):
+    return a // _gcd(a, b) * b
+
+def array_ufunc_errmsg_formatter(dummy, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+    """ Format the error message for when __array_ufunc__ gives up. """
+    args_string = ', '.join(['{!r}'.format(arg) for arg in inputs] +
+                            ['{}={!r}'.format(k, v)
+                             for k, v in kwargs.items()])
+    args = inputs + kwargs.get('out', ())
+    types_string = ', '.join(repr(type(arg).__name__) for arg in args)
+    return ('operand type(s) all returned NotImplemented from '
+            '__array_ufunc__({!r}, {!r}, {}): {}'
+            .format(ufunc, method, args_string, types_string))
+
+
+def array_function_errmsg_formatter(public_api, types):
+    """ Format the error message for when __array_ufunc__ gives up. """
+    func_name = '{}.{}'.format(public_api.__module__, public_api.__name__)
+    return ("no implementation found for '{}' on types that implement "
+            '__array_function__: {}'.format(func_name, list(types)))
+
+
+def _ufunc_doc_signature_formatter(ufunc):
+    """
+    Builds a signature string which resembles PEP 457
+
+    This is used to construct the first line of the docstring
+    """
+
+    # input arguments are simple
+    if ufunc.nin == 1:
+        in_args = 'x'
+    else:
+        in_args = ', '.join(f'x{i+1}' for i in range(ufunc.nin))
+
+    # output arguments are both keyword or positional
+    if ufunc.nout == 0:
+        out_args = ', /, out=()'
+    elif ufunc.nout == 1:
+        out_args = ', /, out=None'
+    else:
+        out_args = '[, {positional}], / [, out={default}]'.format(
+            positional=', '.join(
+                'out{}'.format(i+1) for i in range(ufunc.nout)),
+            default=repr((None,)*ufunc.nout)
+        )
+
+    # keyword only args depend on whether this is a gufunc
+    kwargs = (
+        ", casting='same_kind'"
+        ", order='K'"
+        ", dtype=None"
+        ", subok=True"
+    )
+
+    # NOTE: gufuncs may or may not support the `axis` parameter
+    if ufunc.signature is None:
+        kwargs = f", where=True{kwargs}[, signature, extobj]"
+    else:
+        kwargs += "[, signature, extobj, axes, axis]"
+
+    # join all the parts together
+    return '{name}({in_args}{out_args}, *{kwargs})'.format(
+        name=ufunc.__name__,
+        in_args=in_args,
+        out_args=out_args,
+        kwargs=kwargs
+    )
+
+
+def npy_ctypes_check(cls):
+    # determine if a class comes from ctypes, in order to work around
+    # a bug in the buffer protocol for those objects, bpo-10746
+    try:
+        # ctypes class are new-style, so have an __mro__. This probably fails
+        # for ctypes classes with multiple inheritance.
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            # (..., _ctypes.basics._CData, Bufferable, object)
+            ctype_base = cls.__mro__[-3]
+        else:
+            # # (..., _ctypes._CData, object)
+            ctype_base = cls.__mro__[-2]
+        # right now, they're part of the _ctypes module
+        return '_ctypes' in ctype_base.__module__
+    except Exception:
+        return False
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_internal.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_internal.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a25ef2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_internal.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, overload, Generic
+import ctypes as ct
+
+from numpy import ndarray
+from numpy.ctypeslib import c_intp
+
+_CastT = TypeVar("_CastT", bound=ct._CanCastTo)  # Copied from `ctypes.cast`
+_CT = TypeVar("_CT", bound=ct._CData)
+_PT = TypeVar("_PT", bound=None | int)
+
+# TODO: Let the likes of `shape_as` and `strides_as` return `None`
+# for 0D arrays once we've got shape-support
+
+class _ctypes(Generic[_PT]):
+    @overload
+    def __new__(cls, array: ndarray[Any, Any], ptr: None = ...) -> _ctypes[None]: ...
+    @overload
+    def __new__(cls, array: ndarray[Any, Any], ptr: _PT) -> _ctypes[_PT]: ...
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> _PT: ...
+    @property
+    def shape(self) -> ct.Array[c_intp]: ...
+    @property
+    def strides(self) -> ct.Array[c_intp]: ...
+    @property
+    def _as_parameter_(self) -> ct.c_void_p: ...
+
+    def data_as(self, obj: type[_CastT]) -> _CastT: ...
+    def shape_as(self, obj: type[_CT]) -> ct.Array[_CT]: ...
+    def strides_as(self, obj: type[_CT]) -> ct.Array[_CT]: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_machar.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_machar.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59d71014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_machar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+"""
+Machine arithmetic - determine the parameters of the
+floating-point arithmetic system
+
+Author: Pearu Peterson, September 2003
+
+"""
+__all__ = ['MachAr']
+
+from .fromnumeric import any
+from ._ufunc_config import errstate
+from .._utils import set_module
+
+# Need to speed this up...especially for longfloat
+
+# Deprecated 2021-10-20, NumPy 1.22
+class MachAr:
+    """
+    Diagnosing machine parameters.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    ibeta : int
+        Radix in which numbers are represented.
+    it : int
+        Number of base-`ibeta` digits in the floating point mantissa M.
+    machep : int
+        Exponent of the smallest (most negative) power of `ibeta` that,
+        added to 1.0, gives something different from 1.0
+    eps : float
+        Floating-point number ``beta**machep`` (floating point precision)
+    negep : int
+        Exponent of the smallest power of `ibeta` that, subtracted
+        from 1.0, gives something different from 1.0.
+    epsneg : float
+        Floating-point number ``beta**negep``.
+    iexp : int
+        Number of bits in the exponent (including its sign and bias).
+    minexp : int
+        Smallest (most negative) power of `ibeta` consistent with there
+        being no leading zeros in the mantissa.
+    xmin : float
+        Floating-point number ``beta**minexp`` (the smallest [in
+        magnitude] positive floating point number with full precision).
+    maxexp : int
+        Smallest (positive) power of `ibeta` that causes overflow.
+    xmax : float
+        ``(1-epsneg) * beta**maxexp`` (the largest [in magnitude]
+        usable floating value).
+    irnd : int
+        In ``range(6)``, information on what kind of rounding is done
+        in addition, and on how underflow is handled.
+    ngrd : int
+        Number of 'guard digits' used when truncating the product
+        of two mantissas to fit the representation.
+    epsilon : float
+        Same as `eps`.
+    tiny : float
+        An alias for `smallest_normal`, kept for backwards compatibility.
+    huge : float
+        Same as `xmax`.
+    precision : float
+        ``- int(-log10(eps))``
+    resolution : float
+        ``- 10**(-precision)``
+    smallest_normal : float
+        The smallest positive floating point number with 1 as leading bit in
+        the mantissa following IEEE-754. Same as `xmin`.
+    smallest_subnormal : float
+        The smallest positive floating point number with 0 as leading bit in
+        the mantissa following IEEE-754.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    float_conv : function, optional
+        Function that converts an integer or integer array to a float
+        or float array. Default is `float`.
+    int_conv : function, optional
+        Function that converts a float or float array to an integer or
+        integer array. Default is `int`.
+    float_to_float : function, optional
+        Function that converts a float array to float. Default is `float`.
+        Note that this does not seem to do anything useful in the current
+        implementation.
+    float_to_str : function, optional
+        Function that converts a single float to a string. Default is
+        ``lambda v:'%24.16e' %v``.
+    title : str, optional
+        Title that is printed in the string representation of `MachAr`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    finfo : Machine limits for floating point types.
+    iinfo : Machine limits for integer types.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Press, Teukolsky, Vetterling and Flannery,
+           "Numerical Recipes in C++," 2nd ed,
+           Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 31.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, float_conv=float,int_conv=int,
+                 float_to_float=float,
+                 float_to_str=lambda v:'%24.16e' % v,
+                 title='Python floating point number'):
+        """
+
+        float_conv - convert integer to float (array)
+        int_conv   - convert float (array) to integer
+        float_to_float - convert float array to float
+        float_to_str - convert array float to str
+        title        - description of used floating point numbers
+
+        """
+        # We ignore all errors here because we are purposely triggering
+        # underflow to detect the properties of the runninng arch.
+        with errstate(under='ignore'):
+            self._do_init(float_conv, int_conv, float_to_float, float_to_str, title)
+
+    def _do_init(self, float_conv, int_conv, float_to_float, float_to_str, title):
+        max_iterN = 10000
+        msg = "Did not converge after %d tries with %s"
+        one = float_conv(1)
+        two = one + one
+        zero = one - one
+
+        # Do we really need to do this?  Aren't they 2 and 2.0?
+        # Determine ibeta and beta
+        a = one
+        for _ in range(max_iterN):
+            a = a + a
+            temp = a + one
+            temp1 = temp - a
+            if any(temp1 - one != zero):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % (_, one.dtype))
+        b = one
+        for _ in range(max_iterN):
+            b = b + b
+            temp = a + b
+            itemp = int_conv(temp-a)
+            if any(itemp != 0):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % (_, one.dtype))
+        ibeta = itemp
+        beta = float_conv(ibeta)
+
+        # Determine it and irnd
+        it = -1
+        b = one
+        for _ in range(max_iterN):
+            it = it + 1
+            b = b * beta
+            temp = b + one
+            temp1 = temp - b
+            if any(temp1 - one != zero):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % (_, one.dtype))
+
+        betah = beta / two
+        a = one
+        for _ in range(max_iterN):
+            a = a + a
+            temp = a + one
+            temp1 = temp - a
+            if any(temp1 - one != zero):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % (_, one.dtype))
+        temp = a + betah
+        irnd = 0
+        if any(temp-a != zero):
+            irnd = 1
+        tempa = a + beta
+        temp = tempa + betah
+        if irnd == 0 and any(temp-tempa != zero):
+            irnd = 2
+
+        # Determine negep and epsneg
+        negep = it + 3
+        betain = one / beta
+        a = one
+        for i in range(negep):
+            a = a * betain
+        b = a
+        for _ in range(max_iterN):
+            temp = one - a
+            if any(temp-one != zero):
+                break
+            a = a * beta
+            negep = negep - 1
+            # Prevent infinite loop on PPC with gcc 4.0:
+            if negep < 0:
+                raise RuntimeError("could not determine machine tolerance "
+                                   "for 'negep', locals() -> %s" % (locals()))
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % (_, one.dtype))
+        negep = -negep
+        epsneg = a
+
+        # Determine machep and eps
+        machep = - it - 3
+        a = b
+
+        for _ in range(max_iterN):
+            temp = one + a
+            if any(temp-one != zero):
+                break
+            a = a * beta
+            machep = machep + 1
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % (_, one.dtype))
+        eps = a
+
+        # Determine ngrd
+        ngrd = 0
+        temp = one + eps
+        if irnd == 0 and any(temp*one - one != zero):
+            ngrd = 1
+
+        # Determine iexp
+        i = 0
+        k = 1
+        z = betain
+        t = one + eps
+        nxres = 0
+        for _ in range(max_iterN):
+            y = z
+            z = y*y
+            a = z*one  # Check here for underflow
+            temp = z*t
+            if any(a+a == zero) or any(abs(z) >= y):
+                break
+            temp1 = temp * betain
+            if any(temp1*beta == z):
+                break
+            i = i + 1
+            k = k + k
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % (_, one.dtype))
+        if ibeta != 10:
+            iexp = i + 1
+            mx = k + k
+        else:
+            iexp = 2
+            iz = ibeta
+            while k >= iz:
+                iz = iz * ibeta
+                iexp = iexp + 1
+            mx = iz + iz - 1
+
+        # Determine minexp and xmin
+        for _ in range(max_iterN):
+            xmin = y
+            y = y * betain
+            a = y * one
+            temp = y * t
+            if any((a + a) != zero) and any(abs(y) < xmin):
+                k = k + 1
+                temp1 = temp * betain
+                if any(temp1*beta == y) and any(temp != y):
+                    nxres = 3
+                    xmin = y
+                    break
+            else:
+                break
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % (_, one.dtype))
+        minexp = -k
+
+        # Determine maxexp, xmax
+        if mx <= k + k - 3 and ibeta != 10:
+            mx = mx + mx
+            iexp = iexp + 1
+        maxexp = mx + minexp
+        irnd = irnd + nxres
+        if irnd >= 2:
+            maxexp = maxexp - 2
+        i = maxexp + minexp
+        if ibeta == 2 and not i:
+            maxexp = maxexp - 1
+        if i > 20:
+            maxexp = maxexp - 1
+        if any(a != y):
+            maxexp = maxexp - 2
+        xmax = one - epsneg
+        if any(xmax*one != xmax):
+            xmax = one - beta*epsneg
+        xmax = xmax / (xmin*beta*beta*beta)
+        i = maxexp + minexp + 3
+        for j in range(i):
+            if ibeta == 2:
+                xmax = xmax + xmax
+            else:
+                xmax = xmax * beta
+
+        smallest_subnormal = abs(xmin / beta ** (it))
+
+        self.ibeta = ibeta
+        self.it = it
+        self.negep = negep
+        self.epsneg = float_to_float(epsneg)
+        self._str_epsneg = float_to_str(epsneg)
+        self.machep = machep
+        self.eps = float_to_float(eps)
+        self._str_eps = float_to_str(eps)
+        self.ngrd = ngrd
+        self.iexp = iexp
+        self.minexp = minexp
+        self.xmin = float_to_float(xmin)
+        self._str_xmin = float_to_str(xmin)
+        self.maxexp = maxexp
+        self.xmax = float_to_float(xmax)
+        self._str_xmax = float_to_str(xmax)
+        self.irnd = irnd
+
+        self.title = title
+        # Commonly used parameters
+        self.epsilon = self.eps
+        self.tiny = self.xmin
+        self.huge = self.xmax
+        self.smallest_normal = self.xmin
+        self._str_smallest_normal = float_to_str(self.xmin)
+        self.smallest_subnormal = float_to_float(smallest_subnormal)
+        self._str_smallest_subnormal = float_to_str(smallest_subnormal)
+
+        import math
+        self.precision = int(-math.log10(float_to_float(self.eps)))
+        ten = two + two + two + two + two
+        resolution = ten ** (-self.precision)
+        self.resolution = float_to_float(resolution)
+        self._str_resolution = float_to_str(resolution)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        fmt = (
+           'Machine parameters for %(title)s\n'
+           '---------------------------------------------------------------------\n'
+           'ibeta=%(ibeta)s it=%(it)s iexp=%(iexp)s ngrd=%(ngrd)s irnd=%(irnd)s\n'
+           'machep=%(machep)s     eps=%(_str_eps)s (beta**machep == epsilon)\n'
+           'negep =%(negep)s  epsneg=%(_str_epsneg)s (beta**epsneg)\n'
+           'minexp=%(minexp)s   xmin=%(_str_xmin)s (beta**minexp == tiny)\n'
+           'maxexp=%(maxexp)s    xmax=%(_str_xmax)s ((1-epsneg)*beta**maxexp == huge)\n'
+           'smallest_normal=%(smallest_normal)s    '
+           'smallest_subnormal=%(smallest_subnormal)s\n'
+           '---------------------------------------------------------------------\n'
+           )
+        return fmt % self.__dict__
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(MachAr())
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_methods.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_methods.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0fc070b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_methods.py
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+"""
+Array methods which are called by both the C-code for the method
+and the Python code for the NumPy-namespace function
+
+"""
+import warnings
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+
+from numpy.core import multiarray as mu
+from numpy.core import umath as um
+from numpy.core.multiarray import asanyarray
+from numpy.core import numerictypes as nt
+from numpy.core import _exceptions
+from numpy.core._ufunc_config import _no_nep50_warning
+from numpy._globals import _NoValue
+from numpy.compat import pickle, os_fspath
+
+# save those O(100) nanoseconds!
+umr_maximum = um.maximum.reduce
+umr_minimum = um.minimum.reduce
+umr_sum = um.add.reduce
+umr_prod = um.multiply.reduce
+umr_any = um.logical_or.reduce
+umr_all = um.logical_and.reduce
+
+# Complex types to -> (2,)float view for fast-path computation in _var()
+_complex_to_float = {
+    nt.dtype(nt.csingle) : nt.dtype(nt.single),
+    nt.dtype(nt.cdouble) : nt.dtype(nt.double),
+}
+# Special case for windows: ensure double takes precedence
+if nt.dtype(nt.longdouble) != nt.dtype(nt.double):
+    _complex_to_float.update({
+        nt.dtype(nt.clongdouble) : nt.dtype(nt.longdouble),
+    })
+
+# avoid keyword arguments to speed up parsing, saves about 15%-20% for very
+# small reductions
+def _amax(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False,
+          initial=_NoValue, where=True):
+    return umr_maximum(a, axis, None, out, keepdims, initial, where)
+
+def _amin(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False,
+          initial=_NoValue, where=True):
+    return umr_minimum(a, axis, None, out, keepdims, initial, where)
+
+def _sum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False,
+         initial=_NoValue, where=True):
+    return umr_sum(a, axis, dtype, out, keepdims, initial, where)
+
+def _prod(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False,
+          initial=_NoValue, where=True):
+    return umr_prod(a, axis, dtype, out, keepdims, initial, where)
+
+def _any(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False, *, where=True):
+    # Parsing keyword arguments is currently fairly slow, so avoid it for now
+    if where is True:
+        return umr_any(a, axis, dtype, out, keepdims)
+    return umr_any(a, axis, dtype, out, keepdims, where=where)
+
+def _all(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False, *, where=True):
+    # Parsing keyword arguments is currently fairly slow, so avoid it for now
+    if where is True:
+        return umr_all(a, axis, dtype, out, keepdims)
+    return umr_all(a, axis, dtype, out, keepdims, where=where)
+
+def _count_reduce_items(arr, axis, keepdims=False, where=True):
+    # fast-path for the default case
+    if where is True:
+        # no boolean mask given, calculate items according to axis
+        if axis is None:
+            axis = tuple(range(arr.ndim))
+        elif not isinstance(axis, tuple):
+            axis = (axis,)
+        items = 1
+        for ax in axis:
+            items *= arr.shape[mu.normalize_axis_index(ax, arr.ndim)]
+        items = nt.intp(items)
+    else:
+        # TODO: Optimize case when `where` is broadcast along a non-reduction
+        # axis and full sum is more excessive than needed.
+
+        # guarded to protect circular imports
+        from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import broadcast_to
+        # count True values in (potentially broadcasted) boolean mask
+        items = umr_sum(broadcast_to(where, arr.shape), axis, nt.intp, None,
+                        keepdims)
+    return items
+
+def _clip(a, min=None, max=None, out=None, **kwargs):
+    if min is None and max is None:
+        raise ValueError("One of max or min must be given")
+
+    if min is None:
+        return um.minimum(a, max, out=out, **kwargs)
+    elif max is None:
+        return um.maximum(a, min, out=out, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        return um.clip(a, min, max, out=out, **kwargs)
+
+def _mean(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False, *, where=True):
+    arr = asanyarray(a)
+
+    is_float16_result = False
+
+    rcount = _count_reduce_items(arr, axis, keepdims=keepdims, where=where)
+    if rcount == 0 if where is True else umr_any(rcount == 0, axis=None):
+        warnings.warn("Mean of empty slice.", RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    # Cast bool, unsigned int, and int to float64 by default
+    if dtype is None:
+        if issubclass(arr.dtype.type, (nt.integer, nt.bool_)):
+            dtype = mu.dtype('f8')
+        elif issubclass(arr.dtype.type, nt.float16):
+            dtype = mu.dtype('f4')
+            is_float16_result = True
+
+    ret = umr_sum(arr, axis, dtype, out, keepdims, where=where)
+    if isinstance(ret, mu.ndarray):
+        with _no_nep50_warning():
+            ret = um.true_divide(
+                    ret, rcount, out=ret, casting='unsafe', subok=False)
+        if is_float16_result and out is None:
+            ret = arr.dtype.type(ret)
+    elif hasattr(ret, 'dtype'):
+        if is_float16_result:
+            ret = arr.dtype.type(ret / rcount)
+        else:
+            ret = ret.dtype.type(ret / rcount)
+    else:
+        ret = ret / rcount
+
+    return ret
+
+def _var(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=False, *,
+         where=True):
+    arr = asanyarray(a)
+
+    rcount = _count_reduce_items(arr, axis, keepdims=keepdims, where=where)
+    # Make this warning show up on top.
+    if ddof >= rcount if where is True else umr_any(ddof >= rcount, axis=None):
+        warnings.warn("Degrees of freedom <= 0 for slice", RuntimeWarning,
+                      stacklevel=2)
+
+    # Cast bool, unsigned int, and int to float64 by default
+    if dtype is None and issubclass(arr.dtype.type, (nt.integer, nt.bool_)):
+        dtype = mu.dtype('f8')
+
+    # Compute the mean.
+    # Note that if dtype is not of inexact type then arraymean will
+    # not be either.
+    arrmean = umr_sum(arr, axis, dtype, keepdims=True, where=where)
+    # The shape of rcount has to match arrmean to not change the shape of out
+    # in broadcasting. Otherwise, it cannot be stored back to arrmean.
+    if rcount.ndim == 0:
+        # fast-path for default case when where is True
+        div = rcount
+    else:
+        # matching rcount to arrmean when where is specified as array
+        div = rcount.reshape(arrmean.shape)
+    if isinstance(arrmean, mu.ndarray):
+        with _no_nep50_warning():
+            arrmean = um.true_divide(arrmean, div, out=arrmean,
+                                     casting='unsafe', subok=False)
+    elif hasattr(arrmean, "dtype"):
+        arrmean = arrmean.dtype.type(arrmean / rcount)
+    else:
+        arrmean = arrmean / rcount
+
+    # Compute sum of squared deviations from mean
+    # Note that x may not be inexact and that we need it to be an array,
+    # not a scalar.
+    x = asanyarray(arr - arrmean)
+
+    if issubclass(arr.dtype.type, (nt.floating, nt.integer)):
+        x = um.multiply(x, x, out=x)
+    # Fast-paths for built-in complex types
+    elif x.dtype in _complex_to_float:
+        xv = x.view(dtype=(_complex_to_float[x.dtype], (2,)))
+        um.multiply(xv, xv, out=xv)
+        x = um.add(xv[..., 0], xv[..., 1], out=x.real).real
+    # Most general case; includes handling object arrays containing imaginary
+    # numbers and complex types with non-native byteorder
+    else:
+        x = um.multiply(x, um.conjugate(x), out=x).real
+
+    ret = umr_sum(x, axis, dtype, out, keepdims=keepdims, where=where)
+
+    # Compute degrees of freedom and make sure it is not negative.
+    rcount = um.maximum(rcount - ddof, 0)
+
+    # divide by degrees of freedom
+    if isinstance(ret, mu.ndarray):
+        with _no_nep50_warning():
+            ret = um.true_divide(
+                    ret, rcount, out=ret, casting='unsafe', subok=False)
+    elif hasattr(ret, 'dtype'):
+        ret = ret.dtype.type(ret / rcount)
+    else:
+        ret = ret / rcount
+
+    return ret
+
+def _std(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=False, *,
+         where=True):
+    ret = _var(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof,
+               keepdims=keepdims, where=where)
+
+    if isinstance(ret, mu.ndarray):
+        ret = um.sqrt(ret, out=ret)
+    elif hasattr(ret, 'dtype'):
+        ret = ret.dtype.type(um.sqrt(ret))
+    else:
+        ret = um.sqrt(ret)
+
+    return ret
+
+def _ptp(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False):
+    return um.subtract(
+        umr_maximum(a, axis, None, out, keepdims),
+        umr_minimum(a, axis, None, None, keepdims),
+        out
+    )
+
+def _dump(self, file, protocol=2):
+    if hasattr(file, 'write'):
+        ctx = nullcontext(file)
+    else:
+        ctx = open(os_fspath(file), "wb")
+    with ctx as f:
+        pickle.dump(self, f, protocol=protocol)
+
+def _dumps(self, protocol=2):
+    return pickle.dumps(self, protocol=protocol)
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new file mode 100755
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index 00000000..1f757cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_string_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+"""
+String-handling utilities to avoid locale-dependence.
+
+Used primarily to generate type name aliases.
+"""
+# "import string" is costly to import!
+# Construct the translation tables directly
+#   "A" = chr(65), "a" = chr(97)
+_all_chars = tuple(map(chr, range(256)))
+_ascii_upper = _all_chars[65:65+26]
+_ascii_lower = _all_chars[97:97+26]
+LOWER_TABLE = "".join(_all_chars[:65] + _ascii_lower + _all_chars[65+26:])
+UPPER_TABLE = "".join(_all_chars[:97] + _ascii_upper + _all_chars[97+26:])
+
+
+def english_lower(s):
+    """ Apply English case rules to convert ASCII strings to all lower case.
+
+    This is an internal utility function to replace calls to str.lower() such
+    that we can avoid changing behavior with changing locales. In particular,
+    Turkish has distinct dotted and dotless variants of the Latin letter "I" in
+    both lowercase and uppercase. Thus, "I".lower() != "i" in a "tr" locale.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    s : str
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    lowered : str
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from numpy.core.numerictypes import english_lower
+    >>> english_lower('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_')
+    'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_'
+    >>> english_lower('')
+    ''
+    """
+    lowered = s.translate(LOWER_TABLE)
+    return lowered
+
+
+def english_upper(s):
+    """ Apply English case rules to convert ASCII strings to all upper case.
+
+    This is an internal utility function to replace calls to str.upper() such
+    that we can avoid changing behavior with changing locales. In particular,
+    Turkish has distinct dotted and dotless variants of the Latin letter "I" in
+    both lowercase and uppercase. Thus, "i".upper() != "I" in a "tr" locale.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    s : str
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    uppered : str
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from numpy.core.numerictypes import english_upper
+    >>> english_upper('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_')
+    'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789_'
+    >>> english_upper('')
+    ''
+    """
+    uppered = s.translate(UPPER_TABLE)
+    return uppered
+
+
+def english_capitalize(s):
+    """ Apply English case rules to convert the first character of an ASCII
+    string to upper case.
+
+    This is an internal utility function to replace calls to str.capitalize()
+    such that we can avoid changing behavior with changing locales.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    s : str
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    capitalized : str
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from numpy.core.numerictypes import english_capitalize
+    >>> english_capitalize('int8')
+    'Int8'
+    >>> english_capitalize('Int8')
+    'Int8'
+    >>> english_capitalize('')
+    ''
+    """
+    if s:
+        return english_upper(s[0]) + s[1:]
+    else:
+        return s
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_struct_ufunc_tests.cpython-312-x86_64-linux-gnu.so b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_struct_ufunc_tests.cpython-312-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..a24e4e7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_struct_ufunc_tests.cpython-312-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
Binary files differdiff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_type_aliases.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_type_aliases.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38f1a099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_type_aliases.py
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+"""
+Due to compatibility, numpy has a very large number of different naming
+conventions for the scalar types (those subclassing from `numpy.generic`).
+This file produces a convoluted set of dictionaries mapping names to types,
+and sometimes other mappings too.
+
+.. data:: allTypes
+    A dictionary of names to types that will be exposed as attributes through
+    ``np.core.numerictypes.*``
+
+.. data:: sctypeDict
+    Similar to `allTypes`, but maps a broader set of aliases to their types.
+
+.. data:: sctypes
+    A dictionary keyed by a "type group" string, providing a list of types
+    under that group.
+
+"""
+
+from numpy.compat import unicode
+from numpy.core._string_helpers import english_lower
+from numpy.core.multiarray import typeinfo, dtype
+from numpy.core._dtype import _kind_name
+
+
+sctypeDict = {}      # Contains all leaf-node scalar types with aliases
+allTypes = {}            # Collect the types we will add to the module
+
+
+# separate the actual type info from the abstract base classes
+_abstract_types = {}
+_concrete_typeinfo = {}
+for k, v in typeinfo.items():
+    # make all the keys lowercase too
+    k = english_lower(k)
+    if isinstance(v, type):
+        _abstract_types[k] = v
+    else:
+        _concrete_typeinfo[k] = v
+
+_concrete_types = {v.type for k, v in _concrete_typeinfo.items()}
+
+
+def _bits_of(obj):
+    try:
+        info = next(v for v in _concrete_typeinfo.values() if v.type is obj)
+    except StopIteration:
+        if obj in _abstract_types.values():
+            msg = "Cannot count the bits of an abstract type"
+            raise ValueError(msg) from None
+
+        # some third-party type - make a best-guess
+        return dtype(obj).itemsize * 8
+    else:
+        return info.bits
+
+
+def bitname(obj):
+    """Return a bit-width name for a given type object"""
+    bits = _bits_of(obj)
+    dt = dtype(obj)
+    char = dt.kind
+    base = _kind_name(dt)
+
+    if base == 'object':
+        bits = 0
+
+    if bits != 0:
+        char = "%s%d" % (char, bits // 8)
+
+    return base, bits, char
+
+
+def _add_types():
+    for name, info in _concrete_typeinfo.items():
+        # define C-name and insert typenum and typechar references also
+        allTypes[name] = info.type
+        sctypeDict[name] = info.type
+        sctypeDict[info.char] = info.type
+        sctypeDict[info.num] = info.type
+
+    for name, cls in _abstract_types.items():
+        allTypes[name] = cls
+_add_types()
+
+# This is the priority order used to assign the bit-sized NPY_INTxx names, which
+# must match the order in npy_common.h in order for NPY_INTxx and np.intxx to be
+# consistent.
+# If two C types have the same size, then the earliest one in this list is used
+# as the sized name.
+_int_ctypes = ['long', 'longlong', 'int', 'short', 'byte']
+_uint_ctypes = list('u' + t for t in _int_ctypes)
+
+def _add_aliases():
+    for name, info in _concrete_typeinfo.items():
+        # these are handled by _add_integer_aliases
+        if name in _int_ctypes or name in _uint_ctypes:
+            continue
+
+        # insert bit-width version for this class (if relevant)
+        base, bit, char = bitname(info.type)
+
+        myname = "%s%d" % (base, bit)
+
+        # ensure that (c)longdouble does not overwrite the aliases assigned to
+        # (c)double
+        if name in ('longdouble', 'clongdouble') and myname in allTypes:
+            continue
+
+        # Add to the main namespace if desired:
+        if bit != 0 and base != "bool":
+            allTypes[myname] = info.type
+
+        # add forward, reverse, and string mapping to numarray
+        sctypeDict[char] = info.type
+
+        # add mapping for both the bit name
+        sctypeDict[myname] = info.type
+
+
+_add_aliases()
+
+def _add_integer_aliases():
+    seen_bits = set()
+    for i_ctype, u_ctype in zip(_int_ctypes, _uint_ctypes):
+        i_info = _concrete_typeinfo[i_ctype]
+        u_info = _concrete_typeinfo[u_ctype]
+        bits = i_info.bits  # same for both
+
+        for info, charname, intname in [
+                (i_info,'i%d' % (bits//8,), 'int%d' % bits),
+                (u_info,'u%d' % (bits//8,), 'uint%d' % bits)]:
+            if bits not in seen_bits:
+                # sometimes two different types have the same number of bits
+                # if so, the one iterated over first takes precedence
+                allTypes[intname] = info.type
+                sctypeDict[intname] = info.type
+                sctypeDict[charname] = info.type
+
+        seen_bits.add(bits)
+
+_add_integer_aliases()
+
+# We use these later
+void = allTypes['void']
+
+#
+# Rework the Python names (so that float and complex and int are consistent
+#                            with Python usage)
+#
+def _set_up_aliases():
+    type_pairs = [('complex_', 'cdouble'),
+                  ('single', 'float'),
+                  ('csingle', 'cfloat'),
+                  ('singlecomplex', 'cfloat'),
+                  ('float_', 'double'),
+                  ('intc', 'int'),
+                  ('uintc', 'uint'),
+                  ('int_', 'long'),
+                  ('uint', 'ulong'),
+                  ('cfloat', 'cdouble'),
+                  ('longfloat', 'longdouble'),
+                  ('clongfloat', 'clongdouble'),
+                  ('longcomplex', 'clongdouble'),
+                  ('bool_', 'bool'),
+                  ('bytes_', 'string'),
+                  ('string_', 'string'),
+                  ('str_', 'unicode'),
+                  ('unicode_', 'unicode'),
+                  ('object_', 'object')]
+    for alias, t in type_pairs:
+        allTypes[alias] = allTypes[t]
+        sctypeDict[alias] = sctypeDict[t]
+    # Remove aliases overriding python types and modules
+    to_remove = ['object', 'int', 'float',
+                 'complex', 'bool', 'string', 'datetime', 'timedelta',
+                 'bytes', 'str']
+
+    for t in to_remove:
+        try:
+            del allTypes[t]
+            del sctypeDict[t]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    # Additional aliases in sctypeDict that should not be exposed as attributes
+    attrs_to_remove = ['ulong']
+
+    for t in attrs_to_remove:
+        try:
+            del allTypes[t]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+_set_up_aliases()
+
+
+sctypes = {'int': [],
+           'uint':[],
+           'float':[],
+           'complex':[],
+           'others':[bool, object, bytes, unicode, void]}
+
+def _add_array_type(typename, bits):
+    try:
+        t = allTypes['%s%d' % (typename, bits)]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        sctypes[typename].append(t)
+
+def _set_array_types():
+    ibytes = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64]
+    fbytes = [2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 32, 64]
+    for bytes in ibytes:
+        bits = 8*bytes
+        _add_array_type('int', bits)
+        _add_array_type('uint', bits)
+    for bytes in fbytes:
+        bits = 8*bytes
+        _add_array_type('float', bits)
+        _add_array_type('complex', 2*bits)
+    _gi = dtype('p')
+    if _gi.type not in sctypes['int']:
+        indx = 0
+        sz = _gi.itemsize
+        _lst = sctypes['int']
+        while (indx < len(_lst) and sz >= _lst[indx](0).itemsize):
+            indx += 1
+        sctypes['int'].insert(indx, _gi.type)
+        sctypes['uint'].insert(indx, dtype('P').type)
+_set_array_types()
+
+
+# Add additional strings to the sctypeDict
+_toadd = ['int', 'float', 'complex', 'bool', 'object',
+          'str', 'bytes', ('a', 'bytes_'),
+          ('int0', 'intp'), ('uint0', 'uintp')]
+
+for name in _toadd:
+    if isinstance(name, tuple):
+        sctypeDict[name[0]] = allTypes[name[1]]
+    else:
+        sctypeDict[name] = allTypes['%s_' % name]
+
+del _toadd, name
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_type_aliases.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_type_aliases.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0b6f1a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_type_aliases.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from typing import Any, TypedDict
+
+from numpy import generic, signedinteger, unsignedinteger, floating, complexfloating
+
+class _SCTypes(TypedDict):
+    int: list[type[signedinteger[Any]]]
+    uint: list[type[unsignedinteger[Any]]]
+    float: list[type[floating[Any]]]
+    complex: list[type[complexfloating[Any, Any]]]
+    others: list[type]
+
+sctypeDict: dict[int | str, type[generic]]
+sctypes: _SCTypes
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_ufunc_config.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_ufunc_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df821309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_ufunc_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+"""
+Functions for changing global ufunc configuration
+
+This provides helpers which wrap `umath.geterrobj` and `umath.seterrobj`
+"""
+import collections.abc
+import contextlib
+import contextvars
+
+from .._utils import set_module
+from .umath import (
+    UFUNC_BUFSIZE_DEFAULT,
+    ERR_IGNORE, ERR_WARN, ERR_RAISE, ERR_CALL, ERR_PRINT, ERR_LOG, ERR_DEFAULT,
+    SHIFT_DIVIDEBYZERO, SHIFT_OVERFLOW, SHIFT_UNDERFLOW, SHIFT_INVALID,
+)
+from . import umath
+
+__all__ = [
+    "seterr", "geterr", "setbufsize", "getbufsize", "seterrcall", "geterrcall",
+    "errstate", '_no_nep50_warning'
+]
+
+_errdict = {"ignore": ERR_IGNORE,
+            "warn": ERR_WARN,
+            "raise": ERR_RAISE,
+            "call": ERR_CALL,
+            "print": ERR_PRINT,
+            "log": ERR_LOG}
+
+_errdict_rev = {value: key for key, value in _errdict.items()}
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def seterr(all=None, divide=None, over=None, under=None, invalid=None):
+    """
+    Set how floating-point errors are handled.
+
+    Note that operations on integer scalar types (such as `int16`) are
+    handled like floating point, and are affected by these settings.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    all : {'ignore', 'warn', 'raise', 'call', 'print', 'log'}, optional
+        Set treatment for all types of floating-point errors at once:
+
+        - ignore: Take no action when the exception occurs.
+        - warn: Print a `RuntimeWarning` (via the Python `warnings` module).
+        - raise: Raise a `FloatingPointError`.
+        - call: Call a function specified using the `seterrcall` function.
+        - print: Print a warning directly to ``stdout``.
+        - log: Record error in a Log object specified by `seterrcall`.
+
+        The default is not to change the current behavior.
+    divide : {'ignore', 'warn', 'raise', 'call', 'print', 'log'}, optional
+        Treatment for division by zero.
+    over : {'ignore', 'warn', 'raise', 'call', 'print', 'log'}, optional
+        Treatment for floating-point overflow.
+    under : {'ignore', 'warn', 'raise', 'call', 'print', 'log'}, optional
+        Treatment for floating-point underflow.
+    invalid : {'ignore', 'warn', 'raise', 'call', 'print', 'log'}, optional
+        Treatment for invalid floating-point operation.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    old_settings : dict
+        Dictionary containing the old settings.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    seterrcall : Set a callback function for the 'call' mode.
+    geterr, geterrcall, errstate
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The floating-point exceptions are defined in the IEEE 754 standard [1]_:
+
+    - Division by zero: infinite result obtained from finite numbers.
+    - Overflow: result too large to be expressed.
+    - Underflow: result so close to zero that some precision
+      was lost.
+    - Invalid operation: result is not an expressible number, typically
+      indicates that a NaN was produced.
+
+    .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> old_settings = np.seterr(all='ignore')  #seterr to known value
+    >>> np.seterr(over='raise')
+    {'divide': 'ignore', 'over': 'ignore', 'under': 'ignore', 'invalid': 'ignore'}
+    >>> np.seterr(**old_settings)  # reset to default
+    {'divide': 'ignore', 'over': 'raise', 'under': 'ignore', 'invalid': 'ignore'}
+
+    >>> np.int16(32000) * np.int16(3)
+    30464
+    >>> old_settings = np.seterr(all='warn', over='raise')
+    >>> np.int16(32000) * np.int16(3)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+    FloatingPointError: overflow encountered in scalar multiply
+
+    >>> old_settings = np.seterr(all='print')
+    >>> np.geterr()
+    {'divide': 'print', 'over': 'print', 'under': 'print', 'invalid': 'print'}
+    >>> np.int16(32000) * np.int16(3)
+    30464
+
+    """
+
+    pyvals = umath.geterrobj()
+    old = geterr()
+
+    if divide is None:
+        divide = all or old['divide']
+    if over is None:
+        over = all or old['over']
+    if under is None:
+        under = all or old['under']
+    if invalid is None:
+        invalid = all or old['invalid']
+
+    maskvalue = ((_errdict[divide] << SHIFT_DIVIDEBYZERO) +
+                 (_errdict[over] << SHIFT_OVERFLOW) +
+                 (_errdict[under] << SHIFT_UNDERFLOW) +
+                 (_errdict[invalid] << SHIFT_INVALID))
+
+    pyvals[1] = maskvalue
+    umath.seterrobj(pyvals)
+    return old
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def geterr():
+    """
+    Get the current way of handling floating-point errors.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : dict
+        A dictionary with keys "divide", "over", "under", and "invalid",
+        whose values are from the strings "ignore", "print", "log", "warn",
+        "raise", and "call". The keys represent possible floating-point
+        exceptions, and the values define how these exceptions are handled.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    geterrcall, seterr, seterrcall
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For complete documentation of the types of floating-point exceptions and
+    treatment options, see `seterr`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.geterr()
+    {'divide': 'warn', 'over': 'warn', 'under': 'ignore', 'invalid': 'warn'}
+    >>> np.arange(3.) / np.arange(3.)
+    array([nan,  1.,  1.])
+
+    >>> oldsettings = np.seterr(all='warn', over='raise')
+    >>> np.geterr()
+    {'divide': 'warn', 'over': 'raise', 'under': 'warn', 'invalid': 'warn'}
+    >>> np.arange(3.) / np.arange(3.)
+    array([nan,  1.,  1.])
+
+    """
+    maskvalue = umath.geterrobj()[1]
+    mask = 7
+    res = {}
+    val = (maskvalue >> SHIFT_DIVIDEBYZERO) & mask
+    res['divide'] = _errdict_rev[val]
+    val = (maskvalue >> SHIFT_OVERFLOW) & mask
+    res['over'] = _errdict_rev[val]
+    val = (maskvalue >> SHIFT_UNDERFLOW) & mask
+    res['under'] = _errdict_rev[val]
+    val = (maskvalue >> SHIFT_INVALID) & mask
+    res['invalid'] = _errdict_rev[val]
+    return res
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def setbufsize(size):
+    """
+    Set the size of the buffer used in ufuncs.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    size : int
+        Size of buffer.
+
+    """
+    if size > 10e6:
+        raise ValueError("Buffer size, %s, is too big." % size)
+    if size < 5:
+        raise ValueError("Buffer size, %s, is too small." % size)
+    if size % 16 != 0:
+        raise ValueError("Buffer size, %s, is not a multiple of 16." % size)
+
+    pyvals = umath.geterrobj()
+    old = getbufsize()
+    pyvals[0] = size
+    umath.seterrobj(pyvals)
+    return old
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def getbufsize():
+    """
+    Return the size of the buffer used in ufuncs.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    getbufsize : int
+        Size of ufunc buffer in bytes.
+
+    """
+    return umath.geterrobj()[0]
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def seterrcall(func):
+    """
+    Set the floating-point error callback function or log object.
+
+    There are two ways to capture floating-point error messages.  The first
+    is to set the error-handler to 'call', using `seterr`.  Then, set
+    the function to call using this function.
+
+    The second is to set the error-handler to 'log', using `seterr`.
+    Floating-point errors then trigger a call to the 'write' method of
+    the provided object.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    func : callable f(err, flag) or object with write method
+        Function to call upon floating-point errors ('call'-mode) or
+        object whose 'write' method is used to log such message ('log'-mode).
+
+        The call function takes two arguments. The first is a string describing
+        the type of error (such as "divide by zero", "overflow", "underflow",
+        or "invalid value"), and the second is the status flag.  The flag is a
+        byte, whose four least-significant bits indicate the type of error, one
+        of "divide", "over", "under", "invalid"::
+
+          [0 0 0 0 divide over under invalid]
+
+        In other words, ``flags = divide + 2*over + 4*under + 8*invalid``.
+
+        If an object is provided, its write method should take one argument,
+        a string.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    h : callable, log instance or None
+        The old error handler.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    seterr, geterr, geterrcall
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Callback upon error:
+
+    >>> def err_handler(type, flag):
+    ...     print("Floating point error (%s), with flag %s" % (type, flag))
+    ...
+
+    >>> saved_handler = np.seterrcall(err_handler)
+    >>> save_err = np.seterr(all='call')
+
+    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3]) / 0.0
+    Floating point error (divide by zero), with flag 1
+    array([inf, inf, inf])
+
+    >>> np.seterrcall(saved_handler)
+    <function err_handler at 0x...>
+    >>> np.seterr(**save_err)
+    {'divide': 'call', 'over': 'call', 'under': 'call', 'invalid': 'call'}
+
+    Log error message:
+
+    >>> class Log:
+    ...     def write(self, msg):
+    ...         print("LOG: %s" % msg)
+    ...
+
+    >>> log = Log()
+    >>> saved_handler = np.seterrcall(log)
+    >>> save_err = np.seterr(all='log')
+
+    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3]) / 0.0
+    LOG: Warning: divide by zero encountered in divide
+    array([inf, inf, inf])
+
+    >>> np.seterrcall(saved_handler)
+    <numpy.core.numeric.Log object at 0x...>
+    >>> np.seterr(**save_err)
+    {'divide': 'log', 'over': 'log', 'under': 'log', 'invalid': 'log'}
+
+    """
+    if func is not None and not isinstance(func, collections.abc.Callable):
+        if (not hasattr(func, 'write') or
+                not isinstance(func.write, collections.abc.Callable)):
+            raise ValueError("Only callable can be used as callback")
+    pyvals = umath.geterrobj()
+    old = geterrcall()
+    pyvals[2] = func
+    umath.seterrobj(pyvals)
+    return old
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def geterrcall():
+    """
+    Return the current callback function used on floating-point errors.
+
+    When the error handling for a floating-point error (one of "divide",
+    "over", "under", or "invalid") is set to 'call' or 'log', the function
+    that is called or the log instance that is written to is returned by
+    `geterrcall`. This function or log instance has been set with
+    `seterrcall`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    errobj : callable, log instance or None
+        The current error handler. If no handler was set through `seterrcall`,
+        ``None`` is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    seterrcall, seterr, geterr
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For complete documentation of the types of floating-point exceptions and
+    treatment options, see `seterr`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.geterrcall()  # we did not yet set a handler, returns None
+
+    >>> oldsettings = np.seterr(all='call')
+    >>> def err_handler(type, flag):
+    ...     print("Floating point error (%s), with flag %s" % (type, flag))
+    >>> oldhandler = np.seterrcall(err_handler)
+    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3]) / 0.0
+    Floating point error (divide by zero), with flag 1
+    array([inf, inf, inf])
+
+    >>> cur_handler = np.geterrcall()
+    >>> cur_handler is err_handler
+    True
+
+    """
+    return umath.geterrobj()[2]
+
+
+class _unspecified:
+    pass
+
+
+_Unspecified = _unspecified()
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+class errstate(contextlib.ContextDecorator):
+    """
+    errstate(**kwargs)
+
+    Context manager for floating-point error handling.
+
+    Using an instance of `errstate` as a context manager allows statements in
+    that context to execute with a known error handling behavior. Upon entering
+    the context the error handling is set with `seterr` and `seterrcall`, and
+    upon exiting it is reset to what it was before.
+
+    ..  versionchanged:: 1.17.0
+        `errstate` is also usable as a function decorator, saving
+        a level of indentation if an entire function is wrapped.
+        See :py:class:`contextlib.ContextDecorator` for more information.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    kwargs : {divide, over, under, invalid}
+        Keyword arguments. The valid keywords are the possible floating-point
+        exceptions. Each keyword should have a string value that defines the
+        treatment for the particular error. Possible values are
+        {'ignore', 'warn', 'raise', 'call', 'print', 'log'}.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    seterr, geterr, seterrcall, geterrcall
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For complete documentation of the types of floating-point exceptions and
+    treatment options, see `seterr`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> olderr = np.seterr(all='ignore')  # Set error handling to known state.
+
+    >>> np.arange(3) / 0.
+    array([nan, inf, inf])
+    >>> with np.errstate(divide='warn'):
+    ...     np.arange(3) / 0.
+    array([nan, inf, inf])
+
+    >>> np.sqrt(-1)
+    nan
+    >>> with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+    ...     np.sqrt(-1)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
+    FloatingPointError: invalid value encountered in sqrt
+
+    Outside the context the error handling behavior has not changed:
+
+    >>> np.geterr()
+    {'divide': 'ignore', 'over': 'ignore', 'under': 'ignore', 'invalid': 'ignore'}
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *, call=_Unspecified, **kwargs):
+        self.call = call
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.oldstate = seterr(**self.kwargs)
+        if self.call is not _Unspecified:
+            self.oldcall = seterrcall(self.call)
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+        seterr(**self.oldstate)
+        if self.call is not _Unspecified:
+            seterrcall(self.oldcall)
+
+
+def _setdef():
+    defval = [UFUNC_BUFSIZE_DEFAULT, ERR_DEFAULT, None]
+    umath.seterrobj(defval)
+
+
+# set the default values
+_setdef()
+
+
+NO_NEP50_WARNING = contextvars.ContextVar("_no_nep50_warning", default=False)
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _no_nep50_warning():
+    """
+    Context manager to disable NEP 50 warnings.  This context manager is
+    only relevant if the NEP 50 warnings are enabled globally (which is not
+    thread/context safe).
+
+    This warning context manager itself is fully safe, however.
+    """
+    token = NO_NEP50_WARNING.set(True)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        NO_NEP50_WARNING.reset(token)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_ufunc_config.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_ufunc_config.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5650450
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_ufunc_config.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any, Literal, TypedDict
+
+from numpy import _SupportsWrite
+
+_ErrKind = Literal["ignore", "warn", "raise", "call", "print", "log"]
+_ErrFunc = Callable[[str, int], Any]
+
+class _ErrDict(TypedDict):
+    divide: _ErrKind
+    over: _ErrKind
+    under: _ErrKind
+    invalid: _ErrKind
+
+class _ErrDictOptional(TypedDict, total=False):
+    all: None | _ErrKind
+    divide: None | _ErrKind
+    over: None | _ErrKind
+    under: None | _ErrKind
+    invalid: None | _ErrKind
+
+def seterr(
+    all: None | _ErrKind = ...,
+    divide: None | _ErrKind = ...,
+    over: None | _ErrKind = ...,
+    under: None | _ErrKind = ...,
+    invalid: None | _ErrKind = ...,
+) -> _ErrDict: ...
+def geterr() -> _ErrDict: ...
+def setbufsize(size: int) -> int: ...
+def getbufsize() -> int: ...
+def seterrcall(
+    func: None | _ErrFunc | _SupportsWrite[str]
+) -> None | _ErrFunc | _SupportsWrite[str]: ...
+def geterrcall() -> None | _ErrFunc | _SupportsWrite[str]: ...
+
+# See `numpy/__init__.pyi` for the `errstate` class and `no_nep5_warnings`
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_umath_tests.cpython-312-x86_64-linux-gnu.so b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_umath_tests.cpython-312-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..3eaa83ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/_umath_tests.cpython-312-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
Binary files differdiff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/arrayprint.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/arrayprint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62cd5270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/arrayprint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1725 @@
+"""Array printing function
+
+$Id: arrayprint.py,v 1.9 2005/09/13 13:58:44 teoliphant Exp $
+
+"""
+__all__ = ["array2string", "array_str", "array_repr", "set_string_function",
+           "set_printoptions", "get_printoptions", "printoptions",
+           "format_float_positional", "format_float_scientific"]
+__docformat__ = 'restructuredtext'
+
+#
+# Written by Konrad Hinsen <hinsenk@ere.umontreal.ca>
+# last revision: 1996-3-13
+# modified by Jim Hugunin 1997-3-3 for repr's and str's (and other details)
+# and by Perry Greenfield 2000-4-1 for numarray
+# and by Travis Oliphant  2005-8-22 for numpy
+
+
+# Note: Both scalartypes.c.src and arrayprint.py implement strs for numpy
+# scalars but for different purposes. scalartypes.c.src has str/reprs for when
+# the scalar is printed on its own, while arrayprint.py has strs for when
+# scalars are printed inside an ndarray. Only the latter strs are currently
+# user-customizable.
+
+import functools
+import numbers
+import sys
+try:
+    from _thread import get_ident
+except ImportError:
+    from _dummy_thread import get_ident
+
+import numpy as np
+from . import numerictypes as _nt
+from .umath import absolute, isinf, isfinite, isnat
+from . import multiarray
+from .multiarray import (array, dragon4_positional, dragon4_scientific,
+                         datetime_as_string, datetime_data, ndarray,
+                         set_legacy_print_mode)
+from .fromnumeric import any
+from .numeric import concatenate, asarray, errstate
+from .numerictypes import (longlong, intc, int_, float_, complex_, bool_,
+                           flexible)
+from .overrides import array_function_dispatch, set_module
+import operator
+import warnings
+import contextlib
+
+_format_options = {
+    'edgeitems': 3,  # repr N leading and trailing items of each dimension
+    'threshold': 1000,  # total items > triggers array summarization
+    'floatmode': 'maxprec',
+    'precision': 8,  # precision of floating point representations
+    'suppress': False,  # suppress printing small floating values in exp format
+    'linewidth': 75,
+    'nanstr': 'nan',
+    'infstr': 'inf',
+    'sign': '-',
+    'formatter': None,
+    # Internally stored as an int to simplify comparisons; converted from/to
+    # str/False on the way in/out.
+    'legacy': sys.maxsize}
+
+def _make_options_dict(precision=None, threshold=None, edgeitems=None,
+                       linewidth=None, suppress=None, nanstr=None, infstr=None,
+                       sign=None, formatter=None, floatmode=None, legacy=None):
+    """
+    Make a dictionary out of the non-None arguments, plus conversion of
+    *legacy* and sanity checks.
+    """
+
+    options = {k: v for k, v in locals().items() if v is not None}
+
+    if suppress is not None:
+        options['suppress'] = bool(suppress)
+
+    modes = ['fixed', 'unique', 'maxprec', 'maxprec_equal']
+    if floatmode not in modes + [None]:
+        raise ValueError("floatmode option must be one of " +
+                         ", ".join('"{}"'.format(m) for m in modes))
+
+    if sign not in [None, '-', '+', ' ']:
+        raise ValueError("sign option must be one of ' ', '+', or '-'")
+
+    if legacy == False:
+        options['legacy'] = sys.maxsize
+    elif legacy == '1.13':
+        options['legacy'] = 113
+    elif legacy == '1.21':
+        options['legacy'] = 121
+    elif legacy is None:
+        pass  # OK, do nothing.
+    else:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "legacy printing option can currently only be '1.13', '1.21', or "
+            "`False`", stacklevel=3)
+
+    if threshold is not None:
+        # forbid the bad threshold arg suggested by stack overflow, gh-12351
+        if not isinstance(threshold, numbers.Number):
+            raise TypeError("threshold must be numeric")
+        if np.isnan(threshold):
+            raise ValueError("threshold must be non-NAN, try "
+                             "sys.maxsize for untruncated representation")
+
+    if precision is not None:
+        # forbid the bad precision arg as suggested by issue #18254
+        try:
+            options['precision'] = operator.index(precision)
+        except TypeError as e:
+            raise TypeError('precision must be an integer') from e
+
+    return options
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def set_printoptions(precision=None, threshold=None, edgeitems=None,
+                     linewidth=None, suppress=None, nanstr=None, infstr=None,
+                     formatter=None, sign=None, floatmode=None, *, legacy=None):
+    """
+    Set printing options.
+
+    These options determine the way floating point numbers, arrays and
+    other NumPy objects are displayed.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    precision : int or None, optional
+        Number of digits of precision for floating point output (default 8).
+        May be None if `floatmode` is not `fixed`, to print as many digits as
+        necessary to uniquely specify the value.
+    threshold : int, optional
+        Total number of array elements which trigger summarization
+        rather than full repr (default 1000).
+        To always use the full repr without summarization, pass `sys.maxsize`.
+    edgeitems : int, optional
+        Number of array items in summary at beginning and end of
+        each dimension (default 3).
+    linewidth : int, optional
+        The number of characters per line for the purpose of inserting
+        line breaks (default 75).
+    suppress : bool, optional
+        If True, always print floating point numbers using fixed point
+        notation, in which case numbers equal to zero in the current precision
+        will print as zero.  If False, then scientific notation is used when
+        absolute value of the smallest number is < 1e-4 or the ratio of the
+        maximum absolute value to the minimum is > 1e3. The default is False.
+    nanstr : str, optional
+        String representation of floating point not-a-number (default nan).
+    infstr : str, optional
+        String representation of floating point infinity (default inf).
+    sign : string, either '-', '+', or ' ', optional
+        Controls printing of the sign of floating-point types. If '+', always
+        print the sign of positive values. If ' ', always prints a space
+        (whitespace character) in the sign position of positive values.  If
+        '-', omit the sign character of positive values. (default '-')
+    formatter : dict of callables, optional
+        If not None, the keys should indicate the type(s) that the respective
+        formatting function applies to.  Callables should return a string.
+        Types that are not specified (by their corresponding keys) are handled
+        by the default formatters.  Individual types for which a formatter
+        can be set are:
+
+        - 'bool'
+        - 'int'
+        - 'timedelta' : a `numpy.timedelta64`
+        - 'datetime' : a `numpy.datetime64`
+        - 'float'
+        - 'longfloat' : 128-bit floats
+        - 'complexfloat'
+        - 'longcomplexfloat' : composed of two 128-bit floats
+        - 'numpystr' : types `numpy.bytes_` and `numpy.str_`
+        - 'object' : `np.object_` arrays
+
+        Other keys that can be used to set a group of types at once are:
+
+        - 'all' : sets all types
+        - 'int_kind' : sets 'int'
+        - 'float_kind' : sets 'float' and 'longfloat'
+        - 'complex_kind' : sets 'complexfloat' and 'longcomplexfloat'
+        - 'str_kind' : sets 'numpystr'
+    floatmode : str, optional
+        Controls the interpretation of the `precision` option for
+        floating-point types. Can take the following values
+        (default maxprec_equal):
+
+        * 'fixed': Always print exactly `precision` fractional digits,
+                even if this would print more or fewer digits than
+                necessary to specify the value uniquely.
+        * 'unique': Print the minimum number of fractional digits necessary
+                to represent each value uniquely. Different elements may
+                have a different number of digits. The value of the
+                `precision` option is ignored.
+        * 'maxprec': Print at most `precision` fractional digits, but if
+                an element can be uniquely represented with fewer digits
+                only print it with that many.
+        * 'maxprec_equal': Print at most `precision` fractional digits,
+                but if every element in the array can be uniquely
+                represented with an equal number of fewer digits, use that
+                many digits for all elements.
+    legacy : string or `False`, optional
+        If set to the string `'1.13'` enables 1.13 legacy printing mode. This
+        approximates numpy 1.13 print output by including a space in the sign
+        position of floats and different behavior for 0d arrays. This also
+        enables 1.21 legacy printing mode (described below).
+
+        If set to the string `'1.21'` enables 1.21 legacy printing mode. This
+        approximates numpy 1.21 print output of complex structured dtypes
+        by not inserting spaces after commas that separate fields and after
+        colons.
+
+        If set to `False`, disables legacy mode.
+
+        Unrecognized strings will be ignored with a warning for forward
+        compatibility.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.14.0
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.22.0
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    get_printoptions, printoptions, set_string_function, array2string
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `formatter` is always reset with a call to `set_printoptions`.
+
+    Use `printoptions` as a context manager to set the values temporarily.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Floating point precision can be set:
+
+    >>> np.set_printoptions(precision=4)
+    >>> np.array([1.123456789])
+    [1.1235]
+
+    Long arrays can be summarised:
+
+    >>> np.set_printoptions(threshold=5)
+    >>> np.arange(10)
+    array([0, 1, 2, ..., 7, 8, 9])
+
+    Small results can be suppressed:
+
+    >>> eps = np.finfo(float).eps
+    >>> x = np.arange(4.)
+    >>> x**2 - (x + eps)**2
+    array([-4.9304e-32, -4.4409e-16,  0.0000e+00,  0.0000e+00])
+    >>> np.set_printoptions(suppress=True)
+    >>> x**2 - (x + eps)**2
+    array([-0., -0.,  0.,  0.])
+
+    A custom formatter can be used to display array elements as desired:
+
+    >>> np.set_printoptions(formatter={'all':lambda x: 'int: '+str(-x)})
+    >>> x = np.arange(3)
+    >>> x
+    array([int: 0, int: -1, int: -2])
+    >>> np.set_printoptions()  # formatter gets reset
+    >>> x
+    array([0, 1, 2])
+
+    To put back the default options, you can use:
+
+    >>> np.set_printoptions(edgeitems=3, infstr='inf',
+    ... linewidth=75, nanstr='nan', precision=8,
+    ... suppress=False, threshold=1000, formatter=None)
+
+    Also to temporarily override options, use `printoptions` as a context manager:
+
+    >>> with np.printoptions(precision=2, suppress=True, threshold=5):
+    ...     np.linspace(0, 10, 10)
+    array([ 0.  ,  1.11,  2.22, ...,  7.78,  8.89, 10.  ])
+
+    """
+    opt = _make_options_dict(precision, threshold, edgeitems, linewidth,
+                             suppress, nanstr, infstr, sign, formatter,
+                             floatmode, legacy)
+    # formatter is always reset
+    opt['formatter'] = formatter
+    _format_options.update(opt)
+
+    # set the C variable for legacy mode
+    if _format_options['legacy'] == 113:
+        set_legacy_print_mode(113)
+        # reset the sign option in legacy mode to avoid confusion
+        _format_options['sign'] = '-'
+    elif _format_options['legacy'] == 121:
+        set_legacy_print_mode(121)
+    elif _format_options['legacy'] == sys.maxsize:
+        set_legacy_print_mode(0)
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def get_printoptions():
+    """
+    Return the current print options.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    print_opts : dict
+        Dictionary of current print options with keys
+
+          - precision : int
+          - threshold : int
+          - edgeitems : int
+          - linewidth : int
+          - suppress : bool
+          - nanstr : str
+          - infstr : str
+          - formatter : dict of callables
+          - sign : str
+
+        For a full description of these options, see `set_printoptions`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    set_printoptions, printoptions, set_string_function
+
+    """
+    opts = _format_options.copy()
+    opts['legacy'] = {
+        113: '1.13', 121: '1.21', sys.maxsize: False,
+    }[opts['legacy']]
+    return opts
+
+
+def _get_legacy_print_mode():
+    """Return the legacy print mode as an int."""
+    return _format_options['legacy']
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def printoptions(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Context manager for setting print options.
+
+    Set print options for the scope of the `with` block, and restore the old
+    options at the end. See `set_printoptions` for the full description of
+    available options.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> from numpy.testing import assert_equal
+    >>> with np.printoptions(precision=2):
+    ...     np.array([2.0]) / 3
+    array([0.67])
+
+    The `as`-clause of the `with`-statement gives the current print options:
+
+    >>> with np.printoptions(precision=2) as opts:
+    ...      assert_equal(opts, np.get_printoptions())
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    set_printoptions, get_printoptions
+
+    """
+    opts = np.get_printoptions()
+    try:
+        np.set_printoptions(*args, **kwargs)
+        yield np.get_printoptions()
+    finally:
+        np.set_printoptions(**opts)
+
+
+def _leading_trailing(a, edgeitems, index=()):
+    """
+    Keep only the N-D corners (leading and trailing edges) of an array.
+
+    Should be passed a base-class ndarray, since it makes no guarantees about
+    preserving subclasses.
+    """
+    axis = len(index)
+    if axis == a.ndim:
+        return a[index]
+
+    if a.shape[axis] > 2*edgeitems:
+        return concatenate((
+            _leading_trailing(a, edgeitems, index + np.index_exp[ :edgeitems]),
+            _leading_trailing(a, edgeitems, index + np.index_exp[-edgeitems:])
+        ), axis=axis)
+    else:
+        return _leading_trailing(a, edgeitems, index + np.index_exp[:])
+
+
+def _object_format(o):
+    """ Object arrays containing lists should be printed unambiguously """
+    if type(o) is list:
+        fmt = 'list({!r})'
+    else:
+        fmt = '{!r}'
+    return fmt.format(o)
+
+def repr_format(x):
+    return repr(x)
+
+def str_format(x):
+    return str(x)
+
+def _get_formatdict(data, *, precision, floatmode, suppress, sign, legacy,
+                    formatter, **kwargs):
+    # note: extra arguments in kwargs are ignored
+
+    # wrapped in lambdas to avoid taking a code path with the wrong type of data
+    formatdict = {
+        'bool': lambda: BoolFormat(data),
+        'int': lambda: IntegerFormat(data),
+        'float': lambda: FloatingFormat(
+            data, precision, floatmode, suppress, sign, legacy=legacy),
+        'longfloat': lambda: FloatingFormat(
+            data, precision, floatmode, suppress, sign, legacy=legacy),
+        'complexfloat': lambda: ComplexFloatingFormat(
+            data, precision, floatmode, suppress, sign, legacy=legacy),
+        'longcomplexfloat': lambda: ComplexFloatingFormat(
+            data, precision, floatmode, suppress, sign, legacy=legacy),
+        'datetime': lambda: DatetimeFormat(data, legacy=legacy),
+        'timedelta': lambda: TimedeltaFormat(data),
+        'object': lambda: _object_format,
+        'void': lambda: str_format,
+        'numpystr': lambda: repr_format}
+
+    # we need to wrap values in `formatter` in a lambda, so that the interface
+    # is the same as the above values.
+    def indirect(x):
+        return lambda: x
+
+    if formatter is not None:
+        fkeys = [k for k in formatter.keys() if formatter[k] is not None]
+        if 'all' in fkeys:
+            for key in formatdict.keys():
+                formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter['all'])
+        if 'int_kind' in fkeys:
+            for key in ['int']:
+                formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter['int_kind'])
+        if 'float_kind' in fkeys:
+            for key in ['float', 'longfloat']:
+                formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter['float_kind'])
+        if 'complex_kind' in fkeys:
+            for key in ['complexfloat', 'longcomplexfloat']:
+                formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter['complex_kind'])
+        if 'str_kind' in fkeys:
+            formatdict['numpystr'] = indirect(formatter['str_kind'])
+        for key in formatdict.keys():
+            if key in fkeys:
+                formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter[key])
+
+    return formatdict
+
+def _get_format_function(data, **options):
+    """
+    find the right formatting function for the dtype_
+    """
+    dtype_ = data.dtype
+    dtypeobj = dtype_.type
+    formatdict = _get_formatdict(data, **options)
+    if dtypeobj is None:
+        return formatdict["numpystr"]()
+    elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.bool_):
+        return formatdict['bool']()
+    elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.integer):
+        if issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.timedelta64):
+            return formatdict['timedelta']()
+        else:
+            return formatdict['int']()
+    elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.floating):
+        if issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.longfloat):
+            return formatdict['longfloat']()
+        else:
+            return formatdict['float']()
+    elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.complexfloating):
+        if issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.clongfloat):
+            return formatdict['longcomplexfloat']()
+        else:
+            return formatdict['complexfloat']()
+    elif issubclass(dtypeobj, (_nt.str_, _nt.bytes_)):
+        return formatdict['numpystr']()
+    elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.datetime64):
+        return formatdict['datetime']()
+    elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.object_):
+        return formatdict['object']()
+    elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.void):
+        if dtype_.names is not None:
+            return StructuredVoidFormat.from_data(data, **options)
+        else:
+            return formatdict['void']()
+    else:
+        return formatdict['numpystr']()
+
+
+def _recursive_guard(fillvalue='...'):
+    """
+    Like the python 3.2 reprlib.recursive_repr, but forwards *args and **kwargs
+
+    Decorates a function such that if it calls itself with the same first
+    argument, it returns `fillvalue` instead of recursing.
+
+    Largely copied from reprlib.recursive_repr
+    """
+
+    def decorating_function(f):
+        repr_running = set()
+
+        @functools.wraps(f)
+        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            key = id(self), get_ident()
+            if key in repr_running:
+                return fillvalue
+            repr_running.add(key)
+            try:
+                return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            finally:
+                repr_running.discard(key)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorating_function
+
+
+# gracefully handle recursive calls, when object arrays contain themselves
+@_recursive_guard()
+def _array2string(a, options, separator=' ', prefix=""):
+    # The formatter __init__s in _get_format_function cannot deal with
+    # subclasses yet, and we also need to avoid recursion issues in
+    # _formatArray with subclasses which return 0d arrays in place of scalars
+    data = asarray(a)
+    if a.shape == ():
+        a = data
+
+    if a.size > options['threshold']:
+        summary_insert = "..."
+        data = _leading_trailing(data, options['edgeitems'])
+    else:
+        summary_insert = ""
+
+    # find the right formatting function for the array
+    format_function = _get_format_function(data, **options)
+
+    # skip over "["
+    next_line_prefix = " "
+    # skip over array(
+    next_line_prefix += " "*len(prefix)
+
+    lst = _formatArray(a, format_function, options['linewidth'],
+                       next_line_prefix, separator, options['edgeitems'],
+                       summary_insert, options['legacy'])
+    return lst
+
+
+def _array2string_dispatcher(
+        a, max_line_width=None, precision=None,
+        suppress_small=None, separator=None, prefix=None,
+        style=None, formatter=None, threshold=None,
+        edgeitems=None, sign=None, floatmode=None, suffix=None,
+        *, legacy=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_array2string_dispatcher, module='numpy')
+def array2string(a, max_line_width=None, precision=None,
+                 suppress_small=None, separator=' ', prefix="",
+                 style=np._NoValue, formatter=None, threshold=None,
+                 edgeitems=None, sign=None, floatmode=None, suffix="",
+                 *, legacy=None):
+    """
+    Return a string representation of an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : ndarray
+        Input array.
+    max_line_width : int, optional
+        Inserts newlines if text is longer than `max_line_width`.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['linewidth']``.
+    precision : int or None, optional
+        Floating point precision.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['precision']``.
+    suppress_small : bool, optional
+        Represent numbers "very close" to zero as zero; default is False.
+        Very close is defined by precision: if the precision is 8, e.g.,
+        numbers smaller (in absolute value) than 5e-9 are represented as
+        zero.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['suppress']``.
+    separator : str, optional
+        Inserted between elements.
+    prefix : str, optional
+    suffix : str, optional
+        The length of the prefix and suffix strings are used to respectively
+        align and wrap the output. An array is typically printed as::
+
+          prefix + array2string(a) + suffix
+
+        The output is left-padded by the length of the prefix string, and
+        wrapping is forced at the column ``max_line_width - len(suffix)``.
+        It should be noted that the content of prefix and suffix strings are
+        not included in the output.
+    style : _NoValue, optional
+        Has no effect, do not use.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.14.0
+    formatter : dict of callables, optional
+        If not None, the keys should indicate the type(s) that the respective
+        formatting function applies to.  Callables should return a string.
+        Types that are not specified (by their corresponding keys) are handled
+        by the default formatters.  Individual types for which a formatter
+        can be set are:
+
+        - 'bool'
+        - 'int'
+        - 'timedelta' : a `numpy.timedelta64`
+        - 'datetime' : a `numpy.datetime64`
+        - 'float'
+        - 'longfloat' : 128-bit floats
+        - 'complexfloat'
+        - 'longcomplexfloat' : composed of two 128-bit floats
+        - 'void' : type `numpy.void`
+        - 'numpystr' : types `numpy.bytes_` and `numpy.str_`
+
+        Other keys that can be used to set a group of types at once are:
+
+        - 'all' : sets all types
+        - 'int_kind' : sets 'int'
+        - 'float_kind' : sets 'float' and 'longfloat'
+        - 'complex_kind' : sets 'complexfloat' and 'longcomplexfloat'
+        - 'str_kind' : sets 'numpystr'
+    threshold : int, optional
+        Total number of array elements which trigger summarization
+        rather than full repr.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['threshold']``.
+    edgeitems : int, optional
+        Number of array items in summary at beginning and end of
+        each dimension.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['edgeitems']``.
+    sign : string, either '-', '+', or ' ', optional
+        Controls printing of the sign of floating-point types. If '+', always
+        print the sign of positive values. If ' ', always prints a space
+        (whitespace character) in the sign position of positive values.  If
+        '-', omit the sign character of positive values.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['sign']``.
+    floatmode : str, optional
+        Controls the interpretation of the `precision` option for
+        floating-point types.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['floatmode']``.
+        Can take the following values:
+
+        - 'fixed': Always print exactly `precision` fractional digits,
+          even if this would print more or fewer digits than
+          necessary to specify the value uniquely.
+        - 'unique': Print the minimum number of fractional digits necessary
+          to represent each value uniquely. Different elements may
+          have a different number of digits.  The value of the
+          `precision` option is ignored.
+        - 'maxprec': Print at most `precision` fractional digits, but if
+          an element can be uniquely represented with fewer digits
+          only print it with that many.
+        - 'maxprec_equal': Print at most `precision` fractional digits,
+          but if every element in the array can be uniquely
+          represented with an equal number of fewer digits, use that
+          many digits for all elements.
+    legacy : string or `False`, optional
+        If set to the string `'1.13'` enables 1.13 legacy printing mode. This
+        approximates numpy 1.13 print output by including a space in the sign
+        position of floats and different behavior for 0d arrays. If set to
+        `False`, disables legacy mode. Unrecognized strings will be ignored
+        with a warning for forward compatibility.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.14.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    array_str : str
+        String representation of the array.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    TypeError
+        if a callable in `formatter` does not return a string.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    array_str, array_repr, set_printoptions, get_printoptions
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If a formatter is specified for a certain type, the `precision` keyword is
+    ignored for that type.
+
+    This is a very flexible function; `array_repr` and `array_str` are using
+    `array2string` internally so keywords with the same name should work
+    identically in all three functions.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1e-16,1,2,3])
+    >>> np.array2string(x, precision=2, separator=',',
+    ...                       suppress_small=True)
+    '[0.,1.,2.,3.]'
+
+    >>> x  = np.arange(3.)
+    >>> np.array2string(x, formatter={'float_kind':lambda x: "%.2f" % x})
+    '[0.00 1.00 2.00]'
+
+    >>> x  = np.arange(3)
+    >>> np.array2string(x, formatter={'int':lambda x: hex(x)})
+    '[0x0 0x1 0x2]'
+
+    """
+
+    overrides = _make_options_dict(precision, threshold, edgeitems,
+                                   max_line_width, suppress_small, None, None,
+                                   sign, formatter, floatmode, legacy)
+    options = _format_options.copy()
+    options.update(overrides)
+
+    if options['legacy'] <= 113:
+        if style is np._NoValue:
+            style = repr
+
+        if a.shape == () and a.dtype.names is None:
+            return style(a.item())
+    elif style is not np._NoValue:
+        # Deprecation 11-9-2017  v1.14
+        warnings.warn("'style' argument is deprecated and no longer functional"
+                      " except in 1.13 'legacy' mode",
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    if options['legacy'] > 113:
+        options['linewidth'] -= len(suffix)
+
+    # treat as a null array if any of shape elements == 0
+    if a.size == 0:
+        return "[]"
+
+    return _array2string(a, options, separator, prefix)
+
+
+def _extendLine(s, line, word, line_width, next_line_prefix, legacy):
+    needs_wrap = len(line) + len(word) > line_width
+    if legacy > 113:
+        # don't wrap lines if it won't help
+        if len(line) <= len(next_line_prefix):
+            needs_wrap = False
+
+    if needs_wrap:
+        s += line.rstrip() + "\n"
+        line = next_line_prefix
+    line += word
+    return s, line
+
+
+def _extendLine_pretty(s, line, word, line_width, next_line_prefix, legacy):
+    """
+    Extends line with nicely formatted (possibly multi-line) string ``word``.
+    """
+    words = word.splitlines()
+    if len(words) == 1 or legacy <= 113:
+        return _extendLine(s, line, word, line_width, next_line_prefix, legacy)
+
+    max_word_length = max(len(word) for word in words)
+    if (len(line) + max_word_length > line_width and
+            len(line) > len(next_line_prefix)):
+        s += line.rstrip() + '\n'
+        line = next_line_prefix + words[0]
+        indent = next_line_prefix
+    else:
+        indent = len(line)*' '
+        line += words[0]
+
+    for word in words[1::]:
+        s += line.rstrip() + '\n'
+        line = indent + word
+
+    suffix_length = max_word_length - len(words[-1])
+    line += suffix_length*' '
+
+    return s, line
+
+def _formatArray(a, format_function, line_width, next_line_prefix,
+                 separator, edge_items, summary_insert, legacy):
+    """formatArray is designed for two modes of operation:
+
+    1. Full output
+
+    2. Summarized output
+
+    """
+    def recurser(index, hanging_indent, curr_width):
+        """
+        By using this local function, we don't need to recurse with all the
+        arguments. Since this function is not created recursively, the cost is
+        not significant
+        """
+        axis = len(index)
+        axes_left = a.ndim - axis
+
+        if axes_left == 0:
+            return format_function(a[index])
+
+        # when recursing, add a space to align with the [ added, and reduce the
+        # length of the line by 1
+        next_hanging_indent = hanging_indent + ' '
+        if legacy <= 113:
+            next_width = curr_width
+        else:
+            next_width = curr_width - len(']')
+
+        a_len = a.shape[axis]
+        show_summary = summary_insert and 2*edge_items < a_len
+        if show_summary:
+            leading_items = edge_items
+            trailing_items = edge_items
+        else:
+            leading_items = 0
+            trailing_items = a_len
+
+        # stringify the array with the hanging indent on the first line too
+        s = ''
+
+        # last axis (rows) - wrap elements if they would not fit on one line
+        if axes_left == 1:
+            # the length up until the beginning of the separator / bracket
+            if legacy <= 113:
+                elem_width = curr_width - len(separator.rstrip())
+            else:
+                elem_width = curr_width - max(len(separator.rstrip()), len(']'))
+
+            line = hanging_indent
+            for i in range(leading_items):
+                word = recurser(index + (i,), next_hanging_indent, next_width)
+                s, line = _extendLine_pretty(
+                    s, line, word, elem_width, hanging_indent, legacy)
+                line += separator
+
+            if show_summary:
+                s, line = _extendLine(
+                    s, line, summary_insert, elem_width, hanging_indent, legacy)
+                if legacy <= 113:
+                    line += ", "
+                else:
+                    line += separator
+
+            for i in range(trailing_items, 1, -1):
+                word = recurser(index + (-i,), next_hanging_indent, next_width)
+                s, line = _extendLine_pretty(
+                    s, line, word, elem_width, hanging_indent, legacy)
+                line += separator
+
+            if legacy <= 113:
+                # width of the separator is not considered on 1.13
+                elem_width = curr_width
+            word = recurser(index + (-1,), next_hanging_indent, next_width)
+            s, line = _extendLine_pretty(
+                s, line, word, elem_width, hanging_indent, legacy)
+
+            s += line
+
+        # other axes - insert newlines between rows
+        else:
+            s = ''
+            line_sep = separator.rstrip() + '\n'*(axes_left - 1)
+
+            for i in range(leading_items):
+                nested = recurser(index + (i,), next_hanging_indent, next_width)
+                s += hanging_indent + nested + line_sep
+
+            if show_summary:
+                if legacy <= 113:
+                    # trailing space, fixed nbr of newlines, and fixed separator
+                    s += hanging_indent + summary_insert + ", \n"
+                else:
+                    s += hanging_indent + summary_insert + line_sep
+
+            for i in range(trailing_items, 1, -1):
+                nested = recurser(index + (-i,), next_hanging_indent,
+                                  next_width)
+                s += hanging_indent + nested + line_sep
+
+            nested = recurser(index + (-1,), next_hanging_indent, next_width)
+            s += hanging_indent + nested
+
+        # remove the hanging indent, and wrap in []
+        s = '[' + s[len(hanging_indent):] + ']'
+        return s
+
+    try:
+        # invoke the recursive part with an initial index and prefix
+        return recurser(index=(),
+                        hanging_indent=next_line_prefix,
+                        curr_width=line_width)
+    finally:
+        # recursive closures have a cyclic reference to themselves, which
+        # requires gc to collect (gh-10620). To avoid this problem, for
+        # performance and PyPy friendliness, we break the cycle:
+        recurser = None
+
+def _none_or_positive_arg(x, name):
+    if x is None:
+        return -1
+    if x < 0:
+        raise ValueError("{} must be >= 0".format(name))
+    return x
+
+class FloatingFormat:
+    """ Formatter for subtypes of np.floating """
+    def __init__(self, data, precision, floatmode, suppress_small, sign=False,
+                 *, legacy=None):
+        # for backcompatibility, accept bools
+        if isinstance(sign, bool):
+            sign = '+' if sign else '-'
+
+        self._legacy = legacy
+        if self._legacy <= 113:
+            # when not 0d, legacy does not support '-'
+            if data.shape != () and sign == '-':
+                sign = ' '
+
+        self.floatmode = floatmode
+        if floatmode == 'unique':
+            self.precision = None
+        else:
+            self.precision = precision
+
+        self.precision = _none_or_positive_arg(self.precision, 'precision')
+
+        self.suppress_small = suppress_small
+        self.sign = sign
+        self.exp_format = False
+        self.large_exponent = False
+
+        self.fillFormat(data)
+
+    def fillFormat(self, data):
+        # only the finite values are used to compute the number of digits
+        finite_vals = data[isfinite(data)]
+
+        # choose exponential mode based on the non-zero finite values:
+        abs_non_zero = absolute(finite_vals[finite_vals != 0])
+        if len(abs_non_zero) != 0:
+            max_val = np.max(abs_non_zero)
+            min_val = np.min(abs_non_zero)
+            with errstate(over='ignore'):  # division can overflow
+                if max_val >= 1.e8 or (not self.suppress_small and
+                        (min_val < 0.0001 or max_val/min_val > 1000.)):
+                    self.exp_format = True
+
+        # do a first pass of printing all the numbers, to determine sizes
+        if len(finite_vals) == 0:
+            self.pad_left = 0
+            self.pad_right = 0
+            self.trim = '.'
+            self.exp_size = -1
+            self.unique = True
+            self.min_digits = None
+        elif self.exp_format:
+            trim, unique = '.', True
+            if self.floatmode == 'fixed' or self._legacy <= 113:
+                trim, unique = 'k', False
+            strs = (dragon4_scientific(x, precision=self.precision,
+                               unique=unique, trim=trim, sign=self.sign == '+')
+                    for x in finite_vals)
+            frac_strs, _, exp_strs = zip(*(s.partition('e') for s in strs))
+            int_part, frac_part = zip(*(s.split('.') for s in frac_strs))
+            self.exp_size = max(len(s) for s in exp_strs) - 1
+
+            self.trim = 'k'
+            self.precision = max(len(s) for s in frac_part)
+            self.min_digits = self.precision
+            self.unique = unique
+
+            # for back-compat with np 1.13, use 2 spaces & sign and full prec
+            if self._legacy <= 113:
+                self.pad_left = 3
+            else:
+                # this should be only 1 or 2. Can be calculated from sign.
+                self.pad_left = max(len(s) for s in int_part)
+            # pad_right is only needed for nan length calculation
+            self.pad_right = self.exp_size + 2 + self.precision
+        else:
+            trim, unique = '.', True
+            if self.floatmode == 'fixed':
+                trim, unique = 'k', False
+            strs = (dragon4_positional(x, precision=self.precision,
+                                       fractional=True,
+                                       unique=unique, trim=trim,
+                                       sign=self.sign == '+')
+                    for x in finite_vals)
+            int_part, frac_part = zip(*(s.split('.') for s in strs))
+            if self._legacy <= 113:
+                self.pad_left = 1 + max(len(s.lstrip('-+')) for s in int_part)
+            else:
+                self.pad_left = max(len(s) for s in int_part)
+            self.pad_right = max(len(s) for s in frac_part)
+            self.exp_size = -1
+            self.unique = unique
+
+            if self.floatmode in ['fixed', 'maxprec_equal']:
+                self.precision = self.min_digits = self.pad_right
+                self.trim = 'k'
+            else:
+                self.trim = '.'
+                self.min_digits = 0
+
+        if self._legacy > 113:
+            # account for sign = ' ' by adding one to pad_left
+            if self.sign == ' ' and not any(np.signbit(finite_vals)):
+                self.pad_left += 1
+
+        # if there are non-finite values, may need to increase pad_left
+        if data.size != finite_vals.size:
+            neginf = self.sign != '-' or any(data[isinf(data)] < 0)
+            nanlen = len(_format_options['nanstr'])
+            inflen = len(_format_options['infstr']) + neginf
+            offset = self.pad_right + 1  # +1 for decimal pt
+            self.pad_left = max(self.pad_left, nanlen - offset, inflen - offset)
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        if not np.isfinite(x):
+            with errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                if np.isnan(x):
+                    sign = '+' if self.sign == '+' else ''
+                    ret = sign + _format_options['nanstr']
+                else:  # isinf
+                    sign = '-' if x < 0 else '+' if self.sign == '+' else ''
+                    ret = sign + _format_options['infstr']
+                return ' '*(self.pad_left + self.pad_right + 1 - len(ret)) + ret
+
+        if self.exp_format:
+            return dragon4_scientific(x,
+                                      precision=self.precision,
+                                      min_digits=self.min_digits,
+                                      unique=self.unique,
+                                      trim=self.trim,
+                                      sign=self.sign == '+',
+                                      pad_left=self.pad_left,
+                                      exp_digits=self.exp_size)
+        else:
+            return dragon4_positional(x,
+                                      precision=self.precision,
+                                      min_digits=self.min_digits,
+                                      unique=self.unique,
+                                      fractional=True,
+                                      trim=self.trim,
+                                      sign=self.sign == '+',
+                                      pad_left=self.pad_left,
+                                      pad_right=self.pad_right)
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def format_float_scientific(x, precision=None, unique=True, trim='k',
+                            sign=False, pad_left=None, exp_digits=None,
+                            min_digits=None):
+    """
+    Format a floating-point scalar as a decimal string in scientific notation.
+
+    Provides control over rounding, trimming and padding. Uses and assumes
+    IEEE unbiased rounding. Uses the "Dragon4" algorithm.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : python float or numpy floating scalar
+        Value to format.
+    precision : non-negative integer or None, optional
+        Maximum number of digits to print. May be None if `unique` is
+        `True`, but must be an integer if unique is `False`.
+    unique : boolean, optional
+        If `True`, use a digit-generation strategy which gives the shortest
+        representation which uniquely identifies the floating-point number from
+        other values of the same type, by judicious rounding. If `precision`
+        is given fewer digits than necessary can be printed. If `min_digits`
+        is given more can be printed, in which cases the last digit is rounded
+        with unbiased rounding.
+        If `False`, digits are generated as if printing an infinite-precision
+        value and stopping after `precision` digits, rounding the remaining
+        value with unbiased rounding
+    trim : one of 'k', '.', '0', '-', optional
+        Controls post-processing trimming of trailing digits, as follows:
+
+        * 'k' : keep trailing zeros, keep decimal point (no trimming)
+        * '.' : trim all trailing zeros, leave decimal point
+        * '0' : trim all but the zero before the decimal point. Insert the
+          zero if it is missing.
+        * '-' : trim trailing zeros and any trailing decimal point
+    sign : boolean, optional
+        Whether to show the sign for positive values.
+    pad_left : non-negative integer, optional
+        Pad the left side of the string with whitespace until at least that
+        many characters are to the left of the decimal point.
+    exp_digits : non-negative integer, optional
+        Pad the exponent with zeros until it contains at least this many digits.
+        If omitted, the exponent will be at least 2 digits.
+    min_digits : non-negative integer or None, optional
+        Minimum number of digits to print. This only has an effect for
+        `unique=True`. In that case more digits than necessary to uniquely
+        identify the value may be printed and rounded unbiased.
+
+        -- versionadded:: 1.21.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    rep : string
+        The string representation of the floating point value
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    format_float_positional
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.format_float_scientific(np.float32(np.pi))
+    '3.1415927e+00'
+    >>> s = np.float32(1.23e24)
+    >>> np.format_float_scientific(s, unique=False, precision=15)
+    '1.230000071797338e+24'
+    >>> np.format_float_scientific(s, exp_digits=4)
+    '1.23e+0024'
+    """
+    precision = _none_or_positive_arg(precision, 'precision')
+    pad_left = _none_or_positive_arg(pad_left, 'pad_left')
+    exp_digits = _none_or_positive_arg(exp_digits, 'exp_digits')
+    min_digits = _none_or_positive_arg(min_digits, 'min_digits')
+    if min_digits > 0 and precision > 0 and min_digits > precision:
+        raise ValueError("min_digits must be less than or equal to precision")
+    return dragon4_scientific(x, precision=precision, unique=unique,
+                              trim=trim, sign=sign, pad_left=pad_left,
+                              exp_digits=exp_digits, min_digits=min_digits)
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def format_float_positional(x, precision=None, unique=True,
+                            fractional=True, trim='k', sign=False,
+                            pad_left=None, pad_right=None, min_digits=None):
+    """
+    Format a floating-point scalar as a decimal string in positional notation.
+
+    Provides control over rounding, trimming and padding. Uses and assumes
+    IEEE unbiased rounding. Uses the "Dragon4" algorithm.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : python float or numpy floating scalar
+        Value to format.
+    precision : non-negative integer or None, optional
+        Maximum number of digits to print. May be None if `unique` is
+        `True`, but must be an integer if unique is `False`.
+    unique : boolean, optional
+        If `True`, use a digit-generation strategy which gives the shortest
+        representation which uniquely identifies the floating-point number from
+        other values of the same type, by judicious rounding. If `precision`
+        is given fewer digits than necessary can be printed, or if `min_digits`
+        is given more can be printed, in which cases the last digit is rounded
+        with unbiased rounding.
+        If `False`, digits are generated as if printing an infinite-precision
+        value and stopping after `precision` digits, rounding the remaining
+        value with unbiased rounding
+    fractional : boolean, optional
+        If `True`, the cutoffs of `precision` and `min_digits` refer to the
+        total number of digits after the decimal point, including leading
+        zeros.
+        If `False`, `precision` and `min_digits` refer to the total number of
+        significant digits, before or after the decimal point, ignoring leading
+        zeros.
+    trim : one of 'k', '.', '0', '-', optional
+        Controls post-processing trimming of trailing digits, as follows:
+
+        * 'k' : keep trailing zeros, keep decimal point (no trimming)
+        * '.' : trim all trailing zeros, leave decimal point
+        * '0' : trim all but the zero before the decimal point. Insert the
+          zero if it is missing.
+        * '-' : trim trailing zeros and any trailing decimal point
+    sign : boolean, optional
+        Whether to show the sign for positive values.
+    pad_left : non-negative integer, optional
+        Pad the left side of the string with whitespace until at least that
+        many characters are to the left of the decimal point.
+    pad_right : non-negative integer, optional
+        Pad the right side of the string with whitespace until at least that
+        many characters are to the right of the decimal point.
+    min_digits : non-negative integer or None, optional
+        Minimum number of digits to print. Only has an effect if `unique=True`
+        in which case additional digits past those necessary to uniquely
+        identify the value may be printed, rounding the last additional digit.
+
+        -- versionadded:: 1.21.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    rep : string
+        The string representation of the floating point value
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    format_float_scientific
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.format_float_positional(np.float32(np.pi))
+    '3.1415927'
+    >>> np.format_float_positional(np.float16(np.pi))
+    '3.14'
+    >>> np.format_float_positional(np.float16(0.3))
+    '0.3'
+    >>> np.format_float_positional(np.float16(0.3), unique=False, precision=10)
+    '0.3000488281'
+    """
+    precision = _none_or_positive_arg(precision, 'precision')
+    pad_left = _none_or_positive_arg(pad_left, 'pad_left')
+    pad_right = _none_or_positive_arg(pad_right, 'pad_right')
+    min_digits = _none_or_positive_arg(min_digits, 'min_digits')
+    if not fractional and precision == 0:
+        raise ValueError("precision must be greater than 0 if "
+                         "fractional=False")
+    if min_digits > 0 and precision > 0 and min_digits > precision:
+        raise ValueError("min_digits must be less than or equal to precision")
+    return dragon4_positional(x, precision=precision, unique=unique,
+                              fractional=fractional, trim=trim,
+                              sign=sign, pad_left=pad_left,
+                              pad_right=pad_right, min_digits=min_digits)
+
+
+class IntegerFormat:
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        if data.size > 0:
+            max_str_len = max(len(str(np.max(data))),
+                              len(str(np.min(data))))
+        else:
+            max_str_len = 0
+        self.format = '%{}d'.format(max_str_len)
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        return self.format % x
+
+
+class BoolFormat:
+    def __init__(self, data, **kwargs):
+        # add an extra space so " True" and "False" have the same length and
+        # array elements align nicely when printed, except in 0d arrays
+        self.truestr = ' True' if data.shape != () else 'True'
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        return self.truestr if x else "False"
+
+
+class ComplexFloatingFormat:
+    """ Formatter for subtypes of np.complexfloating """
+    def __init__(self, x, precision, floatmode, suppress_small,
+                 sign=False, *, legacy=None):
+        # for backcompatibility, accept bools
+        if isinstance(sign, bool):
+            sign = '+' if sign else '-'
+
+        floatmode_real = floatmode_imag = floatmode
+        if legacy <= 113:
+            floatmode_real = 'maxprec_equal'
+            floatmode_imag = 'maxprec'
+
+        self.real_format = FloatingFormat(
+            x.real, precision, floatmode_real, suppress_small,
+            sign=sign, legacy=legacy
+        )
+        self.imag_format = FloatingFormat(
+            x.imag, precision, floatmode_imag, suppress_small,
+            sign='+', legacy=legacy
+        )
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        r = self.real_format(x.real)
+        i = self.imag_format(x.imag)
+
+        # add the 'j' before the terminal whitespace in i
+        sp = len(i.rstrip())
+        i = i[:sp] + 'j' + i[sp:]
+
+        return r + i
+
+
+class _TimelikeFormat:
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        non_nat = data[~isnat(data)]
+        if len(non_nat) > 0:
+            # Max str length of non-NaT elements
+            max_str_len = max(len(self._format_non_nat(np.max(non_nat))),
+                              len(self._format_non_nat(np.min(non_nat))))
+        else:
+            max_str_len = 0
+        if len(non_nat) < data.size:
+            # data contains a NaT
+            max_str_len = max(max_str_len, 5)
+        self._format = '%{}s'.format(max_str_len)
+        self._nat = "'NaT'".rjust(max_str_len)
+
+    def _format_non_nat(self, x):
+        # override in subclass
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        if isnat(x):
+            return self._nat
+        else:
+            return self._format % self._format_non_nat(x)
+
+
+class DatetimeFormat(_TimelikeFormat):
+    def __init__(self, x, unit=None, timezone=None, casting='same_kind',
+                 legacy=False):
+        # Get the unit from the dtype
+        if unit is None:
+            if x.dtype.kind == 'M':
+                unit = datetime_data(x.dtype)[0]
+            else:
+                unit = 's'
+
+        if timezone is None:
+            timezone = 'naive'
+        self.timezone = timezone
+        self.unit = unit
+        self.casting = casting
+        self.legacy = legacy
+
+        # must be called after the above are configured
+        super().__init__(x)
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        if self.legacy <= 113:
+            return self._format_non_nat(x)
+        return super().__call__(x)
+
+    def _format_non_nat(self, x):
+        return "'%s'" % datetime_as_string(x,
+                                    unit=self.unit,
+                                    timezone=self.timezone,
+                                    casting=self.casting)
+
+
+class TimedeltaFormat(_TimelikeFormat):
+    def _format_non_nat(self, x):
+        return str(x.astype('i8'))
+
+
+class SubArrayFormat:
+    def __init__(self, format_function, **options):
+        self.format_function = format_function
+        self.threshold = options['threshold']
+        self.edge_items = options['edgeitems']
+
+    def __call__(self, a):
+        self.summary_insert = "..." if a.size > self.threshold else ""
+        return self.format_array(a)
+
+    def format_array(self, a):
+        if np.ndim(a) == 0:
+            return self.format_function(a)
+
+        if self.summary_insert and a.shape[0] > 2*self.edge_items:
+            formatted = (
+                [self.format_array(a_) for a_ in a[:self.edge_items]]
+                + [self.summary_insert]
+                + [self.format_array(a_) for a_ in a[-self.edge_items:]]
+            )
+        else:
+            formatted = [self.format_array(a_) for a_ in a]
+
+        return "[" + ", ".join(formatted) + "]"
+
+
+class StructuredVoidFormat:
+    """
+    Formatter for structured np.void objects.
+
+    This does not work on structured alias types like np.dtype(('i4', 'i2,i2')),
+    as alias scalars lose their field information, and the implementation
+    relies upon np.void.__getitem__.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, format_functions):
+        self.format_functions = format_functions
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_data(cls, data, **options):
+        """
+        This is a second way to initialize StructuredVoidFormat, using the raw data
+        as input. Added to avoid changing the signature of __init__.
+        """
+        format_functions = []
+        for field_name in data.dtype.names:
+            format_function = _get_format_function(data[field_name], **options)
+            if data.dtype[field_name].shape != ():
+                format_function = SubArrayFormat(format_function, **options)
+            format_functions.append(format_function)
+        return cls(format_functions)
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        str_fields = [
+            format_function(field)
+            for field, format_function in zip(x, self.format_functions)
+        ]
+        if len(str_fields) == 1:
+            return "({},)".format(str_fields[0])
+        else:
+            return "({})".format(", ".join(str_fields))
+
+
+def _void_scalar_repr(x):
+    """
+    Implements the repr for structured-void scalars. It is called from the
+    scalartypes.c.src code, and is placed here because it uses the elementwise
+    formatters defined above.
+    """
+    return StructuredVoidFormat.from_data(array(x), **_format_options)(x)
+
+
+_typelessdata = [int_, float_, complex_, bool_]
+
+
+def dtype_is_implied(dtype):
+    """
+    Determine if the given dtype is implied by the representation of its values.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dtype : dtype
+        Data type
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    implied : bool
+        True if the dtype is implied by the representation of its values.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.core.arrayprint.dtype_is_implied(int)
+    True
+    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3], int)
+    array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> np.core.arrayprint.dtype_is_implied(np.int8)
+    False
+    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3], np.int8)
+    array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int8)
+    """
+    dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+    if _format_options['legacy'] <= 113 and dtype.type == bool_:
+        return False
+
+    # not just void types can be structured, and names are not part of the repr
+    if dtype.names is not None:
+        return False
+
+    # should care about endianness *unless size is 1* (e.g., int8, bool)
+    if not dtype.isnative:
+        return False
+
+    return dtype.type in _typelessdata
+
+
+def dtype_short_repr(dtype):
+    """
+    Convert a dtype to a short form which evaluates to the same dtype.
+
+    The intent is roughly that the following holds
+
+    >>> from numpy import *
+    >>> dt = np.int64([1, 2]).dtype
+    >>> assert eval(dtype_short_repr(dt)) == dt
+    """
+    if type(dtype).__repr__ != np.dtype.__repr__:
+        # TODO: Custom repr for user DTypes, logic should likely move.
+        return repr(dtype)
+    if dtype.names is not None:
+        # structured dtypes give a list or tuple repr
+        return str(dtype)
+    elif issubclass(dtype.type, flexible):
+        # handle these separately so they don't give garbage like str256
+        return "'%s'" % str(dtype)
+
+    typename = dtype.name
+    if not dtype.isnative:
+        # deal with cases like dtype('<u2') that are identical to an
+        # established dtype (in this case uint16)
+        # except that they have a different endianness.
+        return "'%s'" % str(dtype)
+    # quote typenames which can't be represented as python variable names
+    if typename and not (typename[0].isalpha() and typename.isalnum()):
+        typename = repr(typename)
+    return typename
+
+
+def _array_repr_implementation(
+        arr, max_line_width=None, precision=None, suppress_small=None,
+        array2string=array2string):
+    """Internal version of array_repr() that allows overriding array2string."""
+    if max_line_width is None:
+        max_line_width = _format_options['linewidth']
+
+    if type(arr) is not ndarray:
+        class_name = type(arr).__name__
+    else:
+        class_name = "array"
+
+    skipdtype = dtype_is_implied(arr.dtype) and arr.size > 0
+
+    prefix = class_name + "("
+    suffix = ")" if skipdtype else ","
+
+    if (_format_options['legacy'] <= 113 and
+            arr.shape == () and not arr.dtype.names):
+        lst = repr(arr.item())
+    elif arr.size > 0 or arr.shape == (0,):
+        lst = array2string(arr, max_line_width, precision, suppress_small,
+                           ', ', prefix, suffix=suffix)
+    else:  # show zero-length shape unless it is (0,)
+        lst = "[], shape=%s" % (repr(arr.shape),)
+
+    arr_str = prefix + lst + suffix
+
+    if skipdtype:
+        return arr_str
+
+    dtype_str = "dtype={})".format(dtype_short_repr(arr.dtype))
+
+    # compute whether we should put dtype on a new line: Do so if adding the
+    # dtype would extend the last line past max_line_width.
+    # Note: This line gives the correct result even when rfind returns -1.
+    last_line_len = len(arr_str) - (arr_str.rfind('\n') + 1)
+    spacer = " "
+    if _format_options['legacy'] <= 113:
+        if issubclass(arr.dtype.type, flexible):
+            spacer = '\n' + ' '*len(class_name + "(")
+    elif last_line_len + len(dtype_str) + 1 > max_line_width:
+        spacer = '\n' + ' '*len(class_name + "(")
+
+    return arr_str + spacer + dtype_str
+
+
+def _array_repr_dispatcher(
+        arr, max_line_width=None, precision=None, suppress_small=None):
+    return (arr,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_array_repr_dispatcher, module='numpy')
+def array_repr(arr, max_line_width=None, precision=None, suppress_small=None):
+    """
+    Return the string representation of an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : ndarray
+        Input array.
+    max_line_width : int, optional
+        Inserts newlines if text is longer than `max_line_width`.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['linewidth']``.
+    precision : int, optional
+        Floating point precision.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['precision']``.
+    suppress_small : bool, optional
+        Represent numbers "very close" to zero as zero; default is False.
+        Very close is defined by precision: if the precision is 8, e.g.,
+        numbers smaller (in absolute value) than 5e-9 are represented as
+        zero.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['suppress']``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    string : str
+      The string representation of an array.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    array_str, array2string, set_printoptions
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.array_repr(np.array([1,2]))
+    'array([1, 2])'
+    >>> np.array_repr(np.ma.array([0.]))
+    'MaskedArray([0.])'
+    >>> np.array_repr(np.array([], np.int32))
+    'array([], dtype=int32)'
+
+    >>> x = np.array([1e-6, 4e-7, 2, 3])
+    >>> np.array_repr(x, precision=6, suppress_small=True)
+    'array([0.000001,  0.      ,  2.      ,  3.      ])'
+
+    """
+    return _array_repr_implementation(
+        arr, max_line_width, precision, suppress_small)
+
+
+@_recursive_guard()
+def _guarded_repr_or_str(v):
+    if isinstance(v, bytes):
+        return repr(v)
+    return str(v)
+
+
+def _array_str_implementation(
+        a, max_line_width=None, precision=None, suppress_small=None,
+        array2string=array2string):
+    """Internal version of array_str() that allows overriding array2string."""
+    if (_format_options['legacy'] <= 113 and
+            a.shape == () and not a.dtype.names):
+        return str(a.item())
+
+    # the str of 0d arrays is a special case: It should appear like a scalar,
+    # so floats are not truncated by `precision`, and strings are not wrapped
+    # in quotes. So we return the str of the scalar value.
+    if a.shape == ():
+        # obtain a scalar and call str on it, avoiding problems for subclasses
+        # for which indexing with () returns a 0d instead of a scalar by using
+        # ndarray's getindex. Also guard against recursive 0d object arrays.
+        return _guarded_repr_or_str(np.ndarray.__getitem__(a, ()))
+
+    return array2string(a, max_line_width, precision, suppress_small, ' ', "")
+
+
+def _array_str_dispatcher(
+        a, max_line_width=None, precision=None, suppress_small=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_array_str_dispatcher, module='numpy')
+def array_str(a, max_line_width=None, precision=None, suppress_small=None):
+    """
+    Return a string representation of the data in an array.
+
+    The data in the array is returned as a single string.  This function is
+    similar to `array_repr`, the difference being that `array_repr` also
+    returns information on the kind of array and its data type.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : ndarray
+        Input array.
+    max_line_width : int, optional
+        Inserts newlines if text is longer than `max_line_width`.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['linewidth']``.
+    precision : int, optional
+        Floating point precision.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['precision']``.
+    suppress_small : bool, optional
+        Represent numbers "very close" to zero as zero; default is False.
+        Very close is defined by precision: if the precision is 8, e.g.,
+        numbers smaller (in absolute value) than 5e-9 are represented as
+        zero.
+        Defaults to ``numpy.get_printoptions()['suppress']``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    array2string, array_repr, set_printoptions
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.array_str(np.arange(3))
+    '[0 1 2]'
+
+    """
+    return _array_str_implementation(
+        a, max_line_width, precision, suppress_small)
+
+
+# needed if __array_function__ is disabled
+_array2string_impl = getattr(array2string, '__wrapped__', array2string)
+_default_array_str = functools.partial(_array_str_implementation,
+                                       array2string=_array2string_impl)
+_default_array_repr = functools.partial(_array_repr_implementation,
+                                        array2string=_array2string_impl)
+
+
+def set_string_function(f, repr=True):
+    """
+    Set a Python function to be used when pretty printing arrays.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    f : function or None
+        Function to be used to pretty print arrays. The function should expect
+        a single array argument and return a string of the representation of
+        the array. If None, the function is reset to the default NumPy function
+        to print arrays.
+    repr : bool, optional
+        If True (default), the function for pretty printing (``__repr__``)
+        is set, if False the function that returns the default string
+        representation (``__str__``) is set.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    set_printoptions, get_printoptions
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> def pprint(arr):
+    ...     return 'HA! - What are you going to do now?'
+    ...
+    >>> np.set_string_function(pprint)
+    >>> a = np.arange(10)
+    >>> a
+    HA! - What are you going to do now?
+    >>> _ = a
+    >>> # [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
+
+    We can reset the function to the default:
+
+    >>> np.set_string_function(None)
+    >>> a
+    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+    `repr` affects either pretty printing or normal string representation.
+    Note that ``__repr__`` is still affected by setting ``__str__``
+    because the width of each array element in the returned string becomes
+    equal to the length of the result of ``__str__()``.
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(4)
+    >>> np.set_string_function(lambda x:'random', repr=False)
+    >>> x.__str__()
+    'random'
+    >>> x.__repr__()
+    'array([0, 1, 2, 3])'
+
+    """
+    if f is None:
+        if repr:
+            return multiarray.set_string_function(_default_array_repr, 1)
+        else:
+            return multiarray.set_string_function(_default_array_str, 0)
+    else:
+        return multiarray.set_string_function(f, repr)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/arrayprint.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/arrayprint.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8255387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/arrayprint.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+from types import TracebackType
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any, Literal, TypedDict, SupportsIndex
+
+# Using a private class is by no means ideal, but it is simply a consequence
+# of a `contextlib.context` returning an instance of aforementioned class
+from contextlib import _GeneratorContextManager
+
+from numpy import (
+    ndarray,
+    generic,
+    bool_,
+    integer,
+    timedelta64,
+    datetime64,
+    floating,
+    complexfloating,
+    void,
+    str_,
+    bytes_,
+    longdouble,
+    clongdouble,
+)
+from numpy._typing import ArrayLike, _CharLike_co, _FloatLike_co
+
+_FloatMode = Literal["fixed", "unique", "maxprec", "maxprec_equal"]
+
+class _FormatDict(TypedDict, total=False):
+    bool: Callable[[bool_], str]
+    int: Callable[[integer[Any]], str]
+    timedelta: Callable[[timedelta64], str]
+    datetime: Callable[[datetime64], str]
+    float: Callable[[floating[Any]], str]
+    longfloat: Callable[[longdouble], str]
+    complexfloat: Callable[[complexfloating[Any, Any]], str]
+    longcomplexfloat: Callable[[clongdouble], str]
+    void: Callable[[void], str]
+    numpystr: Callable[[_CharLike_co], str]
+    object: Callable[[object], str]
+    all: Callable[[object], str]
+    int_kind: Callable[[integer[Any]], str]
+    float_kind: Callable[[floating[Any]], str]
+    complex_kind: Callable[[complexfloating[Any, Any]], str]
+    str_kind: Callable[[_CharLike_co], str]
+
+class _FormatOptions(TypedDict):
+    precision: int
+    threshold: int
+    edgeitems: int
+    linewidth: int
+    suppress: bool
+    nanstr: str
+    infstr: str
+    formatter: None | _FormatDict
+    sign: Literal["-", "+", " "]
+    floatmode: _FloatMode
+    legacy: Literal[False, "1.13", "1.21"]
+
+def set_printoptions(
+    precision: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    threshold: None | int = ...,
+    edgeitems: None | int = ...,
+    linewidth: None | int = ...,
+    suppress: None | bool = ...,
+    nanstr: None | str = ...,
+    infstr: None | str = ...,
+    formatter: None | _FormatDict = ...,
+    sign: Literal[None, "-", "+", " "] = ...,
+    floatmode: None | _FloatMode = ...,
+    *,
+    legacy: Literal[None, False, "1.13", "1.21"] = ...
+) -> None: ...
+def get_printoptions() -> _FormatOptions: ...
+def array2string(
+    a: ndarray[Any, Any],
+    max_line_width: None | int = ...,
+    precision: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    suppress_small: None | bool = ...,
+    separator: str = ...,
+    prefix: str = ...,
+    # NOTE: With the `style` argument being deprecated,
+    # all arguments between `formatter` and `suffix` are de facto
+    # keyworld-only arguments
+    *,
+    formatter: None | _FormatDict = ...,
+    threshold: None | int = ...,
+    edgeitems: None | int = ...,
+    sign: Literal[None, "-", "+", " "] = ...,
+    floatmode: None | _FloatMode = ...,
+    suffix: str = ...,
+    legacy: Literal[None, False, "1.13", "1.21"] = ...,
+) -> str: ...
+def format_float_scientific(
+    x: _FloatLike_co,
+    precision: None | int = ...,
+    unique: bool = ...,
+    trim: Literal["k", ".", "0", "-"] = ...,
+    sign: bool = ...,
+    pad_left: None | int = ...,
+    exp_digits: None | int = ...,
+    min_digits: None | int = ...,
+) -> str: ...
+def format_float_positional(
+    x: _FloatLike_co,
+    precision: None | int = ...,
+    unique: bool = ...,
+    fractional: bool = ...,
+    trim: Literal["k", ".", "0", "-"] = ...,
+    sign: bool = ...,
+    pad_left: None | int = ...,
+    pad_right: None | int = ...,
+    min_digits: None | int = ...,
+) -> str: ...
+def array_repr(
+    arr: ndarray[Any, Any],
+    max_line_width: None | int = ...,
+    precision: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    suppress_small: None | bool = ...,
+) -> str: ...
+def array_str(
+    a: ndarray[Any, Any],
+    max_line_width: None | int = ...,
+    precision: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    suppress_small: None | bool = ...,
+) -> str: ...
+def set_string_function(
+    f: None | Callable[[ndarray[Any, Any]], str], repr: bool = ...
+) -> None: ...
+def printoptions(
+    precision: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    threshold: None | int = ...,
+    edgeitems: None | int = ...,
+    linewidth: None | int = ...,
+    suppress: None | bool = ...,
+    nanstr: None | str = ...,
+    infstr: None | str = ...,
+    formatter: None | _FormatDict = ...,
+    sign: Literal[None, "-", "+", " "] = ...,
+    floatmode: None | _FloatMode = ...,
+    *,
+    legacy: Literal[None, False, "1.13", "1.21"] = ...
+) -> _GeneratorContextManager[_FormatOptions]: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/cversions.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/cversions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00159c3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/cversions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""Simple script to compute the api hash of the current API.
+
+The API has is defined by numpy_api_order and ufunc_api_order.
+
+"""
+from os.path import dirname
+
+from code_generators.genapi import fullapi_hash
+from code_generators.numpy_api import full_api
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    curdir = dirname(__file__)
+    print(fullapi_hash(full_api))
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/defchararray.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/defchararray.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11c5a30b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/defchararray.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2914 @@
+"""
+This module contains a set of functions for vectorized string
+operations and methods.
+
+.. note::
+   The `chararray` class exists for backwards compatibility with
+   Numarray, it is not recommended for new development. Starting from numpy
+   1.4, if one needs arrays of strings, it is recommended to use arrays of
+   `dtype` `object_`, `bytes_` or `str_`, and use the free functions
+   in the `numpy.char` module for fast vectorized string operations.
+
+Some methods will only be available if the corresponding string method is
+available in your version of Python.
+
+The preferred alias for `defchararray` is `numpy.char`.
+
+"""
+import functools
+
+from .._utils import set_module
+from .numerictypes import (
+    bytes_, str_, integer, int_, object_, bool_, character)
+from .numeric import ndarray, compare_chararrays
+from .numeric import array as narray
+from numpy.core.multiarray import _vec_string
+from numpy.core import overrides
+from numpy.compat import asbytes
+import numpy
+
+__all__ = [
+    'equal', 'not_equal', 'greater_equal', 'less_equal',
+    'greater', 'less', 'str_len', 'add', 'multiply', 'mod', 'capitalize',
+    'center', 'count', 'decode', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs',
+    'find', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdigit', 'islower', 'isspace',
+    'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'partition',
+    'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit',
+    'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase',
+    'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill', 'isnumeric', 'isdecimal',
+    'array', 'asarray'
+    ]
+
+
+_globalvar = 0
+
+array_function_dispatch = functools.partial(
+    overrides.array_function_dispatch, module='numpy.char')
+
+
+def _is_unicode(arr):
+    """Returns True if arr is a string or a string array with a dtype that
+    represents a unicode string, otherwise returns False.
+
+    """
+    if (isinstance(arr, str) or
+            issubclass(numpy.asarray(arr).dtype.type, str)):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _to_bytes_or_str_array(result, output_dtype_like=None):
+    """
+    Helper function to cast a result back into an array
+    with the appropriate dtype if an object array must be used
+    as an intermediary.
+    """
+    ret = numpy.asarray(result.tolist())
+    dtype = getattr(output_dtype_like, 'dtype', None)
+    if dtype is not None:
+        return ret.astype(type(dtype)(_get_num_chars(ret)), copy=False)
+    return ret
+
+
+def _clean_args(*args):
+    """
+    Helper function for delegating arguments to Python string
+    functions.
+
+    Many of the Python string operations that have optional arguments
+    do not use 'None' to indicate a default value.  In these cases,
+    we need to remove all None arguments, and those following them.
+    """
+    newargs = []
+    for chk in args:
+        if chk is None:
+            break
+        newargs.append(chk)
+    return newargs
+
+def _get_num_chars(a):
+    """
+    Helper function that returns the number of characters per field in
+    a string or unicode array.  This is to abstract out the fact that
+    for a unicode array this is itemsize / 4.
+    """
+    if issubclass(a.dtype.type, str_):
+        return a.itemsize // 4
+    return a.itemsize
+
+
+def _binary_op_dispatcher(x1, x2):
+    return (x1, x2)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_binary_op_dispatcher)
+def equal(x1, x2):
+    """
+    Return (x1 == x2) element-wise.
+
+    Unlike `numpy.equal`, this comparison is performed by first
+    stripping whitespace characters from the end of the string.  This
+    behavior is provided for backward-compatibility with numarray.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x1, x2 : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input arrays of the same shape.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    not_equal, greater_equal, less_equal, greater, less
+    """
+    return compare_chararrays(x1, x2, '==', True)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_binary_op_dispatcher)
+def not_equal(x1, x2):
+    """
+    Return (x1 != x2) element-wise.
+
+    Unlike `numpy.not_equal`, this comparison is performed by first
+    stripping whitespace characters from the end of the string.  This
+    behavior is provided for backward-compatibility with numarray.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x1, x2 : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input arrays of the same shape.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    equal, greater_equal, less_equal, greater, less
+    """
+    return compare_chararrays(x1, x2, '!=', True)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_binary_op_dispatcher)
+def greater_equal(x1, x2):
+    """
+    Return (x1 >= x2) element-wise.
+
+    Unlike `numpy.greater_equal`, this comparison is performed by
+    first stripping whitespace characters from the end of the string.
+    This behavior is provided for backward-compatibility with
+    numarray.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x1, x2 : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input arrays of the same shape.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    equal, not_equal, less_equal, greater, less
+    """
+    return compare_chararrays(x1, x2, '>=', True)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_binary_op_dispatcher)
+def less_equal(x1, x2):
+    """
+    Return (x1 <= x2) element-wise.
+
+    Unlike `numpy.less_equal`, this comparison is performed by first
+    stripping whitespace characters from the end of the string.  This
+    behavior is provided for backward-compatibility with numarray.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x1, x2 : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input arrays of the same shape.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    equal, not_equal, greater_equal, greater, less
+    """
+    return compare_chararrays(x1, x2, '<=', True)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_binary_op_dispatcher)
+def greater(x1, x2):
+    """
+    Return (x1 > x2) element-wise.
+
+    Unlike `numpy.greater`, this comparison is performed by first
+    stripping whitespace characters from the end of the string.  This
+    behavior is provided for backward-compatibility with numarray.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x1, x2 : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input arrays of the same shape.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    equal, not_equal, greater_equal, less_equal, less
+    """
+    return compare_chararrays(x1, x2, '>', True)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_binary_op_dispatcher)
+def less(x1, x2):
+    """
+    Return (x1 < x2) element-wise.
+
+    Unlike `numpy.greater`, this comparison is performed by first
+    stripping whitespace characters from the end of the string.  This
+    behavior is provided for backward-compatibility with numarray.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x1, x2 : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input arrays of the same shape.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    equal, not_equal, greater_equal, less_equal, greater
+    """
+    return compare_chararrays(x1, x2, '<', True)
+
+
+def _unary_op_dispatcher(a):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def str_len(a):
+    """
+    Return len(a) element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of integers
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    len
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array(['Grace Hopper Conference', 'Open Source Day'])
+    >>> np.char.str_len(a)
+    array([23, 15])
+    >>> a = np.array([u'\u0420', u'\u043e'])
+    >>> np.char.str_len(a)
+    array([1, 1])
+    >>> a = np.array([['hello', 'world'], [u'\u0420', u'\u043e']])
+    >>> np.char.str_len(a)
+    array([[5, 5], [1, 1]])
+    """
+    # Note: __len__, etc. currently return ints, which are not C-integers.
+    # Generally intp would be expected for lengths, although int is sufficient
+    # due to the dtype itemsize limitation.
+    return _vec_string(a, int_, '__len__')
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_binary_op_dispatcher)
+def add(x1, x2):
+    """
+    Return element-wise string concatenation for two arrays of str or unicode.
+
+    Arrays `x1` and `x2` must have the same shape.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x1 : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input array.
+    x2 : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    add : ndarray
+        Output array of `bytes_` or `str_`, depending on input types
+        of the same shape as `x1` and `x2`.
+
+    """
+    arr1 = numpy.asarray(x1)
+    arr2 = numpy.asarray(x2)
+    out_size = _get_num_chars(arr1) + _get_num_chars(arr2)
+
+    if type(arr1.dtype) != type(arr2.dtype):
+        # Enforce this for now.  The solution to it will be implement add
+        # as a ufunc.  It never worked right on Python 3: bytes + unicode gave
+        # nonsense unicode + bytes errored, and unicode + object used the
+        # object dtype itemsize as num chars (worked on short strings).
+        # bytes + void worked but promoting void->bytes is dubious also.
+        raise TypeError(
+            "np.char.add() requires both arrays of the same dtype kind, but "
+            f"got dtypes: '{arr1.dtype}' and '{arr2.dtype}' (the few cases "
+            "where this used to work often lead to incorrect results).")
+
+    return _vec_string(arr1, type(arr1.dtype)(out_size), '__add__', (arr2,))
+
+def _multiply_dispatcher(a, i):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_multiply_dispatcher)
+def multiply(a, i):
+    """
+    Return (a * i), that is string multiple concatenation,
+    element-wise.
+
+    Values in `i` of less than 0 are treated as 0 (which yields an
+    empty string).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    i : array_like of ints
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input types
+    
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array(["a", "b", "c"])
+    >>> np.char.multiply(x, 3)
+    array(['aaa', 'bbb', 'ccc'], dtype='<U3')
+    >>> i = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> np.char.multiply(a, i)
+    array(['a', 'bb', 'ccc'], dtype='<U3')
+    >>> np.char.multiply(np.array(['a']), i)
+    array(['a', 'aa', 'aaa'], dtype='<U3')
+    >>> a = np.array(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']).reshape((2, 3))
+    >>> np.char.multiply(a, 3)
+    array([['aaa', 'bbb', 'ccc'],
+           ['ddd', 'eee', 'fff']], dtype='<U3')
+    >>> np.char.multiply(a, i)
+    array([['a', 'bb', 'ccc'],
+           ['d', 'ee', 'fff']], dtype='<U3')
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    i_arr = numpy.asarray(i)
+    if not issubclass(i_arr.dtype.type, integer):
+        raise ValueError("Can only multiply by integers")
+    out_size = _get_num_chars(a_arr) * max(int(i_arr.max()), 0)
+    return _vec_string(
+        a_arr, type(a_arr.dtype)(out_size), '__mul__', (i_arr,))
+
+
+def _mod_dispatcher(a, values):
+    return (a, values)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_mod_dispatcher)
+def mod(a, values):
+    """
+    Return (a % i), that is pre-Python 2.6 string formatting
+    (interpolation), element-wise for a pair of array_likes of str
+    or unicode.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    values : array_like of values
+       These values will be element-wise interpolated into the string.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input types
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.__mod__
+
+    """
+    return _to_bytes_or_str_array(
+        _vec_string(a, object_, '__mod__', (values,)), a)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def capitalize(a):
+    """
+    Return a copy of `a` with only the first character of each element
+    capitalized.
+
+    Calls `str.capitalize` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input array of strings to capitalize.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input
+        types
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.capitalize
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c = np.array(['a1b2','1b2a','b2a1','2a1b'],'S4'); c
+    array(['a1b2', '1b2a', 'b2a1', '2a1b'],
+        dtype='|S4')
+    >>> np.char.capitalize(c)
+    array(['A1b2', '1b2a', 'B2a1', '2a1b'],
+        dtype='|S4')
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    return _vec_string(a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'capitalize')
+
+
+def _center_dispatcher(a, width, fillchar=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_center_dispatcher)
+def center(a, width, fillchar=' '):
+    """
+    Return a copy of `a` with its elements centered in a string of
+    length `width`.
+
+    Calls `str.center` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    width : int
+        The length of the resulting strings
+    fillchar : str or unicode, optional
+        The padding character to use (default is space).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input
+        types
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.center
+    
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function is intended to work with arrays of strings.  The
+    fill character is not applied to numeric types.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c = np.array(['a1b2','1b2a','b2a1','2a1b']); c
+    array(['a1b2', '1b2a', 'b2a1', '2a1b'], dtype='<U4')
+    >>> np.char.center(c, width=9)
+    array(['   a1b2  ', '   1b2a  ', '   b2a1  ', '   2a1b  '], dtype='<U9')
+    >>> np.char.center(c, width=9, fillchar='*')
+    array(['***a1b2**', '***1b2a**', '***b2a1**', '***2a1b**'], dtype='<U9')
+    >>> np.char.center(c, width=1)
+    array(['a', '1', 'b', '2'], dtype='<U1')
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    width_arr = numpy.asarray(width)
+    size = int(numpy.max(width_arr.flat))
+    if numpy.issubdtype(a_arr.dtype, numpy.bytes_):
+        fillchar = asbytes(fillchar)
+    return _vec_string(
+        a_arr, type(a_arr.dtype)(size), 'center', (width_arr, fillchar))
+
+
+def _count_dispatcher(a, sub, start=None, end=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_count_dispatcher)
+def count(a, sub, start=0, end=None):
+    """
+    Returns an array with the number of non-overlapping occurrences of
+    substring `sub` in the range [`start`, `end`].
+
+    Calls `str.count` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    sub : str or unicode
+       The substring to search for.
+
+    start, end : int, optional
+       Optional arguments `start` and `end` are interpreted as slice
+       notation to specify the range in which to count.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of ints.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.count
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c = np.array(['aAaAaA', '  aA  ', 'abBABba'])
+    >>> c
+    array(['aAaAaA', '  aA  ', 'abBABba'], dtype='<U7')
+    >>> np.char.count(c, 'A')
+    array([3, 1, 1])
+    >>> np.char.count(c, 'aA')
+    array([3, 1, 0])
+    >>> np.char.count(c, 'A', start=1, end=4)
+    array([2, 1, 1])
+    >>> np.char.count(c, 'A', start=1, end=3)
+    array([1, 0, 0])
+
+    """
+    return _vec_string(a, int_, 'count', [sub, start] + _clean_args(end))
+
+
+def _code_dispatcher(a, encoding=None, errors=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_code_dispatcher)
+def decode(a, encoding=None, errors=None):
+    r"""
+    Calls ``bytes.decode`` element-wise.
+
+    The set of available codecs comes from the Python standard library,
+    and may be extended at runtime.  For more information, see the
+    :mod:`codecs` module.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    encoding : str, optional
+       The name of an encoding
+
+    errors : str, optional
+       Specifies how to handle encoding errors
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :py:meth:`bytes.decode`
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The type of the result will depend on the encoding specified.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c = np.array([b'\x81\xc1\x81\xc1\x81\xc1', b'@@\x81\xc1@@',
+    ...               b'\x81\x82\xc2\xc1\xc2\x82\x81'])
+    >>> c
+    array([b'\x81\xc1\x81\xc1\x81\xc1', b'@@\x81\xc1@@',
+    ...    b'\x81\x82\xc2\xc1\xc2\x82\x81'], dtype='|S7')
+    >>> np.char.decode(c, encoding='cp037')
+    array(['aAaAaA', '  aA  ', 'abBABba'], dtype='<U7')
+
+    """
+    return _to_bytes_or_str_array(
+        _vec_string(a, object_, 'decode', _clean_args(encoding, errors)))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_code_dispatcher)
+def encode(a, encoding=None, errors=None):
+    """
+    Calls `str.encode` element-wise.
+
+    The set of available codecs comes from the Python standard library,
+    and may be extended at runtime. For more information, see the codecs
+    module.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    encoding : str, optional
+       The name of an encoding
+
+    errors : str, optional
+       Specifies how to handle encoding errors
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.encode
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The type of the result will depend on the encoding specified.
+
+    """
+    return _to_bytes_or_str_array(
+        _vec_string(a, object_, 'encode', _clean_args(encoding, errors)))
+
+
+def _endswith_dispatcher(a, suffix, start=None, end=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_endswith_dispatcher)
+def endswith(a, suffix, start=0, end=None):
+    """
+    Returns a boolean array which is `True` where the string element
+    in `a` ends with `suffix`, otherwise `False`.
+
+    Calls `str.endswith` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    suffix : str
+
+    start, end : int, optional
+        With optional `start`, test beginning at that position. With
+        optional `end`, stop comparing at that position.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Outputs an array of bools.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.endswith
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> s = np.array(['foo', 'bar'])
+    >>> s[0] = 'foo'
+    >>> s[1] = 'bar'
+    >>> s
+    array(['foo', 'bar'], dtype='<U3')
+    >>> np.char.endswith(s, 'ar')
+    array([False,  True])
+    >>> np.char.endswith(s, 'a', start=1, end=2)
+    array([False,  True])
+
+    """
+    return _vec_string(
+        a, bool_, 'endswith', [suffix, start] + _clean_args(end))
+
+
+def _expandtabs_dispatcher(a, tabsize=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_expandtabs_dispatcher)
+def expandtabs(a, tabsize=8):
+    """
+    Return a copy of each string element where all tab characters are
+    replaced by one or more spaces.
+
+    Calls `str.expandtabs` element-wise.
+
+    Return a copy of each string element where all tab characters are
+    replaced by one or more spaces, depending on the current column
+    and the given `tabsize`. The column number is reset to zero after
+    each newline occurring in the string. This doesn't understand other
+    non-printing characters or escape sequences.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input array
+    tabsize : int, optional
+        Replace tabs with `tabsize` number of spaces.  If not given defaults
+        to 8 spaces.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.expandtabs
+
+    """
+    return _to_bytes_or_str_array(
+        _vec_string(a, object_, 'expandtabs', (tabsize,)), a)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_count_dispatcher)
+def find(a, sub, start=0, end=None):
+    """
+    For each element, return the lowest index in the string where
+    substring `sub` is found.
+
+    Calls `str.find` element-wise.
+
+    For each element, return the lowest index in the string where
+    substring `sub` is found, such that `sub` is contained in the
+    range [`start`, `end`].
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    sub : str or unicode
+
+    start, end : int, optional
+        Optional arguments `start` and `end` are interpreted as in
+        slice notation.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray or int
+        Output array of ints.  Returns -1 if `sub` is not found.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.find
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array(["NumPy is a Python library"])
+    >>> np.char.find(a, "Python", start=0, end=None)
+    array([11])
+
+    """
+    return _vec_string(
+        a, int_, 'find', [sub, start] + _clean_args(end))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_count_dispatcher)
+def index(a, sub, start=0, end=None):
+    """
+    Like `find`, but raises `ValueError` when the substring is not found.
+
+    Calls `str.index` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    sub : str or unicode
+
+    start, end : int, optional
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of ints.  Returns -1 if `sub` is not found.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    find, str.find
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array(["Computer Science"])
+    >>> np.char.index(a, "Science", start=0, end=None)
+    array([9])
+
+    """
+    return _vec_string(
+        a, int_, 'index', [sub, start] + _clean_args(end))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def isalnum(a):
+    """
+    Returns true for each element if all characters in the string are
+    alphanumeric and there is at least one character, false otherwise.
+
+    Calls `str.isalnum` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.isalnum
+    """
+    return _vec_string(a, bool_, 'isalnum')
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def isalpha(a):
+    """
+    Returns true for each element if all characters in the string are
+    alphabetic and there is at least one character, false otherwise.
+
+    Calls `str.isalpha` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.isalpha
+    """
+    return _vec_string(a, bool_, 'isalpha')
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def isdigit(a):
+    """
+    Returns true for each element if all characters in the string are
+    digits and there is at least one character, false otherwise.
+
+    Calls `str.isdigit` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.isdigit
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array(['a', 'b', '0'])
+    >>> np.char.isdigit(a)
+    array([False, False,  True])
+    >>> a = np.array([['a', 'b', '0'], ['c', '1', '2']])
+    >>> np.char.isdigit(a)
+    array([[False, False,  True], [False,  True,  True]])
+    """
+    return _vec_string(a, bool_, 'isdigit')
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def islower(a):
+    """
+    Returns true for each element if all cased characters in the
+    string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character,
+    false otherwise.
+
+    Calls `str.islower` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.islower
+    """
+    return _vec_string(a, bool_, 'islower')
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def isspace(a):
+    """
+    Returns true for each element if there are only whitespace
+    characters in the string and there is at least one character,
+    false otherwise.
+
+    Calls `str.isspace` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.isspace
+    """
+    return _vec_string(a, bool_, 'isspace')
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def istitle(a):
+    """
+    Returns true for each element if the element is a titlecased
+    string and there is at least one character, false otherwise.
+
+    Call `str.istitle` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.istitle
+    """
+    return _vec_string(a, bool_, 'istitle')
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def isupper(a):
+    """
+    Return true for each element if all cased characters in the
+    string are uppercase and there is at least one character, false
+    otherwise.
+
+    Call `str.isupper` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of bools
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.isupper
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> str = "GHC"
+    >>> np.char.isupper(str)
+    array(True)     
+    >>> a = np.array(["hello", "HELLO", "Hello"])
+    >>> np.char.isupper(a)
+    array([False,  True, False]) 
+
+    """
+    return _vec_string(a, bool_, 'isupper')
+
+
+def _join_dispatcher(sep, seq):
+    return (sep, seq)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_join_dispatcher)
+def join(sep, seq):
+    """
+    Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
+    sequence `seq`.
+
+    Calls `str.join` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sep : array_like of str or unicode
+    seq : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input types
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.join
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.char.join('-', 'osd')
+    array('o-s-d', dtype='<U5')
+
+    >>> np.char.join(['-', '.'], ['ghc', 'osd'])
+    array(['g-h-c', 'o.s.d'], dtype='<U5')
+
+    """
+    return _to_bytes_or_str_array(
+        _vec_string(sep, object_, 'join', (seq,)), seq)
+
+
+
+def _just_dispatcher(a, width, fillchar=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_just_dispatcher)
+def ljust(a, width, fillchar=' '):
+    """
+    Return an array with the elements of `a` left-justified in a
+    string of length `width`.
+
+    Calls `str.ljust` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    width : int
+        The length of the resulting strings
+    fillchar : str or unicode, optional
+        The character to use for padding
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.ljust
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    width_arr = numpy.asarray(width)
+    size = int(numpy.max(width_arr.flat))
+    if numpy.issubdtype(a_arr.dtype, numpy.bytes_):
+        fillchar = asbytes(fillchar)
+    return _vec_string(
+        a_arr, type(a_arr.dtype)(size), 'ljust', (width_arr, fillchar))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def lower(a):
+    """
+    Return an array with the elements converted to lowercase.
+
+    Call `str.lower` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like, {str, unicode}
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray, {str, unicode}
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.lower
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c = np.array(['A1B C', '1BCA', 'BCA1']); c
+    array(['A1B C', '1BCA', 'BCA1'], dtype='<U5')
+    >>> np.char.lower(c)
+    array(['a1b c', '1bca', 'bca1'], dtype='<U5')
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    return _vec_string(a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'lower')
+
+
+def _strip_dispatcher(a, chars=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_strip_dispatcher)
+def lstrip(a, chars=None):
+    """
+    For each element in `a`, return a copy with the leading characters
+    removed.
+
+    Calls `str.lstrip` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array-like, {str, unicode}
+        Input array.
+
+    chars : {str, unicode}, optional
+        The `chars` argument is a string specifying the set of
+        characters to be removed. If omitted or None, the `chars`
+        argument defaults to removing whitespace. The `chars` argument
+        is not a prefix; rather, all combinations of its values are
+        stripped.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray, {str, unicode}
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.lstrip
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c = np.array(['aAaAaA', '  aA  ', 'abBABba'])
+    >>> c
+    array(['aAaAaA', '  aA  ', 'abBABba'], dtype='<U7')
+
+    The 'a' variable is unstripped from c[1] because whitespace leading.
+
+    >>> np.char.lstrip(c, 'a')
+    array(['AaAaA', '  aA  ', 'bBABba'], dtype='<U7')
+
+
+    >>> np.char.lstrip(c, 'A') # leaves c unchanged
+    array(['aAaAaA', '  aA  ', 'abBABba'], dtype='<U7')
+    >>> (np.char.lstrip(c, ' ') == np.char.lstrip(c, '')).all()
+    ... # XXX: is this a regression? This used to return True
+    ... # np.char.lstrip(c,'') does not modify c at all.
+    False
+    >>> (np.char.lstrip(c, ' ') == np.char.lstrip(c, None)).all()
+    True
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    return _vec_string(a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'lstrip', (chars,))
+
+
+def _partition_dispatcher(a, sep):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_partition_dispatcher)
+def partition(a, sep):
+    """
+    Partition each element in `a` around `sep`.
+
+    Calls `str.partition` element-wise.
+
+    For each element in `a`, split the element as the first
+    occurrence of `sep`, and return 3 strings containing the part
+    before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after
+    the separator. If the separator is not found, return 3 strings
+    containing the string itself, followed by two empty strings.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like, {str, unicode}
+        Input array
+    sep : {str, unicode}
+        Separator to split each string element in `a`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray, {str, unicode}
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type.
+        The output array will have an extra dimension with 3
+        elements per input element.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.partition
+
+    """
+    return _to_bytes_or_str_array(
+        _vec_string(a, object_, 'partition', (sep,)), a)
+
+
+def _replace_dispatcher(a, old, new, count=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_replace_dispatcher)
+def replace(a, old, new, count=None):
+    """
+    For each element in `a`, return a copy of the string with all
+    occurrences of substring `old` replaced by `new`.
+
+    Calls `str.replace` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array-like of str or unicode
+
+    old, new : str or unicode
+
+    count : int, optional
+        If the optional argument `count` is given, only the first
+        `count` occurrences are replaced.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.replace
+    
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array(["That is a mango", "Monkeys eat mangos"])
+    >>> np.char.replace(a, 'mango', 'banana')
+    array(['That is a banana', 'Monkeys eat bananas'], dtype='<U19')
+
+    >>> a = np.array(["The dish is fresh", "This is it"])
+    >>> np.char.replace(a, 'is', 'was')
+    array(['The dwash was fresh', 'Thwas was it'], dtype='<U19')
+    """
+    return _to_bytes_or_str_array(
+        _vec_string(a, object_, 'replace', [old, new] + _clean_args(count)), a)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_count_dispatcher)
+def rfind(a, sub, start=0, end=None):
+    """
+    For each element in `a`, return the highest index in the string
+    where substring `sub` is found, such that `sub` is contained
+    within [`start`, `end`].
+
+    Calls `str.rfind` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array-like of str or unicode
+
+    sub : str or unicode
+
+    start, end : int, optional
+        Optional arguments `start` and `end` are interpreted as in
+        slice notation.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+       Output array of ints.  Return -1 on failure.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.rfind
+
+    """
+    return _vec_string(
+        a, int_, 'rfind', [sub, start] + _clean_args(end))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_count_dispatcher)
+def rindex(a, sub, start=0, end=None):
+    """
+    Like `rfind`, but raises `ValueError` when the substring `sub` is
+    not found.
+
+    Calls `str.rindex` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array-like of str or unicode
+
+    sub : str or unicode
+
+    start, end : int, optional
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+       Output array of ints.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    rfind, str.rindex
+
+    """
+    return _vec_string(
+        a, int_, 'rindex', [sub, start] + _clean_args(end))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_just_dispatcher)
+def rjust(a, width, fillchar=' '):
+    """
+    Return an array with the elements of `a` right-justified in a
+    string of length `width`.
+
+    Calls `str.rjust` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    width : int
+        The length of the resulting strings
+    fillchar : str or unicode, optional
+        The character to use for padding
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.rjust
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    width_arr = numpy.asarray(width)
+    size = int(numpy.max(width_arr.flat))
+    if numpy.issubdtype(a_arr.dtype, numpy.bytes_):
+        fillchar = asbytes(fillchar)
+    return _vec_string(
+        a_arr, type(a_arr.dtype)(size), 'rjust', (width_arr, fillchar))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_partition_dispatcher)
+def rpartition(a, sep):
+    """
+    Partition (split) each element around the right-most separator.
+
+    Calls `str.rpartition` element-wise.
+
+    For each element in `a`, split the element as the last
+    occurrence of `sep`, and return 3 strings containing the part
+    before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after
+    the separator. If the separator is not found, return 3 strings
+    containing the string itself, followed by two empty strings.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+        Input array
+    sep : str or unicode
+        Right-most separator to split each element in array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of string or unicode, depending on input
+        type.  The output array will have an extra dimension with
+        3 elements per input element.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.rpartition
+
+    """
+    return _to_bytes_or_str_array(
+        _vec_string(a, object_, 'rpartition', (sep,)), a)
+
+
+def _split_dispatcher(a, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_split_dispatcher)
+def rsplit(a, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
+    """
+    For each element in `a`, return a list of the words in the
+    string, using `sep` as the delimiter string.
+
+    Calls `str.rsplit` element-wise.
+
+    Except for splitting from the right, `rsplit`
+    behaves like `split`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    sep : str or unicode, optional
+        If `sep` is not specified or None, any whitespace string
+        is a separator.
+    maxsplit : int, optional
+        If `maxsplit` is given, at most `maxsplit` splits are done,
+        the rightmost ones.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+       Array of list objects
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.rsplit, split
+
+    """
+    # This will return an array of lists of different sizes, so we
+    # leave it as an object array
+    return _vec_string(
+        a, object_, 'rsplit', [sep] + _clean_args(maxsplit))
+
+
+def _strip_dispatcher(a, chars=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_strip_dispatcher)
+def rstrip(a, chars=None):
+    """
+    For each element in `a`, return a copy with the trailing
+    characters removed.
+
+    Calls `str.rstrip` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array-like of str or unicode
+
+    chars : str or unicode, optional
+       The `chars` argument is a string specifying the set of
+       characters to be removed. If omitted or None, the `chars`
+       argument defaults to removing whitespace. The `chars` argument
+       is not a suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are
+       stripped.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.rstrip
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c = np.array(['aAaAaA', 'abBABba'], dtype='S7'); c
+    array(['aAaAaA', 'abBABba'],
+        dtype='|S7')
+    >>> np.char.rstrip(c, b'a')
+    array(['aAaAaA', 'abBABb'],
+        dtype='|S7')
+    >>> np.char.rstrip(c, b'A')
+    array(['aAaAa', 'abBABba'],
+        dtype='|S7')
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    return _vec_string(a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'rstrip', (chars,))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_split_dispatcher)
+def split(a, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
+    """
+    For each element in `a`, return a list of the words in the
+    string, using `sep` as the delimiter string.
+
+    Calls `str.split` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    sep : str or unicode, optional
+       If `sep` is not specified or None, any whitespace string is a
+       separator.
+
+    maxsplit : int, optional
+        If `maxsplit` is given, at most `maxsplit` splits are done.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of list objects
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.split, rsplit
+
+    """
+    # This will return an array of lists of different sizes, so we
+    # leave it as an object array
+    return _vec_string(
+        a, object_, 'split', [sep] + _clean_args(maxsplit))
+
+
+def _splitlines_dispatcher(a, keepends=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_splitlines_dispatcher)
+def splitlines(a, keepends=None):
+    """
+    For each element in `a`, return a list of the lines in the
+    element, breaking at line boundaries.
+
+    Calls `str.splitlines` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    keepends : bool, optional
+        Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless
+        keepends is given and true.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of list objects
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.splitlines
+
+    """
+    return _vec_string(
+        a, object_, 'splitlines', _clean_args(keepends))
+
+
+def _startswith_dispatcher(a, prefix, start=None, end=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_startswith_dispatcher)
+def startswith(a, prefix, start=0, end=None):
+    """
+    Returns a boolean array which is `True` where the string element
+    in `a` starts with `prefix`, otherwise `False`.
+
+    Calls `str.startswith` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like of str or unicode
+
+    prefix : str
+
+    start, end : int, optional
+        With optional `start`, test beginning at that position. With
+        optional `end`, stop comparing at that position.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of booleans
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.startswith
+
+    """
+    return _vec_string(
+        a, bool_, 'startswith', [prefix, start] + _clean_args(end))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_strip_dispatcher)
+def strip(a, chars=None):
+    """
+    For each element in `a`, return a copy with the leading and
+    trailing characters removed.
+
+    Calls `str.strip` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array-like of str or unicode
+
+    chars : str or unicode, optional
+       The `chars` argument is a string specifying the set of
+       characters to be removed. If omitted or None, the `chars`
+       argument defaults to removing whitespace. The `chars` argument
+       is not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its
+       values are stripped.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.strip
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c = np.array(['aAaAaA', '  aA  ', 'abBABba'])
+    >>> c
+    array(['aAaAaA', '  aA  ', 'abBABba'], dtype='<U7')
+    >>> np.char.strip(c)
+    array(['aAaAaA', 'aA', 'abBABba'], dtype='<U7')
+    >>> np.char.strip(c, 'a') # 'a' unstripped from c[1] because whitespace leads
+    array(['AaAaA', '  aA  ', 'bBABb'], dtype='<U7')
+    >>> np.char.strip(c, 'A') # 'A' unstripped from c[1] because (unprinted) ws trails
+    array(['aAaAa', '  aA  ', 'abBABba'], dtype='<U7')
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    return _vec_string(a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'strip', _clean_args(chars))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def swapcase(a):
+    """
+    Return element-wise a copy of the string with
+    uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa.
+
+    Calls `str.swapcase` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like, {str, unicode}
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray, {str, unicode}
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.swapcase
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c=np.array(['a1B c','1b Ca','b Ca1','cA1b'],'S5'); c
+    array(['a1B c', '1b Ca', 'b Ca1', 'cA1b'],
+        dtype='|S5')
+    >>> np.char.swapcase(c)
+    array(['A1b C', '1B cA', 'B cA1', 'Ca1B'],
+        dtype='|S5')
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    return _vec_string(a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'swapcase')
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def title(a):
+    """
+    Return element-wise title cased version of string or unicode.
+
+    Title case words start with uppercase characters, all remaining cased
+    characters are lowercase.
+
+    Calls `str.title` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like, {str, unicode}
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.title
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c=np.array(['a1b c','1b ca','b ca1','ca1b'],'S5'); c
+    array(['a1b c', '1b ca', 'b ca1', 'ca1b'],
+        dtype='|S5')
+    >>> np.char.title(c)
+    array(['A1B C', '1B Ca', 'B Ca1', 'Ca1B'],
+        dtype='|S5')
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    return _vec_string(a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'title')
+
+
+def _translate_dispatcher(a, table, deletechars=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_translate_dispatcher)
+def translate(a, table, deletechars=None):
+    """
+    For each element in `a`, return a copy of the string where all
+    characters occurring in the optional argument `deletechars` are
+    removed, and the remaining characters have been mapped through the
+    given translation table.
+
+    Calls `str.translate` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array-like of str or unicode
+
+    table : str of length 256
+
+    deletechars : str
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.translate
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    if issubclass(a_arr.dtype.type, str_):
+        return _vec_string(
+            a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'translate', (table,))
+    else:
+        return _vec_string(
+            a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'translate', [table] + _clean_args(deletechars))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def upper(a):
+    """
+    Return an array with the elements converted to uppercase.
+
+    Calls `str.upper` element-wise.
+
+    For 8-bit strings, this method is locale-dependent.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like, {str, unicode}
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray, {str, unicode}
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.upper
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> c = np.array(['a1b c', '1bca', 'bca1']); c
+    array(['a1b c', '1bca', 'bca1'], dtype='<U5')
+    >>> np.char.upper(c)
+    array(['A1B C', '1BCA', 'BCA1'], dtype='<U5')
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    return _vec_string(a_arr, a_arr.dtype, 'upper')
+
+
+def _zfill_dispatcher(a, width):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_zfill_dispatcher)
+def zfill(a, width):
+    """
+    Return the numeric string left-filled with zeros
+
+    Calls `str.zfill` element-wise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like, {str, unicode}
+        Input array.
+    width : int
+        Width of string to left-fill elements in `a`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray, {str, unicode}
+        Output array of str or unicode, depending on input type
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.zfill
+
+    """
+    a_arr = numpy.asarray(a)
+    width_arr = numpy.asarray(width)
+    size = int(numpy.max(width_arr.flat))
+    return _vec_string(
+        a_arr, type(a_arr.dtype)(size), 'zfill', (width_arr,))
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def isnumeric(a):
+    """
+    For each element, return True if there are only numeric
+    characters in the element.
+
+    Calls `str.isnumeric` element-wise.
+
+    Numeric characters include digit characters, and all characters
+    that have the Unicode numeric value property, e.g. ``U+2155,
+    VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like, unicode
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray, bool
+        Array of booleans of same shape as `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.isnumeric
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.char.isnumeric(['123', '123abc', '9.0', '1/4', 'VIII'])
+    array([ True, False, False, False, False])
+
+    """
+    if not _is_unicode(a):
+        raise TypeError("isnumeric is only available for Unicode strings and arrays")
+    return _vec_string(a, bool_, 'isnumeric')
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_unary_op_dispatcher)
+def isdecimal(a):
+    """
+    For each element, return True if there are only decimal
+    characters in the element.
+
+    Calls `str.isdecimal` element-wise.
+
+    Decimal characters include digit characters, and all characters
+    that can be used to form decimal-radix numbers,
+    e.g. ``U+0660, ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like, unicode
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray, bool
+        Array of booleans identical in shape to `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    str.isdecimal
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.char.isdecimal(['12345', '4.99', '123ABC', ''])
+    array([ True, False, False, False])
+
+    """ 
+    if not _is_unicode(a):
+        raise TypeError(
+            "isdecimal is only available for Unicode strings and arrays")
+    return _vec_string(a, bool_, 'isdecimal')
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+class chararray(ndarray):
+    """
+    chararray(shape, itemsize=1, unicode=False, buffer=None, offset=0,
+              strides=None, order=None)
+
+    Provides a convenient view on arrays of string and unicode values.
+
+    .. note::
+       The `chararray` class exists for backwards compatibility with
+       Numarray, it is not recommended for new development. Starting from numpy
+       1.4, if one needs arrays of strings, it is recommended to use arrays of
+       `dtype` `object_`, `bytes_` or `str_`, and use the free functions
+       in the `numpy.char` module for fast vectorized string operations.
+
+    Versus a regular NumPy array of type `str` or `unicode`, this
+    class adds the following functionality:
+
+      1) values automatically have whitespace removed from the end
+         when indexed
+
+      2) comparison operators automatically remove whitespace from the
+         end when comparing values
+
+      3) vectorized string operations are provided as methods
+         (e.g. `.endswith`) and infix operators (e.g. ``"+", "*", "%"``)
+
+    chararrays should be created using `numpy.char.array` or
+    `numpy.char.asarray`, rather than this constructor directly.
+
+    This constructor creates the array, using `buffer` (with `offset`
+    and `strides`) if it is not ``None``. If `buffer` is ``None``, then
+    constructs a new array with `strides` in "C order", unless both
+    ``len(shape) >= 2`` and ``order='F'``, in which case `strides`
+    is in "Fortran order".
+
+    Methods
+    -------
+    astype
+    argsort
+    copy
+    count
+    decode
+    dump
+    dumps
+    encode
+    endswith
+    expandtabs
+    fill
+    find
+    flatten
+    getfield
+    index
+    isalnum
+    isalpha
+    isdecimal
+    isdigit
+    islower
+    isnumeric
+    isspace
+    istitle
+    isupper
+    item
+    join
+    ljust
+    lower
+    lstrip
+    nonzero
+    put
+    ravel
+    repeat
+    replace
+    reshape
+    resize
+    rfind
+    rindex
+    rjust
+    rsplit
+    rstrip
+    searchsorted
+    setfield
+    setflags
+    sort
+    split
+    splitlines
+    squeeze
+    startswith
+    strip
+    swapaxes
+    swapcase
+    take
+    title
+    tofile
+    tolist
+    tostring
+    translate
+    transpose
+    upper
+    view
+    zfill
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    shape : tuple
+        Shape of the array.
+    itemsize : int, optional
+        Length of each array element, in number of characters. Default is 1.
+    unicode : bool, optional
+        Are the array elements of type unicode (True) or string (False).
+        Default is False.
+    buffer : object exposing the buffer interface or str, optional
+        Memory address of the start of the array data.  Default is None,
+        in which case a new array is created.
+    offset : int, optional
+        Fixed stride displacement from the beginning of an axis?
+        Default is 0. Needs to be >=0.
+    strides : array_like of ints, optional
+        Strides for the array (see `ndarray.strides` for full description).
+        Default is None.
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
+        The order in which the array data is stored in memory: 'C' ->
+        "row major" order (the default), 'F' -> "column major"
+        (Fortran) order.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> charar = np.chararray((3, 3))
+    >>> charar[:] = 'a'
+    >>> charar
+    chararray([[b'a', b'a', b'a'],
+               [b'a', b'a', b'a'],
+               [b'a', b'a', b'a']], dtype='|S1')
+
+    >>> charar = np.chararray(charar.shape, itemsize=5)
+    >>> charar[:] = 'abc'
+    >>> charar
+    chararray([[b'abc', b'abc', b'abc'],
+               [b'abc', b'abc', b'abc'],
+               [b'abc', b'abc', b'abc']], dtype='|S5')
+
+    """
+    def __new__(subtype, shape, itemsize=1, unicode=False, buffer=None,
+                offset=0, strides=None, order='C'):
+        global _globalvar
+
+        if unicode:
+            dtype = str_
+        else:
+            dtype = bytes_
+
+        # force itemsize to be a Python int, since using NumPy integer
+        # types results in itemsize.itemsize being used as the size of
+        # strings in the new array.
+        itemsize = int(itemsize)
+
+        if isinstance(buffer, str):
+            # unicode objects do not have the buffer interface
+            filler = buffer
+            buffer = None
+        else:
+            filler = None
+
+        _globalvar = 1
+        if buffer is None:
+            self = ndarray.__new__(subtype, shape, (dtype, itemsize),
+                                   order=order)
+        else:
+            self = ndarray.__new__(subtype, shape, (dtype, itemsize),
+                                   buffer=buffer,
+                                   offset=offset, strides=strides,
+                                   order=order)
+        if filler is not None:
+            self[...] = filler
+        _globalvar = 0
+        return self
+
+    def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+        # The b is a special case because it is used for reconstructing.
+        if not _globalvar and self.dtype.char not in 'SUbc':
+            raise ValueError("Can only create a chararray from string data.")
+
+    def __getitem__(self, obj):
+        val = ndarray.__getitem__(self, obj)
+
+        if isinstance(val, character):
+            temp = val.rstrip()
+            if len(temp) == 0:
+                val = ''
+            else:
+                val = temp
+
+        return val
+
+    # IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: Most of the methods of this class are
+    # direct delegations to the free functions in this module.
+    # However, those that return an array of strings should instead
+    # return a chararray, so some extra wrapping is required.
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return (self == other) element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        equal
+        """
+        return equal(self, other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return (self != other) element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        not_equal
+        """
+        return not_equal(self, other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return (self >= other) element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        greater_equal
+        """
+        return greater_equal(self, other)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return (self <= other) element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        less_equal
+        """
+        return less_equal(self, other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return (self > other) element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        greater
+        """
+        return greater(self, other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return (self < other) element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        less
+        """
+        return less(self, other)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return (self + other), that is string concatenation,
+        element-wise for a pair of array_likes of str or unicode.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        add
+        """
+        return asarray(add(self, other))
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return (other + self), that is string concatenation,
+        element-wise for a pair of array_likes of `bytes_` or `str_`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        add
+        """
+        return asarray(add(numpy.asarray(other), self))
+
+    def __mul__(self, i):
+        """
+        Return (self * i), that is string multiple concatenation,
+        element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        multiply
+        """
+        return asarray(multiply(self, i))
+
+    def __rmul__(self, i):
+        """
+        Return (self * i), that is string multiple concatenation,
+        element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        multiply
+        """
+        return asarray(multiply(self, i))
+
+    def __mod__(self, i):
+        """
+        Return (self % i), that is pre-Python 2.6 string formatting
+        (interpolation), element-wise for a pair of array_likes of `bytes_`
+        or `str_`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        mod
+        """
+        return asarray(mod(self, i))
+
+    def __rmod__(self, other):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def argsort(self, axis=-1, kind=None, order=None):
+        """
+        Return the indices that sort the array lexicographically.
+
+        For full documentation see `numpy.argsort`, for which this method is
+        in fact merely a "thin wrapper."
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> c = np.array(['a1b c', '1b ca', 'b ca1', 'Ca1b'], 'S5')
+        >>> c = c.view(np.chararray); c
+        chararray(['a1b c', '1b ca', 'b ca1', 'Ca1b'],
+              dtype='|S5')
+        >>> c[c.argsort()]
+        chararray(['1b ca', 'Ca1b', 'a1b c', 'b ca1'],
+              dtype='|S5')
+
+        """
+        return self.__array__().argsort(axis, kind, order)
+    argsort.__doc__ = ndarray.argsort.__doc__
+
+    def capitalize(self):
+        """
+        Return a copy of `self` with only the first character of each element
+        capitalized.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.capitalize
+
+        """
+        return asarray(capitalize(self))
+
+    def center(self, width, fillchar=' '):
+        """
+        Return a copy of `self` with its elements centered in a
+        string of length `width`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        center
+        """
+        return asarray(center(self, width, fillchar))
+
+    def count(self, sub, start=0, end=None):
+        """
+        Returns an array with the number of non-overlapping occurrences of
+        substring `sub` in the range [`start`, `end`].
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.count
+
+        """
+        return count(self, sub, start, end)
+
+    def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
+        """
+        Calls ``bytes.decode`` element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.decode
+
+        """
+        return decode(self, encoding, errors)
+
+    def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
+        """
+        Calls `str.encode` element-wise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.encode
+
+        """
+        return encode(self, encoding, errors)
+
+    def endswith(self, suffix, start=0, end=None):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean array which is `True` where the string element
+        in `self` ends with `suffix`, otherwise `False`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.endswith
+
+        """
+        return endswith(self, suffix, start, end)
+
+    def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8):
+        """
+        Return a copy of each string element where all tab characters are
+        replaced by one or more spaces.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.expandtabs
+
+        """
+        return asarray(expandtabs(self, tabsize))
+
+    def find(self, sub, start=0, end=None):
+        """
+        For each element, return the lowest index in the string where
+        substring `sub` is found.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.find
+
+        """
+        return find(self, sub, start, end)
+
+    def index(self, sub, start=0, end=None):
+        """
+        Like `find`, but raises `ValueError` when the substring is not found.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.index
+
+        """
+        return index(self, sub, start, end)
+
+    def isalnum(self):
+        """
+        Returns true for each element if all characters in the string
+        are alphanumeric and there is at least one character, false
+        otherwise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.isalnum
+
+        """
+        return isalnum(self)
+
+    def isalpha(self):
+        """
+        Returns true for each element if all characters in the string
+        are alphabetic and there is at least one character, false
+        otherwise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.isalpha
+
+        """
+        return isalpha(self)
+
+    def isdigit(self):
+        """
+        Returns true for each element if all characters in the string are
+        digits and there is at least one character, false otherwise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.isdigit
+
+        """
+        return isdigit(self)
+
+    def islower(self):
+        """
+        Returns true for each element if all cased characters in the
+        string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character,
+        false otherwise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.islower
+
+        """
+        return islower(self)
+
+    def isspace(self):
+        """
+        Returns true for each element if there are only whitespace
+        characters in the string and there is at least one character,
+        false otherwise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.isspace
+
+        """
+        return isspace(self)
+
+    def istitle(self):
+        """
+        Returns true for each element if the element is a titlecased
+        string and there is at least one character, false otherwise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.istitle
+
+        """
+        return istitle(self)
+
+    def isupper(self):
+        """
+        Returns true for each element if all cased characters in the
+        string are uppercase and there is at least one character, false
+        otherwise.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.isupper
+
+        """
+        return isupper(self)
+
+    def join(self, seq):
+        """
+        Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
+        sequence `seq`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.join
+
+        """
+        return join(self, seq)
+
+    def ljust(self, width, fillchar=' '):
+        """
+        Return an array with the elements of `self` left-justified in a
+        string of length `width`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.ljust
+
+        """
+        return asarray(ljust(self, width, fillchar))
+
+    def lower(self):
+        """
+        Return an array with the elements of `self` converted to
+        lowercase.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.lower
+
+        """
+        return asarray(lower(self))
+
+    def lstrip(self, chars=None):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a copy with the leading characters
+        removed.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.lstrip
+
+        """
+        return asarray(lstrip(self, chars))
+
+    def partition(self, sep):
+        """
+        Partition each element in `self` around `sep`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        partition
+        """
+        return asarray(partition(self, sep))
+
+    def replace(self, old, new, count=None):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a copy of the string with all
+        occurrences of substring `old` replaced by `new`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.replace
+
+        """
+        return asarray(replace(self, old, new, count))
+
+    def rfind(self, sub, start=0, end=None):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return the highest index in the string
+        where substring `sub` is found, such that `sub` is contained
+        within [`start`, `end`].
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.rfind
+
+        """
+        return rfind(self, sub, start, end)
+
+    def rindex(self, sub, start=0, end=None):
+        """
+        Like `rfind`, but raises `ValueError` when the substring `sub` is
+        not found.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.rindex
+
+        """
+        return rindex(self, sub, start, end)
+
+    def rjust(self, width, fillchar=' '):
+        """
+        Return an array with the elements of `self`
+        right-justified in a string of length `width`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.rjust
+
+        """
+        return asarray(rjust(self, width, fillchar))
+
+    def rpartition(self, sep):
+        """
+        Partition each element in `self` around `sep`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        rpartition
+        """
+        return asarray(rpartition(self, sep))
+
+    def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a list of the words in
+        the string, using `sep` as the delimiter string.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.rsplit
+
+        """
+        return rsplit(self, sep, maxsplit)
+
+    def rstrip(self, chars=None):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a copy with the trailing
+        characters removed.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.rstrip
+
+        """
+        return asarray(rstrip(self, chars))
+
+    def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a list of the words in the
+        string, using `sep` as the delimiter string.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.split
+
+        """
+        return split(self, sep, maxsplit)
+
+    def splitlines(self, keepends=None):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a list of the lines in the
+        element, breaking at line boundaries.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.splitlines
+
+        """
+        return splitlines(self, keepends)
+
+    def startswith(self, prefix, start=0, end=None):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean array which is `True` where the string element
+        in `self` starts with `prefix`, otherwise `False`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.startswith
+
+        """
+        return startswith(self, prefix, start, end)
+
+    def strip(self, chars=None):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a copy with the leading and
+        trailing characters removed.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.strip
+
+        """
+        return asarray(strip(self, chars))
+
+    def swapcase(self):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a copy of the string with
+        uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.swapcase
+
+        """
+        return asarray(swapcase(self))
+
+    def title(self):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a titlecased version of the
+        string: words start with uppercase characters, all remaining cased
+        characters are lowercase.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.title
+
+        """
+        return asarray(title(self))
+
+    def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return a copy of the string where
+        all characters occurring in the optional argument
+        `deletechars` are removed, and the remaining characters have
+        been mapped through the given translation table.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.translate
+
+        """
+        return asarray(translate(self, table, deletechars))
+
+    def upper(self):
+        """
+        Return an array with the elements of `self` converted to
+        uppercase.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.upper
+
+        """
+        return asarray(upper(self))
+
+    def zfill(self, width):
+        """
+        Return the numeric string left-filled with zeros in a string of
+        length `width`.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.zfill
+
+        """
+        return asarray(zfill(self, width))
+
+    def isnumeric(self):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return True if there are only
+        numeric characters in the element.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.isnumeric
+
+        """
+        return isnumeric(self)
+
+    def isdecimal(self):
+        """
+        For each element in `self`, return True if there are only
+        decimal characters in the element.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        char.isdecimal
+
+        """
+        return isdecimal(self)
+
+
+@set_module("numpy.char")
+def array(obj, itemsize=None, copy=True, unicode=None, order=None):
+    """
+    Create a `chararray`.
+
+    .. note::
+       This class is provided for numarray backward-compatibility.
+       New code (not concerned with numarray compatibility) should use
+       arrays of type `bytes_` or `str_` and use the free functions
+       in :mod:`numpy.char <numpy.core.defchararray>` for fast
+       vectorized string operations instead.
+
+    Versus a regular NumPy array of type `str` or `unicode`, this
+    class adds the following functionality:
+
+      1) values automatically have whitespace removed from the end
+         when indexed
+
+      2) comparison operators automatically remove whitespace from the
+         end when comparing values
+
+      3) vectorized string operations are provided as methods
+         (e.g. `str.endswith`) and infix operators (e.g. ``+, *, %``)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    obj : array of str or unicode-like
+
+    itemsize : int, optional
+        `itemsize` is the number of characters per scalar in the
+        resulting array.  If `itemsize` is None, and `obj` is an
+        object array or a Python list, the `itemsize` will be
+        automatically determined.  If `itemsize` is provided and `obj`
+        is of type str or unicode, then the `obj` string will be
+        chunked into `itemsize` pieces.
+
+    copy : bool, optional
+        If true (default), then the object is copied.  Otherwise, a copy
+        will only be made if __array__ returns a copy, if obj is a
+        nested sequence, or if a copy is needed to satisfy any of the other
+        requirements (`itemsize`, unicode, `order`, etc.).
+
+    unicode : bool, optional
+        When true, the resulting `chararray` can contain Unicode
+        characters, when false only 8-bit characters.  If unicode is
+        None and `obj` is one of the following:
+
+          - a `chararray`,
+          - an ndarray of type `str` or `unicode`
+          - a Python str or unicode object,
+
+        then the unicode setting of the output array will be
+        automatically determined.
+
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A'}, optional
+        Specify the order of the array.  If order is 'C' (default), then the
+        array will be in C-contiguous order (last-index varies the
+        fastest).  If order is 'F', then the returned array
+        will be in Fortran-contiguous order (first-index varies the
+        fastest).  If order is 'A', then the returned array may
+        be in any order (either C-, Fortran-contiguous, or even
+        discontiguous).
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, (bytes, str)):
+        if unicode is None:
+            if isinstance(obj, str):
+                unicode = True
+            else:
+                unicode = False
+
+        if itemsize is None:
+            itemsize = len(obj)
+        shape = len(obj) // itemsize
+
+        return chararray(shape, itemsize=itemsize, unicode=unicode,
+                         buffer=obj, order=order)
+
+    if isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)):
+        obj = numpy.asarray(obj)
+
+    if isinstance(obj, ndarray) and issubclass(obj.dtype.type, character):
+        # If we just have a vanilla chararray, create a chararray
+        # view around it.
+        if not isinstance(obj, chararray):
+            obj = obj.view(chararray)
+
+        if itemsize is None:
+            itemsize = obj.itemsize
+            # itemsize is in 8-bit chars, so for Unicode, we need
+            # to divide by the size of a single Unicode character,
+            # which for NumPy is always 4
+            if issubclass(obj.dtype.type, str_):
+                itemsize //= 4
+
+        if unicode is None:
+            if issubclass(obj.dtype.type, str_):
+                unicode = True
+            else:
+                unicode = False
+
+        if unicode:
+            dtype = str_
+        else:
+            dtype = bytes_
+
+        if order is not None:
+            obj = numpy.asarray(obj, order=order)
+        if (copy or
+                (itemsize != obj.itemsize) or
+                (not unicode and isinstance(obj, str_)) or
+                (unicode and isinstance(obj, bytes_))):
+            obj = obj.astype((dtype, int(itemsize)))
+        return obj
+
+    if isinstance(obj, ndarray) and issubclass(obj.dtype.type, object):
+        if itemsize is None:
+            # Since no itemsize was specified, convert the input array to
+            # a list so the ndarray constructor will automatically
+            # determine the itemsize for us.
+            obj = obj.tolist()
+            # Fall through to the default case
+
+    if unicode:
+        dtype = str_
+    else:
+        dtype = bytes_
+
+    if itemsize is None:
+        val = narray(obj, dtype=dtype, order=order, subok=True)
+    else:
+        val = narray(obj, dtype=(dtype, itemsize), order=order, subok=True)
+    return val.view(chararray)
+
+
+@set_module("numpy.char")
+def asarray(obj, itemsize=None, unicode=None, order=None):
+    """
+    Convert the input to a `chararray`, copying the data only if
+    necessary.
+
+    Versus a regular NumPy array of type `str` or `unicode`, this
+    class adds the following functionality:
+
+      1) values automatically have whitespace removed from the end
+         when indexed
+
+      2) comparison operators automatically remove whitespace from the
+         end when comparing values
+
+      3) vectorized string operations are provided as methods
+         (e.g. `str.endswith`) and infix operators (e.g. ``+``, ``*``,``%``)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    obj : array of str or unicode-like
+
+    itemsize : int, optional
+        `itemsize` is the number of characters per scalar in the
+        resulting array.  If `itemsize` is None, and `obj` is an
+        object array or a Python list, the `itemsize` will be
+        automatically determined.  If `itemsize` is provided and `obj`
+        is of type str or unicode, then the `obj` string will be
+        chunked into `itemsize` pieces.
+
+    unicode : bool, optional
+        When true, the resulting `chararray` can contain Unicode
+        characters, when false only 8-bit characters.  If unicode is
+        None and `obj` is one of the following:
+
+          - a `chararray`,
+          - an ndarray of type `str` or 'unicode`
+          - a Python str or unicode object,
+
+        then the unicode setting of the output array will be
+        automatically determined.
+
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
+        Specify the order of the array.  If order is 'C' (default), then the
+        array will be in C-contiguous order (last-index varies the
+        fastest).  If order is 'F', then the returned array
+        will be in Fortran-contiguous order (first-index varies the
+        fastest).
+    """
+    return array(obj, itemsize, copy=False,
+                 unicode=unicode, order=order)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/defchararray.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/defchararray.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73d90bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/defchararray.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+from typing import (
+    Literal as L,
+    overload,
+    TypeVar,
+    Any,
+)
+
+from numpy import (
+    chararray as chararray,
+    dtype,
+    str_,
+    bytes_,
+    int_,
+    bool_,
+    object_,
+    _OrderKACF,
+)
+
+from numpy._typing import (
+    NDArray,
+    _ArrayLikeStr_co as U_co,
+    _ArrayLikeBytes_co as S_co,
+    _ArrayLikeInt_co as i_co,
+    _ArrayLikeBool_co as b_co,
+)
+
+from numpy.core.multiarray import compare_chararrays as compare_chararrays
+
+_SCT = TypeVar("_SCT", str_, bytes_)
+_CharArray = chararray[Any, dtype[_SCT]]
+
+__all__: list[str]
+
+# Comparison
+@overload
+def equal(x1: U_co, x2: U_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def equal(x1: S_co, x2: S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def not_equal(x1: U_co, x2: U_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def not_equal(x1: S_co, x2: S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def greater_equal(x1: U_co, x2: U_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def greater_equal(x1: S_co, x2: S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def less_equal(x1: U_co, x2: U_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def less_equal(x1: S_co, x2: S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def greater(x1: U_co, x2: U_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def greater(x1: S_co, x2: S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def less(x1: U_co, x2: U_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def less(x1: S_co, x2: S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+# String operations
+@overload
+def add(x1: U_co, x2: U_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def add(x1: S_co, x2: S_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def multiply(a: U_co, i: i_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def multiply(a: S_co, i: i_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def mod(a: U_co, value: Any) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def mod(a: S_co, value: Any) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def capitalize(a: U_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def capitalize(a: S_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def center(a: U_co, width: i_co, fillchar: U_co = ...) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def center(a: S_co, width: i_co, fillchar: S_co = ...) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+def decode(
+    a: S_co,
+    encoding: None | str = ...,
+    errors: None | str = ...,
+) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+
+def encode(
+    a: U_co,
+    encoding: None | str = ...,
+    errors: None | str = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def expandtabs(a: U_co, tabsize: i_co = ...) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def expandtabs(a: S_co, tabsize: i_co = ...) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def join(sep: U_co, seq: U_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def join(sep: S_co, seq: S_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def ljust(a: U_co, width: i_co, fillchar: U_co = ...) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def ljust(a: S_co, width: i_co, fillchar: S_co = ...) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def lower(a: U_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def lower(a: S_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def lstrip(a: U_co, chars: None | U_co = ...) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def lstrip(a: S_co, chars: None | S_co = ...) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def partition(a: U_co, sep: U_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def partition(a: S_co, sep: S_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def replace(
+    a: U_co,
+    old: U_co,
+    new: U_co,
+    count: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def replace(
+    a: S_co,
+    old: S_co,
+    new: S_co,
+    count: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def rjust(
+    a: U_co,
+    width: i_co,
+    fillchar: U_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def rjust(
+    a: S_co,
+    width: i_co,
+    fillchar: S_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def rpartition(a: U_co, sep: U_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def rpartition(a: S_co, sep: S_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def rsplit(
+    a: U_co,
+    sep: None | U_co = ...,
+    maxsplit: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+@overload
+def rsplit(
+    a: S_co,
+    sep: None | S_co = ...,
+    maxsplit: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def rstrip(a: U_co, chars: None | U_co = ...) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def rstrip(a: S_co, chars: None | S_co = ...) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def split(
+    a: U_co,
+    sep: None | U_co = ...,
+    maxsplit: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+@overload
+def split(
+    a: S_co,
+    sep: None | S_co = ...,
+    maxsplit: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def splitlines(a: U_co, keepends: None | b_co = ...) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+@overload
+def splitlines(a: S_co, keepends: None | b_co = ...) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def strip(a: U_co, chars: None | U_co = ...) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def strip(a: S_co, chars: None | S_co = ...) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def swapcase(a: U_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def swapcase(a: S_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def title(a: U_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def title(a: S_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def translate(
+    a: U_co,
+    table: U_co,
+    deletechars: None | U_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def translate(
+    a: S_co,
+    table: S_co,
+    deletechars: None | S_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def upper(a: U_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def upper(a: S_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def zfill(a: U_co, width: i_co) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def zfill(a: S_co, width: i_co) -> NDArray[bytes_]: ...
+
+# String information
+@overload
+def count(
+    a: U_co,
+    sub: U_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+@overload
+def count(
+    a: S_co,
+    sub: S_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def endswith(
+    a: U_co,
+    suffix: U_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def endswith(
+    a: S_co,
+    suffix: S_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def find(
+    a: U_co,
+    sub: U_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+@overload
+def find(
+    a: S_co,
+    sub: S_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def index(
+    a: U_co,
+    sub: U_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+@overload
+def index(
+    a: S_co,
+    sub: S_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+
+def isalpha(a: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+def isalnum(a: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+def isdecimal(a: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+def isdigit(a: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+def islower(a: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+def isnumeric(a: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+def isspace(a: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+def istitle(a: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+def isupper(a: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def rfind(
+    a: U_co,
+    sub: U_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+@overload
+def rfind(
+    a: S_co,
+    sub: S_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def rindex(
+    a: U_co,
+    sub: U_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+@overload
+def rindex(
+    a: S_co,
+    sub: S_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def startswith(
+    a: U_co,
+    prefix: U_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def startswith(
+    a: S_co,
+    prefix: S_co,
+    start: i_co = ...,
+    end: None | i_co = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+def str_len(A: U_co | S_co) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+
+# Overload 1 and 2: str- or bytes-based array-likes
+# overload 3: arbitrary object with unicode=False  (-> bytes_)
+# overload 4: arbitrary object with unicode=True  (-> str_)
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: U_co,
+    itemsize: None | int = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+    unicode: L[False] = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+) -> _CharArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: S_co,
+    itemsize: None | int = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+    unicode: L[False] = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+) -> _CharArray[bytes_]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: object,
+    itemsize: None | int = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+    unicode: L[False] = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+) -> _CharArray[bytes_]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: object,
+    itemsize: None | int = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+    unicode: L[True] = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+) -> _CharArray[str_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def asarray(
+    obj: U_co,
+    itemsize: None | int = ...,
+    unicode: L[False] = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+) -> _CharArray[str_]: ...
+@overload
+def asarray(
+    obj: S_co,
+    itemsize: None | int = ...,
+    unicode: L[False] = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+) -> _CharArray[bytes_]: ...
+@overload
+def asarray(
+    obj: object,
+    itemsize: None | int = ...,
+    unicode: L[False] = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+) -> _CharArray[bytes_]: ...
+@overload
+def asarray(
+    obj: object,
+    itemsize: None | int = ...,
+    unicode: L[True] = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+) -> _CharArray[str_]: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/einsumfunc.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/einsumfunc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01966f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/einsumfunc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1443 @@
+"""
+Implementation of optimized einsum.
+
+"""
+import itertools
+import operator
+
+from numpy.core.multiarray import c_einsum
+from numpy.core.numeric import asanyarray, tensordot
+from numpy.core.overrides import array_function_dispatch
+
+__all__ = ['einsum', 'einsum_path']
+
+einsum_symbols = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
+einsum_symbols_set = set(einsum_symbols)
+
+
+def _flop_count(idx_contraction, inner, num_terms, size_dictionary):
+    """
+    Computes the number of FLOPS in the contraction.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    idx_contraction : iterable
+        The indices involved in the contraction
+    inner : bool
+        Does this contraction require an inner product?
+    num_terms : int
+        The number of terms in a contraction
+    size_dictionary : dict
+        The size of each of the indices in idx_contraction
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    flop_count : int
+        The total number of FLOPS required for the contraction.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> _flop_count('abc', False, 1, {'a': 2, 'b':3, 'c':5})
+    30
+
+    >>> _flop_count('abc', True, 2, {'a': 2, 'b':3, 'c':5})
+    60
+
+    """
+
+    overall_size = _compute_size_by_dict(idx_contraction, size_dictionary)
+    op_factor = max(1, num_terms - 1)
+    if inner:
+        op_factor += 1
+
+    return overall_size * op_factor
+
+def _compute_size_by_dict(indices, idx_dict):
+    """
+    Computes the product of the elements in indices based on the dictionary
+    idx_dict.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    indices : iterable
+        Indices to base the product on.
+    idx_dict : dictionary
+        Dictionary of index sizes
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ret : int
+        The resulting product.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> _compute_size_by_dict('abbc', {'a': 2, 'b':3, 'c':5})
+    90
+
+    """
+    ret = 1
+    for i in indices:
+        ret *= idx_dict[i]
+    return ret
+
+
+def _find_contraction(positions, input_sets, output_set):
+    """
+    Finds the contraction for a given set of input and output sets.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    positions : iterable
+        Integer positions of terms used in the contraction.
+    input_sets : list
+        List of sets that represent the lhs side of the einsum subscript
+    output_set : set
+        Set that represents the rhs side of the overall einsum subscript
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    new_result : set
+        The indices of the resulting contraction
+    remaining : list
+        List of sets that have not been contracted, the new set is appended to
+        the end of this list
+    idx_removed : set
+        Indices removed from the entire contraction
+    idx_contraction : set
+        The indices used in the current contraction
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    # A simple dot product test case
+    >>> pos = (0, 1)
+    >>> isets = [set('ab'), set('bc')]
+    >>> oset = set('ac')
+    >>> _find_contraction(pos, isets, oset)
+    ({'a', 'c'}, [{'a', 'c'}], {'b'}, {'a', 'b', 'c'})
+
+    # A more complex case with additional terms in the contraction
+    >>> pos = (0, 2)
+    >>> isets = [set('abd'), set('ac'), set('bdc')]
+    >>> oset = set('ac')
+    >>> _find_contraction(pos, isets, oset)
+    ({'a', 'c'}, [{'a', 'c'}, {'a', 'c'}], {'b', 'd'}, {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'})
+    """
+
+    idx_contract = set()
+    idx_remain = output_set.copy()
+    remaining = []
+    for ind, value in enumerate(input_sets):
+        if ind in positions:
+            idx_contract |= value
+        else:
+            remaining.append(value)
+            idx_remain |= value
+
+    new_result = idx_remain & idx_contract
+    idx_removed = (idx_contract - new_result)
+    remaining.append(new_result)
+
+    return (new_result, remaining, idx_removed, idx_contract)
+
+
+def _optimal_path(input_sets, output_set, idx_dict, memory_limit):
+    """
+    Computes all possible pair contractions, sieves the results based
+    on ``memory_limit`` and returns the lowest cost path. This algorithm
+    scales factorial with respect to the elements in the list ``input_sets``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    input_sets : list
+        List of sets that represent the lhs side of the einsum subscript
+    output_set : set
+        Set that represents the rhs side of the overall einsum subscript
+    idx_dict : dictionary
+        Dictionary of index sizes
+    memory_limit : int
+        The maximum number of elements in a temporary array
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    path : list
+        The optimal contraction order within the memory limit constraint.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> isets = [set('abd'), set('ac'), set('bdc')]
+    >>> oset = set()
+    >>> idx_sizes = {'a': 1, 'b':2, 'c':3, 'd':4}
+    >>> _optimal_path(isets, oset, idx_sizes, 5000)
+    [(0, 2), (0, 1)]
+    """
+
+    full_results = [(0, [], input_sets)]
+    for iteration in range(len(input_sets) - 1):
+        iter_results = []
+
+        # Compute all unique pairs
+        for curr in full_results:
+            cost, positions, remaining = curr
+            for con in itertools.combinations(range(len(input_sets) - iteration), 2):
+
+                # Find the contraction
+                cont = _find_contraction(con, remaining, output_set)
+                new_result, new_input_sets, idx_removed, idx_contract = cont
+
+                # Sieve the results based on memory_limit
+                new_size = _compute_size_by_dict(new_result, idx_dict)
+                if new_size > memory_limit:
+                    continue
+
+                # Build (total_cost, positions, indices_remaining)
+                total_cost =  cost + _flop_count(idx_contract, idx_removed, len(con), idx_dict)
+                new_pos = positions + [con]
+                iter_results.append((total_cost, new_pos, new_input_sets))
+
+        # Update combinatorial list, if we did not find anything return best
+        # path + remaining contractions
+        if iter_results:
+            full_results = iter_results
+        else:
+            path = min(full_results, key=lambda x: x[0])[1]
+            path += [tuple(range(len(input_sets) - iteration))]
+            return path
+
+    # If we have not found anything return single einsum contraction
+    if len(full_results) == 0:
+        return [tuple(range(len(input_sets)))]
+
+    path = min(full_results, key=lambda x: x[0])[1]
+    return path
+
+def _parse_possible_contraction(positions, input_sets, output_set, idx_dict, memory_limit, path_cost, naive_cost):
+    """Compute the cost (removed size + flops) and resultant indices for
+    performing the contraction specified by ``positions``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    positions : tuple of int
+        The locations of the proposed tensors to contract.
+    input_sets : list of sets
+        The indices found on each tensors.
+    output_set : set
+        The output indices of the expression.
+    idx_dict : dict
+        Mapping of each index to its size.
+    memory_limit : int
+        The total allowed size for an intermediary tensor.
+    path_cost : int
+        The contraction cost so far.
+    naive_cost : int
+        The cost of the unoptimized expression.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    cost : (int, int)
+        A tuple containing the size of any indices removed, and the flop cost.
+    positions : tuple of int
+        The locations of the proposed tensors to contract.
+    new_input_sets : list of sets
+        The resulting new list of indices if this proposed contraction is performed.
+
+    """
+
+    # Find the contraction
+    contract = _find_contraction(positions, input_sets, output_set)
+    idx_result, new_input_sets, idx_removed, idx_contract = contract
+
+    # Sieve the results based on memory_limit
+    new_size = _compute_size_by_dict(idx_result, idx_dict)
+    if new_size > memory_limit:
+        return None
+
+    # Build sort tuple
+    old_sizes = (_compute_size_by_dict(input_sets[p], idx_dict) for p in positions)
+    removed_size = sum(old_sizes) - new_size
+
+    # NB: removed_size used to be just the size of any removed indices i.e.:
+    #     helpers.compute_size_by_dict(idx_removed, idx_dict)
+    cost = _flop_count(idx_contract, idx_removed, len(positions), idx_dict)
+    sort = (-removed_size, cost)
+
+    # Sieve based on total cost as well
+    if (path_cost + cost) > naive_cost:
+        return None
+
+    # Add contraction to possible choices
+    return [sort, positions, new_input_sets]
+
+
+def _update_other_results(results, best):
+    """Update the positions and provisional input_sets of ``results`` based on
+    performing the contraction result ``best``. Remove any involving the tensors
+    contracted.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    results : list
+        List of contraction results produced by ``_parse_possible_contraction``.
+    best : list
+        The best contraction of ``results`` i.e. the one that will be performed.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    mod_results : list
+        The list of modified results, updated with outcome of ``best`` contraction.
+    """
+
+    best_con = best[1]
+    bx, by = best_con
+    mod_results = []
+
+    for cost, (x, y), con_sets in results:
+
+        # Ignore results involving tensors just contracted
+        if x in best_con or y in best_con:
+            continue
+
+        # Update the input_sets
+        del con_sets[by - int(by > x) - int(by > y)]
+        del con_sets[bx - int(bx > x) - int(bx > y)]
+        con_sets.insert(-1, best[2][-1])
+
+        # Update the position indices
+        mod_con = x - int(x > bx) - int(x > by), y - int(y > bx) - int(y > by)
+        mod_results.append((cost, mod_con, con_sets))
+
+    return mod_results
+
+def _greedy_path(input_sets, output_set, idx_dict, memory_limit):
+    """
+    Finds the path by contracting the best pair until the input list is
+    exhausted. The best pair is found by minimizing the tuple
+    ``(-prod(indices_removed), cost)``.  What this amounts to is prioritizing
+    matrix multiplication or inner product operations, then Hadamard like
+    operations, and finally outer operations. Outer products are limited by
+    ``memory_limit``. This algorithm scales cubically with respect to the
+    number of elements in the list ``input_sets``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    input_sets : list
+        List of sets that represent the lhs side of the einsum subscript
+    output_set : set
+        Set that represents the rhs side of the overall einsum subscript
+    idx_dict : dictionary
+        Dictionary of index sizes
+    memory_limit : int
+        The maximum number of elements in a temporary array
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    path : list
+        The greedy contraction order within the memory limit constraint.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> isets = [set('abd'), set('ac'), set('bdc')]
+    >>> oset = set()
+    >>> idx_sizes = {'a': 1, 'b':2, 'c':3, 'd':4}
+    >>> _greedy_path(isets, oset, idx_sizes, 5000)
+    [(0, 2), (0, 1)]
+    """
+
+    # Handle trivial cases that leaked through
+    if len(input_sets) == 1:
+        return [(0,)]
+    elif len(input_sets) == 2:
+        return [(0, 1)]
+
+    # Build up a naive cost
+    contract = _find_contraction(range(len(input_sets)), input_sets, output_set)
+    idx_result, new_input_sets, idx_removed, idx_contract = contract
+    naive_cost = _flop_count(idx_contract, idx_removed, len(input_sets), idx_dict)
+
+    # Initially iterate over all pairs
+    comb_iter = itertools.combinations(range(len(input_sets)), 2)
+    known_contractions = []
+
+    path_cost = 0
+    path = []
+
+    for iteration in range(len(input_sets) - 1):
+
+        # Iterate over all pairs on first step, only previously found pairs on subsequent steps
+        for positions in comb_iter:
+
+            # Always initially ignore outer products
+            if input_sets[positions[0]].isdisjoint(input_sets[positions[1]]):
+                continue
+
+            result = _parse_possible_contraction(positions, input_sets, output_set, idx_dict, memory_limit, path_cost,
+                                                 naive_cost)
+            if result is not None:
+                known_contractions.append(result)
+
+        # If we do not have a inner contraction, rescan pairs including outer products
+        if len(known_contractions) == 0:
+
+            # Then check the outer products
+            for positions in itertools.combinations(range(len(input_sets)), 2):
+                result = _parse_possible_contraction(positions, input_sets, output_set, idx_dict, memory_limit,
+                                                     path_cost, naive_cost)
+                if result is not None:
+                    known_contractions.append(result)
+
+            # If we still did not find any remaining contractions, default back to einsum like behavior
+            if len(known_contractions) == 0:
+                path.append(tuple(range(len(input_sets))))
+                break
+
+        # Sort based on first index
+        best = min(known_contractions, key=lambda x: x[0])
+
+        # Now propagate as many unused contractions as possible to next iteration
+        known_contractions = _update_other_results(known_contractions, best)
+
+        # Next iteration only compute contractions with the new tensor
+        # All other contractions have been accounted for
+        input_sets = best[2]
+        new_tensor_pos = len(input_sets) - 1
+        comb_iter = ((i, new_tensor_pos) for i in range(new_tensor_pos))
+
+        # Update path and total cost
+        path.append(best[1])
+        path_cost += best[0][1]
+
+    return path
+
+
+def _can_dot(inputs, result, idx_removed):
+    """
+    Checks if we can use BLAS (np.tensordot) call and its beneficial to do so.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    inputs : list of str
+        Specifies the subscripts for summation.
+    result : str
+        Resulting summation.
+    idx_removed : set
+        Indices that are removed in the summation
+
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    type : bool
+        Returns true if BLAS should and can be used, else False
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If the operations is BLAS level 1 or 2 and is not already aligned
+    we default back to einsum as the memory movement to copy is more
+    costly than the operation itself.
+
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    # Standard GEMM operation
+    >>> _can_dot(['ij', 'jk'], 'ik', set('j'))
+    True
+
+    # Can use the standard BLAS, but requires odd data movement
+    >>> _can_dot(['ijj', 'jk'], 'ik', set('j'))
+    False
+
+    # DDOT where the memory is not aligned
+    >>> _can_dot(['ijk', 'ikj'], '', set('ijk'))
+    False
+
+    """
+
+    # All `dot` calls remove indices
+    if len(idx_removed) == 0:
+        return False
+
+    # BLAS can only handle two operands
+    if len(inputs) != 2:
+        return False
+
+    input_left, input_right = inputs
+
+    for c in set(input_left + input_right):
+        # can't deal with repeated indices on same input or more than 2 total
+        nl, nr = input_left.count(c), input_right.count(c)
+        if (nl > 1) or (nr > 1) or (nl + nr > 2):
+            return False
+
+        # can't do implicit summation or dimension collapse e.g.
+        #     "ab,bc->c" (implicitly sum over 'a')
+        #     "ab,ca->ca" (take diagonal of 'a')
+        if nl + nr - 1 == int(c in result):
+            return False
+
+    # Build a few temporaries
+    set_left = set(input_left)
+    set_right = set(input_right)
+    keep_left = set_left - idx_removed
+    keep_right = set_right - idx_removed
+    rs = len(idx_removed)
+
+    # At this point we are a DOT, GEMV, or GEMM operation
+
+    # Handle inner products
+
+    # DDOT with aligned data
+    if input_left == input_right:
+        return True
+
+    # DDOT without aligned data (better to use einsum)
+    if set_left == set_right:
+        return False
+
+    # Handle the 4 possible (aligned) GEMV or GEMM cases
+
+    # GEMM or GEMV no transpose
+    if input_left[-rs:] == input_right[:rs]:
+        return True
+
+    # GEMM or GEMV transpose both
+    if input_left[:rs] == input_right[-rs:]:
+        return True
+
+    # GEMM or GEMV transpose right
+    if input_left[-rs:] == input_right[-rs:]:
+        return True
+
+    # GEMM or GEMV transpose left
+    if input_left[:rs] == input_right[:rs]:
+        return True
+
+    # Einsum is faster than GEMV if we have to copy data
+    if not keep_left or not keep_right:
+        return False
+
+    # We are a matrix-matrix product, but we need to copy data
+    return True
+
+
+def _parse_einsum_input(operands):
+    """
+    A reproduction of einsum c side einsum parsing in python.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    input_strings : str
+        Parsed input strings
+    output_string : str
+        Parsed output string
+    operands : list of array_like
+        The operands to use in the numpy contraction
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    The operand list is simplified to reduce printing:
+
+    >>> np.random.seed(123)
+    >>> a = np.random.rand(4, 4)
+    >>> b = np.random.rand(4, 4, 4)
+    >>> _parse_einsum_input(('...a,...a->...', a, b))
+    ('za,xza', 'xz', [a, b]) # may vary
+
+    >>> _parse_einsum_input((a, [Ellipsis, 0], b, [Ellipsis, 0]))
+    ('za,xza', 'xz', [a, b]) # may vary
+    """
+
+    if len(operands) == 0:
+        raise ValueError("No input operands")
+
+    if isinstance(operands[0], str):
+        subscripts = operands[0].replace(" ", "")
+        operands = [asanyarray(v) for v in operands[1:]]
+
+        # Ensure all characters are valid
+        for s in subscripts:
+            if s in '.,->':
+                continue
+            if s not in einsum_symbols:
+                raise ValueError("Character %s is not a valid symbol." % s)
+
+    else:
+        tmp_operands = list(operands)
+        operand_list = []
+        subscript_list = []
+        for p in range(len(operands) // 2):
+            operand_list.append(tmp_operands.pop(0))
+            subscript_list.append(tmp_operands.pop(0))
+
+        output_list = tmp_operands[-1] if len(tmp_operands) else None
+        operands = [asanyarray(v) for v in operand_list]
+        subscripts = ""
+        last = len(subscript_list) - 1
+        for num, sub in enumerate(subscript_list):
+            for s in sub:
+                if s is Ellipsis:
+                    subscripts += "..."
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        s = operator.index(s)
+                    except TypeError as e:
+                        raise TypeError("For this input type lists must contain "
+                                        "either int or Ellipsis") from e
+                    subscripts += einsum_symbols[s]
+            if num != last:
+                subscripts += ","
+
+        if output_list is not None:
+            subscripts += "->"
+            for s in output_list:
+                if s is Ellipsis:
+                    subscripts += "..."
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        s = operator.index(s)
+                    except TypeError as e:
+                        raise TypeError("For this input type lists must contain "
+                                        "either int or Ellipsis") from e
+                    subscripts += einsum_symbols[s]
+    # Check for proper "->"
+    if ("-" in subscripts) or (">" in subscripts):
+        invalid = (subscripts.count("-") > 1) or (subscripts.count(">") > 1)
+        if invalid or (subscripts.count("->") != 1):
+            raise ValueError("Subscripts can only contain one '->'.")
+
+    # Parse ellipses
+    if "." in subscripts:
+        used = subscripts.replace(".", "").replace(",", "").replace("->", "")
+        unused = list(einsum_symbols_set - set(used))
+        ellipse_inds = "".join(unused)
+        longest = 0
+
+        if "->" in subscripts:
+            input_tmp, output_sub = subscripts.split("->")
+            split_subscripts = input_tmp.split(",")
+            out_sub = True
+        else:
+            split_subscripts = subscripts.split(',')
+            out_sub = False
+
+        for num, sub in enumerate(split_subscripts):
+            if "." in sub:
+                if (sub.count(".") != 3) or (sub.count("...") != 1):
+                    raise ValueError("Invalid Ellipses.")
+
+                # Take into account numerical values
+                if operands[num].shape == ():
+                    ellipse_count = 0
+                else:
+                    ellipse_count = max(operands[num].ndim, 1)
+                    ellipse_count -= (len(sub) - 3)
+
+                if ellipse_count > longest:
+                    longest = ellipse_count
+
+                if ellipse_count < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("Ellipses lengths do not match.")
+                elif ellipse_count == 0:
+                    split_subscripts[num] = sub.replace('...', '')
+                else:
+                    rep_inds = ellipse_inds[-ellipse_count:]
+                    split_subscripts[num] = sub.replace('...', rep_inds)
+
+        subscripts = ",".join(split_subscripts)
+        if longest == 0:
+            out_ellipse = ""
+        else:
+            out_ellipse = ellipse_inds[-longest:]
+
+        if out_sub:
+            subscripts += "->" + output_sub.replace("...", out_ellipse)
+        else:
+            # Special care for outputless ellipses
+            output_subscript = ""
+            tmp_subscripts = subscripts.replace(",", "")
+            for s in sorted(set(tmp_subscripts)):
+                if s not in (einsum_symbols):
+                    raise ValueError("Character %s is not a valid symbol." % s)
+                if tmp_subscripts.count(s) == 1:
+                    output_subscript += s
+            normal_inds = ''.join(sorted(set(output_subscript) -
+                                         set(out_ellipse)))
+
+            subscripts += "->" + out_ellipse + normal_inds
+
+    # Build output string if does not exist
+    if "->" in subscripts:
+        input_subscripts, output_subscript = subscripts.split("->")
+    else:
+        input_subscripts = subscripts
+        # Build output subscripts
+        tmp_subscripts = subscripts.replace(",", "")
+        output_subscript = ""
+        for s in sorted(set(tmp_subscripts)):
+            if s not in einsum_symbols:
+                raise ValueError("Character %s is not a valid symbol." % s)
+            if tmp_subscripts.count(s) == 1:
+                output_subscript += s
+
+    # Make sure output subscripts are in the input
+    for char in output_subscript:
+        if char not in input_subscripts:
+            raise ValueError("Output character %s did not appear in the input"
+                             % char)
+
+    # Make sure number operands is equivalent to the number of terms
+    if len(input_subscripts.split(',')) != len(operands):
+        raise ValueError("Number of einsum subscripts must be equal to the "
+                         "number of operands.")
+
+    return (input_subscripts, output_subscript, operands)
+
+
+def _einsum_path_dispatcher(*operands, optimize=None, einsum_call=None):
+    # NOTE: technically, we should only dispatch on array-like arguments, not
+    # subscripts (given as strings). But separating operands into
+    # arrays/subscripts is a little tricky/slow (given einsum's two supported
+    # signatures), so as a practical shortcut we dispatch on everything.
+    # Strings will be ignored for dispatching since they don't define
+    # __array_function__.
+    return operands
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_einsum_path_dispatcher, module='numpy')
+def einsum_path(*operands, optimize='greedy', einsum_call=False):
+    """
+    einsum_path(subscripts, *operands, optimize='greedy')
+
+    Evaluates the lowest cost contraction order for an einsum expression by
+    considering the creation of intermediate arrays.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    subscripts : str
+        Specifies the subscripts for summation.
+    *operands : list of array_like
+        These are the arrays for the operation.
+    optimize : {bool, list, tuple, 'greedy', 'optimal'}
+        Choose the type of path. If a tuple is provided, the second argument is
+        assumed to be the maximum intermediate size created. If only a single
+        argument is provided the largest input or output array size is used
+        as a maximum intermediate size.
+
+        * if a list is given that starts with ``einsum_path``, uses this as the
+          contraction path
+        * if False no optimization is taken
+        * if True defaults to the 'greedy' algorithm
+        * 'optimal' An algorithm that combinatorially explores all possible
+          ways of contracting the listed tensors and chooses the least costly
+          path. Scales exponentially with the number of terms in the
+          contraction.
+        * 'greedy' An algorithm that chooses the best pair contraction
+          at each step. Effectively, this algorithm searches the largest inner,
+          Hadamard, and then outer products at each step. Scales cubically with
+          the number of terms in the contraction. Equivalent to the 'optimal'
+          path for most contractions.
+
+        Default is 'greedy'.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    path : list of tuples
+        A list representation of the einsum path.
+    string_repr : str
+        A printable representation of the einsum path.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The resulting path indicates which terms of the input contraction should be
+    contracted first, the result of this contraction is then appended to the
+    end of the contraction list. This list can then be iterated over until all
+    intermediate contractions are complete.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    einsum, linalg.multi_dot
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    We can begin with a chain dot example. In this case, it is optimal to
+    contract the ``b`` and ``c`` tensors first as represented by the first
+    element of the path ``(1, 2)``. The resulting tensor is added to the end
+    of the contraction and the remaining contraction ``(0, 1)`` is then
+    completed.
+
+    >>> np.random.seed(123)
+    >>> a = np.random.rand(2, 2)
+    >>> b = np.random.rand(2, 5)
+    >>> c = np.random.rand(5, 2)
+    >>> path_info = np.einsum_path('ij,jk,kl->il', a, b, c, optimize='greedy')
+    >>> print(path_info[0])
+    ['einsum_path', (1, 2), (0, 1)]
+    >>> print(path_info[1])
+      Complete contraction:  ij,jk,kl->il # may vary
+             Naive scaling:  4
+         Optimized scaling:  3
+          Naive FLOP count:  1.600e+02
+      Optimized FLOP count:  5.600e+01
+       Theoretical speedup:  2.857
+      Largest intermediate:  4.000e+00 elements
+    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    scaling                  current                                remaining
+    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       3                   kl,jk->jl                                ij,jl->il
+       3                   jl,ij->il                                   il->il
+
+
+    A more complex index transformation example.
+
+    >>> I = np.random.rand(10, 10, 10, 10)
+    >>> C = np.random.rand(10, 10)
+    >>> path_info = np.einsum_path('ea,fb,abcd,gc,hd->efgh', C, C, I, C, C,
+    ...                            optimize='greedy')
+
+    >>> print(path_info[0])
+    ['einsum_path', (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 2), (0, 1)]
+    >>> print(path_info[1]) 
+      Complete contraction:  ea,fb,abcd,gc,hd->efgh # may vary
+             Naive scaling:  8
+         Optimized scaling:  5
+          Naive FLOP count:  8.000e+08
+      Optimized FLOP count:  8.000e+05
+       Theoretical speedup:  1000.000
+      Largest intermediate:  1.000e+04 elements
+    --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    scaling                  current                                remaining
+    --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       5               abcd,ea->bcde                      fb,gc,hd,bcde->efgh
+       5               bcde,fb->cdef                         gc,hd,cdef->efgh
+       5               cdef,gc->defg                            hd,defg->efgh
+       5               defg,hd->efgh                               efgh->efgh
+    """
+
+    # Figure out what the path really is
+    path_type = optimize
+    if path_type is True:
+        path_type = 'greedy'
+    if path_type is None:
+        path_type = False
+
+    explicit_einsum_path = False
+    memory_limit = None
+
+    # No optimization or a named path algorithm
+    if (path_type is False) or isinstance(path_type, str):
+        pass
+
+    # Given an explicit path
+    elif len(path_type) and (path_type[0] == 'einsum_path'):
+        explicit_einsum_path = True
+
+    # Path tuple with memory limit
+    elif ((len(path_type) == 2) and isinstance(path_type[0], str) and
+            isinstance(path_type[1], (int, float))):
+        memory_limit = int(path_type[1])
+        path_type = path_type[0]
+
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Did not understand the path: %s" % str(path_type))
+
+    # Hidden option, only einsum should call this
+    einsum_call_arg = einsum_call
+
+    # Python side parsing
+    input_subscripts, output_subscript, operands = _parse_einsum_input(operands)
+
+    # Build a few useful list and sets
+    input_list = input_subscripts.split(',')
+    input_sets = [set(x) for x in input_list]
+    output_set = set(output_subscript)
+    indices = set(input_subscripts.replace(',', ''))
+
+    # Get length of each unique dimension and ensure all dimensions are correct
+    dimension_dict = {}
+    broadcast_indices = [[] for x in range(len(input_list))]
+    for tnum, term in enumerate(input_list):
+        sh = operands[tnum].shape
+        if len(sh) != len(term):
+            raise ValueError("Einstein sum subscript %s does not contain the "
+                             "correct number of indices for operand %d."
+                             % (input_subscripts[tnum], tnum))
+        for cnum, char in enumerate(term):
+            dim = sh[cnum]
+
+            # Build out broadcast indices
+            if dim == 1:
+                broadcast_indices[tnum].append(char)
+
+            if char in dimension_dict.keys():
+                # For broadcasting cases we always want the largest dim size
+                if dimension_dict[char] == 1:
+                    dimension_dict[char] = dim
+                elif dim not in (1, dimension_dict[char]):
+                    raise ValueError("Size of label '%s' for operand %d (%d) "
+                                     "does not match previous terms (%d)."
+                                     % (char, tnum, dimension_dict[char], dim))
+            else:
+                dimension_dict[char] = dim
+
+    # Convert broadcast inds to sets
+    broadcast_indices = [set(x) for x in broadcast_indices]
+
+    # Compute size of each input array plus the output array
+    size_list = [_compute_size_by_dict(term, dimension_dict)
+                 for term in input_list + [output_subscript]]
+    max_size = max(size_list)
+
+    if memory_limit is None:
+        memory_arg = max_size
+    else:
+        memory_arg = memory_limit
+
+    # Compute naive cost
+    # This isn't quite right, need to look into exactly how einsum does this
+    inner_product = (sum(len(x) for x in input_sets) - len(indices)) > 0
+    naive_cost = _flop_count(indices, inner_product, len(input_list), dimension_dict)
+
+    # Compute the path
+    if explicit_einsum_path:
+        path = path_type[1:]
+    elif (
+        (path_type is False)
+        or (len(input_list) in [1, 2])
+        or (indices == output_set)
+    ):
+        # Nothing to be optimized, leave it to einsum
+        path = [tuple(range(len(input_list)))]
+    elif path_type == "greedy":
+        path = _greedy_path(input_sets, output_set, dimension_dict, memory_arg)
+    elif path_type == "optimal":
+        path = _optimal_path(input_sets, output_set, dimension_dict, memory_arg)
+    else:
+        raise KeyError("Path name %s not found", path_type)
+
+    cost_list, scale_list, size_list, contraction_list = [], [], [], []
+
+    # Build contraction tuple (positions, gemm, einsum_str, remaining)
+    for cnum, contract_inds in enumerate(path):
+        # Make sure we remove inds from right to left
+        contract_inds = tuple(sorted(list(contract_inds), reverse=True))
+
+        contract = _find_contraction(contract_inds, input_sets, output_set)
+        out_inds, input_sets, idx_removed, idx_contract = contract
+
+        cost = _flop_count(idx_contract, idx_removed, len(contract_inds), dimension_dict)
+        cost_list.append(cost)
+        scale_list.append(len(idx_contract))
+        size_list.append(_compute_size_by_dict(out_inds, dimension_dict))
+
+        bcast = set()
+        tmp_inputs = []
+        for x in contract_inds:
+            tmp_inputs.append(input_list.pop(x))
+            bcast |= broadcast_indices.pop(x)
+
+        new_bcast_inds = bcast - idx_removed
+
+        # If we're broadcasting, nix blas
+        if not len(idx_removed & bcast):
+            do_blas = _can_dot(tmp_inputs, out_inds, idx_removed)
+        else:
+            do_blas = False
+
+        # Last contraction
+        if (cnum - len(path)) == -1:
+            idx_result = output_subscript
+        else:
+            sort_result = [(dimension_dict[ind], ind) for ind in out_inds]
+            idx_result = "".join([x[1] for x in sorted(sort_result)])
+
+        input_list.append(idx_result)
+        broadcast_indices.append(new_bcast_inds)
+        einsum_str = ",".join(tmp_inputs) + "->" + idx_result
+
+        contraction = (contract_inds, idx_removed, einsum_str, input_list[:], do_blas)
+        contraction_list.append(contraction)
+
+    opt_cost = sum(cost_list) + 1
+
+    if len(input_list) != 1:
+        # Explicit "einsum_path" is usually trusted, but we detect this kind of
+        # mistake in order to prevent from returning an intermediate value.
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Invalid einsum_path is specified: {} more operands has to be "
+            "contracted.".format(len(input_list) - 1))
+
+    if einsum_call_arg:
+        return (operands, contraction_list)
+
+    # Return the path along with a nice string representation
+    overall_contraction = input_subscripts + "->" + output_subscript
+    header = ("scaling", "current", "remaining")
+
+    speedup = naive_cost / opt_cost
+    max_i = max(size_list)
+
+    path_print  = "  Complete contraction:  %s\n" % overall_contraction
+    path_print += "         Naive scaling:  %d\n" % len(indices)
+    path_print += "     Optimized scaling:  %d\n" % max(scale_list)
+    path_print += "      Naive FLOP count:  %.3e\n" % naive_cost
+    path_print += "  Optimized FLOP count:  %.3e\n" % opt_cost
+    path_print += "   Theoretical speedup:  %3.3f\n" % speedup
+    path_print += "  Largest intermediate:  %.3e elements\n" % max_i
+    path_print += "-" * 74 + "\n"
+    path_print += "%6s %24s %40s\n" % header
+    path_print += "-" * 74
+
+    for n, contraction in enumerate(contraction_list):
+        inds, idx_rm, einsum_str, remaining, blas = contraction
+        remaining_str = ",".join(remaining) + "->" + output_subscript
+        path_run = (scale_list[n], einsum_str, remaining_str)
+        path_print += "\n%4d    %24s %40s" % path_run
+
+    path = ['einsum_path'] + path
+    return (path, path_print)
+
+
+def _einsum_dispatcher(*operands, out=None, optimize=None, **kwargs):
+    # Arguably we dispatch on more arguments than we really should; see note in
+    # _einsum_path_dispatcher for why.
+    yield from operands
+    yield out
+
+
+# Rewrite einsum to handle different cases
+@array_function_dispatch(_einsum_dispatcher, module='numpy')
+def einsum(*operands, out=None, optimize=False, **kwargs):
+    """
+    einsum(subscripts, *operands, out=None, dtype=None, order='K',
+           casting='safe', optimize=False)
+
+    Evaluates the Einstein summation convention on the operands.
+
+    Using the Einstein summation convention, many common multi-dimensional,
+    linear algebraic array operations can be represented in a simple fashion.
+    In *implicit* mode `einsum` computes these values.
+
+    In *explicit* mode, `einsum` provides further flexibility to compute
+    other array operations that might not be considered classical Einstein
+    summation operations, by disabling, or forcing summation over specified
+    subscript labels.
+
+    See the notes and examples for clarification.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    subscripts : str
+        Specifies the subscripts for summation as comma separated list of
+        subscript labels. An implicit (classical Einstein summation)
+        calculation is performed unless the explicit indicator '->' is
+        included as well as subscript labels of the precise output form.
+    operands : list of array_like
+        These are the arrays for the operation.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the calculation is done into this array.
+    dtype : {data-type, None}, optional
+        If provided, forces the calculation to use the data type specified.
+        Note that you may have to also give a more liberal `casting`
+        parameter to allow the conversions. Default is None.
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
+        Controls the memory layout of the output. 'C' means it should
+        be C contiguous. 'F' means it should be Fortran contiguous,
+        'A' means it should be 'F' if the inputs are all 'F', 'C' otherwise.
+        'K' means it should be as close to the layout as the inputs as
+        is possible, including arbitrarily permuted axes.
+        Default is 'K'.
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur.  Setting this to
+        'unsafe' is not recommended, as it can adversely affect accumulations.
+
+          * 'no' means the data types should not be cast at all.
+          * 'equiv' means only byte-order changes are allowed.
+          * 'safe' means only casts which can preserve values are allowed.
+          * 'same_kind' means only safe casts or casts within a kind,
+            like float64 to float32, are allowed.
+          * 'unsafe' means any data conversions may be done.
+
+        Default is 'safe'.
+    optimize : {False, True, 'greedy', 'optimal'}, optional
+        Controls if intermediate optimization should occur. No optimization
+        will occur if False and True will default to the 'greedy' algorithm.
+        Also accepts an explicit contraction list from the ``np.einsum_path``
+        function. See ``np.einsum_path`` for more details. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    output : ndarray
+        The calculation based on the Einstein summation convention.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    einsum_path, dot, inner, outer, tensordot, linalg.multi_dot
+    einops :
+        similar verbose interface is provided by
+        `einops <https://github.com/arogozhnikov/einops>`_ package to cover
+        additional operations: transpose, reshape/flatten, repeat/tile,
+        squeeze/unsqueeze and reductions.
+    opt_einsum :
+        `opt_einsum <https://optimized-einsum.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_
+        optimizes contraction order for einsum-like expressions
+        in backend-agnostic manner.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+
+    The Einstein summation convention can be used to compute
+    many multi-dimensional, linear algebraic array operations. `einsum`
+    provides a succinct way of representing these.
+
+    A non-exhaustive list of these operations,
+    which can be computed by `einsum`, is shown below along with examples:
+
+    * Trace of an array, :py:func:`numpy.trace`.
+    * Return a diagonal, :py:func:`numpy.diag`.
+    * Array axis summations, :py:func:`numpy.sum`.
+    * Transpositions and permutations, :py:func:`numpy.transpose`.
+    * Matrix multiplication and dot product, :py:func:`numpy.matmul` :py:func:`numpy.dot`.
+    * Vector inner and outer products, :py:func:`numpy.inner` :py:func:`numpy.outer`.
+    * Broadcasting, element-wise and scalar multiplication, :py:func:`numpy.multiply`.
+    * Tensor contractions, :py:func:`numpy.tensordot`.
+    * Chained array operations, in efficient calculation order, :py:func:`numpy.einsum_path`.
+
+    The subscripts string is a comma-separated list of subscript labels,
+    where each label refers to a dimension of the corresponding operand.
+    Whenever a label is repeated it is summed, so ``np.einsum('i,i', a, b)``
+    is equivalent to :py:func:`np.inner(a,b) <numpy.inner>`. If a label
+    appears only once, it is not summed, so ``np.einsum('i', a)`` produces a
+    view of ``a`` with no changes. A further example ``np.einsum('ij,jk', a, b)``
+    describes traditional matrix multiplication and is equivalent to
+    :py:func:`np.matmul(a,b) <numpy.matmul>`. Repeated subscript labels in one
+    operand take the diagonal. For example, ``np.einsum('ii', a)`` is equivalent
+    to :py:func:`np.trace(a) <numpy.trace>`.
+
+    In *implicit mode*, the chosen subscripts are important
+    since the axes of the output are reordered alphabetically.  This
+    means that ``np.einsum('ij', a)`` doesn't affect a 2D array, while
+    ``np.einsum('ji', a)`` takes its transpose. Additionally,
+    ``np.einsum('ij,jk', a, b)`` returns a matrix multiplication, while,
+    ``np.einsum('ij,jh', a, b)`` returns the transpose of the
+    multiplication since subscript 'h' precedes subscript 'i'.
+
+    In *explicit mode* the output can be directly controlled by
+    specifying output subscript labels.  This requires the
+    identifier '->' as well as the list of output subscript labels.
+    This feature increases the flexibility of the function since
+    summing can be disabled or forced when required. The call
+    ``np.einsum('i->', a)`` is like :py:func:`np.sum(a, axis=-1) <numpy.sum>`,
+    and ``np.einsum('ii->i', a)`` is like :py:func:`np.diag(a) <numpy.diag>`.
+    The difference is that `einsum` does not allow broadcasting by default.
+    Additionally ``np.einsum('ij,jh->ih', a, b)`` directly specifies the
+    order of the output subscript labels and therefore returns matrix
+    multiplication, unlike the example above in implicit mode.
+
+    To enable and control broadcasting, use an ellipsis.  Default
+    NumPy-style broadcasting is done by adding an ellipsis
+    to the left of each term, like ``np.einsum('...ii->...i', a)``.
+    To take the trace along the first and last axes,
+    you can do ``np.einsum('i...i', a)``, or to do a matrix-matrix
+    product with the left-most indices instead of rightmost, one can do
+    ``np.einsum('ij...,jk...->ik...', a, b)``.
+
+    When there is only one operand, no axes are summed, and no output
+    parameter is provided, a view into the operand is returned instead
+    of a new array.  Thus, taking the diagonal as ``np.einsum('ii->i', a)``
+    produces a view (changed in version 1.10.0).
+
+    `einsum` also provides an alternative way to provide the subscripts
+    and operands as ``einsum(op0, sublist0, op1, sublist1, ..., [sublistout])``.
+    If the output shape is not provided in this format `einsum` will be
+    calculated in implicit mode, otherwise it will be performed explicitly.
+    The examples below have corresponding `einsum` calls with the two
+    parameter methods.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.10.0
+
+    Views returned from einsum are now writeable whenever the input array
+    is writeable. For example, ``np.einsum('ijk...->kji...', a)`` will now
+    have the same effect as :py:func:`np.swapaxes(a, 0, 2) <numpy.swapaxes>`
+    and ``np.einsum('ii->i', a)`` will return a writeable view of the diagonal
+    of a 2D array.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.12.0
+
+    Added the ``optimize`` argument which will optimize the contraction order
+    of an einsum expression. For a contraction with three or more operands this
+    can greatly increase the computational efficiency at the cost of a larger
+    memory footprint during computation.
+
+    Typically a 'greedy' algorithm is applied which empirical tests have shown
+    returns the optimal path in the majority of cases. In some cases 'optimal'
+    will return the superlative path through a more expensive, exhaustive search.
+    For iterative calculations it may be advisable to calculate the optimal path
+    once and reuse that path by supplying it as an argument. An example is given
+    below.
+
+    See :py:func:`numpy.einsum_path` for more details.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)
+    >>> b = np.arange(5)
+    >>> c = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
+
+    Trace of a matrix:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ii', a)
+    60
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,0])
+    60
+    >>> np.trace(a)
+    60
+
+    Extract the diagonal (requires explicit form):
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ii->i', a)
+    array([ 0,  6, 12, 18, 24])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,0], [0])
+    array([ 0,  6, 12, 18, 24])
+    >>> np.diag(a)
+    array([ 0,  6, 12, 18, 24])
+
+    Sum over an axis (requires explicit form):
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ij->i', a)
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,1], [0])
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+    >>> np.sum(a, axis=1)
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+
+    For higher dimensional arrays summing a single axis can be done with ellipsis:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('...j->...', a)
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [Ellipsis,1], [Ellipsis])
+    array([ 10,  35,  60,  85, 110])
+
+    Compute a matrix transpose, or reorder any number of axes:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ji', c)
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [1, 4],
+           [2, 5]])
+    >>> np.einsum('ij->ji', c)
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [1, 4],
+           [2, 5]])
+    >>> np.einsum(c, [1,0])
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [1, 4],
+           [2, 5]])
+    >>> np.transpose(c)
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [1, 4],
+           [2, 5]])
+
+    Vector inner products:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('i,i', b, b)
+    30
+    >>> np.einsum(b, [0], b, [0])
+    30
+    >>> np.inner(b,b)
+    30
+
+    Matrix vector multiplication:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('ij,j', a, b)
+    array([ 30,  80, 130, 180, 230])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,1], b, [1])
+    array([ 30,  80, 130, 180, 230])
+    >>> np.dot(a, b)
+    array([ 30,  80, 130, 180, 230])
+    >>> np.einsum('...j,j', a, b)
+    array([ 30,  80, 130, 180, 230])
+
+    Broadcasting and scalar multiplication:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('..., ...', 3, c)
+    array([[ 0,  3,  6],
+           [ 9, 12, 15]])
+    >>> np.einsum(',ij', 3, c)
+    array([[ 0,  3,  6],
+           [ 9, 12, 15]])
+    >>> np.einsum(3, [Ellipsis], c, [Ellipsis])
+    array([[ 0,  3,  6],
+           [ 9, 12, 15]])
+    >>> np.multiply(3, c)
+    array([[ 0,  3,  6],
+           [ 9, 12, 15]])
+
+    Vector outer product:
+
+    >>> np.einsum('i,j', np.arange(2)+1, b)
+    array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+           [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]])
+    >>> np.einsum(np.arange(2)+1, [0], b, [1])
+    array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+           [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]])
+    >>> np.outer(np.arange(2)+1, b)
+    array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+           [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]])
+
+    Tensor contraction:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(60.).reshape(3,4,5)
+    >>> b = np.arange(24.).reshape(4,3,2)
+    >>> np.einsum('ijk,jil->kl', a, b)
+    array([[4400., 4730.],
+           [4532., 4874.],
+           [4664., 5018.],
+           [4796., 5162.],
+           [4928., 5306.]])
+    >>> np.einsum(a, [0,1,2], b, [1,0,3], [2,3])
+    array([[4400., 4730.],
+           [4532., 4874.],
+           [4664., 5018.],
+           [4796., 5162.],
+           [4928., 5306.]])
+    >>> np.tensordot(a,b, axes=([1,0],[0,1]))
+    array([[4400., 4730.],
+           [4532., 4874.],
+           [4664., 5018.],
+           [4796., 5162.],
+           [4928., 5306.]])
+
+    Writeable returned arrays (since version 1.10.0):
+
+    >>> a = np.zeros((3, 3))
+    >>> np.einsum('ii->i', a)[:] = 1
+    >>> a
+    array([[1., 0., 0.],
+           [0., 1., 0.],
+           [0., 0., 1.]])
+
+    Example of ellipsis use:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(6).reshape((3,2))
+    >>> b = np.arange(12).reshape((4,3))
+    >>> np.einsum('ki,jk->ij', a, b)
+    array([[10, 28, 46, 64],
+           [13, 40, 67, 94]])
+    >>> np.einsum('ki,...k->i...', a, b)
+    array([[10, 28, 46, 64],
+           [13, 40, 67, 94]])
+    >>> np.einsum('k...,jk', a, b)
+    array([[10, 28, 46, 64],
+           [13, 40, 67, 94]])
+
+    Chained array operations. For more complicated contractions, speed ups
+    might be achieved by repeatedly computing a 'greedy' path or pre-computing the
+    'optimal' path and repeatedly applying it, using an
+    `einsum_path` insertion (since version 1.12.0). Performance improvements can be
+    particularly significant with larger arrays:
+
+    >>> a = np.ones(64).reshape(2,4,8)
+
+    Basic `einsum`: ~1520ms  (benchmarked on 3.1GHz Intel i5.)
+
+    >>> for iteration in range(500):
+    ...     _ = np.einsum('ijk,ilm,njm,nlk,abc->',a,a,a,a,a)
+
+    Sub-optimal `einsum` (due to repeated path calculation time): ~330ms
+
+    >>> for iteration in range(500):
+    ...     _ = np.einsum('ijk,ilm,njm,nlk,abc->',a,a,a,a,a, optimize='optimal')
+
+    Greedy `einsum` (faster optimal path approximation): ~160ms
+
+    >>> for iteration in range(500):
+    ...     _ = np.einsum('ijk,ilm,njm,nlk,abc->',a,a,a,a,a, optimize='greedy')
+
+    Optimal `einsum` (best usage pattern in some use cases): ~110ms
+
+    >>> path = np.einsum_path('ijk,ilm,njm,nlk,abc->',a,a,a,a,a, optimize='optimal')[0]
+    >>> for iteration in range(500):
+    ...     _ = np.einsum('ijk,ilm,njm,nlk,abc->',a,a,a,a,a, optimize=path)
+
+    """
+    # Special handling if out is specified
+    specified_out = out is not None
+
+    # If no optimization, run pure einsum
+    if optimize is False:
+        if specified_out:
+            kwargs['out'] = out
+        return c_einsum(*operands, **kwargs)
+
+    # Check the kwargs to avoid a more cryptic error later, without having to
+    # repeat default values here
+    valid_einsum_kwargs = ['dtype', 'order', 'casting']
+    unknown_kwargs = [k for (k, v) in kwargs.items() if
+                      k not in valid_einsum_kwargs]
+    if len(unknown_kwargs):
+        raise TypeError("Did not understand the following kwargs: %s"
+                        % unknown_kwargs)
+
+    # Build the contraction list and operand
+    operands, contraction_list = einsum_path(*operands, optimize=optimize,
+                                             einsum_call=True)
+
+    # Handle order kwarg for output array, c_einsum allows mixed case
+    output_order = kwargs.pop('order', 'K')
+    if output_order.upper() == 'A':
+        if all(arr.flags.f_contiguous for arr in operands):
+            output_order = 'F'
+        else:
+            output_order = 'C'
+
+    # Start contraction loop
+    for num, contraction in enumerate(contraction_list):
+        inds, idx_rm, einsum_str, remaining, blas = contraction
+        tmp_operands = [operands.pop(x) for x in inds]
+
+        # Do we need to deal with the output?
+        handle_out = specified_out and ((num + 1) == len(contraction_list))
+
+        # Call tensordot if still possible
+        if blas:
+            # Checks have already been handled
+            input_str, results_index = einsum_str.split('->')
+            input_left, input_right = input_str.split(',')
+
+            tensor_result = input_left + input_right
+            for s in idx_rm:
+                tensor_result = tensor_result.replace(s, "")
+
+            # Find indices to contract over
+            left_pos, right_pos = [], []
+            for s in sorted(idx_rm):
+                left_pos.append(input_left.find(s))
+                right_pos.append(input_right.find(s))
+
+            # Contract!
+            new_view = tensordot(*tmp_operands, axes=(tuple(left_pos), tuple(right_pos)))
+
+            # Build a new view if needed
+            if (tensor_result != results_index) or handle_out:
+                if handle_out:
+                    kwargs["out"] = out
+                new_view = c_einsum(tensor_result + '->' + results_index, new_view, **kwargs)
+
+        # Call einsum
+        else:
+            # If out was specified
+            if handle_out:
+                kwargs["out"] = out
+
+            # Do the contraction
+            new_view = c_einsum(einsum_str, *tmp_operands, **kwargs)
+
+        # Append new items and dereference what we can
+        operands.append(new_view)
+        del tmp_operands, new_view
+
+    if specified_out:
+        return out
+    else:
+        return asanyarray(operands[0], order=output_order)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/einsumfunc.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/einsumfunc.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad483bb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/einsumfunc.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import TypeVar, Any, overload, Union, Literal
+
+from numpy import (
+    ndarray,
+    dtype,
+    bool_,
+    number,
+    _OrderKACF,
+)
+from numpy._typing import (
+    _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    _DTypeLikeBool,
+    _DTypeLikeUInt,
+    _DTypeLikeInt,
+    _DTypeLikeFloat,
+    _DTypeLikeComplex,
+    _DTypeLikeComplex_co,
+    _DTypeLikeObject,
+)
+
+_ArrayType = TypeVar(
+    "_ArrayType",
+    bound=ndarray[Any, dtype[Union[bool_, number[Any]]]],
+)
+
+_OptimizeKind = None | bool | Literal["greedy", "optimal"] | Sequence[Any]
+_CastingSafe = Literal["no", "equiv", "safe", "same_kind"]
+_CastingUnsafe = Literal["unsafe"]
+
+__all__: list[str]
+
+# TODO: Properly handle the `casting`-based combinatorics
+# TODO: We need to evaluate the content `__subscripts` in order
+# to identify whether or an array or scalar is returned. At a cursory
+# glance this seems like something that can quite easily be done with
+# a mypy plugin.
+# Something like `is_scalar = bool(__subscripts.partition("->")[-1])`
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeBool = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    casting: _CastingSafe = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeUInt = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    casting: _CastingSafe = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeInt = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    casting: _CastingSafe = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeFloat = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    casting: _CastingSafe = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeComplex = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    casting: _CastingSafe = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: Any,
+    casting: _CastingUnsafe,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeComplex_co = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    out: _ArrayType,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeComplex_co = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    casting: _CastingSafe = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: Any,
+    out: _ArrayType,
+    casting: _CastingUnsafe,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeComplex_co = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeObject = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    casting: _CastingSafe = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: Any,
+    casting: _CastingUnsafe,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeObject = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    out: _ArrayType,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeObject = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    casting: _CastingSafe = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def einsum(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: Any,
+    out: _ArrayType,
+    casting: _CastingUnsafe,
+    dtype: None | _DTypeLikeObject = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+# NOTE: `einsum_call` is a hidden kwarg unavailable for public use.
+# It is therefore excluded from the signatures below.
+# NOTE: In practice the list consists of a `str` (first element)
+# and a variable number of integer tuples.
+def einsum_path(
+    subscripts: str | _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    *operands: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _DTypeLikeObject,
+    optimize: _OptimizeKind = ...,
+) -> tuple[list[Any], str]: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69cabb33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3920 @@
+"""Module containing non-deprecated functions borrowed from Numeric.
+
+"""
+import functools
+import types
+import warnings
+
+import numpy as np
+from .._utils import set_module
+from . import multiarray as mu
+from . import overrides
+from . import umath as um
+from . import numerictypes as nt
+from .multiarray import asarray, array, asanyarray, concatenate
+from . import _methods
+
+_dt_ = nt.sctype2char
+
+# functions that are methods
+__all__ = [
+    'all', 'alltrue', 'amax', 'amin', 'any', 'argmax',
+    'argmin', 'argpartition', 'argsort', 'around', 'choose', 'clip',
+    'compress', 'cumprod', 'cumproduct', 'cumsum', 'diagonal', 'mean',
+    'max', 'min',
+    'ndim', 'nonzero', 'partition', 'prod', 'product', 'ptp', 'put',
+    'ravel', 'repeat', 'reshape', 'resize', 'round', 'round_',
+    'searchsorted', 'shape', 'size', 'sometrue', 'sort', 'squeeze',
+    'std', 'sum', 'swapaxes', 'take', 'trace', 'transpose', 'var',
+]
+
+_gentype = types.GeneratorType
+# save away Python sum
+_sum_ = sum
+
+array_function_dispatch = functools.partial(
+    overrides.array_function_dispatch, module='numpy')
+
+
+# functions that are now methods
+def _wrapit(obj, method, *args, **kwds):
+    try:
+        wrap = obj.__array_wrap__
+    except AttributeError:
+        wrap = None
+    result = getattr(asarray(obj), method)(*args, **kwds)
+    if wrap:
+        if not isinstance(result, mu.ndarray):
+            result = asarray(result)
+        result = wrap(result)
+    return result
+
+
+def _wrapfunc(obj, method, *args, **kwds):
+    bound = getattr(obj, method, None)
+    if bound is None:
+        return _wrapit(obj, method, *args, **kwds)
+
+    try:
+        return bound(*args, **kwds)
+    except TypeError:
+        # A TypeError occurs if the object does have such a method in its
+        # class, but its signature is not identical to that of NumPy's. This
+        # situation has occurred in the case of a downstream library like
+        # 'pandas'.
+        #
+        # Call _wrapit from within the except clause to ensure a potential
+        # exception has a traceback chain.
+        return _wrapit(obj, method, *args, **kwds)
+
+
+def _wrapreduction(obj, ufunc, method, axis, dtype, out, **kwargs):
+    passkwargs = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items()
+                  if v is not np._NoValue}
+
+    if type(obj) is not mu.ndarray:
+        try:
+            reduction = getattr(obj, method)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            # This branch is needed for reductions like any which don't
+            # support a dtype.
+            if dtype is not None:
+                return reduction(axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, **passkwargs)
+            else:
+                return reduction(axis=axis, out=out, **passkwargs)
+
+    return ufunc.reduce(obj, axis, dtype, out, **passkwargs)
+
+
+def _take_dispatcher(a, indices, axis=None, out=None, mode=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_take_dispatcher)
+def take(a, indices, axis=None, out=None, mode='raise'):
+    """
+    Take elements from an array along an axis.
+
+    When axis is not None, this function does the same thing as "fancy"
+    indexing (indexing arrays using arrays); however, it can be easier to use
+    if you need elements along a given axis. A call such as
+    ``np.take(arr, indices, axis=3)`` is equivalent to
+    ``arr[:,:,:,indices,...]``.
+
+    Explained without fancy indexing, this is equivalent to the following use
+    of `ndindex`, which sets each of ``ii``, ``jj``, and ``kk`` to a tuple of
+    indices::
+
+        Ni, Nk = a.shape[:axis], a.shape[axis+1:]
+        Nj = indices.shape
+        for ii in ndindex(Ni):
+            for jj in ndindex(Nj):
+                for kk in ndindex(Nk):
+                    out[ii + jj + kk] = a[ii + (indices[jj],) + kk]
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like (Ni..., M, Nk...)
+        The source array.
+    indices : array_like (Nj...)
+        The indices of the values to extract.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
+
+        Also allow scalars for indices.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis over which to select values. By default, the flattened
+        input array is used.
+    out : ndarray, optional (Ni..., Nj..., Nk...)
+        If provided, the result will be placed in this array. It should
+        be of the appropriate shape and dtype. Note that `out` is always
+        buffered if `mode='raise'`; use other modes for better performance.
+    mode : {'raise', 'wrap', 'clip'}, optional
+        Specifies how out-of-bounds indices will behave.
+
+        * 'raise' -- raise an error (default)
+        * 'wrap' -- wrap around
+        * 'clip' -- clip to the range
+
+        'clip' mode means that all indices that are too large are replaced
+        by the index that addresses the last element along that axis. Note
+        that this disables indexing with negative numbers.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray (Ni..., Nj..., Nk...)
+        The returned array has the same type as `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    compress : Take elements using a boolean mask
+    ndarray.take : equivalent method
+    take_along_axis : Take elements by matching the array and the index arrays
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+
+    By eliminating the inner loop in the description above, and using `s_` to
+    build simple slice objects, `take` can be expressed  in terms of applying
+    fancy indexing to each 1-d slice::
+
+        Ni, Nk = a.shape[:axis], a.shape[axis+1:]
+        for ii in ndindex(Ni):
+            for kk in ndindex(Nj):
+                out[ii + s_[...,] + kk] = a[ii + s_[:,] + kk][indices]
+
+    For this reason, it is equivalent to (but faster than) the following use
+    of `apply_along_axis`::
+
+        out = np.apply_along_axis(lambda a_1d: a_1d[indices], axis, a)
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = [4, 3, 5, 7, 6, 8]
+    >>> indices = [0, 1, 4]
+    >>> np.take(a, indices)
+    array([4, 3, 6])
+
+    In this example if `a` is an ndarray, "fancy" indexing can be used.
+
+    >>> a = np.array(a)
+    >>> a[indices]
+    array([4, 3, 6])
+
+    If `indices` is not one dimensional, the output also has these dimensions.
+
+    >>> np.take(a, [[0, 1], [2, 3]])
+    array([[4, 3],
+           [5, 7]])
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'take', indices, axis=axis, out=out, mode=mode)
+
+
+def _reshape_dispatcher(a, newshape, order=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+# not deprecated --- copy if necessary, view otherwise
+@array_function_dispatch(_reshape_dispatcher)
+def reshape(a, newshape, order='C'):
+    """
+    Gives a new shape to an array without changing its data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array to be reshaped.
+    newshape : int or tuple of ints
+        The new shape should be compatible with the original shape. If
+        an integer, then the result will be a 1-D array of that length.
+        One shape dimension can be -1. In this case, the value is
+        inferred from the length of the array and remaining dimensions.
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A'}, optional
+        Read the elements of `a` using this index order, and place the
+        elements into the reshaped array using this index order.  'C'
+        means to read / write the elements using C-like index order,
+        with the last axis index changing fastest, back to the first
+        axis index changing slowest. 'F' means to read / write the
+        elements using Fortran-like index order, with the first index
+        changing fastest, and the last index changing slowest. Note that
+        the 'C' and 'F' options take no account of the memory layout of
+        the underlying array, and only refer to the order of indexing.
+        'A' means to read / write the elements in Fortran-like index
+        order if `a` is Fortran *contiguous* in memory, C-like order
+        otherwise.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    reshaped_array : ndarray
+        This will be a new view object if possible; otherwise, it will
+        be a copy.  Note there is no guarantee of the *memory layout* (C- or
+        Fortran- contiguous) of the returned array.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.reshape : Equivalent method.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    It is not always possible to change the shape of an array without copying
+    the data.
+    
+    The `order` keyword gives the index ordering both for *fetching* the values
+    from `a`, and then *placing* the values into the output array.
+    For example, let's say you have an array:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(6).reshape((3, 2))
+    >>> a
+    array([[0, 1],
+           [2, 3],
+           [4, 5]])
+
+    You can think of reshaping as first raveling the array (using the given
+    index order), then inserting the elements from the raveled array into the
+    new array using the same kind of index ordering as was used for the
+    raveling.
+
+    >>> np.reshape(a, (2, 3)) # C-like index ordering
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 4, 5]])
+    >>> np.reshape(np.ravel(a), (2, 3)) # equivalent to C ravel then C reshape
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 4, 5]])
+    >>> np.reshape(a, (2, 3), order='F') # Fortran-like index ordering
+    array([[0, 4, 3],
+           [2, 1, 5]])
+    >>> np.reshape(np.ravel(a, order='F'), (2, 3), order='F')
+    array([[0, 4, 3],
+           [2, 1, 5]])
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
+    >>> np.reshape(a, 6)
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+    >>> np.reshape(a, 6, order='F')
+    array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6])
+
+    >>> np.reshape(a, (3,-1))       # the unspecified value is inferred to be 2
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4],
+           [5, 6]])
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'reshape', newshape, order=order)
+
+
+def _choose_dispatcher(a, choices, out=None, mode=None):
+    yield a
+    yield from choices
+    yield out
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_choose_dispatcher)
+def choose(a, choices, out=None, mode='raise'):
+    """
+    Construct an array from an index array and a list of arrays to choose from.
+
+    First of all, if confused or uncertain, definitely look at the Examples -
+    in its full generality, this function is less simple than it might
+    seem from the following code description (below ndi =
+    `numpy.lib.index_tricks`):
+
+    ``np.choose(a,c) == np.array([c[a[I]][I] for I in ndi.ndindex(a.shape)])``.
+
+    But this omits some subtleties.  Here is a fully general summary:
+
+    Given an "index" array (`a`) of integers and a sequence of ``n`` arrays
+    (`choices`), `a` and each choice array are first broadcast, as necessary,
+    to arrays of a common shape; calling these *Ba* and *Bchoices[i], i =
+    0,...,n-1* we have that, necessarily, ``Ba.shape == Bchoices[i].shape``
+    for each ``i``.  Then, a new array with shape ``Ba.shape`` is created as
+    follows:
+
+    * if ``mode='raise'`` (the default), then, first of all, each element of
+      ``a`` (and thus ``Ba``) must be in the range ``[0, n-1]``; now, suppose
+      that ``i`` (in that range) is the value at the ``(j0, j1, ..., jm)``
+      position in ``Ba`` - then the value at the same position in the new array
+      is the value in ``Bchoices[i]`` at that same position;
+
+    * if ``mode='wrap'``, values in `a` (and thus `Ba`) may be any (signed)
+      integer; modular arithmetic is used to map integers outside the range
+      `[0, n-1]` back into that range; and then the new array is constructed
+      as above;
+
+    * if ``mode='clip'``, values in `a` (and thus ``Ba``) may be any (signed)
+      integer; negative integers are mapped to 0; values greater than ``n-1``
+      are mapped to ``n-1``; and then the new array is constructed as above.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : int array
+        This array must contain integers in ``[0, n-1]``, where ``n`` is the
+        number of choices, unless ``mode=wrap`` or ``mode=clip``, in which
+        cases any integers are permissible.
+    choices : sequence of arrays
+        Choice arrays. `a` and all of the choices must be broadcastable to the
+        same shape.  If `choices` is itself an array (not recommended), then
+        its outermost dimension (i.e., the one corresponding to
+        ``choices.shape[0]``) is taken as defining the "sequence".
+    out : array, optional
+        If provided, the result will be inserted into this array. It should
+        be of the appropriate shape and dtype. Note that `out` is always
+        buffered if ``mode='raise'``; use other modes for better performance.
+    mode : {'raise' (default), 'wrap', 'clip'}, optional
+        Specifies how indices outside ``[0, n-1]`` will be treated:
+
+          * 'raise' : an exception is raised
+          * 'wrap' : value becomes value mod ``n``
+          * 'clip' : values < 0 are mapped to 0, values > n-1 are mapped to n-1
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    merged_array : array
+        The merged result.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError: shape mismatch
+        If `a` and each choice array are not all broadcastable to the same
+        shape.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.choose : equivalent method
+    numpy.take_along_axis : Preferable if `choices` is an array
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    To reduce the chance of misinterpretation, even though the following
+    "abuse" is nominally supported, `choices` should neither be, nor be
+    thought of as, a single array, i.e., the outermost sequence-like container
+    should be either a list or a tuple.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    >>> choices = [[0, 1, 2, 3], [10, 11, 12, 13],
+    ...   [20, 21, 22, 23], [30, 31, 32, 33]]
+    >>> np.choose([2, 3, 1, 0], choices
+    ... # the first element of the result will be the first element of the
+    ... # third (2+1) "array" in choices, namely, 20; the second element
+    ... # will be the second element of the fourth (3+1) choice array, i.e.,
+    ... # 31, etc.
+    ... )
+    array([20, 31, 12,  3])
+    >>> np.choose([2, 4, 1, 0], choices, mode='clip') # 4 goes to 3 (4-1)
+    array([20, 31, 12,  3])
+    >>> # because there are 4 choice arrays
+    >>> np.choose([2, 4, 1, 0], choices, mode='wrap') # 4 goes to (4 mod 4)
+    array([20,  1, 12,  3])
+    >>> # i.e., 0
+
+    A couple examples illustrating how choose broadcasts:
+
+    >>> a = [[1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1]]
+    >>> choices = [-10, 10]
+    >>> np.choose(a, choices)
+    array([[ 10, -10,  10],
+           [-10,  10, -10],
+           [ 10, -10,  10]])
+
+    >>> # With thanks to Anne Archibald
+    >>> a = np.array([0, 1]).reshape((2,1,1))
+    >>> c1 = np.array([1, 2, 3]).reshape((1,3,1))
+    >>> c2 = np.array([-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]).reshape((1,1,5))
+    >>> np.choose(a, (c1, c2)) # result is 2x3x5, res[0,:,:]=c1, res[1,:,:]=c2
+    array([[[ 1,  1,  1,  1,  1],
+            [ 2,  2,  2,  2,  2],
+            [ 3,  3,  3,  3,  3]],
+           [[-1, -2, -3, -4, -5],
+            [-1, -2, -3, -4, -5],
+            [-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]]])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'choose', choices, out=out, mode=mode)
+
+
+def _repeat_dispatcher(a, repeats, axis=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_repeat_dispatcher)
+def repeat(a, repeats, axis=None):
+    """
+    Repeat each element of an array after themselves
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    repeats : int or array of ints
+        The number of repetitions for each element.  `repeats` is broadcasted
+        to fit the shape of the given axis.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis along which to repeat values.  By default, use the
+        flattened input array, and return a flat output array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    repeated_array : ndarray
+        Output array which has the same shape as `a`, except along
+        the given axis.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    tile : Tile an array.
+    unique : Find the unique elements of an array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.repeat(3, 4)
+    array([3, 3, 3, 3])
+    >>> x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
+    >>> np.repeat(x, 2)
+    array([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4])
+    >>> np.repeat(x, 3, axis=1)
+    array([[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
+           [3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4]])
+    >>> np.repeat(x, [1, 2], axis=0)
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4],
+           [3, 4]])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'repeat', repeats, axis=axis)
+
+
+def _put_dispatcher(a, ind, v, mode=None):
+    return (a, ind, v)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_put_dispatcher)
+def put(a, ind, v, mode='raise'):
+    """
+    Replaces specified elements of an array with given values.
+
+    The indexing works on the flattened target array. `put` is roughly
+    equivalent to:
+
+    ::
+
+        a.flat[ind] = v
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : ndarray
+        Target array.
+    ind : array_like
+        Target indices, interpreted as integers.
+    v : array_like
+        Values to place in `a` at target indices. If `v` is shorter than
+        `ind` it will be repeated as necessary.
+    mode : {'raise', 'wrap', 'clip'}, optional
+        Specifies how out-of-bounds indices will behave.
+
+        * 'raise' -- raise an error (default)
+        * 'wrap' -- wrap around
+        * 'clip' -- clip to the range
+
+        'clip' mode means that all indices that are too large are replaced
+        by the index that addresses the last element along that axis. Note
+        that this disables indexing with negative numbers. In 'raise' mode,
+        if an exception occurs the target array may still be modified.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    putmask, place
+    put_along_axis : Put elements by matching the array and the index arrays
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(5)
+    >>> np.put(a, [0, 2], [-44, -55])
+    >>> a
+    array([-44,   1, -55,   3,   4])
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(5)
+    >>> np.put(a, 22, -5, mode='clip')
+    >>> a
+    array([ 0,  1,  2,  3, -5])
+
+    """
+    try:
+        put = a.put
+    except AttributeError as e:
+        raise TypeError("argument 1 must be numpy.ndarray, "
+                        "not {name}".format(name=type(a).__name__)) from e
+
+    return put(ind, v, mode=mode)
+
+
+def _swapaxes_dispatcher(a, axis1, axis2):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_swapaxes_dispatcher)
+def swapaxes(a, axis1, axis2):
+    """
+    Interchange two axes of an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    axis1 : int
+        First axis.
+    axis2 : int
+        Second axis.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    a_swapped : ndarray
+        For NumPy >= 1.10.0, if `a` is an ndarray, then a view of `a` is
+        returned; otherwise a new array is created. For earlier NumPy
+        versions a view of `a` is returned only if the order of the
+        axes is changed, otherwise the input array is returned.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([[1,2,3]])
+    >>> np.swapaxes(x,0,1)
+    array([[1],
+           [2],
+           [3]])
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[[0,1],[2,3]],[[4,5],[6,7]]])
+    >>> x
+    array([[[0, 1],
+            [2, 3]],
+           [[4, 5],
+            [6, 7]]])
+
+    >>> np.swapaxes(x,0,2)
+    array([[[0, 4],
+            [2, 6]],
+           [[1, 5],
+            [3, 7]]])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'swapaxes', axis1, axis2)
+
+
+def _transpose_dispatcher(a, axes=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_transpose_dispatcher)
+def transpose(a, axes=None):
+    """
+    Returns an array with axes transposed.
+
+    For a 1-D array, this returns an unchanged view of the original array, as a
+    transposed vector is simply the same vector.
+    To convert a 1-D array into a 2-D column vector, an additional dimension
+    must be added, e.g., ``np.atleast2d(a).T`` achieves this, as does
+    ``a[:, np.newaxis]``.
+    For a 2-D array, this is the standard matrix transpose.
+    For an n-D array, if axes are given, their order indicates how the
+    axes are permuted (see Examples). If axes are not provided, then
+    ``transpose(a).shape == a.shape[::-1]``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    axes : tuple or list of ints, optional
+        If specified, it must be a tuple or list which contains a permutation
+        of [0,1,...,N-1] where N is the number of axes of `a`. The `i`'th axis
+        of the returned array will correspond to the axis numbered ``axes[i]``
+        of the input. If not specified, defaults to ``range(a.ndim)[::-1]``,
+        which reverses the order of the axes.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    p : ndarray
+        `a` with its axes permuted. A view is returned whenever possible.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.transpose : Equivalent method.
+    moveaxis : Move axes of an array to new positions.
+    argsort : Return the indices that would sort an array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Use ``transpose(a, argsort(axes))`` to invert the transposition of tensors
+    when using the `axes` keyword argument.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    >>> a
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4]])
+    >>> np.transpose(a)
+    array([[1, 3],
+           [2, 4]])
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> a
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> np.transpose(a)
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+    >>> a = np.ones((1, 2, 3))
+    >>> np.transpose(a, (1, 0, 2)).shape
+    (2, 1, 3)
+
+    >>> a = np.ones((2, 3, 4, 5))
+    >>> np.transpose(a).shape
+    (5, 4, 3, 2)
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'transpose', axes)
+
+
+def _partition_dispatcher(a, kth, axis=None, kind=None, order=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_partition_dispatcher)
+def partition(a, kth, axis=-1, kind='introselect', order=None):
+    """
+    Return a partitioned copy of an array.
+
+    Creates a copy of the array with its elements rearranged in such a
+    way that the value of the element in k-th position is in the position
+    the value would be in a sorted array.  In the partitioned array, all
+    elements before the k-th element are less than or equal to that
+    element, and all the elements after the k-th element are greater than
+    or equal to that element.  The ordering of the elements in the two
+    partitions is undefined.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array to be sorted.
+    kth : int or sequence of ints
+        Element index to partition by. The k-th value of the element
+        will be in its final sorted position and all smaller elements
+        will be moved before it and all equal or greater elements behind
+        it. The order of all elements in the partitions is undefined. If
+        provided with a sequence of k-th it will partition all elements
+        indexed by k-th  of them into their sorted position at once.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.22.0
+            Passing booleans as index is deprecated.
+    axis : int or None, optional
+        Axis along which to sort. If None, the array is flattened before
+        sorting. The default is -1, which sorts along the last axis.
+    kind : {'introselect'}, optional
+        Selection algorithm. Default is 'introselect'.
+    order : str or list of str, optional
+        When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument
+        specifies which fields to compare first, second, etc.  A single
+        field can be specified as a string.  Not all fields need be
+        specified, but unspecified fields will still be used, in the
+        order in which they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    partitioned_array : ndarray
+        Array of the same type and shape as `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.partition : Method to sort an array in-place.
+    argpartition : Indirect partition.
+    sort : Full sorting
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The various selection algorithms are characterized by their average
+    speed, worst case performance, work space size, and whether they are
+    stable. A stable sort keeps items with the same key in the same
+    relative order. The available algorithms have the following
+    properties:
+
+    ================= ======= ============= ============ =======
+       kind            speed   worst case    work space  stable
+    ================= ======= ============= ============ =======
+    'introselect'        1        O(n)           0         no
+    ================= ======= ============= ============ =======
+
+    All the partition algorithms make temporary copies of the data when
+    partitioning along any but the last axis.  Consequently,
+    partitioning along the last axis is faster and uses less space than
+    partitioning along any other axis.
+
+    The sort order for complex numbers is lexicographic. If both the
+    real and imaginary parts are non-nan then the order is determined by
+    the real parts except when they are equal, in which case the order
+    is determined by the imaginary parts.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([7, 1, 7, 7, 1, 5, 7, 2, 3, 2, 6, 2, 3, 0])
+    >>> p = np.partition(a, 4)
+    >>> p
+    array([0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 5, 2, 3, 3, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7])
+
+    ``p[4]`` is 2;  all elements in ``p[:4]`` are less than or equal
+    to ``p[4]``, and all elements in ``p[5:]`` are greater than or
+    equal to ``p[4]``.  The partition is::
+
+        [0, 1, 2, 1], [2], [5, 2, 3, 3, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7]
+
+    The next example shows the use of multiple values passed to `kth`.
+
+    >>> p2 = np.partition(a, (4, 8))
+    >>> p2
+    array([0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7])
+
+    ``p2[4]`` is 2  and ``p2[8]`` is 5.  All elements in ``p2[:4]``
+    are less than or equal to ``p2[4]``, all elements in ``p2[5:8]``
+    are greater than or equal to ``p2[4]`` and less than or equal to
+    ``p2[8]``, and all elements in ``p2[9:]`` are greater than or
+    equal to ``p2[8]``.  The partition is::
+
+        [0, 1, 2, 1], [2], [3, 3, 2], [5], [6, 7, 7, 7, 7]
+    """
+    if axis is None:
+        # flatten returns (1, N) for np.matrix, so always use the last axis
+        a = asanyarray(a).flatten()
+        axis = -1
+    else:
+        a = asanyarray(a).copy(order="K")
+    a.partition(kth, axis=axis, kind=kind, order=order)
+    return a
+
+
+def _argpartition_dispatcher(a, kth, axis=None, kind=None, order=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_argpartition_dispatcher)
+def argpartition(a, kth, axis=-1, kind='introselect', order=None):
+    """
+    Perform an indirect partition along the given axis using the
+    algorithm specified by the `kind` keyword. It returns an array of
+    indices of the same shape as `a` that index data along the given
+    axis in partitioned order.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array to sort.
+    kth : int or sequence of ints
+        Element index to partition by. The k-th element will be in its
+        final sorted position and all smaller elements will be moved
+        before it and all larger elements behind it. The order of all
+        elements in the partitions is undefined. If provided with a
+        sequence of k-th it will partition all of them into their sorted
+        position at once.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.22.0
+            Passing booleans as index is deprecated.
+    axis : int or None, optional
+        Axis along which to sort. The default is -1 (the last axis). If
+        None, the flattened array is used.
+    kind : {'introselect'}, optional
+        Selection algorithm. Default is 'introselect'
+    order : str or list of str, optional
+        When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument
+        specifies which fields to compare first, second, etc. A single
+        field can be specified as a string, and not all fields need be
+        specified, but unspecified fields will still be used, in the
+        order in which they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    index_array : ndarray, int
+        Array of indices that partition `a` along the specified axis.
+        If `a` is one-dimensional, ``a[index_array]`` yields a partitioned `a`.
+        More generally, ``np.take_along_axis(a, index_array, axis=axis)``
+        always yields the partitioned `a`, irrespective of dimensionality.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    partition : Describes partition algorithms used.
+    ndarray.partition : Inplace partition.
+    argsort : Full indirect sort.
+    take_along_axis : Apply ``index_array`` from argpartition
+                      to an array as if by calling partition.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See `partition` for notes on the different selection algorithms.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    One dimensional array:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([3, 4, 2, 1])
+    >>> x[np.argpartition(x, 3)]
+    array([2, 1, 3, 4])
+    >>> x[np.argpartition(x, (1, 3))]
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+    >>> x = [3, 4, 2, 1]
+    >>> np.array(x)[np.argpartition(x, 3)]
+    array([2, 1, 3, 4])
+
+    Multi-dimensional array:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[3, 4, 2], [1, 3, 1]])
+    >>> index_array = np.argpartition(x, kth=1, axis=-1)
+    >>> np.take_along_axis(x, index_array, axis=-1)  # same as np.partition(x, kth=1)
+    array([[2, 3, 4],
+           [1, 1, 3]])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'argpartition', kth, axis=axis, kind=kind, order=order)
+
+
+def _sort_dispatcher(a, axis=None, kind=None, order=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_sort_dispatcher)
+def sort(a, axis=-1, kind=None, order=None):
+    """
+    Return a sorted copy of an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array to be sorted.
+    axis : int or None, optional
+        Axis along which to sort. If None, the array is flattened before
+        sorting. The default is -1, which sorts along the last axis.
+    kind : {'quicksort', 'mergesort', 'heapsort', 'stable'}, optional
+        Sorting algorithm. The default is 'quicksort'. Note that both 'stable'
+        and 'mergesort' use timsort or radix sort under the covers and, in general,
+        the actual implementation will vary with data type. The 'mergesort' option
+        is retained for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.15.0.
+           The 'stable' option was added.
+
+    order : str or list of str, optional
+        When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument specifies
+        which fields to compare first, second, etc.  A single field can
+        be specified as a string, and not all fields need be specified,
+        but unspecified fields will still be used, in the order in which
+        they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    sorted_array : ndarray
+        Array of the same type and shape as `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.sort : Method to sort an array in-place.
+    argsort : Indirect sort.
+    lexsort : Indirect stable sort on multiple keys.
+    searchsorted : Find elements in a sorted array.
+    partition : Partial sort.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The various sorting algorithms are characterized by their average speed,
+    worst case performance, work space size, and whether they are stable. A
+    stable sort keeps items with the same key in the same relative
+    order. The four algorithms implemented in NumPy have the following
+    properties:
+
+    =========== ======= ============= ============ ========
+       kind      speed   worst case    work space   stable
+    =========== ======= ============= ============ ========
+    'quicksort'    1     O(n^2)            0          no
+    'heapsort'     3     O(n*log(n))       0          no
+    'mergesort'    2     O(n*log(n))      ~n/2        yes
+    'timsort'      2     O(n*log(n))      ~n/2        yes
+    =========== ======= ============= ============ ========
+
+    .. note:: The datatype determines which of 'mergesort' or 'timsort'
+       is actually used, even if 'mergesort' is specified. User selection
+       at a finer scale is not currently available.
+
+    All the sort algorithms make temporary copies of the data when
+    sorting along any but the last axis.  Consequently, sorting along
+    the last axis is faster and uses less space than sorting along
+    any other axis.
+
+    The sort order for complex numbers is lexicographic. If both the real
+    and imaginary parts are non-nan then the order is determined by the
+    real parts except when they are equal, in which case the order is
+    determined by the imaginary parts.
+
+    Previous to numpy 1.4.0 sorting real and complex arrays containing nan
+    values led to undefined behaviour. In numpy versions >= 1.4.0 nan
+    values are sorted to the end. The extended sort order is:
+
+      * Real: [R, nan]
+      * Complex: [R + Rj, R + nanj, nan + Rj, nan + nanj]
+
+    where R is a non-nan real value. Complex values with the same nan
+    placements are sorted according to the non-nan part if it exists.
+    Non-nan values are sorted as before.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.12.0
+
+    quicksort has been changed to `introsort <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introsort>`_.
+    When sorting does not make enough progress it switches to
+    `heapsort <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heapsort>`_.
+    This implementation makes quicksort O(n*log(n)) in the worst case.
+
+    'stable' automatically chooses the best stable sorting algorithm
+    for the data type being sorted.
+    It, along with 'mergesort' is currently mapped to
+    `timsort <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsort>`_
+    or `radix sort <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_sort>`_
+    depending on the data type.
+    API forward compatibility currently limits the
+    ability to select the implementation and it is hardwired for the different
+    data types.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Timsort is added for better performance on already or nearly
+    sorted data. On random data timsort is almost identical to
+    mergesort. It is now used for stable sort while quicksort is still the
+    default sort if none is chosen. For timsort details, refer to
+    `CPython listsort.txt <https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.7/Objects/listsort.txt>`_.
+    'mergesort' and 'stable' are mapped to radix sort for integer data types. Radix sort is an
+    O(n) sort instead of O(n log n).
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.18.0
+
+    NaT now sorts to the end of arrays for consistency with NaN.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1,4],[3,1]])
+    >>> np.sort(a)                # sort along the last axis
+    array([[1, 4],
+           [1, 3]])
+    >>> np.sort(a, axis=None)     # sort the flattened array
+    array([1, 1, 3, 4])
+    >>> np.sort(a, axis=0)        # sort along the first axis
+    array([[1, 1],
+           [3, 4]])
+
+    Use the `order` keyword to specify a field to use when sorting a
+    structured array:
+
+    >>> dtype = [('name', 'S10'), ('height', float), ('age', int)]
+    >>> values = [('Arthur', 1.8, 41), ('Lancelot', 1.9, 38),
+    ...           ('Galahad', 1.7, 38)]
+    >>> a = np.array(values, dtype=dtype)       # create a structured array
+    >>> np.sort(a, order='height')                        # doctest: +SKIP
+    array([('Galahad', 1.7, 38), ('Arthur', 1.8, 41),
+           ('Lancelot', 1.8999999999999999, 38)],
+          dtype=[('name', '|S10'), ('height', '<f8'), ('age', '<i4')])
+
+    Sort by age, then height if ages are equal:
+
+    >>> np.sort(a, order=['age', 'height'])               # doctest: +SKIP
+    array([('Galahad', 1.7, 38), ('Lancelot', 1.8999999999999999, 38),
+           ('Arthur', 1.8, 41)],
+          dtype=[('name', '|S10'), ('height', '<f8'), ('age', '<i4')])
+
+    """
+    if axis is None:
+        # flatten returns (1, N) for np.matrix, so always use the last axis
+        a = asanyarray(a).flatten()
+        axis = -1
+    else:
+        a = asanyarray(a).copy(order="K")
+    a.sort(axis=axis, kind=kind, order=order)
+    return a
+
+
+def _argsort_dispatcher(a, axis=None, kind=None, order=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_argsort_dispatcher)
+def argsort(a, axis=-1, kind=None, order=None):
+    """
+    Returns the indices that would sort an array.
+
+    Perform an indirect sort along the given axis using the algorithm specified
+    by the `kind` keyword. It returns an array of indices of the same shape as
+    `a` that index data along the given axis in sorted order.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array to sort.
+    axis : int or None, optional
+        Axis along which to sort.  The default is -1 (the last axis). If None,
+        the flattened array is used.
+    kind : {'quicksort', 'mergesort', 'heapsort', 'stable'}, optional
+        Sorting algorithm. The default is 'quicksort'. Note that both 'stable'
+        and 'mergesort' use timsort under the covers and, in general, the
+        actual implementation will vary with data type. The 'mergesort' option
+        is retained for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.15.0.
+           The 'stable' option was added.
+    order : str or list of str, optional
+        When `a` is an array with fields defined, this argument specifies
+        which fields to compare first, second, etc.  A single field can
+        be specified as a string, and not all fields need be specified,
+        but unspecified fields will still be used, in the order in which
+        they come up in the dtype, to break ties.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    index_array : ndarray, int
+        Array of indices that sort `a` along the specified `axis`.
+        If `a` is one-dimensional, ``a[index_array]`` yields a sorted `a`.
+        More generally, ``np.take_along_axis(a, index_array, axis=axis)``
+        always yields the sorted `a`, irrespective of dimensionality.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    sort : Describes sorting algorithms used.
+    lexsort : Indirect stable sort with multiple keys.
+    ndarray.sort : Inplace sort.
+    argpartition : Indirect partial sort.
+    take_along_axis : Apply ``index_array`` from argsort
+                      to an array as if by calling sort.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    See `sort` for notes on the different sorting algorithms.
+
+    As of NumPy 1.4.0 `argsort` works with real/complex arrays containing
+    nan values. The enhanced sort order is documented in `sort`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    One dimensional array:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([3, 1, 2])
+    >>> np.argsort(x)
+    array([1, 2, 0])
+
+    Two-dimensional array:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[0, 3], [2, 2]])
+    >>> x
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [2, 2]])
+
+    >>> ind = np.argsort(x, axis=0)  # sorts along first axis (down)
+    >>> ind
+    array([[0, 1],
+           [1, 0]])
+    >>> np.take_along_axis(x, ind, axis=0)  # same as np.sort(x, axis=0)
+    array([[0, 2],
+           [2, 3]])
+
+    >>> ind = np.argsort(x, axis=1)  # sorts along last axis (across)
+    >>> ind
+    array([[0, 1],
+           [0, 1]])
+    >>> np.take_along_axis(x, ind, axis=1)  # same as np.sort(x, axis=1)
+    array([[0, 3],
+           [2, 2]])
+
+    Indices of the sorted elements of a N-dimensional array:
+
+    >>> ind = np.unravel_index(np.argsort(x, axis=None), x.shape)
+    >>> ind
+    (array([0, 1, 1, 0]), array([0, 0, 1, 1]))
+    >>> x[ind]  # same as np.sort(x, axis=None)
+    array([0, 2, 2, 3])
+
+    Sorting with keys:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([(1, 0), (0, 1)], dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<i4')])
+    >>> x
+    array([(1, 0), (0, 1)],
+          dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<i4')])
+
+    >>> np.argsort(x, order=('x','y'))
+    array([1, 0])
+
+    >>> np.argsort(x, order=('y','x'))
+    array([0, 1])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'argsort', axis=axis, kind=kind, order=order)
+
+
+def _argmax_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, *, keepdims=np._NoValue):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_argmax_dispatcher)
+def argmax(a, axis=None, out=None, *, keepdims=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Returns the indices of the maximum values along an axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    axis : int, optional
+        By default, the index is into the flattened array, otherwise
+        along the specified axis.
+    out : array, optional
+        If provided, the result will be inserted into this array. It should
+        be of the appropriate shape and dtype.
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the array.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.22.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    index_array : ndarray of ints
+        Array of indices into the array. It has the same shape as `a.shape`
+        with the dimension along `axis` removed. If `keepdims` is set to True,
+        then the size of `axis` will be 1 with the resulting array having same
+        shape as `a.shape`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.argmax, argmin
+    amax : The maximum value along a given axis.
+    unravel_index : Convert a flat index into an index tuple.
+    take_along_axis : Apply ``np.expand_dims(index_array, axis)``
+                      from argmax to an array as if by calling max.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    In case of multiple occurrences of the maximum values, the indices
+    corresponding to the first occurrence are returned.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3) + 10
+    >>> a
+    array([[10, 11, 12],
+           [13, 14, 15]])
+    >>> np.argmax(a)
+    5
+    >>> np.argmax(a, axis=0)
+    array([1, 1, 1])
+    >>> np.argmax(a, axis=1)
+    array([2, 2])
+
+    Indexes of the maximal elements of a N-dimensional array:
+
+    >>> ind = np.unravel_index(np.argmax(a, axis=None), a.shape)
+    >>> ind
+    (1, 2)
+    >>> a[ind]
+    15
+
+    >>> b = np.arange(6)
+    >>> b[1] = 5
+    >>> b
+    array([0, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    >>> np.argmax(b)  # Only the first occurrence is returned.
+    1
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[4,2,3], [1,0,3]])
+    >>> index_array = np.argmax(x, axis=-1)
+    >>> # Same as np.amax(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
+    >>> np.take_along_axis(x, np.expand_dims(index_array, axis=-1), axis=-1)
+    array([[4],
+           [3]])
+    >>> # Same as np.amax(x, axis=-1)
+    >>> np.take_along_axis(x, np.expand_dims(index_array, axis=-1), axis=-1).squeeze(axis=-1)
+    array([4, 3])
+
+    Setting `keepdims` to `True`,
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(24).reshape((2, 3, 4))
+    >>> res = np.argmax(x, axis=1, keepdims=True)
+    >>> res.shape
+    (2, 1, 4)
+    """
+    kwds = {'keepdims': keepdims} if keepdims is not np._NoValue else {}
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'argmax', axis=axis, out=out, **kwds)
+
+
+def _argmin_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, *, keepdims=np._NoValue):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_argmin_dispatcher)
+def argmin(a, axis=None, out=None, *, keepdims=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Returns the indices of the minimum values along an axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    axis : int, optional
+        By default, the index is into the flattened array, otherwise
+        along the specified axis.
+    out : array, optional
+        If provided, the result will be inserted into this array. It should
+        be of the appropriate shape and dtype.
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the array.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.22.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    index_array : ndarray of ints
+        Array of indices into the array. It has the same shape as `a.shape`
+        with the dimension along `axis` removed. If `keepdims` is set to True,
+        then the size of `axis` will be 1 with the resulting array having same
+        shape as `a.shape`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.argmin, argmax
+    amin : The minimum value along a given axis.
+    unravel_index : Convert a flat index into an index tuple.
+    take_along_axis : Apply ``np.expand_dims(index_array, axis)``
+                      from argmin to an array as if by calling min.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    In case of multiple occurrences of the minimum values, the indices
+    corresponding to the first occurrence are returned.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3) + 10
+    >>> a
+    array([[10, 11, 12],
+           [13, 14, 15]])
+    >>> np.argmin(a)
+    0
+    >>> np.argmin(a, axis=0)
+    array([0, 0, 0])
+    >>> np.argmin(a, axis=1)
+    array([0, 0])
+
+    Indices of the minimum elements of a N-dimensional array:
+
+    >>> ind = np.unravel_index(np.argmin(a, axis=None), a.shape)
+    >>> ind
+    (0, 0)
+    >>> a[ind]
+    10
+
+    >>> b = np.arange(6) + 10
+    >>> b[4] = 10
+    >>> b
+    array([10, 11, 12, 13, 10, 15])
+    >>> np.argmin(b)  # Only the first occurrence is returned.
+    0
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[4,2,3], [1,0,3]])
+    >>> index_array = np.argmin(x, axis=-1)
+    >>> # Same as np.amin(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
+    >>> np.take_along_axis(x, np.expand_dims(index_array, axis=-1), axis=-1)
+    array([[2],
+           [0]])
+    >>> # Same as np.amax(x, axis=-1)
+    >>> np.take_along_axis(x, np.expand_dims(index_array, axis=-1), axis=-1).squeeze(axis=-1)
+    array([2, 0])
+
+    Setting `keepdims` to `True`,
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(24).reshape((2, 3, 4))
+    >>> res = np.argmin(x, axis=1, keepdims=True)
+    >>> res.shape
+    (2, 1, 4)
+    """
+    kwds = {'keepdims': keepdims} if keepdims is not np._NoValue else {}
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'argmin', axis=axis, out=out, **kwds)
+
+
+def _searchsorted_dispatcher(a, v, side=None, sorter=None):
+    return (a, v, sorter)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_searchsorted_dispatcher)
+def searchsorted(a, v, side='left', sorter=None):
+    """
+    Find indices where elements should be inserted to maintain order.
+
+    Find the indices into a sorted array `a` such that, if the
+    corresponding elements in `v` were inserted before the indices, the
+    order of `a` would be preserved.
+
+    Assuming that `a` is sorted:
+
+    ======  ============================
+    `side`  returned index `i` satisfies
+    ======  ============================
+    left    ``a[i-1] < v <= a[i]``
+    right   ``a[i-1] <= v < a[i]``
+    ======  ============================
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : 1-D array_like
+        Input array. If `sorter` is None, then it must be sorted in
+        ascending order, otherwise `sorter` must be an array of indices
+        that sort it.
+    v : array_like
+        Values to insert into `a`.
+    side : {'left', 'right'}, optional
+        If 'left', the index of the first suitable location found is given.
+        If 'right', return the last such index.  If there is no suitable
+        index, return either 0 or N (where N is the length of `a`).
+    sorter : 1-D array_like, optional
+        Optional array of integer indices that sort array a into ascending
+        order. They are typically the result of argsort.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    indices : int or array of ints
+        Array of insertion points with the same shape as `v`,
+        or an integer if `v` is a scalar.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    sort : Return a sorted copy of an array.
+    histogram : Produce histogram from 1-D data.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Binary search is used to find the required insertion points.
+
+    As of NumPy 1.4.0 `searchsorted` works with real/complex arrays containing
+    `nan` values. The enhanced sort order is documented in `sort`.
+
+    This function uses the same algorithm as the builtin python `bisect.bisect_left`
+    (``side='left'``) and `bisect.bisect_right` (``side='right'``) functions,
+    which is also vectorized in the `v` argument.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.searchsorted([1,2,3,4,5], 3)
+    2
+    >>> np.searchsorted([1,2,3,4,5], 3, side='right')
+    3
+    >>> np.searchsorted([1,2,3,4,5], [-10, 10, 2, 3])
+    array([0, 5, 1, 2])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'searchsorted', v, side=side, sorter=sorter)
+
+
+def _resize_dispatcher(a, new_shape):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_resize_dispatcher)
+def resize(a, new_shape):
+    """
+    Return a new array with the specified shape.
+
+    If the new array is larger than the original array, then the new
+    array is filled with repeated copies of `a`.  Note that this behavior
+    is different from a.resize(new_shape) which fills with zeros instead
+    of repeated copies of `a`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array to be resized.
+
+    new_shape : int or tuple of int
+        Shape of resized array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    reshaped_array : ndarray
+        The new array is formed from the data in the old array, repeated
+        if necessary to fill out the required number of elements.  The
+        data are repeated iterating over the array in C-order.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.reshape : Reshape an array without changing the total size.
+    numpy.pad : Enlarge and pad an array.
+    numpy.repeat : Repeat elements of an array.
+    ndarray.resize : resize an array in-place.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    When the total size of the array does not change `~numpy.reshape` should
+    be used.  In most other cases either indexing (to reduce the size)
+    or padding (to increase the size) may be a more appropriate solution.
+
+    Warning: This functionality does **not** consider axes separately,
+    i.e. it does not apply interpolation/extrapolation.
+    It fills the return array with the required number of elements, iterating
+    over `a` in C-order, disregarding axes (and cycling back from the start if
+    the new shape is larger).  This functionality is therefore not suitable to
+    resize images, or data where each axis represents a separate and distinct
+    entity.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a=np.array([[0,1],[2,3]])
+    >>> np.resize(a,(2,3))
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 0, 1]])
+    >>> np.resize(a,(1,4))
+    array([[0, 1, 2, 3]])
+    >>> np.resize(a,(2,4))
+    array([[0, 1, 2, 3],
+           [0, 1, 2, 3]])
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(new_shape, (int, nt.integer)):
+        new_shape = (new_shape,)
+
+    a = ravel(a)
+
+    new_size = 1
+    for dim_length in new_shape:
+        new_size *= dim_length
+        if dim_length < 0:
+            raise ValueError('all elements of `new_shape` must be non-negative')
+
+    if a.size == 0 or new_size == 0:
+        # First case must zero fill. The second would have repeats == 0.
+        return np.zeros_like(a, shape=new_shape)
+
+    repeats = -(-new_size // a.size)  # ceil division
+    a = concatenate((a,) * repeats)[:new_size]
+
+    return reshape(a, new_shape)
+
+
+def _squeeze_dispatcher(a, axis=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_squeeze_dispatcher)
+def squeeze(a, axis=None):
+    """
+    Remove axes of length one from `a`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        Selects a subset of the entries of length one in the
+        shape. If an axis is selected with shape entry greater than
+        one, an error is raised.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    squeezed : ndarray
+        The input array, but with all or a subset of the
+        dimensions of length 1 removed. This is always `a` itself
+        or a view into `a`. Note that if all axes are squeezed,
+        the result is a 0d array and not a scalar.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `axis` is not None, and an axis being squeezed is not of length 1
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    expand_dims : The inverse operation, adding entries of length one
+    reshape : Insert, remove, and combine dimensions, and resize existing ones
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([[[0], [1], [2]]])
+    >>> x.shape
+    (1, 3, 1)
+    >>> np.squeeze(x).shape
+    (3,)
+    >>> np.squeeze(x, axis=0).shape
+    (3, 1)
+    >>> np.squeeze(x, axis=1).shape
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    ValueError: cannot select an axis to squeeze out which has size not equal to one
+    >>> np.squeeze(x, axis=2).shape
+    (1, 3)
+    >>> x = np.array([[1234]])
+    >>> x.shape
+    (1, 1)
+    >>> np.squeeze(x)
+    array(1234)  # 0d array
+    >>> np.squeeze(x).shape
+    ()
+    >>> np.squeeze(x)[()]
+    1234
+
+    """
+    try:
+        squeeze = a.squeeze
+    except AttributeError:
+        return _wrapit(a, 'squeeze', axis=axis)
+    if axis is None:
+        return squeeze()
+    else:
+        return squeeze(axis=axis)
+
+
+def _diagonal_dispatcher(a, offset=None, axis1=None, axis2=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_diagonal_dispatcher)
+def diagonal(a, offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1):
+    """
+    Return specified diagonals.
+
+    If `a` is 2-D, returns the diagonal of `a` with the given offset,
+    i.e., the collection of elements of the form ``a[i, i+offset]``.  If
+    `a` has more than two dimensions, then the axes specified by `axis1`
+    and `axis2` are used to determine the 2-D sub-array whose diagonal is
+    returned.  The shape of the resulting array can be determined by
+    removing `axis1` and `axis2` and appending an index to the right equal
+    to the size of the resulting diagonals.
+
+    In versions of NumPy prior to 1.7, this function always returned a new,
+    independent array containing a copy of the values in the diagonal.
+
+    In NumPy 1.7 and 1.8, it continues to return a copy of the diagonal,
+    but depending on this fact is deprecated. Writing to the resulting
+    array continues to work as it used to, but a FutureWarning is issued.
+
+    Starting in NumPy 1.9 it returns a read-only view on the original array.
+    Attempting to write to the resulting array will produce an error.
+
+    In some future release, it will return a read/write view and writing to
+    the returned array will alter your original array.  The returned array
+    will have the same type as the input array.
+
+    If you don't write to the array returned by this function, then you can
+    just ignore all of the above.
+
+    If you depend on the current behavior, then we suggest copying the
+    returned array explicitly, i.e., use ``np.diagonal(a).copy()`` instead
+    of just ``np.diagonal(a)``. This will work with both past and future
+    versions of NumPy.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array from which the diagonals are taken.
+    offset : int, optional
+        Offset of the diagonal from the main diagonal.  Can be positive or
+        negative.  Defaults to main diagonal (0).
+    axis1 : int, optional
+        Axis to be used as the first axis of the 2-D sub-arrays from which
+        the diagonals should be taken.  Defaults to first axis (0).
+    axis2 : int, optional
+        Axis to be used as the second axis of the 2-D sub-arrays from
+        which the diagonals should be taken. Defaults to second axis (1).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    array_of_diagonals : ndarray
+        If `a` is 2-D, then a 1-D array containing the diagonal and of the
+        same type as `a` is returned unless `a` is a `matrix`, in which case
+        a 1-D array rather than a (2-D) `matrix` is returned in order to
+        maintain backward compatibility.
+
+        If ``a.ndim > 2``, then the dimensions specified by `axis1` and `axis2`
+        are removed, and a new axis inserted at the end corresponding to the
+        diagonal.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If the dimension of `a` is less than 2.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    diag : MATLAB work-a-like for 1-D and 2-D arrays.
+    diagflat : Create diagonal arrays.
+    trace : Sum along diagonals.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(4).reshape(2,2)
+    >>> a
+    array([[0, 1],
+           [2, 3]])
+    >>> a.diagonal()
+    array([0, 3])
+    >>> a.diagonal(1)
+    array([1])
+
+    A 3-D example:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(8).reshape(2,2,2); a
+    array([[[0, 1],
+            [2, 3]],
+           [[4, 5],
+            [6, 7]]])
+    >>> a.diagonal(0,  # Main diagonals of two arrays created by skipping
+    ...            0,  # across the outer(left)-most axis last and
+    ...            1)  # the "middle" (row) axis first.
+    array([[0, 6],
+           [1, 7]])
+
+    The sub-arrays whose main diagonals we just obtained; note that each
+    corresponds to fixing the right-most (column) axis, and that the
+    diagonals are "packed" in rows.
+
+    >>> a[:,:,0]  # main diagonal is [0 6]
+    array([[0, 2],
+           [4, 6]])
+    >>> a[:,:,1]  # main diagonal is [1 7]
+    array([[1, 3],
+           [5, 7]])
+
+    The anti-diagonal can be obtained by reversing the order of elements
+    using either `numpy.flipud` or `numpy.fliplr`.
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
+    >>> a
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 4, 5],
+           [6, 7, 8]])
+    >>> np.fliplr(a).diagonal()  # Horizontal flip
+    array([2, 4, 6])
+    >>> np.flipud(a).diagonal()  # Vertical flip
+    array([6, 4, 2])
+
+    Note that the order in which the diagonal is retrieved varies depending
+    on the flip function.
+    """
+    if isinstance(a, np.matrix):
+        # Make diagonal of matrix 1-D to preserve backward compatibility.
+        return asarray(a).diagonal(offset=offset, axis1=axis1, axis2=axis2)
+    else:
+        return asanyarray(a).diagonal(offset=offset, axis1=axis1, axis2=axis2)
+
+
+def _trace_dispatcher(
+        a, offset=None, axis1=None, axis2=None, dtype=None, out=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_trace_dispatcher)
+def trace(a, offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1, dtype=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Return the sum along diagonals of the array.
+
+    If `a` is 2-D, the sum along its diagonal with the given offset
+    is returned, i.e., the sum of elements ``a[i,i+offset]`` for all i.
+
+    If `a` has more than two dimensions, then the axes specified by axis1 and
+    axis2 are used to determine the 2-D sub-arrays whose traces are returned.
+    The shape of the resulting array is the same as that of `a` with `axis1`
+    and `axis2` removed.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array, from which the diagonals are taken.
+    offset : int, optional
+        Offset of the diagonal from the main diagonal. Can be both positive
+        and negative. Defaults to 0.
+    axis1, axis2 : int, optional
+        Axes to be used as the first and second axis of the 2-D sub-arrays
+        from which the diagonals should be taken. Defaults are the first two
+        axes of `a`.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        Determines the data-type of the returned array and of the accumulator
+        where the elements are summed. If dtype has the value None and `a` is
+        of integer type of precision less than the default integer
+        precision, then the default integer precision is used. Otherwise,
+        the precision is the same as that of `a`.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Array into which the output is placed. Its type is preserved and
+        it must be of the right shape to hold the output.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    sum_along_diagonals : ndarray
+        If `a` is 2-D, the sum along the diagonal is returned.  If `a` has
+        larger dimensions, then an array of sums along diagonals is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    diag, diagonal, diagflat
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.trace(np.eye(3))
+    3.0
+    >>> a = np.arange(8).reshape((2,2,2))
+    >>> np.trace(a)
+    array([6, 8])
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(24).reshape((2,2,2,3))
+    >>> np.trace(a).shape
+    (2, 3)
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(a, np.matrix):
+        # Get trace of matrix via an array to preserve backward compatibility.
+        return asarray(a).trace(offset=offset, axis1=axis1, axis2=axis2, dtype=dtype, out=out)
+    else:
+        return asanyarray(a).trace(offset=offset, axis1=axis1, axis2=axis2, dtype=dtype, out=out)
+
+
+def _ravel_dispatcher(a, order=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_ravel_dispatcher)
+def ravel(a, order='C'):
+    """Return a contiguous flattened array.
+
+    A 1-D array, containing the elements of the input, is returned.  A copy is
+    made only if needed.
+
+    As of NumPy 1.10, the returned array will have the same type as the input
+    array. (for example, a masked array will be returned for a masked array
+    input)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.  The elements in `a` are read in the order specified by
+        `order`, and packed as a 1-D array.
+    order : {'C','F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
+
+        The elements of `a` are read using this index order. 'C' means
+        to index the elements in row-major, C-style order,
+        with the last axis index changing fastest, back to the first
+        axis index changing slowest.  'F' means to index the elements
+        in column-major, Fortran-style order, with the
+        first index changing fastest, and the last index changing
+        slowest. Note that the 'C' and 'F' options take no account of
+        the memory layout of the underlying array, and only refer to
+        the order of axis indexing.  'A' means to read the elements in
+        Fortran-like index order if `a` is Fortran *contiguous* in
+        memory, C-like order otherwise.  'K' means to read the
+        elements in the order they occur in memory, except for
+        reversing the data when strides are negative.  By default, 'C'
+        index order is used.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y : array_like
+        y is a contiguous 1-D array of the same subtype as `a`,
+        with shape ``(a.size,)``.
+        Note that matrices are special cased for backward compatibility,
+        if `a` is a matrix, then y is a 1-D ndarray.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.flat : 1-D iterator over an array.
+    ndarray.flatten : 1-D array copy of the elements of an array
+                      in row-major order.
+    ndarray.reshape : Change the shape of an array without changing its data.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    In row-major, C-style order, in two dimensions, the row index
+    varies the slowest, and the column index the quickest.  This can
+    be generalized to multiple dimensions, where row-major order
+    implies that the index along the first axis varies slowest, and
+    the index along the last quickest.  The opposite holds for
+    column-major, Fortran-style index ordering.
+
+    When a view is desired in as many cases as possible, ``arr.reshape(-1)``
+    may be preferable. However, ``ravel`` supports ``K`` in the optional
+    ``order`` argument while ``reshape`` does not.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    It is equivalent to ``reshape(-1, order=order)``.
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+    >>> np.ravel(x)
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+
+    >>> x.reshape(-1)
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+
+    >>> np.ravel(x, order='F')
+    array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6])
+
+    When ``order`` is 'A', it will preserve the array's 'C' or 'F' ordering:
+
+    >>> np.ravel(x.T)
+    array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6])
+    >>> np.ravel(x.T, order='A')
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+
+    When ``order`` is 'K', it will preserve orderings that are neither 'C'
+    nor 'F', but won't reverse axes:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(3)[::-1]; a
+    array([2, 1, 0])
+    >>> a.ravel(order='C')
+    array([2, 1, 0])
+    >>> a.ravel(order='K')
+    array([2, 1, 0])
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(12).reshape(2,3,2).swapaxes(1,2); a
+    array([[[ 0,  2,  4],
+            [ 1,  3,  5]],
+           [[ 6,  8, 10],
+            [ 7,  9, 11]]])
+    >>> a.ravel(order='C')
+    array([ 0,  2,  4,  1,  3,  5,  6,  8, 10,  7,  9, 11])
+    >>> a.ravel(order='K')
+    array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11])
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(a, np.matrix):
+        return asarray(a).ravel(order=order)
+    else:
+        return asanyarray(a).ravel(order=order)
+
+
+def _nonzero_dispatcher(a):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_nonzero_dispatcher)
+def nonzero(a):
+    """
+    Return the indices of the elements that are non-zero.
+
+    Returns a tuple of arrays, one for each dimension of `a`,
+    containing the indices of the non-zero elements in that
+    dimension. The values in `a` are always tested and returned in
+    row-major, C-style order.
+
+    To group the indices by element, rather than dimension, use `argwhere`,
+    which returns a row for each non-zero element.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       When called on a zero-d array or scalar, ``nonzero(a)`` is treated
+       as ``nonzero(atleast_1d(a))``.
+
+       .. deprecated:: 1.17.0
+
+          Use `atleast_1d` explicitly if this behavior is deliberate.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple_of_arrays : tuple
+        Indices of elements that are non-zero.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    flatnonzero :
+        Return indices that are non-zero in the flattened version of the input
+        array.
+    ndarray.nonzero :
+        Equivalent ndarray method.
+    count_nonzero :
+        Counts the number of non-zero elements in the input array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    While the nonzero values can be obtained with ``a[nonzero(a)]``, it is
+    recommended to use ``x[x.astype(bool)]`` or ``x[x != 0]`` instead, which
+    will correctly handle 0-d arrays.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([[3, 0, 0], [0, 4, 0], [5, 6, 0]])
+    >>> x
+    array([[3, 0, 0],
+           [0, 4, 0],
+           [5, 6, 0]])
+    >>> np.nonzero(x)
+    (array([0, 1, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 0, 1]))
+
+    >>> x[np.nonzero(x)]
+    array([3, 4, 5, 6])
+    >>> np.transpose(np.nonzero(x))
+    array([[0, 0],
+           [1, 1],
+           [2, 0],
+           [2, 1]])
+
+    A common use for ``nonzero`` is to find the indices of an array, where
+    a condition is True.  Given an array `a`, the condition `a` > 3 is a
+    boolean array and since False is interpreted as 0, np.nonzero(a > 3)
+    yields the indices of the `a` where the condition is true.
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
+    >>> a > 3
+    array([[False, False, False],
+           [ True,  True,  True],
+           [ True,  True,  True]])
+    >>> np.nonzero(a > 3)
+    (array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))
+
+    Using this result to index `a` is equivalent to using the mask directly:
+
+    >>> a[np.nonzero(a > 3)]
+    array([4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+    >>> a[a > 3]  # prefer this spelling
+    array([4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+    ``nonzero`` can also be called as a method of the array.
+
+    >>> (a > 3).nonzero()
+    (array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'nonzero')
+
+
+def _shape_dispatcher(a):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_shape_dispatcher)
+def shape(a):
+    """
+    Return the shape of an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    shape : tuple of ints
+        The elements of the shape tuple give the lengths of the
+        corresponding array dimensions.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    len : ``len(a)`` is equivalent to ``np.shape(a)[0]`` for N-D arrays with
+          ``N>=1``.
+    ndarray.shape : Equivalent array method.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.shape(np.eye(3))
+    (3, 3)
+    >>> np.shape([[1, 3]])
+    (1, 2)
+    >>> np.shape([0])
+    (1,)
+    >>> np.shape(0)
+    ()
+
+    >>> a = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)],
+    ...              dtype=[('x', 'i4'), ('y', 'i4')])
+    >>> np.shape(a)
+    (3,)
+    >>> a.shape
+    (3,)
+
+    """
+    try:
+        result = a.shape
+    except AttributeError:
+        result = asarray(a).shape
+    return result
+
+
+def _compress_dispatcher(condition, a, axis=None, out=None):
+    return (condition, a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_compress_dispatcher)
+def compress(condition, a, axis=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Return selected slices of an array along given axis.
+
+    When working along a given axis, a slice along that axis is returned in
+    `output` for each index where `condition` evaluates to True. When
+    working on a 1-D array, `compress` is equivalent to `extract`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    condition : 1-D array of bools
+        Array that selects which entries to return. If len(condition)
+        is less than the size of `a` along the given axis, then output is
+        truncated to the length of the condition array.
+    a : array_like
+        Array from which to extract a part.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis along which to take slices. If None (default), work on the
+        flattened array.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Output array.  Its type is preserved and it must be of the right
+        shape to hold the output.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    compressed_array : ndarray
+        A copy of `a` without the slices along axis for which `condition`
+        is false.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    take, choose, diag, diagonal, select
+    ndarray.compress : Equivalent method in ndarray
+    extract : Equivalent method when working on 1-D arrays
+    :ref:`ufuncs-output-type`
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
+    >>> a
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4],
+           [5, 6]])
+    >>> np.compress([0, 1], a, axis=0)
+    array([[3, 4]])
+    >>> np.compress([False, True, True], a, axis=0)
+    array([[3, 4],
+           [5, 6]])
+    >>> np.compress([False, True], a, axis=1)
+    array([[2],
+           [4],
+           [6]])
+
+    Working on the flattened array does not return slices along an axis but
+    selects elements.
+
+    >>> np.compress([False, True], a)
+    array([2])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'compress', condition, axis=axis, out=out)
+
+
+def _clip_dispatcher(a, a_min, a_max, out=None, **kwargs):
+    return (a, a_min, a_max)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_clip_dispatcher)
+def clip(a, a_min, a_max, out=None, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Clip (limit) the values in an array.
+
+    Given an interval, values outside the interval are clipped to
+    the interval edges.  For example, if an interval of ``[0, 1]``
+    is specified, values smaller than 0 become 0, and values larger
+    than 1 become 1.
+
+    Equivalent to but faster than ``np.minimum(a_max, np.maximum(a, a_min))``.
+
+    No check is performed to ensure ``a_min < a_max``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array containing elements to clip.
+    a_min, a_max : array_like or None
+        Minimum and maximum value. If ``None``, clipping is not performed on
+        the corresponding edge. Only one of `a_min` and `a_max` may be
+        ``None``. Both are broadcast against `a`.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        The results will be placed in this array. It may be the input
+        array for in-place clipping.  `out` must be of the right shape
+        to hold the output.  Its type is preserved.
+    **kwargs
+        For other keyword-only arguments, see the
+        :ref:`ufunc docs <ufuncs.kwargs>`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    clipped_array : ndarray
+        An array with the elements of `a`, but where values
+        < `a_min` are replaced with `a_min`, and those > `a_max`
+        with `a_max`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :ref:`ufuncs-output-type`
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    When `a_min` is greater than `a_max`, `clip` returns an
+    array in which all values are equal to `a_max`,
+    as shown in the second example.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(10)
+    >>> a
+    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+    >>> np.clip(a, 1, 8)
+    array([1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8])
+    >>> np.clip(a, 8, 1)
+    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+    >>> np.clip(a, 3, 6, out=a)
+    array([3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6])
+    >>> a
+    array([3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6])
+    >>> a = np.arange(10)
+    >>> a
+    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+    >>> np.clip(a, [3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4], 8)
+    array([3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'clip', a_min, a_max, out=out, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _sum_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=None,
+                    initial=None, where=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_sum_dispatcher)
+def sum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue,
+        initial=np._NoValue, where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Sum of array elements over a given axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Elements to sum.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which a sum is performed.  The default,
+        axis=None, will sum all of the elements of the input array.  If
+        axis is negative it counts from the last to the first axis.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If axis is a tuple of ints, a sum is performed on all of the axes
+        specified in the tuple instead of a single axis or all the axes as
+        before.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        The type of the returned array and of the accumulator in which the
+        elements are summed.  The dtype of `a` is used by default unless `a`
+        has an integer dtype of less precision than the default platform
+        integer.  In that case, if `a` is signed then the platform integer
+        is used while if `a` is unsigned then an unsigned integer of the
+        same precision as the platform integer is used.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
+        the same shape as the expected output, but the type of the output
+        values will be cast if necessary.
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the `sum` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+    initial : scalar, optional
+        Starting value for the sum. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.15.0
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        Elements to include in the sum. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    sum_along_axis : ndarray
+        An array with the same shape as `a`, with the specified
+        axis removed.   If `a` is a 0-d array, or if `axis` is None, a scalar
+        is returned.  If an output array is specified, a reference to
+        `out` is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.sum : Equivalent method.
+
+    add.reduce : Equivalent functionality of `add`.
+
+    cumsum : Cumulative sum of array elements.
+
+    trapz : Integration of array values using the composite trapezoidal rule.
+
+    mean, average
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is
+    raised on overflow.
+
+    The sum of an empty array is the neutral element 0:
+
+    >>> np.sum([])
+    0.0
+
+    For floating point numbers the numerical precision of sum (and
+    ``np.add.reduce``) is in general limited by directly adding each number
+    individually to the result causing rounding errors in every step.
+    However, often numpy will use a  numerically better approach (partial
+    pairwise summation) leading to improved precision in many use-cases.
+    This improved precision is always provided when no ``axis`` is given.
+    When ``axis`` is given, it will depend on which axis is summed.
+    Technically, to provide the best speed possible, the improved precision
+    is only used when the summation is along the fast axis in memory.
+    Note that the exact precision may vary depending on other parameters.
+    In contrast to NumPy, Python's ``math.fsum`` function uses a slower but
+    more precise approach to summation.
+    Especially when summing a large number of lower precision floating point
+    numbers, such as ``float32``, numerical errors can become significant.
+    In such cases it can be advisable to use `dtype="float64"` to use a higher
+    precision for the output.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.sum([0.5, 1.5])
+    2.0
+    >>> np.sum([0.5, 0.7, 0.2, 1.5], dtype=np.int32)
+    1
+    >>> np.sum([[0, 1], [0, 5]])
+    6
+    >>> np.sum([[0, 1], [0, 5]], axis=0)
+    array([0, 6])
+    >>> np.sum([[0, 1], [0, 5]], axis=1)
+    array([1, 5])
+    >>> np.sum([[0, 1], [np.nan, 5]], where=[False, True], axis=1)
+    array([1., 5.])
+
+    If the accumulator is too small, overflow occurs:
+
+    >>> np.ones(128, dtype=np.int8).sum(dtype=np.int8)
+    -128
+
+    You can also start the sum with a value other than zero:
+
+    >>> np.sum([10], initial=5)
+    15
+    """
+    if isinstance(a, _gentype):
+        # 2018-02-25, 1.15.0
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Calling np.sum(generator) is deprecated, and in the future will give a different result. "
+            "Use np.sum(np.fromiter(generator)) or the python sum builtin instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+        res = _sum_(a)
+        if out is not None:
+            out[...] = res
+            return out
+        return res
+
+    return _wrapreduction(a, np.add, 'sum', axis, dtype, out, keepdims=keepdims,
+                          initial=initial, where=where)
+
+
+def _any_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None, *,
+                    where=np._NoValue):
+    return (a, where, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_any_dispatcher)
+def any(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue, *, where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Test whether any array element along a given axis evaluates to True.
+
+    Returns single boolean if `axis` is ``None``
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array or object that can be converted to an array.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which a logical OR reduction is performed.
+        The default (``axis=None``) is to perform a logical OR over all
+        the dimensions of the input array. `axis` may be negative, in
+        which case it counts from the last to the first axis.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If this is a tuple of ints, a reduction is performed on multiple
+        axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternate output array in which to place the result.  It must have
+        the same shape as the expected output and its type is preserved
+        (e.g., if it is of type float, then it will remain so, returning
+        1.0 for True and 0.0 for False, regardless of the type of `a`).
+        See :ref:`ufuncs-output-type` for more details.
+
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the `any` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        Elements to include in checking for any `True` values.
+        See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    any : bool or ndarray
+        A new boolean or `ndarray` is returned unless `out` is specified,
+        in which case a reference to `out` is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.any : equivalent method
+
+    all : Test whether all elements along a given axis evaluate to True.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Not a Number (NaN), positive infinity and negative infinity evaluate
+    to `True` because these are not equal to zero.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.any([[True, False], [True, True]])
+    True
+
+    >>> np.any([[True, False], [False, False]], axis=0)
+    array([ True, False])
+
+    >>> np.any([-1, 0, 5])
+    True
+
+    >>> np.any(np.nan)
+    True
+
+    >>> np.any([[True, False], [False, False]], where=[[False], [True]])
+    False
+
+    >>> o=np.array(False)
+    >>> z=np.any([-1, 4, 5], out=o)
+    >>> z, o
+    (array(True), array(True))
+    >>> # Check now that z is a reference to o
+    >>> z is o
+    True
+    >>> id(z), id(o) # identity of z and o              # doctest: +SKIP
+    (191614240, 191614240)
+
+    """
+    return _wrapreduction(a, np.logical_or, 'any', axis, None, out,
+                          keepdims=keepdims, where=where)
+
+
+def _all_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None, *,
+                    where=None):
+    return (a, where, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_all_dispatcher)
+def all(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue, *, where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Test whether all array elements along a given axis evaluate to True.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array or object that can be converted to an array.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which a logical AND reduction is performed.
+        The default (``axis=None``) is to perform a logical AND over all
+        the dimensions of the input array. `axis` may be negative, in
+        which case it counts from the last to the first axis.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If this is a tuple of ints, a reduction is performed on multiple
+        axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternate output array in which to place the result.
+        It must have the same shape as the expected output and its
+        type is preserved (e.g., if ``dtype(out)`` is float, the result
+        will consist of 0.0's and 1.0's). See :ref:`ufuncs-output-type` for more
+        details.
+
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the `all` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        Elements to include in checking for all `True` values.
+        See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    all : ndarray, bool
+        A new boolean or array is returned unless `out` is specified,
+        in which case a reference to `out` is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.all : equivalent method
+
+    any : Test whether any element along a given axis evaluates to True.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Not a Number (NaN), positive infinity and negative infinity
+    evaluate to `True` because these are not equal to zero.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.all([[True,False],[True,True]])
+    False
+
+    >>> np.all([[True,False],[True,True]], axis=0)
+    array([ True, False])
+
+    >>> np.all([-1, 4, 5])
+    True
+
+    >>> np.all([1.0, np.nan])
+    True
+
+    >>> np.all([[True, True], [False, True]], where=[[True], [False]])
+    True
+
+    >>> o=np.array(False)
+    >>> z=np.all([-1, 4, 5], out=o)
+    >>> id(z), id(o), z
+    (28293632, 28293632, array(True)) # may vary
+
+    """
+    return _wrapreduction(a, np.logical_and, 'all', axis, None, out,
+                          keepdims=keepdims, where=where)
+
+
+def _cumsum_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_cumsum_dispatcher)
+def cumsum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Return the cumulative sum of the elements along a given axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis along which the cumulative sum is computed. The default
+        (None) is to compute the cumsum over the flattened array.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        Type of the returned array and of the accumulator in which the
+        elements are summed.  If `dtype` is not specified, it defaults
+        to the dtype of `a`, unless `a` has an integer dtype with a
+        precision less than that of the default platform integer.  In
+        that case, the default platform integer is used.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must
+        have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output
+        but the type will be cast if necessary. See :ref:`ufuncs-output-type` for
+        more details.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    cumsum_along_axis : ndarray.
+        A new array holding the result is returned unless `out` is
+        specified, in which case a reference to `out` is returned. The
+        result has the same size as `a`, and the same shape as `a` if
+        `axis` is not None or `a` is a 1-d array.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    sum : Sum array elements.
+    trapz : Integration of array values using the composite trapezoidal rule.
+    diff : Calculate the n-th discrete difference along given axis.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is
+    raised on overflow.
+
+    ``cumsum(a)[-1]`` may not be equal to ``sum(a)`` for floating-point
+    values since ``sum`` may use a pairwise summation routine, reducing
+    the roundoff-error. See `sum` for more information.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
+    >>> a
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+    >>> np.cumsum(a)
+    array([ 1,  3,  6, 10, 15, 21])
+    >>> np.cumsum(a, dtype=float)     # specifies type of output value(s)
+    array([  1.,   3.,   6.,  10.,  15.,  21.])
+
+    >>> np.cumsum(a,axis=0)      # sum over rows for each of the 3 columns
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [5, 7, 9]])
+    >>> np.cumsum(a,axis=1)      # sum over columns for each of the 2 rows
+    array([[ 1,  3,  6],
+           [ 4,  9, 15]])
+
+    ``cumsum(b)[-1]`` may not be equal to ``sum(b)``
+
+    >>> b = np.array([1, 2e-9, 3e-9] * 1000000)
+    >>> b.cumsum()[-1]
+    1000000.0050045159
+    >>> b.sum()
+    1000000.0050000029
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'cumsum', axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out)
+
+
+def _ptp_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_ptp_dispatcher)
+def ptp(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Range of values (maximum - minimum) along an axis.
+
+    The name of the function comes from the acronym for 'peak to peak'.
+
+    .. warning::
+        `ptp` preserves the data type of the array. This means the
+        return value for an input of signed integers with n bits
+        (e.g. `np.int8`, `np.int16`, etc) is also a signed integer
+        with n bits.  In that case, peak-to-peak values greater than
+        ``2**(n-1)-1`` will be returned as negative values. An example
+        with a work-around is shown below.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input values.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis along which to find the peaks.  By default, flatten the
+        array.  `axis` may be negative, in
+        which case it counts from the last to the first axis.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.15.0
+
+        If this is a tuple of ints, a reduction is performed on multiple
+        axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
+    out : array_like
+        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must
+        have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output,
+        but the type of the output values will be cast if necessary.
+
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the `ptp` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ptp : ndarray or scalar
+        The range of a given array - `scalar` if array is one-dimensional
+        or a new array holding the result along the given axis
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([[4, 9, 2, 10],
+    ...               [6, 9, 7, 12]])
+
+    >>> np.ptp(x, axis=1)
+    array([8, 6])
+
+    >>> np.ptp(x, axis=0)
+    array([2, 0, 5, 2])
+
+    >>> np.ptp(x)
+    10
+
+    This example shows that a negative value can be returned when
+    the input is an array of signed integers.
+
+    >>> y = np.array([[1, 127],
+    ...               [0, 127],
+    ...               [-1, 127],
+    ...               [-2, 127]], dtype=np.int8)
+    >>> np.ptp(y, axis=1)
+    array([ 126,  127, -128, -127], dtype=int8)
+
+    A work-around is to use the `view()` method to view the result as
+    unsigned integers with the same bit width:
+
+    >>> np.ptp(y, axis=1).view(np.uint8)
+    array([126, 127, 128, 129], dtype=uint8)
+
+    """
+    kwargs = {}
+    if keepdims is not np._NoValue:
+        kwargs['keepdims'] = keepdims
+    if type(a) is not mu.ndarray:
+        try:
+            ptp = a.ptp
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return ptp(axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
+    return _methods._ptp(a, axis=axis, out=out, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _max_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None, initial=None,
+                    where=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_max_dispatcher)
+@set_module('numpy')
+def max(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue, initial=np._NoValue,
+         where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Return the maximum of an array or maximum along an axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which to operate.  By default, flattened input is
+        used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If this is a tuple of ints, the maximum is selected over multiple axes,
+        instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternative output array in which to place the result.  Must
+        be of the same shape and buffer length as the expected output.
+        See :ref:`ufuncs-output-type` for more details.
+
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the ``max`` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+
+    initial : scalar, optional
+        The minimum value of an output element. Must be present to allow
+        computation on empty slice. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.15.0
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        Elements to compare for the maximum. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce`
+        for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    max : ndarray or scalar
+        Maximum of `a`. If `axis` is None, the result is a scalar value.
+        If `axis` is an int, the result is an array of dimension
+        ``a.ndim - 1``. If `axis` is a tuple, the result is an array of 
+        dimension ``a.ndim - len(axis)``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    amin :
+        The minimum value of an array along a given axis, propagating any NaNs.
+    nanmax :
+        The maximum value of an array along a given axis, ignoring any NaNs.
+    maximum :
+        Element-wise maximum of two arrays, propagating any NaNs.
+    fmax :
+        Element-wise maximum of two arrays, ignoring any NaNs.
+    argmax :
+        Return the indices of the maximum values.
+
+    nanmin, minimum, fmin
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    NaN values are propagated, that is if at least one item is NaN, the
+    corresponding max value will be NaN as well. To ignore NaN values
+    (MATLAB behavior), please use nanmax.
+
+    Don't use `~numpy.max` for element-wise comparison of 2 arrays; when
+    ``a.shape[0]`` is 2, ``maximum(a[0], a[1])`` is faster than
+    ``max(a, axis=0)``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
+    >>> a
+    array([[0, 1],
+           [2, 3]])
+    >>> np.max(a)           # Maximum of the flattened array
+    3
+    >>> np.max(a, axis=0)   # Maxima along the first axis
+    array([2, 3])
+    >>> np.max(a, axis=1)   # Maxima along the second axis
+    array([1, 3])
+    >>> np.max(a, where=[False, True], initial=-1, axis=0)
+    array([-1,  3])
+    >>> b = np.arange(5, dtype=float)
+    >>> b[2] = np.NaN
+    >>> np.max(b)
+    nan
+    >>> np.max(b, where=~np.isnan(b), initial=-1)
+    4.0
+    >>> np.nanmax(b)
+    4.0
+
+    You can use an initial value to compute the maximum of an empty slice, or
+    to initialize it to a different value:
+
+    >>> np.max([[-50], [10]], axis=-1, initial=0)
+    array([ 0, 10])
+
+    Notice that the initial value is used as one of the elements for which the
+    maximum is determined, unlike for the default argument Python's max
+    function, which is only used for empty iterables.
+
+    >>> np.max([5], initial=6)
+    6
+    >>> max([5], default=6)
+    5
+    """
+    return _wrapreduction(a, np.maximum, 'max', axis, None, out,
+                          keepdims=keepdims, initial=initial, where=where)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_max_dispatcher)
+def amax(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue, initial=np._NoValue,
+         where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Return the maximum of an array or maximum along an axis.
+
+    `amax` is an alias of `~numpy.max`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    max : alias of this function
+    ndarray.max : equivalent method
+    """
+    return _wrapreduction(a, np.maximum, 'max', axis, None, out,
+                          keepdims=keepdims, initial=initial, where=where)
+
+
+def _min_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None, initial=None,
+                    where=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_min_dispatcher)
+def min(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue, initial=np._NoValue,
+        where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Return the minimum of an array or minimum along an axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which to operate.  By default, flattened input is
+        used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If this is a tuple of ints, the minimum is selected over multiple axes,
+        instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternative output array in which to place the result.  Must
+        be of the same shape and buffer length as the expected output.
+        See :ref:`ufuncs-output-type` for more details.
+
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the ``min`` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+
+    initial : scalar, optional
+        The maximum value of an output element. Must be present to allow
+        computation on empty slice. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.15.0
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        Elements to compare for the minimum. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce`
+        for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    min : ndarray or scalar
+        Minimum of `a`. If `axis` is None, the result is a scalar value.
+        If `axis` is an int, the result is an array of dimension
+        ``a.ndim - 1``.  If `axis` is a tuple, the result is an array of 
+        dimension ``a.ndim - len(axis)``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    amax :
+        The maximum value of an array along a given axis, propagating any NaNs.
+    nanmin :
+        The minimum value of an array along a given axis, ignoring any NaNs.
+    minimum :
+        Element-wise minimum of two arrays, propagating any NaNs.
+    fmin :
+        Element-wise minimum of two arrays, ignoring any NaNs.
+    argmin :
+        Return the indices of the minimum values.
+
+    nanmax, maximum, fmax
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    NaN values are propagated, that is if at least one item is NaN, the
+    corresponding min value will be NaN as well. To ignore NaN values
+    (MATLAB behavior), please use nanmin.
+
+    Don't use `~numpy.min` for element-wise comparison of 2 arrays; when
+    ``a.shape[0]`` is 2, ``minimum(a[0], a[1])`` is faster than
+    ``min(a, axis=0)``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
+    >>> a
+    array([[0, 1],
+           [2, 3]])
+    >>> np.min(a)           # Minimum of the flattened array
+    0
+    >>> np.min(a, axis=0)   # Minima along the first axis
+    array([0, 1])
+    >>> np.min(a, axis=1)   # Minima along the second axis
+    array([0, 2])
+    >>> np.min(a, where=[False, True], initial=10, axis=0)
+    array([10,  1])
+
+    >>> b = np.arange(5, dtype=float)
+    >>> b[2] = np.NaN
+    >>> np.min(b)
+    nan
+    >>> np.min(b, where=~np.isnan(b), initial=10)
+    0.0
+    >>> np.nanmin(b)
+    0.0
+
+    >>> np.min([[-50], [10]], axis=-1, initial=0)
+    array([-50,   0])
+
+    Notice that the initial value is used as one of the elements for which the
+    minimum is determined, unlike for the default argument Python's max
+    function, which is only used for empty iterables.
+
+    Notice that this isn't the same as Python's ``default`` argument.
+
+    >>> np.min([6], initial=5)
+    5
+    >>> min([6], default=5)
+    6
+    """
+    return _wrapreduction(a, np.minimum, 'min', axis, None, out,
+                          keepdims=keepdims, initial=initial, where=where)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_min_dispatcher)
+def amin(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue, initial=np._NoValue,
+         where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Return the minimum of an array or minimum along an axis.
+
+    `amin` is an alias of `~numpy.min`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    min : alias of this function
+    ndarray.min : equivalent method
+    """
+    return _wrapreduction(a, np.minimum, 'min', axis, None, out,
+                          keepdims=keepdims, initial=initial, where=where)
+
+
+def _prod_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=None,
+                     initial=None, where=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_prod_dispatcher)
+def prod(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue,
+         initial=np._NoValue, where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Return the product of array elements over a given axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which a product is performed.  The default,
+        axis=None, will calculate the product of all the elements in the
+        input array. If axis is negative it counts from the last to the
+        first axis.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If axis is a tuple of ints, a product is performed on all of the
+        axes specified in the tuple instead of a single axis or all the
+        axes as before.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        The type of the returned array, as well as of the accumulator in
+        which the elements are multiplied.  The dtype of `a` is used by
+        default unless `a` has an integer dtype of less precision than the
+        default platform integer.  In that case, if `a` is signed then the
+        platform integer is used while if `a` is unsigned then an unsigned
+        integer of the same precision as the platform integer is used.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
+        the same shape as the expected output, but the type of the output
+        values will be cast if necessary.
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the
+        result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result
+        will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the `prod` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+    initial : scalar, optional
+        The starting value for this product. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.15.0
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        Elements to include in the product. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    product_along_axis : ndarray, see `dtype` parameter above.
+        An array shaped as `a` but with the specified axis removed.
+        Returns a reference to `out` if specified.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.prod : equivalent method
+    :ref:`ufuncs-output-type`
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is
+    raised on overflow.  That means that, on a 32-bit platform:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([536870910, 536870910, 536870910, 536870910])
+    >>> np.prod(x)
+    16 # may vary
+
+    The product of an empty array is the neutral element 1:
+
+    >>> np.prod([])
+    1.0
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    By default, calculate the product of all elements:
+
+    >>> np.prod([1.,2.])
+    2.0
+
+    Even when the input array is two-dimensional:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[1., 2.], [3., 4.]])
+    >>> np.prod(a)
+    24.0
+
+    But we can also specify the axis over which to multiply:
+
+    >>> np.prod(a, axis=1)
+    array([  2.,  12.])
+    >>> np.prod(a, axis=0)
+    array([3., 8.])
+    
+    Or select specific elements to include:
+
+    >>> np.prod([1., np.nan, 3.], where=[True, False, True])
+    3.0
+
+    If the type of `x` is unsigned, then the output type is
+    the unsigned platform integer:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.uint8)
+    >>> np.prod(x).dtype == np.uint
+    True
+
+    If `x` is of a signed integer type, then the output type
+    is the default platform integer:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int8)
+    >>> np.prod(x).dtype == int
+    True
+
+    You can also start the product with a value other than one:
+
+    >>> np.prod([1, 2], initial=5)
+    10
+    """
+    return _wrapreduction(a, np.multiply, 'prod', axis, dtype, out,
+                          keepdims=keepdims, initial=initial, where=where)
+
+
+def _cumprod_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_cumprod_dispatcher)
+def cumprod(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
+    """
+    Return the cumulative product of elements along a given axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis along which the cumulative product is computed.  By default
+        the input is flattened.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        Type of the returned array, as well as of the accumulator in which
+        the elements are multiplied.  If *dtype* is not specified, it
+        defaults to the dtype of `a`, unless `a` has an integer dtype with
+        a precision less than that of the default platform integer.  In
+        that case, the default platform integer is used instead.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must
+        have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output
+        but the type of the resulting values will be cast if necessary.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    cumprod : ndarray
+        A new array holding the result is returned unless `out` is
+        specified, in which case a reference to out is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :ref:`ufuncs-output-type`
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is
+    raised on overflow.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([1,2,3])
+    >>> np.cumprod(a) # intermediate results 1, 1*2
+    ...               # total product 1*2*3 = 6
+    array([1, 2, 6])
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+    >>> np.cumprod(a, dtype=float) # specify type of output
+    array([   1.,    2.,    6.,   24.,  120.,  720.])
+
+    The cumulative product for each column (i.e., over the rows) of `a`:
+
+    >>> np.cumprod(a, axis=0)
+    array([[ 1,  2,  3],
+           [ 4, 10, 18]])
+
+    The cumulative product for each row (i.e. over the columns) of `a`:
+
+    >>> np.cumprod(a,axis=1)
+    array([[  1,   2,   6],
+           [  4,  20, 120]])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'cumprod', axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out)
+
+
+def _ndim_dispatcher(a):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_ndim_dispatcher)
+def ndim(a):
+    """
+    Return the number of dimensions of an array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.  If it is not already an ndarray, a conversion is
+        attempted.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    number_of_dimensions : int
+        The number of dimensions in `a`.  Scalars are zero-dimensional.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.ndim : equivalent method
+    shape : dimensions of array
+    ndarray.shape : dimensions of array
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.ndim([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
+    2
+    >>> np.ndim(np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]))
+    2
+    >>> np.ndim(1)
+    0
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return a.ndim
+    except AttributeError:
+        return asarray(a).ndim
+
+
+def _size_dispatcher(a, axis=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_size_dispatcher)
+def size(a, axis=None):
+    """
+    Return the number of elements along a given axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis along which the elements are counted.  By default, give
+        the total number of elements.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    element_count : int
+        Number of elements along the specified axis.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    shape : dimensions of array
+    ndarray.shape : dimensions of array
+    ndarray.size : number of elements in array
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
+    >>> np.size(a)
+    6
+    >>> np.size(a,1)
+    3
+    >>> np.size(a,0)
+    2
+
+    """
+    if axis is None:
+        try:
+            return a.size
+        except AttributeError:
+            return asarray(a).size
+    else:
+        try:
+            return a.shape[axis]
+        except AttributeError:
+            return asarray(a).shape[axis]
+
+
+def _round_dispatcher(a, decimals=None, out=None):
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_round_dispatcher)
+def round(a, decimals=0, out=None):
+    """
+    Evenly round to the given number of decimals.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data.
+    decimals : int, optional
+        Number of decimal places to round to (default: 0).  If
+        decimals is negative, it specifies the number of positions to
+        the left of the decimal point.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
+        the same shape as the expected output, but the type of the output
+        values will be cast if necessary. See :ref:`ufuncs-output-type` for more
+        details.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    rounded_array : ndarray
+        An array of the same type as `a`, containing the rounded values.
+        Unless `out` was specified, a new array is created.  A reference to
+        the result is returned.
+
+        The real and imaginary parts of complex numbers are rounded
+        separately.  The result of rounding a float is a float.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.round : equivalent method
+    around : an alias for this function
+    ceil, fix, floor, rint, trunc
+
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For values exactly halfway between rounded decimal values, NumPy
+    rounds to the nearest even value. Thus 1.5 and 2.5 round to 2.0,
+    -0.5 and 0.5 round to 0.0, etc.
+
+    ``np.round`` uses a fast but sometimes inexact algorithm to round
+    floating-point datatypes. For positive `decimals` it is equivalent to
+    ``np.true_divide(np.rint(a * 10**decimals), 10**decimals)``, which has
+    error due to the inexact representation of decimal fractions in the IEEE
+    floating point standard [1]_ and errors introduced when scaling by powers
+    of ten. For instance, note the extra "1" in the following:
+
+        >>> np.round(56294995342131.5, 3)
+        56294995342131.51
+
+    If your goal is to print such values with a fixed number of decimals, it is
+    preferable to use numpy's float printing routines to limit the number of
+    printed decimals:
+
+        >>> np.format_float_positional(56294995342131.5, precision=3)
+        '56294995342131.5'
+
+    The float printing routines use an accurate but much more computationally
+    demanding algorithm to compute the number of digits after the decimal
+    point.
+
+    Alternatively, Python's builtin `round` function uses a more accurate
+    but slower algorithm for 64-bit floating point values:
+
+        >>> round(56294995342131.5, 3)
+        56294995342131.5
+        >>> np.round(16.055, 2), round(16.055, 2)  # equals 16.0549999999999997
+        (16.06, 16.05)
+
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] "Lecture Notes on the Status of IEEE 754", William Kahan,
+           https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/ieee754status/IEEE754.PDF
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.round([0.37, 1.64])
+    array([0., 2.])
+    >>> np.round([0.37, 1.64], decimals=1)
+    array([0.4, 1.6])
+    >>> np.round([.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5]) # rounds to nearest even value
+    array([0., 2., 2., 4., 4.])
+    >>> np.round([1,2,3,11], decimals=1) # ndarray of ints is returned
+    array([ 1,  2,  3, 11])
+    >>> np.round([1,2,3,11], decimals=-1)
+    array([ 0,  0,  0, 10])
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'round', decimals=decimals, out=out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_round_dispatcher)
+def around(a, decimals=0, out=None):
+    """
+    Round an array to the given number of decimals.
+
+    `around` is an alias of `~numpy.round`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndarray.round : equivalent method
+    round : alias for this function
+    ceil, fix, floor, rint, trunc
+
+    """
+    return _wrapfunc(a, 'round', decimals=decimals, out=out)
+
+
+def _mean_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=None, *,
+                     where=None):
+    return (a, where, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_mean_dispatcher)
+def mean(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=np._NoValue, *,
+         where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Compute the arithmetic mean along the specified axis.
+
+    Returns the average of the array elements.  The average is taken over
+    the flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis.
+    `float64` intermediate and return values are used for integer inputs.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array containing numbers whose mean is desired. If `a` is not an
+        array, a conversion is attempted.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which the means are computed. The default is to
+        compute the mean of the flattened array.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If this is a tuple of ints, a mean is performed over multiple axes,
+        instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Type to use in computing the mean.  For integer inputs, the default
+        is `float64`; for floating point inputs, it is the same as the
+        input dtype.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternate output array in which to place the result.  The default
+        is ``None``; if provided, it must have the same shape as the
+        expected output, but the type will be cast if necessary.
+        See :ref:`ufuncs-output-type` for more details.
+
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the `mean` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        Elements to include in the mean. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    m : ndarray, see dtype parameter above
+        If `out=None`, returns a new array containing the mean values,
+        otherwise a reference to the output array is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    average : Weighted average
+    std, var, nanmean, nanstd, nanvar
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The arithmetic mean is the sum of the elements along the axis divided
+    by the number of elements.
+
+    Note that for floating-point input, the mean is computed using the
+    same precision the input has.  Depending on the input data, this can
+    cause the results to be inaccurate, especially for `float32` (see
+    example below).  Specifying a higher-precision accumulator using the
+    `dtype` keyword can alleviate this issue.
+
+    By default, `float16` results are computed using `float32` intermediates
+    for extra precision.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    >>> np.mean(a)
+    2.5
+    >>> np.mean(a, axis=0)
+    array([2., 3.])
+    >>> np.mean(a, axis=1)
+    array([1.5, 3.5])
+
+    In single precision, `mean` can be inaccurate:
+
+    >>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
+    >>> a[0, :] = 1.0
+    >>> a[1, :] = 0.1
+    >>> np.mean(a)
+    0.54999924
+
+    Computing the mean in float64 is more accurate:
+
+    >>> np.mean(a, dtype=np.float64)
+    0.55000000074505806 # may vary
+
+    Specifying a where argument:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[5, 9, 13], [14, 10, 12], [11, 15, 19]])
+    >>> np.mean(a)
+    12.0
+    >>> np.mean(a, where=[[True], [False], [False]])
+    9.0
+
+    """
+    kwargs = {}
+    if keepdims is not np._NoValue:
+        kwargs['keepdims'] = keepdims
+    if where is not np._NoValue:
+        kwargs['where'] = where
+    if type(a) is not mu.ndarray:
+        try:
+            mean = a.mean
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return mean(axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, **kwargs)
+
+    return _methods._mean(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype,
+                          out=out, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _std_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=None,
+                    keepdims=None, *, where=None):
+    return (a, where, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_std_dispatcher)
+def std(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=np._NoValue, *,
+        where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Compute the standard deviation along the specified axis.
+
+    Returns the standard deviation, a measure of the spread of a distribution,
+    of the array elements. The standard deviation is computed for the
+    flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Calculate the standard deviation of these values.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which the standard deviation is computed. The
+        default is to compute the standard deviation of the flattened array.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If this is a tuple of ints, a standard deviation is performed over
+        multiple axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        Type to use in computing the standard deviation. For arrays of
+        integer type the default is float64, for arrays of float types it is
+        the same as the array type.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
+        the same shape as the expected output but the type (of the calculated
+        values) will be cast if necessary.
+    ddof : int, optional
+        Means Delta Degrees of Freedom.  The divisor used in calculations
+        is ``N - ddof``, where ``N`` represents the number of elements.
+        By default `ddof` is zero.
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the `std` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        Elements to include in the standard deviation.
+        See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    standard_deviation : ndarray, see dtype parameter above.
+        If `out` is None, return a new array containing the standard deviation,
+        otherwise return a reference to the output array.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    var, mean, nanmean, nanstd, nanvar
+    :ref:`ufuncs-output-type`
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The standard deviation is the square root of the average of the squared
+    deviations from the mean, i.e., ``std = sqrt(mean(x))``, where
+    ``x = abs(a - a.mean())**2``.
+
+    The average squared deviation is typically calculated as ``x.sum() / N``,
+    where ``N = len(x)``. If, however, `ddof` is specified, the divisor
+    ``N - ddof`` is used instead. In standard statistical practice, ``ddof=1``
+    provides an unbiased estimator of the variance of the infinite population.
+    ``ddof=0`` provides a maximum likelihood estimate of the variance for
+    normally distributed variables. The standard deviation computed in this
+    function is the square root of the estimated variance, so even with
+    ``ddof=1``, it will not be an unbiased estimate of the standard deviation
+    per se.
+
+    Note that, for complex numbers, `std` takes the absolute
+    value before squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.
+
+    For floating-point input, the *std* is computed using the same
+    precision the input has. Depending on the input data, this can cause
+    the results to be inaccurate, especially for float32 (see example below).
+    Specifying a higher-accuracy accumulator using the `dtype` keyword can
+    alleviate this issue.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    >>> np.std(a)
+    1.1180339887498949 # may vary
+    >>> np.std(a, axis=0)
+    array([1.,  1.])
+    >>> np.std(a, axis=1)
+    array([0.5,  0.5])
+
+    In single precision, std() can be inaccurate:
+
+    >>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
+    >>> a[0, :] = 1.0
+    >>> a[1, :] = 0.1
+    >>> np.std(a)
+    0.45000005
+
+    Computing the standard deviation in float64 is more accurate:
+
+    >>> np.std(a, dtype=np.float64)
+    0.44999999925494177 # may vary
+
+    Specifying a where argument:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[14, 8, 11, 10], [7, 9, 10, 11], [10, 15, 5, 10]])
+    >>> np.std(a)
+    2.614064523559687 # may vary
+    >>> np.std(a, where=[[True], [True], [False]])
+    2.0
+
+    """
+    kwargs = {}
+    if keepdims is not np._NoValue:
+        kwargs['keepdims'] = keepdims
+    if where is not np._NoValue:
+        kwargs['where'] = where
+    if type(a) is not mu.ndarray:
+        try:
+            std = a.std
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return std(axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof, **kwargs)
+
+    return _methods._std(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof,
+                         **kwargs)
+
+
+def _var_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=None,
+                    keepdims=None, *, where=None):
+    return (a, where, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_var_dispatcher)
+def var(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=np._NoValue, *,
+        where=np._NoValue):
+    """
+    Compute the variance along the specified axis.
+
+    Returns the variance of the array elements, a measure of the spread of a
+    distribution.  The variance is computed for the flattened array by
+    default, otherwise over the specified axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Array containing numbers whose variance is desired.  If `a` is not an
+        array, a conversion is attempted.
+    axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which the variance is computed.  The default is to
+        compute the variance of the flattened array.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+        If this is a tuple of ints, a variance is performed over multiple axes,
+        instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Type to use in computing the variance.  For arrays of integer type
+        the default is `float64`; for arrays of float types it is the same as
+        the array type.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Alternate output array in which to place the result.  It must have
+        the same shape as the expected output, but the type is cast if
+        necessary.
+    ddof : int, optional
+        "Delta Degrees of Freedom": the divisor used in the calculation is
+        ``N - ddof``, where ``N`` represents the number of elements. By
+        default `ddof` is zero.
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        If the default value is passed, then `keepdims` will not be
+        passed through to the `var` method of sub-classes of
+        `ndarray`, however any non-default value will be.  If the
+        sub-class' method does not implement `keepdims` any
+        exceptions will be raised.
+
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        Elements to include in the variance. See `~numpy.ufunc.reduce` for
+        details.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    variance : ndarray, see dtype parameter above
+        If ``out=None``, returns a new array containing the variance;
+        otherwise, a reference to the output array is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    std, mean, nanmean, nanstd, nanvar
+    :ref:`ufuncs-output-type`
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean,
+    i.e.,  ``var = mean(x)``, where ``x = abs(a - a.mean())**2``.
+
+    The mean is typically calculated as ``x.sum() / N``, where ``N = len(x)``.
+    If, however, `ddof` is specified, the divisor ``N - ddof`` is used
+    instead.  In standard statistical practice, ``ddof=1`` provides an
+    unbiased estimator of the variance of a hypothetical infinite population.
+    ``ddof=0`` provides a maximum likelihood estimate of the variance for
+    normally distributed variables.
+
+    Note that for complex numbers, the absolute value is taken before
+    squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.
+
+    For floating-point input, the variance is computed using the same
+    precision the input has.  Depending on the input data, this can cause
+    the results to be inaccurate, especially for `float32` (see example
+    below).  Specifying a higher-accuracy accumulator using the ``dtype``
+    keyword can alleviate this issue.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    >>> np.var(a)
+    1.25
+    >>> np.var(a, axis=0)
+    array([1.,  1.])
+    >>> np.var(a, axis=1)
+    array([0.25,  0.25])
+
+    In single precision, var() can be inaccurate:
+
+    >>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
+    >>> a[0, :] = 1.0
+    >>> a[1, :] = 0.1
+    >>> np.var(a)
+    0.20250003
+
+    Computing the variance in float64 is more accurate:
+
+    >>> np.var(a, dtype=np.float64)
+    0.20249999932944759 # may vary
+    >>> ((1-0.55)**2 + (0.1-0.55)**2)/2
+    0.2025
+
+    Specifying a where argument:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[14, 8, 11, 10], [7, 9, 10, 11], [10, 15, 5, 10]])
+    >>> np.var(a)
+    6.833333333333333 # may vary
+    >>> np.var(a, where=[[True], [True], [False]])
+    4.0
+
+    """
+    kwargs = {}
+    if keepdims is not np._NoValue:
+        kwargs['keepdims'] = keepdims
+    if where is not np._NoValue:
+        kwargs['where'] = where
+
+    if type(a) is not mu.ndarray:
+        try:
+            var = a.var
+
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return var(axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof, **kwargs)
+
+    return _methods._var(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out, ddof=ddof,
+                         **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases of other functions. Provided unique docstrings 
+# are for reference purposes only. Wherever possible,
+# avoid using them.
+
+
+def _round__dispatcher(a, decimals=None, out=None):
+    # 2023-02-28, 1.25.0
+    warnings.warn("`round_` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be "
+                  "removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `round` instead.",
+                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_round__dispatcher)
+def round_(a, decimals=0, out=None):
+    """
+    Round an array to the given number of decimals.
+
+    `~numpy.round_` is a disrecommended backwards-compatibility
+    alias of `~numpy.around` and `~numpy.round`.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.25.0
+        ``round_`` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be
+        removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `round` instead.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    around : equivalent function; see for details.
+    """
+    return around(a, decimals=decimals, out=out)
+
+
+def _product_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=None,
+                        initial=None, where=None):
+    # 2023-03-02, 1.25.0
+    warnings.warn("`product` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be "
+                  "removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `prod` instead.",
+                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_product_dispatcher, verify=False)
+def product(*args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Return the product of array elements over a given axis.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.25.0
+        ``product`` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be
+        removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `prod` instead.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    prod : equivalent function; see for details.
+    """
+    return prod(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _cumproduct_dispatcher(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
+    # 2023-03-02, 1.25.0
+    warnings.warn("`cumproduct` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be "
+                  "removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `cumprod` instead.",
+                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
+    return (a, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_cumproduct_dispatcher, verify=False)
+def cumproduct(*args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Return the cumulative product over the given axis.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.25.0
+        ``cumproduct`` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be
+        removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `cumprod` instead.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    cumprod : equivalent function; see for details.
+    """
+    return cumprod(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _sometrue_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None, *,
+                         where=np._NoValue):
+    # 2023-03-02, 1.25.0
+    warnings.warn("`sometrue` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be "
+                  "removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `any` instead.",
+                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
+    return (a, where, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_sometrue_dispatcher, verify=False)
+def sometrue(*args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Check whether some values are true.
+
+    Refer to `any` for full documentation.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.25.0
+        ``sometrue`` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be
+        removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `any` instead.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    any : equivalent function; see for details.
+    """
+    return any(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _alltrue_dispatcher(a, axis=None, out=None, keepdims=None, *, where=None):
+    # 2023-03-02, 1.25.0
+    warnings.warn("`alltrue` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be "
+                  "removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `all` instead.",
+                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
+    return (a, where, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_alltrue_dispatcher, verify=False)
+def alltrue(*args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Check if all elements of input array are true.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.25.0
+        ``alltrue`` is deprecated as of NumPy 1.25.0, and will be
+        removed in NumPy 2.0. Please use `all` instead.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.all : Equivalent function; see for details.
+    """
+    return all(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5438b270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/fromnumeric.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,1060 @@
+import datetime as dt
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Union, Any, overload, TypeVar, Literal, SupportsIndex
+
+from numpy import (
+    ndarray,
+    number,
+    uint64,
+    int_,
+    int64,
+    intp,
+    float16,
+    bool_,
+    floating,
+    complexfloating,
+    object_,
+    generic,
+    _OrderKACF,
+    _OrderACF,
+    _ModeKind,
+    _PartitionKind,
+    _SortKind,
+    _SortSide,
+    _CastingKind,
+)
+from numpy._typing import (
+    DTypeLike,
+    _DTypeLike,
+    ArrayLike,
+    _ArrayLike,
+    NDArray,
+    _ShapeLike,
+    _Shape,
+    _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    _IntLike_co,
+    _BoolLike_co,
+    _ComplexLike_co,
+    _NumberLike_co,
+    _ScalarLike_co,
+)
+
+_SCT = TypeVar("_SCT", bound=generic)
+_SCT_uifcO = TypeVar("_SCT_uifcO", bound=number[Any] | object_)
+_ArrayType = TypeVar("_ArrayType", bound=NDArray[Any])
+
+__all__: list[str]
+
+@overload
+def take(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    indices: _IntLike_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def take(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    indices: _IntLike_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def take(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    indices: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def take(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    indices: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def take(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    indices: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def reshape(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    newshape: _ShapeLike,
+    order: _OrderACF = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def reshape(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    newshape: _ShapeLike,
+    order: _OrderACF = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def choose(
+    a: _IntLike_co,
+    choices: ArrayLike,
+    out: None = ...,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def choose(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    choices: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    out: None = ...,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def choose(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    choices: ArrayLike,
+    out: None = ...,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def choose(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    choices: ArrayLike,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def repeat(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    repeats: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def repeat(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    repeats: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+def put(
+    a: NDArray[Any],
+    ind: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    v: ArrayLike,
+    mode: _ModeKind = ...,
+) -> None: ...
+
+@overload
+def swapaxes(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axis1: SupportsIndex,
+    axis2: SupportsIndex,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def swapaxes(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis1: SupportsIndex,
+    axis2: SupportsIndex,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def transpose(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axes: None | _ShapeLike = ...
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def transpose(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axes: None | _ShapeLike = ...
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def partition(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    kth: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    kind: _PartitionKind = ...,
+    order: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def partition(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    kth: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    kind: _PartitionKind = ...,
+    order: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+def argpartition(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    kth: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    kind: _PartitionKind = ...,
+    order: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[intp]: ...
+
+@overload
+def sort(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    kind: None | _SortKind = ...,
+    order: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def sort(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    kind: None | _SortKind = ...,
+    order: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+def argsort(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    kind: None | _SortKind = ...,
+    order: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[intp]: ...
+
+@overload
+def argmax(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> intp: ...
+@overload
+def argmax(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def argmax(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    *,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def argmin(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> intp: ...
+@overload
+def argmin(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def argmin(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    *,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def searchsorted(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    v: _ScalarLike_co,
+    side: _SortSide = ...,
+    sorter: None | _ArrayLikeInt_co = ...,  # 1D int array
+) -> intp: ...
+@overload
+def searchsorted(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    v: ArrayLike,
+    side: _SortSide = ...,
+    sorter: None | _ArrayLikeInt_co = ...,  # 1D int array
+) -> NDArray[intp]: ...
+
+@overload
+def resize(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    new_shape: _ShapeLike,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def resize(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    new_shape: _ShapeLike,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def squeeze(
+    a: _SCT,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def squeeze(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def squeeze(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def diagonal(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    axis1: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    axis2: SupportsIndex = ...,  # >= 2D array
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def diagonal(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    axis1: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    axis2: SupportsIndex = ...,  # >= 2D array
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def trace(
+    a: ArrayLike,  # >= 2D array
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    axis1: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    axis2: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def trace(
+    a: ArrayLike,  # >= 2D array
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    axis1: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    axis2: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def ravel(a: _ArrayLike[_SCT], order: _OrderKACF = ...) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def ravel(a: ArrayLike, order: _OrderKACF = ...) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+def nonzero(a: ArrayLike) -> tuple[NDArray[intp], ...]: ...
+
+def shape(a: ArrayLike) -> _Shape: ...
+
+@overload
+def compress(
+    condition: _ArrayLikeBool_co,  # 1D bool array
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def compress(
+    condition: _ArrayLikeBool_co,  # 1D bool array
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def compress(
+    condition: _ArrayLikeBool_co,  # 1D bool array
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def clip(
+    a: _SCT,
+    a_min: None | ArrayLike,
+    a_max: None | ArrayLike,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    where: None | _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    signature: str | tuple[None | str, ...] = ...,
+    extobj: list[Any] = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def clip(
+    a: _ScalarLike_co,
+    a_min: None | ArrayLike,
+    a_max: None | ArrayLike,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    where: None | _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    signature: str | tuple[None | str, ...] = ...,
+    extobj: list[Any] = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def clip(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    a_min: None | ArrayLike,
+    a_max: None | ArrayLike,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    where: None | _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    signature: str | tuple[None | str, ...] = ...,
+    extobj: list[Any] = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def clip(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    a_min: None | ArrayLike,
+    a_max: None | ArrayLike,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    where: None | _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    signature: str | tuple[None | str, ...] = ...,
+    extobj: list[Any] = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def clip(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    a_min: None | ArrayLike,
+    a_max: None | ArrayLike,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    where: None | _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    signature: str | tuple[None | str, ...] = ...,
+    extobj: list[Any] = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def clip(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    a_min: None | ArrayLike,
+    a_max: None | ArrayLike,
+    out: _ArrayType,
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    where: None | _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    signature: str | tuple[None | str, ...] = ...,
+    extobj: list[Any] = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def sum(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None  = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def sum(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: None  = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def sum(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType  = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def all(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> bool_: ...
+@overload
+def all(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def all(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def any(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> bool_: ...
+@overload
+def any(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def any(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def cumsum(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def cumsum(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def cumsum(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def cumsum(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def cumsum(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def ptp(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axis: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def ptp(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def ptp(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def amax(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axis: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def amax(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def amax(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def amin(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    axis: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def amin(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def amin(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+# TODO: `np.prod()``: For object arrays `initial` does not necessarily
+# have to be a numerical scalar.
+# The only requirement is that it is compatible
+# with the `.__mul__()` method(s) of the passed array's elements.
+
+# Note that the same situation holds for all wrappers around
+# `np.ufunc.reduce`, e.g. `np.sum()` (`.__add__()`).
+@overload
+def prod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> int_: ...
+@overload
+def prod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> uint64: ...
+@overload
+def prod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> int64: ...
+@overload
+def prod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> floating[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def prod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> complexfloating[Any, Any]: ...
+@overload
+def prod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def prod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def prod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: None | DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def prod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: None | DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    initial: _NumberLike_co = ...,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def cumprod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+@overload
+def cumprod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[uint64]: ...
+@overload
+def cumprod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int64]: ...
+@overload
+def cumprod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def cumprod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def cumprod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+@overload
+def cumprod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def cumprod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def cumprod(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+def ndim(a: ArrayLike) -> int: ...
+
+def size(a: ArrayLike, axis: None | int = ...) -> int: ...
+
+@overload
+def around(
+    a: _BoolLike_co,
+    decimals: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> float16: ...
+@overload
+def around(
+    a: _SCT_uifcO,
+    decimals: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> _SCT_uifcO: ...
+@overload
+def around(
+    a: _ComplexLike_co | object_,
+    decimals: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def around(
+    a: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    decimals: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[float16]: ...
+@overload
+def around(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT_uifcO],
+    decimals: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT_uifcO]: ...
+@overload
+def around(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    decimals: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def around(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    decimals: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def mean(
+    a: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> floating[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def mean(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> complexfloating[Any, Any]: ...
+@overload
+def mean(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def mean(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def mean(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def mean(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def std(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> floating[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def std(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def std(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def std(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def std(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def var(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> floating[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def var(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def var(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _SCT: ...
+@overload
+def var(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def var(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    ddof: float = ...,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+    *,
+    where: _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+max = amax
+min = amin
+round = around
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/function_base.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/function_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00e4e6b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/function_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,551 @@
+import functools
+import warnings
+import operator
+import types
+
+import numpy as np
+from . import numeric as _nx
+from .numeric import result_type, NaN, asanyarray, ndim
+from numpy.core.multiarray import add_docstring
+from numpy.core import overrides
+
+__all__ = ['logspace', 'linspace', 'geomspace']
+
+
+array_function_dispatch = functools.partial(
+    overrides.array_function_dispatch, module='numpy')
+
+
+def _linspace_dispatcher(start, stop, num=None, endpoint=None, retstep=None,
+                         dtype=None, axis=None):
+    return (start, stop)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_linspace_dispatcher)
+def linspace(start, stop, num=50, endpoint=True, retstep=False, dtype=None,
+             axis=0):
+    """
+    Return evenly spaced numbers over a specified interval.
+
+    Returns `num` evenly spaced samples, calculated over the
+    interval [`start`, `stop`].
+
+    The endpoint of the interval can optionally be excluded.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.16.0
+        Non-scalar `start` and `stop` are now supported.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.20.0
+        Values are rounded towards ``-inf`` instead of ``0`` when an
+        integer ``dtype`` is specified. The old behavior can
+        still be obtained with ``np.linspace(start, stop, num).astype(int)``
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    start : array_like
+        The starting value of the sequence.
+    stop : array_like
+        The end value of the sequence, unless `endpoint` is set to False.
+        In that case, the sequence consists of all but the last of ``num + 1``
+        evenly spaced samples, so that `stop` is excluded.  Note that the step
+        size changes when `endpoint` is False.
+    num : int, optional
+        Number of samples to generate. Default is 50. Must be non-negative.
+    endpoint : bool, optional
+        If True, `stop` is the last sample. Otherwise, it is not included.
+        Default is True.
+    retstep : bool, optional
+        If True, return (`samples`, `step`), where `step` is the spacing
+        between samples.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        The type of the output array.  If `dtype` is not given, the data type
+        is inferred from `start` and `stop`. The inferred dtype will never be
+        an integer; `float` is chosen even if the arguments would produce an
+        array of integers.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.9.0
+
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis in the result to store the samples.  Relevant only if start
+        or stop are array-like.  By default (0), the samples will be along a
+        new axis inserted at the beginning. Use -1 to get an axis at the end.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.16.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    samples : ndarray
+        There are `num` equally spaced samples in the closed interval
+        ``[start, stop]`` or the half-open interval ``[start, stop)``
+        (depending on whether `endpoint` is True or False).
+    step : float, optional
+        Only returned if `retstep` is True
+
+        Size of spacing between samples.
+
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    arange : Similar to `linspace`, but uses a step size (instead of the
+             number of samples).
+    geomspace : Similar to `linspace`, but with numbers spaced evenly on a log
+                scale (a geometric progression).
+    logspace : Similar to `geomspace`, but with the end points specified as
+               logarithms.
+    :ref:`how-to-partition`
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.linspace(2.0, 3.0, num=5)
+    array([2.  , 2.25, 2.5 , 2.75, 3.  ])
+    >>> np.linspace(2.0, 3.0, num=5, endpoint=False)
+    array([2. ,  2.2,  2.4,  2.6,  2.8])
+    >>> np.linspace(2.0, 3.0, num=5, retstep=True)
+    (array([2.  ,  2.25,  2.5 ,  2.75,  3.  ]), 0.25)
+
+    Graphical illustration:
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> N = 8
+    >>> y = np.zeros(N)
+    >>> x1 = np.linspace(0, 10, N, endpoint=True)
+    >>> x2 = np.linspace(0, 10, N, endpoint=False)
+    >>> plt.plot(x1, y, 'o')
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x...>]
+    >>> plt.plot(x2, y + 0.5, 'o')
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x...>]
+    >>> plt.ylim([-0.5, 1])
+    (-0.5, 1)
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    num = operator.index(num)
+    if num < 0:
+        raise ValueError("Number of samples, %s, must be non-negative." % num)
+    div = (num - 1) if endpoint else num
+
+    # Convert float/complex array scalars to float, gh-3504
+    # and make sure one can use variables that have an __array_interface__, gh-6634
+    start = asanyarray(start) * 1.0
+    stop  = asanyarray(stop)  * 1.0
+
+    dt = result_type(start, stop, float(num))
+    if dtype is None:
+        dtype = dt
+        integer_dtype = False
+    else:
+        integer_dtype = _nx.issubdtype(dtype, _nx.integer)
+
+    delta = stop - start
+    y = _nx.arange(0, num, dtype=dt).reshape((-1,) + (1,) * ndim(delta))
+    # In-place multiplication y *= delta/div is faster, but prevents the multiplicant
+    # from overriding what class is produced, and thus prevents, e.g. use of Quantities,
+    # see gh-7142. Hence, we multiply in place only for standard scalar types.
+    if div > 0:
+        _mult_inplace = _nx.isscalar(delta)
+        step = delta / div
+        any_step_zero = (
+            step == 0 if _mult_inplace else _nx.asanyarray(step == 0).any())
+        if any_step_zero:
+            # Special handling for denormal numbers, gh-5437
+            y /= div
+            if _mult_inplace:
+                y *= delta
+            else:
+                y = y * delta
+        else:
+            if _mult_inplace:
+                y *= step
+            else:
+                y = y * step
+    else:
+        # sequences with 0 items or 1 item with endpoint=True (i.e. div <= 0)
+        # have an undefined step
+        step = NaN
+        # Multiply with delta to allow possible override of output class.
+        y = y * delta
+
+    y += start
+
+    if endpoint and num > 1:
+        y[-1, ...] = stop
+
+    if axis != 0:
+        y = _nx.moveaxis(y, 0, axis)
+
+    if integer_dtype:
+        _nx.floor(y, out=y)
+
+    if retstep:
+        return y.astype(dtype, copy=False), step
+    else:
+        return y.astype(dtype, copy=False)
+
+
+def _logspace_dispatcher(start, stop, num=None, endpoint=None, base=None,
+                         dtype=None, axis=None):
+    return (start, stop, base)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_logspace_dispatcher)
+def logspace(start, stop, num=50, endpoint=True, base=10.0, dtype=None,
+             axis=0):
+    """
+    Return numbers spaced evenly on a log scale.
+
+    In linear space, the sequence starts at ``base ** start``
+    (`base` to the power of `start`) and ends with ``base ** stop``
+    (see `endpoint` below).
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.16.0
+        Non-scalar `start` and `stop` are now supported.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.25.0
+        Non-scalar 'base` is now supported
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    start : array_like
+        ``base ** start`` is the starting value of the sequence.
+    stop : array_like
+        ``base ** stop`` is the final value of the sequence, unless `endpoint`
+        is False.  In that case, ``num + 1`` values are spaced over the
+        interval in log-space, of which all but the last (a sequence of
+        length `num`) are returned.
+    num : integer, optional
+        Number of samples to generate.  Default is 50.
+    endpoint : boolean, optional
+        If true, `stop` is the last sample. Otherwise, it is not included.
+        Default is True.
+    base : array_like, optional
+        The base of the log space. The step size between the elements in
+        ``ln(samples) / ln(base)`` (or ``log_base(samples)``) is uniform.
+        Default is 10.0.
+    dtype : dtype
+        The type of the output array.  If `dtype` is not given, the data type
+        is inferred from `start` and `stop`. The inferred type will never be
+        an integer; `float` is chosen even if the arguments would produce an
+        array of integers.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis in the result to store the samples.  Relevant only if start,
+        stop, or base are array-like.  By default (0), the samples will be
+        along a new axis inserted at the beginning. Use -1 to get an axis at
+        the end.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.16.0
+
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    samples : ndarray
+        `num` samples, equally spaced on a log scale.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    arange : Similar to linspace, with the step size specified instead of the
+             number of samples. Note that, when used with a float endpoint, the
+             endpoint may or may not be included.
+    linspace : Similar to logspace, but with the samples uniformly distributed
+               in linear space, instead of log space.
+    geomspace : Similar to logspace, but with endpoints specified directly.
+    :ref:`how-to-partition`
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If base is a scalar, logspace is equivalent to the code
+
+    >>> y = np.linspace(start, stop, num=num, endpoint=endpoint)
+    ... # doctest: +SKIP
+    >>> power(base, y).astype(dtype)
+    ... # doctest: +SKIP
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.logspace(2.0, 3.0, num=4)
+    array([ 100.        ,  215.443469  ,  464.15888336, 1000.        ])
+    >>> np.logspace(2.0, 3.0, num=4, endpoint=False)
+    array([100.        ,  177.827941  ,  316.22776602,  562.34132519])
+    >>> np.logspace(2.0, 3.0, num=4, base=2.0)
+    array([4.        ,  5.0396842 ,  6.34960421,  8.        ])
+    >>> np.logspace(2.0, 3.0, num=4, base=[2.0, 3.0], axis=-1)
+    array([[ 4.        ,  5.0396842 ,  6.34960421,  8.        ],
+           [ 9.        , 12.98024613, 18.72075441, 27.        ]])
+
+    Graphical illustration:
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> N = 10
+    >>> x1 = np.logspace(0.1, 1, N, endpoint=True)
+    >>> x2 = np.logspace(0.1, 1, N, endpoint=False)
+    >>> y = np.zeros(N)
+    >>> plt.plot(x1, y, 'o')
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x...>]
+    >>> plt.plot(x2, y + 0.5, 'o')
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x...>]
+    >>> plt.ylim([-0.5, 1])
+    (-0.5, 1)
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    ndmax = np.broadcast(start, stop, base).ndim
+    start, stop, base = (
+        np.array(a, copy=False, subok=True, ndmin=ndmax)
+        for a in (start, stop, base)
+    )
+    y = linspace(start, stop, num=num, endpoint=endpoint, axis=axis)
+    base = np.expand_dims(base, axis=axis)
+    if dtype is None:
+        return _nx.power(base, y)
+    return _nx.power(base, y).astype(dtype, copy=False)
+
+
+def _geomspace_dispatcher(start, stop, num=None, endpoint=None, dtype=None,
+                          axis=None):
+    return (start, stop)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_geomspace_dispatcher)
+def geomspace(start, stop, num=50, endpoint=True, dtype=None, axis=0):
+    """
+    Return numbers spaced evenly on a log scale (a geometric progression).
+
+    This is similar to `logspace`, but with endpoints specified directly.
+    Each output sample is a constant multiple of the previous.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.16.0
+        Non-scalar `start` and `stop` are now supported.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    start : array_like
+        The starting value of the sequence.
+    stop : array_like
+        The final value of the sequence, unless `endpoint` is False.
+        In that case, ``num + 1`` values are spaced over the
+        interval in log-space, of which all but the last (a sequence of
+        length `num`) are returned.
+    num : integer, optional
+        Number of samples to generate.  Default is 50.
+    endpoint : boolean, optional
+        If true, `stop` is the last sample. Otherwise, it is not included.
+        Default is True.
+    dtype : dtype
+        The type of the output array.  If `dtype` is not given, the data type
+        is inferred from `start` and `stop`. The inferred dtype will never be
+        an integer; `float` is chosen even if the arguments would produce an
+        array of integers.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis in the result to store the samples.  Relevant only if start
+        or stop are array-like.  By default (0), the samples will be along a
+        new axis inserted at the beginning. Use -1 to get an axis at the end.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.16.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    samples : ndarray
+        `num` samples, equally spaced on a log scale.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    logspace : Similar to geomspace, but with endpoints specified using log
+               and base.
+    linspace : Similar to geomspace, but with arithmetic instead of geometric
+               progression.
+    arange : Similar to linspace, with the step size specified instead of the
+             number of samples.
+    :ref:`how-to-partition`
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If the inputs or dtype are complex, the output will follow a logarithmic
+    spiral in the complex plane.  (There are an infinite number of spirals
+    passing through two points; the output will follow the shortest such path.)
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.geomspace(1, 1000, num=4)
+    array([    1.,    10.,   100.,  1000.])
+    >>> np.geomspace(1, 1000, num=3, endpoint=False)
+    array([   1.,   10.,  100.])
+    >>> np.geomspace(1, 1000, num=4, endpoint=False)
+    array([   1.        ,    5.62341325,   31.6227766 ,  177.827941  ])
+    >>> np.geomspace(1, 256, num=9)
+    array([   1.,    2.,    4.,    8.,   16.,   32.,   64.,  128.,  256.])
+
+    Note that the above may not produce exact integers:
+
+    >>> np.geomspace(1, 256, num=9, dtype=int)
+    array([  1,   2,   4,   7,  16,  32,  63, 127, 256])
+    >>> np.around(np.geomspace(1, 256, num=9)).astype(int)
+    array([  1,   2,   4,   8,  16,  32,  64, 128, 256])
+
+    Negative, decreasing, and complex inputs are allowed:
+
+    >>> np.geomspace(1000, 1, num=4)
+    array([1000.,  100.,   10.,    1.])
+    >>> np.geomspace(-1000, -1, num=4)
+    array([-1000.,  -100.,   -10.,    -1.])
+    >>> np.geomspace(1j, 1000j, num=4)  # Straight line
+    array([0.   +1.j, 0.  +10.j, 0. +100.j, 0.+1000.j])
+    >>> np.geomspace(-1+0j, 1+0j, num=5)  # Circle
+    array([-1.00000000e+00+1.22464680e-16j, -7.07106781e-01+7.07106781e-01j,
+            6.12323400e-17+1.00000000e+00j,  7.07106781e-01+7.07106781e-01j,
+            1.00000000e+00+0.00000000e+00j])
+
+    Graphical illustration of `endpoint` parameter:
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> N = 10
+    >>> y = np.zeros(N)
+    >>> plt.semilogx(np.geomspace(1, 1000, N, endpoint=True), y + 1, 'o')
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x...>]
+    >>> plt.semilogx(np.geomspace(1, 1000, N, endpoint=False), y + 2, 'o')
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x...>]
+    >>> plt.axis([0.5, 2000, 0, 3])
+    [0.5, 2000, 0, 3]
+    >>> plt.grid(True, color='0.7', linestyle='-', which='both', axis='both')
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    """
+    start = asanyarray(start)
+    stop = asanyarray(stop)
+    if _nx.any(start == 0) or _nx.any(stop == 0):
+        raise ValueError('Geometric sequence cannot include zero')
+
+    dt = result_type(start, stop, float(num), _nx.zeros((), dtype))
+    if dtype is None:
+        dtype = dt
+    else:
+        # complex to dtype('complex128'), for instance
+        dtype = _nx.dtype(dtype)
+
+    # Promote both arguments to the same dtype in case, for instance, one is
+    # complex and another is negative and log would produce NaN otherwise.
+    # Copy since we may change things in-place further down.
+    start = start.astype(dt, copy=True)
+    stop = stop.astype(dt, copy=True)
+
+    out_sign = _nx.ones(_nx.broadcast(start, stop).shape, dt)
+    # Avoid negligible real or imaginary parts in output by rotating to
+    # positive real, calculating, then undoing rotation
+    if _nx.issubdtype(dt, _nx.complexfloating):
+        all_imag = (start.real == 0.) & (stop.real == 0.)
+        if _nx.any(all_imag):
+            start[all_imag] = start[all_imag].imag
+            stop[all_imag] = stop[all_imag].imag
+            out_sign[all_imag] = 1j
+
+    both_negative = (_nx.sign(start) == -1) & (_nx.sign(stop) == -1)
+    if _nx.any(both_negative):
+        _nx.negative(start, out=start, where=both_negative)
+        _nx.negative(stop, out=stop, where=both_negative)
+        _nx.negative(out_sign, out=out_sign, where=both_negative)
+
+    log_start = _nx.log10(start)
+    log_stop = _nx.log10(stop)
+    result = logspace(log_start, log_stop, num=num,
+                      endpoint=endpoint, base=10.0, dtype=dtype)
+
+    # Make sure the endpoints match the start and stop arguments. This is
+    # necessary because np.exp(np.log(x)) is not necessarily equal to x.
+    if num > 0:
+        result[0] = start
+        if num > 1 and endpoint:
+            result[-1] = stop
+
+    result = out_sign * result
+
+    if axis != 0:
+        result = _nx.moveaxis(result, 0, axis)
+
+    return result.astype(dtype, copy=False)
+
+
+def _needs_add_docstring(obj):
+    """
+    Returns true if the only way to set the docstring of `obj` from python is
+    via add_docstring.
+
+    This function errs on the side of being overly conservative.
+    """
+    Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE = 1 << 9
+
+    if isinstance(obj, (types.FunctionType, types.MethodType, property)):
+        return False
+
+    if isinstance(obj, type) and obj.__flags__ & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE:
+        return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def _add_docstring(obj, doc, warn_on_python):
+    if warn_on_python and not _needs_add_docstring(obj):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "add_newdoc was used on a pure-python object {}. "
+            "Prefer to attach it directly to the source."
+            .format(obj),
+            UserWarning,
+            stacklevel=3)
+    try:
+        add_docstring(obj, doc)
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
+
+def add_newdoc(place, obj, doc, warn_on_python=True):
+    """
+    Add documentation to an existing object, typically one defined in C
+
+    The purpose is to allow easier editing of the docstrings without requiring
+    a re-compile. This exists primarily for internal use within numpy itself.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    place : str
+        The absolute name of the module to import from
+    obj : str
+        The name of the object to add documentation to, typically a class or
+        function name
+    doc : {str, Tuple[str, str], List[Tuple[str, str]]}
+        If a string, the documentation to apply to `obj`
+
+        If a tuple, then the first element is interpreted as an attribute of
+        `obj` and the second as the docstring to apply - ``(method, docstring)``
+
+        If a list, then each element of the list should be a tuple of length
+        two - ``[(method1, docstring1), (method2, docstring2), ...]``
+    warn_on_python : bool
+        If True, the default, emit `UserWarning` if this is used to attach
+        documentation to a pure-python object.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This routine never raises an error if the docstring can't be written, but
+    will raise an error if the object being documented does not exist.
+
+    This routine cannot modify read-only docstrings, as appear
+    in new-style classes or built-in functions. Because this
+    routine never raises an error the caller must check manually
+    that the docstrings were changed.
+
+    Since this function grabs the ``char *`` from a c-level str object and puts
+    it into the ``tp_doc`` slot of the type of `obj`, it violates a number of
+    C-API best-practices, by:
+
+    - modifying a `PyTypeObject` after calling `PyType_Ready`
+    - calling `Py_INCREF` on the str and losing the reference, so the str
+      will never be released
+
+    If possible it should be avoided.
+    """
+    new = getattr(__import__(place, globals(), {}, [obj]), obj)
+    if isinstance(doc, str):
+        _add_docstring(new, doc.strip(), warn_on_python)
+    elif isinstance(doc, tuple):
+        attr, docstring = doc
+        _add_docstring(getattr(new, attr), docstring.strip(), warn_on_python)
+    elif isinstance(doc, list):
+        for attr, docstring in doc:
+            _add_docstring(getattr(new, attr), docstring.strip(), warn_on_python)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/function_base.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/function_base.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c2a277b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/function_base.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+from typing import (
+    Literal as L,
+    overload,
+    Any,
+    SupportsIndex,
+    TypeVar,
+)
+
+from numpy import floating, complexfloating, generic
+from numpy._typing import (
+    NDArray,
+    DTypeLike,
+    _DTypeLike,
+    _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+)
+
+_SCT = TypeVar("_SCT", bound=generic)
+
+__all__: list[str]
+
+@overload
+def linspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    retstep: L[False] = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def linspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    retstep: L[False] = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def linspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    retstep: L[False] = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def linspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    retstep: L[False] = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def linspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    retstep: L[True] = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> tuple[NDArray[floating[Any]], floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def linspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    retstep: L[True] = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> tuple[NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]], complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def linspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    retstep: L[True] = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> tuple[NDArray[_SCT], _SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def linspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    retstep: L[True] = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> tuple[NDArray[Any], Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def logspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    base: _ArrayLikeFloat_co = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def logspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    base: _ArrayLikeComplex_co = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def logspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    base: _ArrayLikeComplex_co = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def logspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    base: _ArrayLikeComplex_co = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def geomspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def geomspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def geomspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def geomspace(
+    start: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    stop: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    num: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    endpoint: bool = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+# Re-exported to `np.lib.function_base`
+def add_newdoc(
+    place: str,
+    obj: str,
+    doc: str | tuple[str, str] | list[tuple[str, str]],
+    warn_on_python: bool = ...,
+) -> None: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/getlimits.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/getlimits.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13414c2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/getlimits.py
@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+"""Machine limits for Float32 and Float64 and (long double) if available...
+
+"""
+__all__ = ['finfo', 'iinfo']
+
+import warnings
+
+from .._utils import set_module
+from ._machar import MachAr
+from . import numeric
+from . import numerictypes as ntypes
+from .numeric import array, inf, NaN
+from .umath import log10, exp2, nextafter, isnan
+
+
+def _fr0(a):
+    """fix rank-0 --> rank-1"""
+    if a.ndim == 0:
+        a = a.copy()
+        a.shape = (1,)
+    return a
+
+
+def _fr1(a):
+    """fix rank > 0 --> rank-0"""
+    if a.size == 1:
+        a = a.copy()
+        a.shape = ()
+    return a
+
+
+class MachArLike:
+    """ Object to simulate MachAr instance """
+    def __init__(self, ftype, *, eps, epsneg, huge, tiny,
+                 ibeta, smallest_subnormal=None, **kwargs):
+        self.params = _MACHAR_PARAMS[ftype]
+        self.ftype = ftype
+        self.title = self.params['title']
+        # Parameter types same as for discovered MachAr object.
+        if not smallest_subnormal:
+            self._smallest_subnormal = nextafter(
+                self.ftype(0), self.ftype(1), dtype=self.ftype)
+        else:
+            self._smallest_subnormal = smallest_subnormal
+        self.epsilon = self.eps = self._float_to_float(eps)
+        self.epsneg = self._float_to_float(epsneg)
+        self.xmax = self.huge = self._float_to_float(huge)
+        self.xmin = self._float_to_float(tiny)
+        self.smallest_normal = self.tiny = self._float_to_float(tiny)
+        self.ibeta = self.params['itype'](ibeta)
+        self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
+        self.precision = int(-log10(self.eps))
+        self.resolution = self._float_to_float(
+            self._float_conv(10) ** (-self.precision))
+        self._str_eps = self._float_to_str(self.eps)
+        self._str_epsneg = self._float_to_str(self.epsneg)
+        self._str_xmin = self._float_to_str(self.xmin)
+        self._str_xmax = self._float_to_str(self.xmax)
+        self._str_resolution = self._float_to_str(self.resolution)
+        self._str_smallest_normal = self._float_to_str(self.xmin)
+
+    @property
+    def smallest_subnormal(self):
+        """Return the value for the smallest subnormal.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        smallest_subnormal : float
+            value for the smallest subnormal.
+
+        Warns
+        -----
+        UserWarning
+            If the calculated value for the smallest subnormal is zero.
+        """
+        # Check that the calculated value is not zero, in case it raises a
+        # warning.
+        value = self._smallest_subnormal
+        if self.ftype(0) == value:
+            warnings.warn(
+                'The value of the smallest subnormal for {} type '
+                'is zero.'.format(self.ftype), UserWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+        return self._float_to_float(value)
+
+    @property
+    def _str_smallest_subnormal(self):
+        """Return the string representation of the smallest subnormal."""
+        return self._float_to_str(self.smallest_subnormal)
+
+    def _float_to_float(self, value):
+        """Converts float to float.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        value : float
+            value to be converted.
+        """
+        return _fr1(self._float_conv(value))
+
+    def _float_conv(self, value):
+        """Converts float to conv.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        value : float
+            value to be converted.
+        """
+        return array([value], self.ftype)
+
+    def _float_to_str(self, value):
+        """Converts float to str.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        value : float
+            value to be converted.
+        """
+        return self.params['fmt'] % array(_fr0(value)[0], self.ftype)
+
+
+_convert_to_float = {
+    ntypes.csingle: ntypes.single,
+    ntypes.complex_: ntypes.float_,
+    ntypes.clongfloat: ntypes.longfloat
+    }
+
+# Parameters for creating MachAr / MachAr-like objects
+_title_fmt = 'numpy {} precision floating point number'
+_MACHAR_PARAMS = {
+    ntypes.double: dict(
+        itype = ntypes.int64,
+        fmt = '%24.16e',
+        title = _title_fmt.format('double')),
+    ntypes.single: dict(
+        itype = ntypes.int32,
+        fmt = '%15.7e',
+        title = _title_fmt.format('single')),
+    ntypes.longdouble: dict(
+        itype = ntypes.longlong,
+        fmt = '%s',
+        title = _title_fmt.format('long double')),
+    ntypes.half: dict(
+        itype = ntypes.int16,
+        fmt = '%12.5e',
+        title = _title_fmt.format('half'))}
+
+# Key to identify the floating point type.  Key is result of
+# ftype('-0.1').newbyteorder('<').tobytes()
+#
+# 20230201 - use (ftype(-1.0) / ftype(10.0)).newbyteorder('<').tobytes()
+#            instead because stold may have deficiencies on some platforms.
+# See:
+# https://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git/blob/3118d7d684b56cbeb702af874f4326683c45f045:/Configure
+
+_KNOWN_TYPES = {}
+def _register_type(machar, bytepat):
+    _KNOWN_TYPES[bytepat] = machar
+_float_ma = {}
+
+
+def _register_known_types():
+    # Known parameters for float16
+    # See docstring of MachAr class for description of parameters.
+    f16 = ntypes.float16
+    float16_ma = MachArLike(f16,
+                            machep=-10,
+                            negep=-11,
+                            minexp=-14,
+                            maxexp=16,
+                            it=10,
+                            iexp=5,
+                            ibeta=2,
+                            irnd=5,
+                            ngrd=0,
+                            eps=exp2(f16(-10)),
+                            epsneg=exp2(f16(-11)),
+                            huge=f16(65504),
+                            tiny=f16(2 ** -14))
+    _register_type(float16_ma, b'f\xae')
+    _float_ma[16] = float16_ma
+
+    # Known parameters for float32
+    f32 = ntypes.float32
+    float32_ma = MachArLike(f32,
+                            machep=-23,
+                            negep=-24,
+                            minexp=-126,
+                            maxexp=128,
+                            it=23,
+                            iexp=8,
+                            ibeta=2,
+                            irnd=5,
+                            ngrd=0,
+                            eps=exp2(f32(-23)),
+                            epsneg=exp2(f32(-24)),
+                            huge=f32((1 - 2 ** -24) * 2**128),
+                            tiny=exp2(f32(-126)))
+    _register_type(float32_ma, b'\xcd\xcc\xcc\xbd')
+    _float_ma[32] = float32_ma
+
+    # Known parameters for float64
+    f64 = ntypes.float64
+    epsneg_f64 = 2.0 ** -53.0
+    tiny_f64 = 2.0 ** -1022.0
+    float64_ma = MachArLike(f64,
+                            machep=-52,
+                            negep=-53,
+                            minexp=-1022,
+                            maxexp=1024,
+                            it=52,
+                            iexp=11,
+                            ibeta=2,
+                            irnd=5,
+                            ngrd=0,
+                            eps=2.0 ** -52.0,
+                            epsneg=epsneg_f64,
+                            huge=(1.0 - epsneg_f64) / tiny_f64 * f64(4),
+                            tiny=tiny_f64)
+    _register_type(float64_ma, b'\x9a\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\xb9\xbf')
+    _float_ma[64] = float64_ma
+
+    # Known parameters for IEEE 754 128-bit binary float
+    ld = ntypes.longdouble
+    epsneg_f128 = exp2(ld(-113))
+    tiny_f128 = exp2(ld(-16382))
+    # Ignore runtime error when this is not f128
+    with numeric.errstate(all='ignore'):
+        huge_f128 = (ld(1) - epsneg_f128) / tiny_f128 * ld(4)
+    float128_ma = MachArLike(ld,
+                             machep=-112,
+                             negep=-113,
+                             minexp=-16382,
+                             maxexp=16384,
+                             it=112,
+                             iexp=15,
+                             ibeta=2,
+                             irnd=5,
+                             ngrd=0,
+                             eps=exp2(ld(-112)),
+                             epsneg=epsneg_f128,
+                             huge=huge_f128,
+                             tiny=tiny_f128)
+    # IEEE 754 128-bit binary float
+    _register_type(float128_ma,
+        b'\x9a\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\xfb\xbf')
+    _float_ma[128] = float128_ma
+
+    # Known parameters for float80 (Intel 80-bit extended precision)
+    epsneg_f80 = exp2(ld(-64))
+    tiny_f80 = exp2(ld(-16382))
+    # Ignore runtime error when this is not f80
+    with numeric.errstate(all='ignore'):
+        huge_f80 = (ld(1) - epsneg_f80) / tiny_f80 * ld(4)
+    float80_ma = MachArLike(ld,
+                            machep=-63,
+                            negep=-64,
+                            minexp=-16382,
+                            maxexp=16384,
+                            it=63,
+                            iexp=15,
+                            ibeta=2,
+                            irnd=5,
+                            ngrd=0,
+                            eps=exp2(ld(-63)),
+                            epsneg=epsneg_f80,
+                            huge=huge_f80,
+                            tiny=tiny_f80)
+    # float80, first 10 bytes containing actual storage
+    _register_type(float80_ma, b'\xcd\xcc\xcc\xcc\xcc\xcc\xcc\xcc\xfb\xbf')
+    _float_ma[80] = float80_ma
+
+    # Guessed / known parameters for double double; see:
+    # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format#Double-double_arithmetic
+    # These numbers have the same exponent range as float64, but extended number of
+    # digits in the significand.
+    huge_dd = nextafter(ld(inf), ld(0), dtype=ld)
+    # As the smallest_normal in double double is so hard to calculate we set
+    # it to NaN.
+    smallest_normal_dd = NaN
+    # Leave the same value for the smallest subnormal as double
+    smallest_subnormal_dd = ld(nextafter(0., 1.))
+    float_dd_ma = MachArLike(ld,
+                             machep=-105,
+                             negep=-106,
+                             minexp=-1022,
+                             maxexp=1024,
+                             it=105,
+                             iexp=11,
+                             ibeta=2,
+                             irnd=5,
+                             ngrd=0,
+                             eps=exp2(ld(-105)),
+                             epsneg=exp2(ld(-106)),
+                             huge=huge_dd,
+                             tiny=smallest_normal_dd,
+                             smallest_subnormal=smallest_subnormal_dd)
+    # double double; low, high order (e.g. PPC 64)
+    _register_type(float_dd_ma,
+        b'\x9a\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99Y<\x9a\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\xb9\xbf')
+    # double double; high, low order (e.g. PPC 64 le)
+    _register_type(float_dd_ma,
+        b'\x9a\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\xb9\xbf\x9a\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99Y<')
+    _float_ma['dd'] = float_dd_ma
+
+
+def _get_machar(ftype):
+    """ Get MachAr instance or MachAr-like instance
+
+    Get parameters for floating point type, by first trying signatures of
+    various known floating point types, then, if none match, attempting to
+    identify parameters by analysis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ftype : class
+        Numpy floating point type class (e.g. ``np.float64``)
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ma_like : instance of :class:`MachAr` or :class:`MachArLike`
+        Object giving floating point parameters for `ftype`.
+
+    Warns
+    -----
+    UserWarning
+        If the binary signature of the float type is not in the dictionary of
+        known float types.
+    """
+    params = _MACHAR_PARAMS.get(ftype)
+    if params is None:
+        raise ValueError(repr(ftype))
+    # Detect known / suspected types
+    # ftype(-1.0) / ftype(10.0) is better than ftype('-0.1') because stold
+    # may be deficient
+    key = (ftype(-1.0) / ftype(10.)).newbyteorder('<').tobytes()
+    ma_like = None
+    if ftype == ntypes.longdouble:
+        # Could be 80 bit == 10 byte extended precision, where last bytes can
+        # be random garbage.
+        # Comparing first 10 bytes to pattern first to avoid branching on the
+        # random garbage.
+        ma_like = _KNOWN_TYPES.get(key[:10])
+    if ma_like is None:
+        # see if the full key is known.
+        ma_like = _KNOWN_TYPES.get(key)
+    if ma_like is None and len(key) == 16:
+        # machine limits could be f80 masquerading as np.float128,
+        # find all keys with length 16 and make new dict, but make the keys
+        # only 10 bytes long, the last bytes can be random garbage
+        _kt = {k[:10]: v for k, v in _KNOWN_TYPES.items() if len(k) == 16}
+        ma_like = _kt.get(key[:10])
+    if ma_like is not None:
+        return ma_like
+    # Fall back to parameter discovery
+    warnings.warn(
+        f'Signature {key} for {ftype} does not match any known type: '
+        'falling back to type probe function.\n'
+        'This warnings indicates broken support for the dtype!',
+        UserWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    return _discovered_machar(ftype)
+
+
+def _discovered_machar(ftype):
+    """ Create MachAr instance with found information on float types
+
+    TODO: MachAr should be retired completely ideally.  We currently only
+          ever use it system with broken longdouble (valgrind, WSL).
+    """
+    params = _MACHAR_PARAMS[ftype]
+    return MachAr(lambda v: array([v], ftype),
+                  lambda v:_fr0(v.astype(params['itype']))[0],
+                  lambda v:array(_fr0(v)[0], ftype),
+                  lambda v: params['fmt'] % array(_fr0(v)[0], ftype),
+                  params['title'])
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+class finfo:
+    """
+    finfo(dtype)
+
+    Machine limits for floating point types.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    bits : int
+        The number of bits occupied by the type.
+    dtype : dtype
+        Returns the dtype for which `finfo` returns information. For complex
+        input, the returned dtype is the associated ``float*`` dtype for its
+        real and complex components.
+    eps : float
+        The difference between 1.0 and the next smallest representable float
+        larger than 1.0. For example, for 64-bit binary floats in the IEEE-754
+        standard, ``eps = 2**-52``, approximately 2.22e-16.
+    epsneg : float
+        The difference between 1.0 and the next smallest representable float
+        less than 1.0. For example, for 64-bit binary floats in the IEEE-754
+        standard, ``epsneg = 2**-53``, approximately 1.11e-16.
+    iexp : int
+        The number of bits in the exponent portion of the floating point
+        representation.
+    machep : int
+        The exponent that yields `eps`.
+    max : floating point number of the appropriate type
+        The largest representable number.
+    maxexp : int
+        The smallest positive power of the base (2) that causes overflow.
+    min : floating point number of the appropriate type
+        The smallest representable number, typically ``-max``.
+    minexp : int
+        The most negative power of the base (2) consistent with there
+        being no leading 0's in the mantissa.
+    negep : int
+        The exponent that yields `epsneg`.
+    nexp : int
+        The number of bits in the exponent including its sign and bias.
+    nmant : int
+        The number of bits in the mantissa.
+    precision : int
+        The approximate number of decimal digits to which this kind of
+        float is precise.
+    resolution : floating point number of the appropriate type
+        The approximate decimal resolution of this type, i.e.,
+        ``10**-precision``.
+    tiny : float
+        An alias for `smallest_normal`, kept for backwards compatibility.
+    smallest_normal : float
+        The smallest positive floating point number with 1 as leading bit in
+        the mantissa following IEEE-754 (see Notes).
+    smallest_subnormal : float
+        The smallest positive floating point number with 0 as leading bit in
+        the mantissa following IEEE-754.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dtype : float, dtype, or instance
+        Kind of floating point or complex floating point
+        data-type about which to get information.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    iinfo : The equivalent for integer data types.
+    spacing : The distance between a value and the nearest adjacent number
+    nextafter : The next floating point value after x1 towards x2
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For developers of NumPy: do not instantiate this at the module level.
+    The initial calculation of these parameters is expensive and negatively
+    impacts import times.  These objects are cached, so calling ``finfo()``
+    repeatedly inside your functions is not a problem.
+
+    Note that ``smallest_normal`` is not actually the smallest positive
+    representable value in a NumPy floating point type. As in the IEEE-754
+    standard [1]_, NumPy floating point types make use of subnormal numbers to
+    fill the gap between 0 and ``smallest_normal``. However, subnormal numbers
+    may have significantly reduced precision [2]_.
+
+    This function can also be used for complex data types as well. If used,
+    the output will be the same as the corresponding real float type
+    (e.g. numpy.finfo(numpy.csingle) is the same as numpy.finfo(numpy.single)).
+    However, the output is true for the real and imaginary components.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic, IEEE Std 754-2008,
+           pp.1-70, 2008, http://www.doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4610935
+    .. [2] Wikipedia, "Denormal Numbers",
+           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denormal_number
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.finfo(np.float64).dtype
+    dtype('float64')
+    >>> np.finfo(np.complex64).dtype
+    dtype('float32')
+
+    """
+
+    _finfo_cache = {}
+
+    def __new__(cls, dtype):
+        try:
+            obj = cls._finfo_cache.get(dtype)  # most common path
+            if obj is not None:
+                return obj
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        if dtype is None:
+            # Deprecated in NumPy 1.25, 2023-01-16
+            warnings.warn(
+                "finfo() dtype cannot be None. This behavior will "
+                "raise an error in the future. (Deprecated in NumPy 1.25)",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2
+            )
+
+        try:
+            dtype = numeric.dtype(dtype)
+        except TypeError:
+            # In case a float instance was given
+            dtype = numeric.dtype(type(dtype))
+
+        obj = cls._finfo_cache.get(dtype)
+        if obj is not None:
+            return obj
+        dtypes = [dtype]
+        newdtype = numeric.obj2sctype(dtype)
+        if newdtype is not dtype:
+            dtypes.append(newdtype)
+            dtype = newdtype
+        if not issubclass(dtype, numeric.inexact):
+            raise ValueError("data type %r not inexact" % (dtype))
+        obj = cls._finfo_cache.get(dtype)
+        if obj is not None:
+            return obj
+        if not issubclass(dtype, numeric.floating):
+            newdtype = _convert_to_float[dtype]
+            if newdtype is not dtype:
+                # dtype changed, for example from complex128 to float64
+                dtypes.append(newdtype)
+                dtype = newdtype
+
+                obj = cls._finfo_cache.get(dtype, None)
+                if obj is not None:
+                    # the original dtype was not in the cache, but the new
+                    # dtype is in the cache. we add the original dtypes to
+                    # the cache and return the result
+                    for dt in dtypes:
+                        cls._finfo_cache[dt] = obj
+                    return obj
+        obj = object.__new__(cls)._init(dtype)
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            cls._finfo_cache[dt] = obj
+        return obj
+
+    def _init(self, dtype):
+        self.dtype = numeric.dtype(dtype)
+        machar = _get_machar(dtype)
+
+        for word in ['precision', 'iexp',
+                     'maxexp', 'minexp', 'negep',
+                     'machep']:
+            setattr(self, word, getattr(machar, word))
+        for word in ['resolution', 'epsneg', 'smallest_subnormal']:
+            setattr(self, word, getattr(machar, word).flat[0])
+        self.bits = self.dtype.itemsize * 8
+        self.max = machar.huge.flat[0]
+        self.min = -self.max
+        self.eps = machar.eps.flat[0]
+        self.nexp = machar.iexp
+        self.nmant = machar.it
+        self._machar = machar
+        self._str_tiny = machar._str_xmin.strip()
+        self._str_max = machar._str_xmax.strip()
+        self._str_epsneg = machar._str_epsneg.strip()
+        self._str_eps = machar._str_eps.strip()
+        self._str_resolution = machar._str_resolution.strip()
+        self._str_smallest_normal = machar._str_smallest_normal.strip()
+        self._str_smallest_subnormal = machar._str_smallest_subnormal.strip()
+        return self
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        fmt = (
+            'Machine parameters for %(dtype)s\n'
+            '---------------------------------------------------------------\n'
+            'precision = %(precision)3s   resolution = %(_str_resolution)s\n'
+            'machep = %(machep)6s   eps =        %(_str_eps)s\n'
+            'negep =  %(negep)6s   epsneg =     %(_str_epsneg)s\n'
+            'minexp = %(minexp)6s   tiny =       %(_str_tiny)s\n'
+            'maxexp = %(maxexp)6s   max =        %(_str_max)s\n'
+            'nexp =   %(nexp)6s   min =        -max\n'
+            'smallest_normal = %(_str_smallest_normal)s   '
+            'smallest_subnormal = %(_str_smallest_subnormal)s\n'
+            '---------------------------------------------------------------\n'
+            )
+        return fmt % self.__dict__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        c = self.__class__.__name__
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        d['klass'] = c
+        return (("%(klass)s(resolution=%(resolution)s, min=-%(_str_max)s,"
+                 " max=%(_str_max)s, dtype=%(dtype)s)") % d)
+
+    @property
+    def smallest_normal(self):
+        """Return the value for the smallest normal.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        smallest_normal : float
+            Value for the smallest normal.
+
+        Warns
+        -----
+        UserWarning
+            If the calculated value for the smallest normal is requested for
+            double-double.
+        """
+        # This check is necessary because the value for smallest_normal is
+        # platform dependent for longdouble types.
+        if isnan(self._machar.smallest_normal.flat[0]):
+            warnings.warn(
+                'The value of smallest normal is undefined for double double',
+                UserWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return self._machar.smallest_normal.flat[0]
+
+    @property
+    def tiny(self):
+        """Return the value for tiny, alias of smallest_normal.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        tiny : float
+            Value for the smallest normal, alias of smallest_normal.
+
+        Warns
+        -----
+        UserWarning
+            If the calculated value for the smallest normal is requested for
+            double-double.
+        """
+        return self.smallest_normal
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+class iinfo:
+    """
+    iinfo(type)
+
+    Machine limits for integer types.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    bits : int
+        The number of bits occupied by the type.
+    dtype : dtype
+        Returns the dtype for which `iinfo` returns information.
+    min : int
+        The smallest integer expressible by the type.
+    max : int
+        The largest integer expressible by the type.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    int_type : integer type, dtype, or instance
+        The kind of integer data type to get information about.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    finfo : The equivalent for floating point data types.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    With types:
+
+    >>> ii16 = np.iinfo(np.int16)
+    >>> ii16.min
+    -32768
+    >>> ii16.max
+    32767
+    >>> ii32 = np.iinfo(np.int32)
+    >>> ii32.min
+    -2147483648
+    >>> ii32.max
+    2147483647
+
+    With instances:
+
+    >>> ii32 = np.iinfo(np.int32(10))
+    >>> ii32.min
+    -2147483648
+    >>> ii32.max
+    2147483647
+
+    """
+
+    _min_vals = {}
+    _max_vals = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, int_type):
+        try:
+            self.dtype = numeric.dtype(int_type)
+        except TypeError:
+            self.dtype = numeric.dtype(type(int_type))
+        self.kind = self.dtype.kind
+        self.bits = self.dtype.itemsize * 8
+        self.key = "%s%d" % (self.kind, self.bits)
+        if self.kind not in 'iu':
+            raise ValueError("Invalid integer data type %r." % (self.kind,))
+
+    @property
+    def min(self):
+        """Minimum value of given dtype."""
+        if self.kind == 'u':
+            return 0
+        else:
+            try:
+                val = iinfo._min_vals[self.key]
+            except KeyError:
+                val = int(-(1 << (self.bits-1)))
+                iinfo._min_vals[self.key] = val
+            return val
+
+    @property
+    def max(self):
+        """Maximum value of given dtype."""
+        try:
+            val = iinfo._max_vals[self.key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if self.kind == 'u':
+                val = int((1 << self.bits) - 1)
+            else:
+                val = int((1 << (self.bits-1)) - 1)
+            iinfo._max_vals[self.key] = val
+        return val
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """String representation."""
+        fmt = (
+            'Machine parameters for %(dtype)s\n'
+            '---------------------------------------------------------------\n'
+            'min = %(min)s\n'
+            'max = %(max)s\n'
+            '---------------------------------------------------------------\n'
+            )
+        return fmt % {'dtype': self.dtype, 'min': self.min, 'max': self.max}
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(min=%s, max=%s, dtype=%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                                    self.min, self.max, self.dtype)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/getlimits.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/getlimits.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da5e3c23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/getlimits.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from numpy import (
+    finfo as finfo,
+    iinfo as iinfo,
+)
+
+__all__: list[str]
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__multiarray_api.c b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__multiarray_api.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fa051c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__multiarray_api.c
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+
+/* These pointers will be stored in the C-object for use in other
+    extension modules
+*/
+
+void *PyArray_API[] = {
+        (void *) PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion,
+        (void *) &PyBigArray_Type,
+        (void *) &PyArray_Type,
+        (void *) &PyArrayDescr_Type,
+        (void *) &PyArrayFlags_Type,
+        (void *) &PyArrayIter_Type,
+        (void *) &PyArrayMultiIter_Type,
+        (int *) &NPY_NUMUSERTYPES,
+        (void *) &PyBoolArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &_PyArrayScalar_BoolValues,
+        (void *) &PyGenericArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyNumberArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyIntegerArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PySignedIntegerArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyUnsignedIntegerArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyInexactArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyFloatingArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyComplexFloatingArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyFlexibleArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyCharacterArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyByteArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyShortArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyIntArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyLongArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyLongLongArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyUByteArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyUShortArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyUIntArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyULongArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyULongLongArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyFloatArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyDoubleArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyLongDoubleArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyCFloatArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyCDoubleArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyCLongDoubleArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyObjectArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyStringArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyUnicodeArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyVoidArrType_Type,
+        (void *) PyArray_SetNumericOps,
+        (void *) PyArray_GetNumericOps,
+        (void *) PyArray_INCREF,
+        (void *) PyArray_XDECREF,
+        (void *) PyArray_SetStringFunction,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrFromType,
+        (void *) PyArray_TypeObjectFromType,
+        (void *) PyArray_Zero,
+        (void *) PyArray_One,
+        (void *) PyArray_CastToType,
+        (void *) PyArray_CastTo,
+        (void *) PyArray_CastAnyTo,
+        (void *) PyArray_CanCastSafely,
+        (void *) PyArray_CanCastTo,
+        (void *) PyArray_ObjectType,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrFromObject,
+        (void *) PyArray_ConvertToCommonType,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrFromScalar,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrFromTypeObject,
+        (void *) PyArray_Size,
+        (void *) PyArray_Scalar,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromScalar,
+        (void *) PyArray_ScalarAsCtype,
+        (void *) PyArray_CastScalarToCtype,
+        (void *) PyArray_CastScalarDirect,
+        (void *) PyArray_ScalarFromObject,
+        (void *) PyArray_GetCastFunc,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromDims,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromDimsAndDataAndDescr,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromAny,
+        (void *) PyArray_EnsureArray,
+        (void *) PyArray_EnsureAnyArray,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromFile,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromString,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromBuffer,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromIter,
+        (void *) PyArray_Return,
+        (void *) PyArray_GetField,
+        (void *) PyArray_SetField,
+        (void *) PyArray_Byteswap,
+        (void *) PyArray_Resize,
+        (void *) PyArray_MoveInto,
+        (void *) PyArray_CopyInto,
+        (void *) PyArray_CopyAnyInto,
+        (void *) PyArray_CopyObject,
+        (void *) PyArray_NewCopy,
+        (void *) PyArray_ToList,
+        (void *) PyArray_ToString,
+        (void *) PyArray_ToFile,
+        (void *) PyArray_Dump,
+        (void *) PyArray_Dumps,
+        (void *) PyArray_ValidType,
+        (void *) PyArray_UpdateFlags,
+        (void *) PyArray_New,
+        (void *) PyArray_NewFromDescr,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrNew,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrNewFromType,
+        (void *) PyArray_GetPriority,
+        (void *) PyArray_IterNew,
+        (void *) PyArray_MultiIterNew,
+        (void *) PyArray_PyIntAsInt,
+        (void *) PyArray_PyIntAsIntp,
+        (void *) PyArray_Broadcast,
+        (void *) PyArray_FillObjectArray,
+        (void *) PyArray_FillWithScalar,
+        (void *) PyArray_CheckStrides,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrNewByteorder,
+        (void *) PyArray_IterAllButAxis,
+        (void *) PyArray_CheckFromAny,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromArray,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromInterface,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromStructInterface,
+        (void *) PyArray_FromArrayAttr,
+        (void *) PyArray_ScalarKind,
+        (void *) PyArray_CanCoerceScalar,
+        (void *) PyArray_NewFlagsObject,
+        (void *) PyArray_CanCastScalar,
+        (void *) PyArray_CompareUCS4,
+        (void *) PyArray_RemoveSmallest,
+        (void *) PyArray_ElementStrides,
+        (void *) PyArray_Item_INCREF,
+        (void *) PyArray_Item_XDECREF,
+        (void *) PyArray_FieldNames,
+        (void *) PyArray_Transpose,
+        (void *) PyArray_TakeFrom,
+        (void *) PyArray_PutTo,
+        (void *) PyArray_PutMask,
+        (void *) PyArray_Repeat,
+        (void *) PyArray_Choose,
+        (void *) PyArray_Sort,
+        (void *) PyArray_ArgSort,
+        (void *) PyArray_SearchSorted,
+        (void *) PyArray_ArgMax,
+        (void *) PyArray_ArgMin,
+        (void *) PyArray_Reshape,
+        (void *) PyArray_Newshape,
+        (void *) PyArray_Squeeze,
+        (void *) PyArray_View,
+        (void *) PyArray_SwapAxes,
+        (void *) PyArray_Max,
+        (void *) PyArray_Min,
+        (void *) PyArray_Ptp,
+        (void *) PyArray_Mean,
+        (void *) PyArray_Trace,
+        (void *) PyArray_Diagonal,
+        (void *) PyArray_Clip,
+        (void *) PyArray_Conjugate,
+        (void *) PyArray_Nonzero,
+        (void *) PyArray_Std,
+        (void *) PyArray_Sum,
+        (void *) PyArray_CumSum,
+        (void *) PyArray_Prod,
+        (void *) PyArray_CumProd,
+        (void *) PyArray_All,
+        (void *) PyArray_Any,
+        (void *) PyArray_Compress,
+        (void *) PyArray_Flatten,
+        (void *) PyArray_Ravel,
+        (void *) PyArray_MultiplyList,
+        (void *) PyArray_MultiplyIntList,
+        (void *) PyArray_GetPtr,
+        (void *) PyArray_CompareLists,
+        (void *) PyArray_AsCArray,
+        (void *) PyArray_As1D,
+        (void *) PyArray_As2D,
+        (void *) PyArray_Free,
+        (void *) PyArray_Converter,
+        (void *) PyArray_IntpFromSequence,
+        (void *) PyArray_Concatenate,
+        (void *) PyArray_InnerProduct,
+        (void *) PyArray_MatrixProduct,
+        (void *) PyArray_CopyAndTranspose,
+        (void *) PyArray_Correlate,
+        (void *) PyArray_TypestrConvert,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrConverter2,
+        (void *) PyArray_IntpConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_BufferConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_AxisConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_BoolConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_ByteorderConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_OrderConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_EquivTypes,
+        (void *) PyArray_Zeros,
+        (void *) PyArray_Empty,
+        (void *) PyArray_Where,
+        (void *) PyArray_Arange,
+        (void *) PyArray_ArangeObj,
+        (void *) PyArray_SortkindConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_LexSort,
+        (void *) PyArray_Round,
+        (void *) PyArray_EquivTypenums,
+        (void *) PyArray_RegisterDataType,
+        (void *) PyArray_RegisterCastFunc,
+        (void *) PyArray_RegisterCanCast,
+        (void *) PyArray_InitArrFuncs,
+        (void *) PyArray_IntTupleFromIntp,
+        (void *) PyArray_TypeNumFromName,
+        (void *) PyArray_ClipmodeConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_OutputConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_BroadcastToShape,
+        (void *) _PyArray_SigintHandler,
+        (void *) _PyArray_GetSigintBuf,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrAlignConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_DescrAlignConverter2,
+        (void *) PyArray_SearchsideConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_CheckAxis,
+        (void *) PyArray_OverflowMultiplyList,
+        (void *) PyArray_CompareString,
+        (void *) PyArray_MultiIterFromObjects,
+        (void *) PyArray_GetEndianness,
+        (void *) PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion,
+        (void *) PyArray_Correlate2,
+        (void *) PyArray_NeighborhoodIterNew,
+        (void *) &PyTimeIntegerArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyDatetimeArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyTimedeltaArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &PyHalfArrType_Type,
+        (void *) &NpyIter_Type,
+        (void *) PyArray_SetDatetimeParseFunction,
+        (void *) PyArray_DatetimeToDatetimeStruct,
+        (void *) PyArray_TimedeltaToTimedeltaStruct,
+        (void *) PyArray_DatetimeStructToDatetime,
+        (void *) PyArray_TimedeltaStructToTimedelta,
+        (void *) NpyIter_New,
+        (void *) NpyIter_MultiNew,
+        (void *) NpyIter_AdvancedNew,
+        (void *) NpyIter_Copy,
+        (void *) NpyIter_Deallocate,
+        (void *) NpyIter_HasDelayedBufAlloc,
+        (void *) NpyIter_HasExternalLoop,
+        (void *) NpyIter_EnableExternalLoop,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetInnerStrideArray,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetInnerLoopSizePtr,
+        (void *) NpyIter_Reset,
+        (void *) NpyIter_ResetBasePointers,
+        (void *) NpyIter_ResetToIterIndexRange,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetNDim,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetNOp,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetIterNext,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetIterSize,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetIterIndexRange,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetIterIndex,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GotoIterIndex,
+        (void *) NpyIter_HasMultiIndex,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetShape,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetGetMultiIndex,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GotoMultiIndex,
+        (void *) NpyIter_RemoveMultiIndex,
+        (void *) NpyIter_HasIndex,
+        (void *) NpyIter_IsBuffered,
+        (void *) NpyIter_IsGrowInner,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetBufferSize,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetIndexPtr,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GotoIndex,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetDataPtrArray,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetDescrArray,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetOperandArray,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetIterView,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetReadFlags,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetWriteFlags,
+        (void *) NpyIter_DebugPrint,
+        (void *) NpyIter_IterationNeedsAPI,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetInnerFixedStrideArray,
+        (void *) NpyIter_RemoveAxis,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetAxisStrideArray,
+        (void *) NpyIter_RequiresBuffering,
+        (void *) NpyIter_GetInitialDataPtrArray,
+        (void *) NpyIter_CreateCompatibleStrides,
+        (void *) PyArray_CastingConverter,
+        (void *) PyArray_CountNonzero,
+        (void *) PyArray_PromoteTypes,
+        (void *) PyArray_MinScalarType,
+        (void *) PyArray_ResultType,
+        (void *) PyArray_CanCastArrayTo,
+        (void *) PyArray_CanCastTypeTo,
+        (void *) PyArray_EinsteinSum,
+        (void *) PyArray_NewLikeArray,
+        (void *) PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject,
+        (void *) PyArray_ConvertClipmodeSequence,
+        (void *) PyArray_MatrixProduct2,
+        (void *) NpyIter_IsFirstVisit,
+        (void *) PyArray_SetBaseObject,
+        (void *) PyArray_CreateSortedStridePerm,
+        (void *) PyArray_RemoveAxesInPlace,
+        (void *) PyArray_DebugPrint,
+        (void *) PyArray_FailUnlessWriteable,
+        (void *) PyArray_SetUpdateIfCopyBase,
+        (void *) PyDataMem_NEW,
+        (void *) PyDataMem_FREE,
+        (void *) PyDataMem_RENEW,
+        (void *) PyDataMem_SetEventHook,
+        (NPY_CASTING *) &NPY_DEFAULT_ASSIGN_CASTING,
+        (void *) PyArray_MapIterSwapAxes,
+        (void *) PyArray_MapIterArray,
+        (void *) PyArray_MapIterNext,
+        (void *) PyArray_Partition,
+        (void *) PyArray_ArgPartition,
+        (void *) PyArray_SelectkindConverter,
+        (void *) PyDataMem_NEW_ZEROED,
+        (void *) PyArray_CheckAnyScalarExact,
+        (void *) PyArray_MapIterArrayCopyIfOverlap,
+        (void *) PyArray_ResolveWritebackIfCopy,
+        (void *) PyArray_SetWritebackIfCopyBase,
+        (void *) PyDataMem_SetHandler,
+        (void *) PyDataMem_GetHandler,
+        (PyObject* *) &PyDataMem_DefaultHandler
+};
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c626832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1566 @@
+
+#if defined(_MULTIARRAYMODULE) || defined(WITH_CPYCHECKER_STEALS_REFERENCE_TO_ARG_ATTRIBUTE)
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_bool obval;
+} PyBoolScalarObject;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyArrayMapIter_Type;
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Type;
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyBoolScalarObject _PyArrayScalar_BoolValues[2];
+
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  unsigned int PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion \
+       (void);
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyBigArray_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyArray_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyArray_DTypeMeta PyArrayDescr_TypeFull;
+#define PyArrayDescr_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)(&PyArrayDescr_TypeFull))
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyArrayFlags_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyArrayIter_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyArrayMultiIter_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT int NPY_NUMUSERTYPES;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyBoolArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyBoolScalarObject _PyArrayScalar_BoolValues[2];
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyGenericArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyNumberArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyIntegerArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PySignedIntegerArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyUnsignedIntegerArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyInexactArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyFloatingArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyComplexFloatingArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyFlexibleArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyCharacterArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyByteArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyShortArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyIntArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyLongArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyLongLongArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyUByteArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyUShortArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyUIntArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyULongArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyULongLongArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyFloatArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyDoubleArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyLongDoubleArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyCFloatArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyCDoubleArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyCLongDoubleArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyObjectArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyStringArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyUnicodeArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyVoidArrType_Type;
+
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_SetNumericOps \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_GetNumericOps \
+       (void);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_INCREF \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_XDECREF \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_SetStringFunction \
+       (PyObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_DescrFromType \
+       (int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_TypeObjectFromType \
+       (int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  char * PyArray_Zero \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  char * PyArray_One \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) PyObject * PyArray_CastToType \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CastTo \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CastAnyTo \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CanCastSafely \
+       (int, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool PyArray_CanCastTo \
+       (PyArray_Descr *, PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_ObjectType \
+       (PyObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_DescrFromObject \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArrayObject ** PyArray_ConvertToCommonType \
+       (PyObject *, int *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_DescrFromScalar \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_DescrFromTypeObject \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp PyArray_Size \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Scalar \
+       (void *, PyArray_Descr *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) PyObject * PyArray_FromScalar \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_ScalarAsCtype \
+       (PyObject *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CastScalarToCtype \
+       (PyObject *, void *, PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CastScalarDirect \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, void *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_ScalarFromObject \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_VectorUnaryFunc * PyArray_GetCastFunc \
+       (PyArray_Descr *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_FromDims \
+       (int NPY_UNUSED(nd), int *NPY_UNUSED(d), int NPY_UNUSED(type));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(3) PyObject * PyArray_FromDimsAndDataAndDescr \
+       (int NPY_UNUSED(nd), int *NPY_UNUSED(d), PyArray_Descr *, char *NPY_UNUSED(data));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) PyObject * PyArray_FromAny \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int, int, int, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(1) PyObject * PyArray_EnsureArray \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(1) PyObject * PyArray_EnsureAnyArray \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_FromFile \
+       (FILE *, PyArray_Descr *, npy_intp, char *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_FromString \
+       (char *, npy_intp, PyArray_Descr *, npy_intp, char *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_FromBuffer \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, npy_intp, npy_intp);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) PyObject * PyArray_FromIter \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, npy_intp);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(1) PyObject * PyArray_Return \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) PyObject * PyArray_GetField \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) int PyArray_SetField \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Byteswap \
+       (PyArrayObject *, npy_bool);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Resize \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Dims *, int, NPY_ORDER NPY_UNUSED(order));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_MoveInto \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CopyInto \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CopyAnyInto \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CopyObject \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_NewCopy \
+       (PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_ToList \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_ToString \
+       (PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_ToFile \
+       (PyArrayObject *, FILE *, char *, char *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_Dump \
+       (PyObject *, PyObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Dumps \
+       (PyObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_ValidType \
+       (int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_UpdateFlags \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_New \
+       (PyTypeObject *, int, npy_intp const *, int, npy_intp const *, void *, int, int, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) PyObject * PyArray_NewFromDescr \
+       (PyTypeObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *, int, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_DescrNew \
+       (PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_DescrNewFromType \
+       (int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  double PyArray_GetPriority \
+       (PyObject *, double);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_IterNew \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject* PyArray_MultiIterNew \
+       (int, ...);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_PyIntAsInt \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp PyArray_PyIntAsIntp \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_Broadcast \
+       (PyArrayMultiIterObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_FillObjectArray \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_FillWithScalar \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool PyArray_CheckStrides \
+       (int, int, npy_intp, npy_intp, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_DescrNewByteorder \
+       (PyArray_Descr *, char);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_IterAllButAxis \
+       (PyObject *, int *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) PyObject * PyArray_CheckFromAny \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int, int, int, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) PyObject * PyArray_FromArray \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_FromInterface \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_FromStructInterface \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_FromArrayAttr \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  NPY_SCALARKIND PyArray_ScalarKind \
+       (int, PyArrayObject **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CanCoerceScalar \
+       (int, int, NPY_SCALARKIND);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_NewFlagsObject \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool PyArray_CanCastScalar \
+       (PyTypeObject *, PyTypeObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CompareUCS4 \
+       (npy_ucs4 const *, npy_ucs4 const *, size_t);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_RemoveSmallest \
+       (PyArrayMultiIterObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_ElementStrides \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_Item_INCREF \
+       (char *, PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_Item_XDECREF \
+       (char *, PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_FieldNames \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Transpose \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Dims *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_TakeFrom \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, int, PyArrayObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_PutTo \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject*, PyObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_PutMask \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject*, PyObject*);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Repeat \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Choose \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, PyArrayObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_Sort \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, NPY_SORTKIND);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_ArgSort \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, NPY_SORTKIND);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_SearchSorted \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, NPY_SEARCHSIDE, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_ArgMax \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_ArgMin \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Reshape \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Newshape \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Dims *, NPY_ORDER);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Squeeze \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) PyObject * PyArray_View \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, PyTypeObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_SwapAxes \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Max \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Min \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Ptp \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Mean \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Trace \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, int, int, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Diagonal \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, int, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Clip \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Conjugate \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Nonzero \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Std \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Sum \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_CumSum \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Prod \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_CumProd \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_All \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Any \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Compress \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Flatten \
+       (PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Ravel \
+       (PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp PyArray_MultiplyList \
+       (npy_intp const *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_MultiplyIntList \
+       (int const *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void * PyArray_GetPtr \
+       (PyArrayObject *, npy_intp const*);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CompareLists \
+       (npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(5) int PyArray_AsCArray \
+       (PyObject **, void *, npy_intp *, int, PyArray_Descr*);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_As1D \
+       (PyObject **NPY_UNUSED(op), char **NPY_UNUSED(ptr), int *NPY_UNUSED(d1), int NPY_UNUSED(typecode));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_As2D \
+       (PyObject **NPY_UNUSED(op), char ***NPY_UNUSED(ptr), int *NPY_UNUSED(d1), int *NPY_UNUSED(d2), int NPY_UNUSED(typecode));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_Free \
+       (PyObject *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_Converter \
+       (PyObject *, PyObject **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_IntpFromSequence \
+       (PyObject *, npy_intp *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Concatenate \
+       (PyObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_InnerProduct \
+       (PyObject *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_MatrixProduct \
+       (PyObject *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_CopyAndTranspose \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Correlate \
+       (PyObject *, PyObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_TypestrConvert \
+       (int, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_DescrConverter \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_DescrConverter2 \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_IntpConverter \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Dims *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_BufferConverter \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Chunk *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_AxisConverter \
+       (PyObject *, int *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_BoolConverter \
+       (PyObject *, npy_bool *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_ByteorderConverter \
+       (PyObject *, char *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_OrderConverter \
+       (PyObject *, NPY_ORDER *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  unsigned char PyArray_EquivTypes \
+       (PyArray_Descr *, PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(3) PyObject * PyArray_Zeros \
+       (int, npy_intp const *, PyArray_Descr *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(3) PyObject * PyArray_Empty \
+       (int, npy_intp const *, PyArray_Descr *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Where \
+       (PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Arange \
+       (double, double, double, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_ArangeObj \
+       (PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_SortkindConverter \
+       (PyObject *, NPY_SORTKIND *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_LexSort \
+       (PyObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Round \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  unsigned char PyArray_EquivTypenums \
+       (int, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_RegisterDataType \
+       (PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_RegisterCastFunc \
+       (PyArray_Descr *, int, PyArray_VectorUnaryFunc *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_RegisterCanCast \
+       (PyArray_Descr *, int, NPY_SCALARKIND);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_InitArrFuncs \
+       (PyArray_ArrFuncs *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_IntTupleFromIntp \
+       (int, npy_intp const *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_TypeNumFromName \
+       (char const *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_ClipmodeConverter \
+       (PyObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_OutputConverter \
+       (PyObject *, PyArrayObject **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_BroadcastToShape \
+       (PyObject *, npy_intp *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void _PyArray_SigintHandler \
+       (int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void* _PyArray_GetSigintBuf \
+       (void);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_DescrAlignConverter \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_DescrAlignConverter2 \
+       (PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_SearchsideConverter \
+       (PyObject *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_CheckAxis \
+       (PyArrayObject *, int *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp PyArray_OverflowMultiplyList \
+       (npy_intp const *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CompareString \
+       (const char *, const char *, size_t);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject* PyArray_MultiIterFromObjects \
+       (PyObject **, int, int, ...);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_GetEndianness \
+       (void);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  unsigned int PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion \
+       (void);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_Correlate2 \
+       (PyObject *, PyObject *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject* PyArray_NeighborhoodIterNew \
+       (PyArrayIterObject *, const npy_intp *, int, PyArrayObject*);
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyTimeIntegerArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyDatetimeArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyTimedeltaArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyHalfArrType_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject NpyIter_Type;
+
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_SetDatetimeParseFunction \
+       (PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(op));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_DatetimeToDatetimeStruct \
+       (npy_datetime NPY_UNUSED(val), NPY_DATETIMEUNIT NPY_UNUSED(fr), npy_datetimestruct *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_TimedeltaToTimedeltaStruct \
+       (npy_timedelta NPY_UNUSED(val), NPY_DATETIMEUNIT NPY_UNUSED(fr), npy_timedeltastruct *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_datetime PyArray_DatetimeStructToDatetime \
+       (NPY_DATETIMEUNIT NPY_UNUSED(fr), npy_datetimestruct *NPY_UNUSED(d));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_datetime PyArray_TimedeltaStructToTimedelta \
+       (NPY_DATETIMEUNIT NPY_UNUSED(fr), npy_timedeltastruct *NPY_UNUSED(d));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  NpyIter * NpyIter_New \
+       (PyArrayObject *, npy_uint32, NPY_ORDER, NPY_CASTING, PyArray_Descr*);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  NpyIter * NpyIter_MultiNew \
+       (int, PyArrayObject **, npy_uint32, NPY_ORDER, NPY_CASTING, npy_uint32 *, PyArray_Descr **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  NpyIter * NpyIter_AdvancedNew \
+       (int, PyArrayObject **, npy_uint32, NPY_ORDER, NPY_CASTING, npy_uint32 *, PyArray_Descr **, int, int **, npy_intp *, npy_intp);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  NpyIter * NpyIter_Copy \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_Deallocate \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool NpyIter_HasDelayedBufAlloc \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool NpyIter_HasExternalLoop \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_EnableExternalLoop \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp * NpyIter_GetInnerStrideArray \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp * NpyIter_GetInnerLoopSizePtr \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_Reset \
+       (NpyIter *, char **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_ResetBasePointers \
+       (NpyIter *, char **, char **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_ResetToIterIndexRange \
+       (NpyIter *, npy_intp, npy_intp, char **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_GetNDim \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_GetNOp \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  NpyIter_IterNextFunc * NpyIter_GetIterNext \
+       (NpyIter *, char **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp NpyIter_GetIterSize \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void NpyIter_GetIterIndexRange \
+       (NpyIter *, npy_intp *, npy_intp *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp NpyIter_GetIterIndex \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_GotoIterIndex \
+       (NpyIter *, npy_intp);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool NpyIter_HasMultiIndex \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_GetShape \
+       (NpyIter *, npy_intp *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  NpyIter_GetMultiIndexFunc * NpyIter_GetGetMultiIndex \
+       (NpyIter *, char **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_GotoMultiIndex \
+       (NpyIter *, npy_intp const *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_RemoveMultiIndex \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool NpyIter_HasIndex \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool NpyIter_IsBuffered \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool NpyIter_IsGrowInner \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp NpyIter_GetBufferSize \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp * NpyIter_GetIndexPtr \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_GotoIndex \
+       (NpyIter *, npy_intp);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  char ** NpyIter_GetDataPtrArray \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr ** NpyIter_GetDescrArray \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArrayObject ** NpyIter_GetOperandArray \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArrayObject * NpyIter_GetIterView \
+       (NpyIter *, npy_intp);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void NpyIter_GetReadFlags \
+       (NpyIter *, char *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void NpyIter_GetWriteFlags \
+       (NpyIter *, char *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void NpyIter_DebugPrint \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool NpyIter_IterationNeedsAPI \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void NpyIter_GetInnerFixedStrideArray \
+       (NpyIter *, npy_intp *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_RemoveAxis \
+       (NpyIter *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp * NpyIter_GetAxisStrideArray \
+       (NpyIter *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool NpyIter_RequiresBuffering \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  char ** NpyIter_GetInitialDataPtrArray \
+       (NpyIter *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int NpyIter_CreateCompatibleStrides \
+       (NpyIter *, npy_intp, npy_intp *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CastingConverter \
+       (PyObject *, NPY_CASTING *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_intp PyArray_CountNonzero \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_PromoteTypes \
+       (PyArray_Descr *, PyArray_Descr *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_MinScalarType \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArray_Descr * PyArray_ResultType \
+       (npy_intp, PyArrayObject *arrs[], npy_intp, PyArray_Descr *descrs[]);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool PyArray_CanCastArrayTo \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, NPY_CASTING);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool PyArray_CanCastTypeTo \
+       (PyArray_Descr *, PyArray_Descr *, NPY_CASTING);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyArrayObject * PyArray_EinsteinSum \
+       (char *, npy_intp, PyArrayObject **, PyArray_Descr *, NPY_ORDER, NPY_CASTING, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(3) PyObject * PyArray_NewLikeArray \
+       (PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER, PyArray_Descr *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject \
+       (PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(op), PyArray_Descr *NPY_UNUSED(requested_dtype), npy_bool NPY_UNUSED(writeable), PyArray_Descr **NPY_UNUSED(out_dtype), int *NPY_UNUSED(out_ndim), npy_intp *NPY_UNUSED(out_dims), PyArrayObject **NPY_UNUSED(out_arr), PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(context));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_ConvertClipmodeSequence \
+       (PyObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_MatrixProduct2 \
+       (PyObject *, PyObject *, PyArrayObject*);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  npy_bool NpyIter_IsFirstVisit \
+       (NpyIter *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) int PyArray_SetBaseObject \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_CreateSortedStridePerm \
+       (int, npy_intp const *, npy_stride_sort_item *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_RemoveAxesInPlace \
+       (PyArrayObject *, const npy_bool *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_DebugPrint \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_FailUnlessWriteable \
+       (PyArrayObject *, const char *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(2) int PyArray_SetUpdateIfCopyBase \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void * PyDataMem_NEW \
+       (size_t);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyDataMem_FREE \
+       (void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void * PyDataMem_RENEW \
+       (void *, size_t);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyDataMem_EventHookFunc * PyDataMem_SetEventHook \
+       (PyDataMem_EventHookFunc *, void *, void **);
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_CASTING NPY_DEFAULT_ASSIGN_CASTING;
+
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_MapIterSwapAxes \
+       (PyArrayMapIterObject *, PyArrayObject **, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_MapIterArray \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyArray_MapIterNext \
+       (PyArrayMapIterObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_Partition \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *, int, NPY_SELECTKIND);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_ArgPartition \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *, int, NPY_SELECTKIND);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_SelectkindConverter \
+       (PyObject *, NPY_SELECTKIND *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void * PyDataMem_NEW_ZEROED \
+       (size_t, size_t);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_CheckAnyScalarExact \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyArray_MapIterArrayCopyIfOverlap \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, int, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_ResolveWritebackIfCopy \
+       (PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyArray_SetWritebackIfCopyBase \
+       (PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyDataMem_SetHandler \
+       (PyObject *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyDataMem_GetHandler \
+       (void);
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyObject* PyDataMem_DefaultHandler;
+
+
+#else
+
+#if defined(PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL)
+#define PyArray_API PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL
+#endif
+
+#if defined(NO_IMPORT) || defined(NO_IMPORT_ARRAY)
+extern void **PyArray_API;
+#else
+#if defined(PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL)
+void **PyArray_API;
+#else
+static void **PyArray_API=NULL;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#define PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion \
+        (*(unsigned int (*)(void)) \
+    PyArray_API[0])
+#define PyBigArray_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[1])
+#define PyArray_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[2])
+#define PyArrayDescr_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[3])
+#define PyArrayFlags_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[4])
+#define PyArrayIter_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[5])
+#define PyArrayMultiIter_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[6])
+#define NPY_NUMUSERTYPES (*(int *)PyArray_API[7])
+#define PyBoolArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[8])
+#define _PyArrayScalar_BoolValues ((PyBoolScalarObject *)PyArray_API[9])
+#define PyGenericArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[10])
+#define PyNumberArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[11])
+#define PyIntegerArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[12])
+#define PySignedIntegerArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[13])
+#define PyUnsignedIntegerArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[14])
+#define PyInexactArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[15])
+#define PyFloatingArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[16])
+#define PyComplexFloatingArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[17])
+#define PyFlexibleArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[18])
+#define PyCharacterArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[19])
+#define PyByteArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[20])
+#define PyShortArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[21])
+#define PyIntArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[22])
+#define PyLongArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[23])
+#define PyLongLongArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[24])
+#define PyUByteArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[25])
+#define PyUShortArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[26])
+#define PyUIntArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[27])
+#define PyULongArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[28])
+#define PyULongLongArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[29])
+#define PyFloatArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[30])
+#define PyDoubleArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[31])
+#define PyLongDoubleArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[32])
+#define PyCFloatArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[33])
+#define PyCDoubleArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[34])
+#define PyCLongDoubleArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[35])
+#define PyObjectArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[36])
+#define PyStringArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[37])
+#define PyUnicodeArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[38])
+#define PyVoidArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[39])
+#define PyArray_SetNumericOps \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[40])
+#define PyArray_GetNumericOps \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(void)) \
+    PyArray_API[41])
+#define PyArray_INCREF \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[42])
+#define PyArray_XDECREF \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[43])
+#define PyArray_SetStringFunction \
+        (*(void (*)(PyObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[44])
+#define PyArray_DescrFromType \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(int)) \
+    PyArray_API[45])
+#define PyArray_TypeObjectFromType \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(int)) \
+    PyArray_API[46])
+#define PyArray_Zero \
+        (*(char * (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[47])
+#define PyArray_One \
+        (*(char * (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[48])
+#define PyArray_CastToType \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[49])
+#define PyArray_CastTo \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[50])
+#define PyArray_CastAnyTo \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[51])
+#define PyArray_CanCastSafely \
+        (*(int (*)(int, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[52])
+#define PyArray_CanCastTo \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(PyArray_Descr *, PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[53])
+#define PyArray_ObjectType \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[54])
+#define PyArray_DescrFromObject \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[55])
+#define PyArray_ConvertToCommonType \
+        (*(PyArrayObject ** (*)(PyObject *, int *)) \
+    PyArray_API[56])
+#define PyArray_DescrFromScalar \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[57])
+#define PyArray_DescrFromTypeObject \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[58])
+#define PyArray_Size \
+        (*(npy_intp (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[59])
+#define PyArray_Scalar \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(void *, PyArray_Descr *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[60])
+#define PyArray_FromScalar \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[61])
+#define PyArray_ScalarAsCtype \
+        (*(void (*)(PyObject *, void *)) \
+    PyArray_API[62])
+#define PyArray_CastScalarToCtype \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, void *, PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[63])
+#define PyArray_CastScalarDirect \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, void *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[64])
+#define PyArray_ScalarFromObject \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[65])
+#define PyArray_GetCastFunc \
+        (*(PyArray_VectorUnaryFunc * (*)(PyArray_Descr *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[66])
+#define PyArray_FromDims \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(int NPY_UNUSED(nd), int *NPY_UNUSED(d), int NPY_UNUSED(type))) \
+    PyArray_API[67])
+#define PyArray_FromDimsAndDataAndDescr \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(int NPY_UNUSED(nd), int *NPY_UNUSED(d), PyArray_Descr *, char *NPY_UNUSED(data))) \
+    PyArray_API[68])
+#define PyArray_FromAny \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int, int, int, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[69])
+#define PyArray_EnsureArray \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[70])
+#define PyArray_EnsureAnyArray \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[71])
+#define PyArray_FromFile \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(FILE *, PyArray_Descr *, npy_intp, char *)) \
+    PyArray_API[72])
+#define PyArray_FromString \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(char *, npy_intp, PyArray_Descr *, npy_intp, char *)) \
+    PyArray_API[73])
+#define PyArray_FromBuffer \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, npy_intp, npy_intp)) \
+    PyArray_API[74])
+#define PyArray_FromIter \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, npy_intp)) \
+    PyArray_API[75])
+#define PyArray_Return \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[76])
+#define PyArray_GetField \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[77])
+#define PyArray_SetField \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[78])
+#define PyArray_Byteswap \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, npy_bool)) \
+    PyArray_API[79])
+#define PyArray_Resize \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Dims *, int, NPY_ORDER NPY_UNUSED(order))) \
+    PyArray_API[80])
+#define PyArray_MoveInto \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[81])
+#define PyArray_CopyInto \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[82])
+#define PyArray_CopyAnyInto \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[83])
+#define PyArray_CopyObject \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[84])
+#define PyArray_NewCopy \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER)) \
+    PyArray_API[85])
+#define PyArray_ToList \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[86])
+#define PyArray_ToString \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER)) \
+    PyArray_API[87])
+#define PyArray_ToFile \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, FILE *, char *, char *)) \
+    PyArray_API[88])
+#define PyArray_Dump \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[89])
+#define PyArray_Dumps \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[90])
+#define PyArray_ValidType \
+        (*(int (*)(int)) \
+    PyArray_API[91])
+#define PyArray_UpdateFlags \
+        (*(void (*)(PyArrayObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[92])
+#define PyArray_New \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyTypeObject *, int, npy_intp const *, int, npy_intp const *, void *, int, int, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[93])
+#define PyArray_NewFromDescr \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyTypeObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *, int, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[94])
+#define PyArray_DescrNew \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[95])
+#define PyArray_DescrNewFromType \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(int)) \
+    PyArray_API[96])
+#define PyArray_GetPriority \
+        (*(double (*)(PyObject *, double)) \
+    PyArray_API[97])
+#define PyArray_IterNew \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[98])
+#define PyArray_MultiIterNew \
+        (*(PyObject* (*)(int, ...)) \
+    PyArray_API[99])
+#define PyArray_PyIntAsInt \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[100])
+#define PyArray_PyIntAsIntp \
+        (*(npy_intp (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[101])
+#define PyArray_Broadcast \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayMultiIterObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[102])
+#define PyArray_FillObjectArray \
+        (*(void (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[103])
+#define PyArray_FillWithScalar \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[104])
+#define PyArray_CheckStrides \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(int, int, npy_intp, npy_intp, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *)) \
+    PyArray_API[105])
+#define PyArray_DescrNewByteorder \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(PyArray_Descr *, char)) \
+    PyArray_API[106])
+#define PyArray_IterAllButAxis \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, int *)) \
+    PyArray_API[107])
+#define PyArray_CheckFromAny \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int, int, int, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[108])
+#define PyArray_FromArray \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[109])
+#define PyArray_FromInterface \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[110])
+#define PyArray_FromStructInterface \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[111])
+#define PyArray_FromArrayAttr \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[112])
+#define PyArray_ScalarKind \
+        (*(NPY_SCALARKIND (*)(int, PyArrayObject **)) \
+    PyArray_API[113])
+#define PyArray_CanCoerceScalar \
+        (*(int (*)(int, int, NPY_SCALARKIND)) \
+    PyArray_API[114])
+#define PyArray_NewFlagsObject \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[115])
+#define PyArray_CanCastScalar \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(PyTypeObject *, PyTypeObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[116])
+#define PyArray_CompareUCS4 \
+        (*(int (*)(npy_ucs4 const *, npy_ucs4 const *, size_t)) \
+    PyArray_API[117])
+#define PyArray_RemoveSmallest \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayMultiIterObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[118])
+#define PyArray_ElementStrides \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[119])
+#define PyArray_Item_INCREF \
+        (*(void (*)(char *, PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[120])
+#define PyArray_Item_XDECREF \
+        (*(void (*)(char *, PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[121])
+#define PyArray_FieldNames \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[122])
+#define PyArray_Transpose \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Dims *)) \
+    PyArray_API[123])
+#define PyArray_TakeFrom \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, int, PyArrayObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE)) \
+    PyArray_API[124])
+#define PyArray_PutTo \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject*, PyObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE)) \
+    PyArray_API[125])
+#define PyArray_PutMask \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject*, PyObject*)) \
+    PyArray_API[126])
+#define PyArray_Repeat \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[127])
+#define PyArray_Choose \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, PyArrayObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE)) \
+    PyArray_API[128])
+#define PyArray_Sort \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, NPY_SORTKIND)) \
+    PyArray_API[129])
+#define PyArray_ArgSort \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, NPY_SORTKIND)) \
+    PyArray_API[130])
+#define PyArray_SearchSorted \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, NPY_SEARCHSIDE, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[131])
+#define PyArray_ArgMax \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[132])
+#define PyArray_ArgMin \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[133])
+#define PyArray_Reshape \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[134])
+#define PyArray_Newshape \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Dims *, NPY_ORDER)) \
+    PyArray_API[135])
+#define PyArray_Squeeze \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[136])
+#define PyArray_View \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, PyTypeObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[137])
+#define PyArray_SwapAxes \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[138])
+#define PyArray_Max \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[139])
+#define PyArray_Min \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[140])
+#define PyArray_Ptp \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[141])
+#define PyArray_Mean \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[142])
+#define PyArray_Trace \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, int, int, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[143])
+#define PyArray_Diagonal \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, int, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[144])
+#define PyArray_Clip \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[145])
+#define PyArray_Conjugate \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[146])
+#define PyArray_Nonzero \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[147])
+#define PyArray_Std \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[148])
+#define PyArray_Sum \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[149])
+#define PyArray_CumSum \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[150])
+#define PyArray_Prod \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[151])
+#define PyArray_CumProd \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[152])
+#define PyArray_All \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[153])
+#define PyArray_Any \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[154])
+#define PyArray_Compress \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[155])
+#define PyArray_Flatten \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER)) \
+    PyArray_API[156])
+#define PyArray_Ravel \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER)) \
+    PyArray_API[157])
+#define PyArray_MultiplyList \
+        (*(npy_intp (*)(npy_intp const *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[158])
+#define PyArray_MultiplyIntList \
+        (*(int (*)(int const *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[159])
+#define PyArray_GetPtr \
+        (*(void * (*)(PyArrayObject *, npy_intp const*)) \
+    PyArray_API[160])
+#define PyArray_CompareLists \
+        (*(int (*)(npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[161])
+#define PyArray_AsCArray \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject **, void *, npy_intp *, int, PyArray_Descr*)) \
+    PyArray_API[162])
+#define PyArray_As1D \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject **NPY_UNUSED(op), char **NPY_UNUSED(ptr), int *NPY_UNUSED(d1), int NPY_UNUSED(typecode))) \
+    PyArray_API[163])
+#define PyArray_As2D \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject **NPY_UNUSED(op), char ***NPY_UNUSED(ptr), int *NPY_UNUSED(d1), int *NPY_UNUSED(d2), int NPY_UNUSED(typecode))) \
+    PyArray_API[164])
+#define PyArray_Free \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, void *)) \
+    PyArray_API[165])
+#define PyArray_Converter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyObject **)) \
+    PyArray_API[166])
+#define PyArray_IntpFromSequence \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, npy_intp *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[167])
+#define PyArray_Concatenate \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[168])
+#define PyArray_InnerProduct \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[169])
+#define PyArray_MatrixProduct \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[170])
+#define PyArray_CopyAndTranspose \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[171])
+#define PyArray_Correlate \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[172])
+#define PyArray_TypestrConvert \
+        (*(int (*)(int, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[173])
+#define PyArray_DescrConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **)) \
+    PyArray_API[174])
+#define PyArray_DescrConverter2 \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **)) \
+    PyArray_API[175])
+#define PyArray_IntpConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Dims *)) \
+    PyArray_API[176])
+#define PyArray_BufferConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Chunk *)) \
+    PyArray_API[177])
+#define PyArray_AxisConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, int *)) \
+    PyArray_API[178])
+#define PyArray_BoolConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, npy_bool *)) \
+    PyArray_API[179])
+#define PyArray_ByteorderConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, char *)) \
+    PyArray_API[180])
+#define PyArray_OrderConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, NPY_ORDER *)) \
+    PyArray_API[181])
+#define PyArray_EquivTypes \
+        (*(unsigned char (*)(PyArray_Descr *, PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[182])
+#define PyArray_Zeros \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(int, npy_intp const *, PyArray_Descr *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[183])
+#define PyArray_Empty \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(int, npy_intp const *, PyArray_Descr *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[184])
+#define PyArray_Where \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[185])
+#define PyArray_Arange \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(double, double, double, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[186])
+#define PyArray_ArangeObj \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[187])
+#define PyArray_SortkindConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, NPY_SORTKIND *)) \
+    PyArray_API[188])
+#define PyArray_LexSort \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[189])
+#define PyArray_Round \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[190])
+#define PyArray_EquivTypenums \
+        (*(unsigned char (*)(int, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[191])
+#define PyArray_RegisterDataType \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[192])
+#define PyArray_RegisterCastFunc \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArray_Descr *, int, PyArray_VectorUnaryFunc *)) \
+    PyArray_API[193])
+#define PyArray_RegisterCanCast \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArray_Descr *, int, NPY_SCALARKIND)) \
+    PyArray_API[194])
+#define PyArray_InitArrFuncs \
+        (*(void (*)(PyArray_ArrFuncs *)) \
+    PyArray_API[195])
+#define PyArray_IntTupleFromIntp \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(int, npy_intp const *)) \
+    PyArray_API[196])
+#define PyArray_TypeNumFromName \
+        (*(int (*)(char const *)) \
+    PyArray_API[197])
+#define PyArray_ClipmodeConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE *)) \
+    PyArray_API[198])
+#define PyArray_OutputConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyArrayObject **)) \
+    PyArray_API[199])
+#define PyArray_BroadcastToShape \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, npy_intp *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[200])
+#define _PyArray_SigintHandler \
+        (*(void (*)(int)) \
+    PyArray_API[201])
+#define _PyArray_GetSigintBuf \
+        (*(void* (*)(void)) \
+    PyArray_API[202])
+#define PyArray_DescrAlignConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **)) \
+    PyArray_API[203])
+#define PyArray_DescrAlignConverter2 \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **)) \
+    PyArray_API[204])
+#define PyArray_SearchsideConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, void *)) \
+    PyArray_API[205])
+#define PyArray_CheckAxis \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, int *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[206])
+#define PyArray_OverflowMultiplyList \
+        (*(npy_intp (*)(npy_intp const *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[207])
+#define PyArray_CompareString \
+        (*(int (*)(const char *, const char *, size_t)) \
+    PyArray_API[208])
+#define PyArray_MultiIterFromObjects \
+        (*(PyObject* (*)(PyObject **, int, int, ...)) \
+    PyArray_API[209])
+#define PyArray_GetEndianness \
+        (*(int (*)(void)) \
+    PyArray_API[210])
+#define PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion \
+        (*(unsigned int (*)(void)) \
+    PyArray_API[211])
+#define PyArray_Correlate2 \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyObject *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[212])
+#define PyArray_NeighborhoodIterNew \
+        (*(PyObject* (*)(PyArrayIterObject *, const npy_intp *, int, PyArrayObject*)) \
+    PyArray_API[213])
+#define PyTimeIntegerArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[214])
+#define PyDatetimeArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[215])
+#define PyTimedeltaArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[216])
+#define PyHalfArrType_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[217])
+#define NpyIter_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyArray_API[218])
+#define PyArray_SetDatetimeParseFunction \
+        (*(void (*)(PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(op))) \
+    PyArray_API[219])
+#define PyArray_DatetimeToDatetimeStruct \
+        (*(void (*)(npy_datetime NPY_UNUSED(val), NPY_DATETIMEUNIT NPY_UNUSED(fr), npy_datetimestruct *)) \
+    PyArray_API[220])
+#define PyArray_TimedeltaToTimedeltaStruct \
+        (*(void (*)(npy_timedelta NPY_UNUSED(val), NPY_DATETIMEUNIT NPY_UNUSED(fr), npy_timedeltastruct *)) \
+    PyArray_API[221])
+#define PyArray_DatetimeStructToDatetime \
+        (*(npy_datetime (*)(NPY_DATETIMEUNIT NPY_UNUSED(fr), npy_datetimestruct *NPY_UNUSED(d))) \
+    PyArray_API[222])
+#define PyArray_TimedeltaStructToTimedelta \
+        (*(npy_datetime (*)(NPY_DATETIMEUNIT NPY_UNUSED(fr), npy_timedeltastruct *NPY_UNUSED(d))) \
+    PyArray_API[223])
+#define NpyIter_New \
+        (*(NpyIter * (*)(PyArrayObject *, npy_uint32, NPY_ORDER, NPY_CASTING, PyArray_Descr*)) \
+    PyArray_API[224])
+#define NpyIter_MultiNew \
+        (*(NpyIter * (*)(int, PyArrayObject **, npy_uint32, NPY_ORDER, NPY_CASTING, npy_uint32 *, PyArray_Descr **)) \
+    PyArray_API[225])
+#define NpyIter_AdvancedNew \
+        (*(NpyIter * (*)(int, PyArrayObject **, npy_uint32, NPY_ORDER, NPY_CASTING, npy_uint32 *, PyArray_Descr **, int, int **, npy_intp *, npy_intp)) \
+    PyArray_API[226])
+#define NpyIter_Copy \
+        (*(NpyIter * (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[227])
+#define NpyIter_Deallocate \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[228])
+#define NpyIter_HasDelayedBufAlloc \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[229])
+#define NpyIter_HasExternalLoop \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[230])
+#define NpyIter_EnableExternalLoop \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[231])
+#define NpyIter_GetInnerStrideArray \
+        (*(npy_intp * (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[232])
+#define NpyIter_GetInnerLoopSizePtr \
+        (*(npy_intp * (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[233])
+#define NpyIter_Reset \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *, char **)) \
+    PyArray_API[234])
+#define NpyIter_ResetBasePointers \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *, char **, char **)) \
+    PyArray_API[235])
+#define NpyIter_ResetToIterIndexRange \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *, npy_intp, npy_intp, char **)) \
+    PyArray_API[236])
+#define NpyIter_GetNDim \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[237])
+#define NpyIter_GetNOp \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[238])
+#define NpyIter_GetIterNext \
+        (*(NpyIter_IterNextFunc * (*)(NpyIter *, char **)) \
+    PyArray_API[239])
+#define NpyIter_GetIterSize \
+        (*(npy_intp (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[240])
+#define NpyIter_GetIterIndexRange \
+        (*(void (*)(NpyIter *, npy_intp *, npy_intp *)) \
+    PyArray_API[241])
+#define NpyIter_GetIterIndex \
+        (*(npy_intp (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[242])
+#define NpyIter_GotoIterIndex \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *, npy_intp)) \
+    PyArray_API[243])
+#define NpyIter_HasMultiIndex \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[244])
+#define NpyIter_GetShape \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *, npy_intp *)) \
+    PyArray_API[245])
+#define NpyIter_GetGetMultiIndex \
+        (*(NpyIter_GetMultiIndexFunc * (*)(NpyIter *, char **)) \
+    PyArray_API[246])
+#define NpyIter_GotoMultiIndex \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *, npy_intp const *)) \
+    PyArray_API[247])
+#define NpyIter_RemoveMultiIndex \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[248])
+#define NpyIter_HasIndex \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[249])
+#define NpyIter_IsBuffered \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[250])
+#define NpyIter_IsGrowInner \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[251])
+#define NpyIter_GetBufferSize \
+        (*(npy_intp (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[252])
+#define NpyIter_GetIndexPtr \
+        (*(npy_intp * (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[253])
+#define NpyIter_GotoIndex \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *, npy_intp)) \
+    PyArray_API[254])
+#define NpyIter_GetDataPtrArray \
+        (*(char ** (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[255])
+#define NpyIter_GetDescrArray \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr ** (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[256])
+#define NpyIter_GetOperandArray \
+        (*(PyArrayObject ** (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[257])
+#define NpyIter_GetIterView \
+        (*(PyArrayObject * (*)(NpyIter *, npy_intp)) \
+    PyArray_API[258])
+#define NpyIter_GetReadFlags \
+        (*(void (*)(NpyIter *, char *)) \
+    PyArray_API[259])
+#define NpyIter_GetWriteFlags \
+        (*(void (*)(NpyIter *, char *)) \
+    PyArray_API[260])
+#define NpyIter_DebugPrint \
+        (*(void (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[261])
+#define NpyIter_IterationNeedsAPI \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[262])
+#define NpyIter_GetInnerFixedStrideArray \
+        (*(void (*)(NpyIter *, npy_intp *)) \
+    PyArray_API[263])
+#define NpyIter_RemoveAxis \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[264])
+#define NpyIter_GetAxisStrideArray \
+        (*(npy_intp * (*)(NpyIter *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[265])
+#define NpyIter_RequiresBuffering \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[266])
+#define NpyIter_GetInitialDataPtrArray \
+        (*(char ** (*)(NpyIter *)) \
+    PyArray_API[267])
+#define NpyIter_CreateCompatibleStrides \
+        (*(int (*)(NpyIter *, npy_intp, npy_intp *)) \
+    PyArray_API[268])
+#define PyArray_CastingConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, NPY_CASTING *)) \
+    PyArray_API[269])
+#define PyArray_CountNonzero \
+        (*(npy_intp (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[270])
+#define PyArray_PromoteTypes \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(PyArray_Descr *, PyArray_Descr *)) \
+    PyArray_API[271])
+#define PyArray_MinScalarType \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[272])
+#define PyArray_ResultType \
+        (*(PyArray_Descr * (*)(npy_intp, PyArrayObject *arrs[], npy_intp, PyArray_Descr *descrs[])) \
+    PyArray_API[273])
+#define PyArray_CanCastArrayTo \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArray_Descr *, NPY_CASTING)) \
+    PyArray_API[274])
+#define PyArray_CanCastTypeTo \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(PyArray_Descr *, PyArray_Descr *, NPY_CASTING)) \
+    PyArray_API[275])
+#define PyArray_EinsteinSum \
+        (*(PyArrayObject * (*)(char *, npy_intp, PyArrayObject **, PyArray_Descr *, NPY_ORDER, NPY_CASTING, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[276])
+#define PyArray_NewLikeArray \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, NPY_ORDER, PyArray_Descr *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[277])
+#define PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(op), PyArray_Descr *NPY_UNUSED(requested_dtype), npy_bool NPY_UNUSED(writeable), PyArray_Descr **NPY_UNUSED(out_dtype), int *NPY_UNUSED(out_ndim), npy_intp *NPY_UNUSED(out_dims), PyArrayObject **NPY_UNUSED(out_arr), PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(context))) \
+    PyArray_API[278])
+#define PyArray_ConvertClipmodeSequence \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, NPY_CLIPMODE *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[279])
+#define PyArray_MatrixProduct2 \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyArrayObject*)) \
+    PyArray_API[280])
+#define NpyIter_IsFirstVisit \
+        (*(npy_bool (*)(NpyIter *, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[281])
+#define PyArray_SetBaseObject \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[282])
+#define PyArray_CreateSortedStridePerm \
+        (*(void (*)(int, npy_intp const *, npy_stride_sort_item *)) \
+    PyArray_API[283])
+#define PyArray_RemoveAxesInPlace \
+        (*(void (*)(PyArrayObject *, const npy_bool *)) \
+    PyArray_API[284])
+#define PyArray_DebugPrint \
+        (*(void (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[285])
+#define PyArray_FailUnlessWriteable \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, const char *)) \
+    PyArray_API[286])
+#define PyArray_SetUpdateIfCopyBase \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[287])
+#define PyDataMem_NEW \
+        (*(void * (*)(size_t)) \
+    PyArray_API[288])
+#define PyDataMem_FREE \
+        (*(void (*)(void *)) \
+    PyArray_API[289])
+#define PyDataMem_RENEW \
+        (*(void * (*)(void *, size_t)) \
+    PyArray_API[290])
+#define PyDataMem_SetEventHook \
+        (*(PyDataMem_EventHookFunc * (*)(PyDataMem_EventHookFunc *, void *, void **)) \
+    PyArray_API[291])
+#define NPY_DEFAULT_ASSIGN_CASTING (*(NPY_CASTING *)PyArray_API[292])
+#define PyArray_MapIterSwapAxes \
+        (*(void (*)(PyArrayMapIterObject *, PyArrayObject **, int)) \
+    PyArray_API[293])
+#define PyArray_MapIterArray \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[294])
+#define PyArray_MapIterNext \
+        (*(void (*)(PyArrayMapIterObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[295])
+#define PyArray_Partition \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *, int, NPY_SELECTKIND)) \
+    PyArray_API[296])
+#define PyArray_ArgPartition \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *, int, NPY_SELECTKIND)) \
+    PyArray_API[297])
+#define PyArray_SelectkindConverter \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *, NPY_SELECTKIND *)) \
+    PyArray_API[298])
+#define PyDataMem_NEW_ZEROED \
+        (*(void * (*)(size_t, size_t)) \
+    PyArray_API[299])
+#define PyArray_CheckAnyScalarExact \
+        (*(int (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[300])
+#define PyArray_MapIterArrayCopyIfOverlap \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *, int, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[301])
+#define PyArray_ResolveWritebackIfCopy \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[302])
+#define PyArray_SetWritebackIfCopyBase \
+        (*(int (*)(PyArrayObject *, PyArrayObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[303])
+
+#if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_22_API_VERSION
+#define PyDataMem_SetHandler \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyObject *)) \
+    PyArray_API[304])
+#endif
+
+#if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_22_API_VERSION
+#define PyDataMem_GetHandler \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(void)) \
+    PyArray_API[305])
+#endif
+#define PyDataMem_DefaultHandler (*(PyObject* *)PyArray_API[306])
+
+#if !defined(NO_IMPORT_ARRAY) && !defined(NO_IMPORT)
+static int
+_import_array(void)
+{
+  int st;
+  PyObject *numpy = PyImport_ImportModule("numpy.core._multiarray_umath");
+  PyObject *c_api = NULL;
+
+  if (numpy == NULL) {
+      return -1;
+  }
+  c_api = PyObject_GetAttrString(numpy, "_ARRAY_API");
+  Py_DECREF(numpy);
+  if (c_api == NULL) {
+      return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (!PyCapsule_CheckExact(c_api)) {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "_ARRAY_API is not PyCapsule object");
+      Py_DECREF(c_api);
+      return -1;
+  }
+  PyArray_API = (void **)PyCapsule_GetPointer(c_api, NULL);
+  Py_DECREF(c_api);
+  if (PyArray_API == NULL) {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "_ARRAY_API is NULL pointer");
+      return -1;
+  }
+
+  /* Perform runtime check of C API version */
+  if (NPY_VERSION != PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion()) {
+      PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "module compiled against "\
+             "ABI version 0x%x but this version of numpy is 0x%x", \
+             (int) NPY_VERSION, (int) PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion());
+      return -1;
+  }
+  if (NPY_FEATURE_VERSION > PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion()) {
+      PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "module compiled against "\
+             "API version 0x%x but this version of numpy is 0x%x . "\
+             "Check the section C-API incompatibility at the "\
+             "Troubleshooting ImportError section at "\
+             "https://numpy.org/devdocs/user/troubleshooting-importerror.html"\
+             "#c-api-incompatibility "\
+              "for indications on how to solve this problem .", \
+             (int) NPY_FEATURE_VERSION, (int) PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion());
+      return -1;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Perform runtime check of endianness and check it matches the one set by
+   * the headers (npy_endian.h) as a safeguard
+   */
+  st = PyArray_GetEndianness();
+  if (st == NPY_CPU_UNKNOWN_ENDIAN) {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                      "FATAL: module compiled as unknown endian");
+      return -1;
+  }
+#if NPY_BYTE_ORDER == NPY_BIG_ENDIAN
+  if (st != NPY_CPU_BIG) {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                      "FATAL: module compiled as big endian, but "
+                      "detected different endianness at runtime");
+      return -1;
+  }
+#elif NPY_BYTE_ORDER == NPY_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+  if (st != NPY_CPU_LITTLE) {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                      "FATAL: module compiled as little endian, but "
+                      "detected different endianness at runtime");
+      return -1;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#define import_array() {if (_import_array() < 0) {PyErr_Print(); PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "numpy.core.multiarray failed to import"); return NULL; } }
+
+#define import_array1(ret) {if (_import_array() < 0) {PyErr_Print(); PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "numpy.core.multiarray failed to import"); return ret; } }
+
+#define import_array2(msg, ret) {if (_import_array() < 0) {PyErr_Print(); PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, msg); return ret; } }
+
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__ufunc_api.c b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__ufunc_api.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1b4a87b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__ufunc_api.c
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+
+/* These pointers will be stored in the C-object for use in other
+    extension modules
+*/
+
+void *PyUFunc_API[] = {
+        (void *) &PyUFunc_Type,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_FromFuncAndData,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_RegisterLoopForType,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_GenericFunction,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_f_f_As_d_d,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_d_d,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_f_f,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_g_g,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_F_F_As_D_D,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_F_F,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_D_D,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_G_G,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_O_O,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_ff_f_As_dd_d,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_ff_f,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_dd_d,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_gg_g,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_FF_F_As_DD_D,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_DD_D,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_FF_F,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_GG_G,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_OO_O,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_O_O_method,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_OO_O_method,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_On_Om,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_GetPyValues,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_checkfperr,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_clearfperr,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_getfperr,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_handlefperr,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_ReplaceLoopBySignature,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_FromFuncAndDataAndSignature,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_SetUsesArraysAsData,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_e_e,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_e_e_As_f_f,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_e_e_As_d_d,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_ee_e,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_ee_e_As_ff_f,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_ee_e_As_dd_d,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_DefaultTypeResolver,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_ValidateCasting,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_RegisterLoopForDescr,
+        (void *) PyUFunc_FromFuncAndDataAndSignatureAndIdentity
+};
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__ufunc_api.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__ufunc_api.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2efe29e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/__ufunc_api.h
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+
+#ifdef _UMATHMODULE
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyUFunc_Type;
+
+extern NPY_NO_EXPORT PyTypeObject PyUFunc_Type;
+
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyUFunc_FromFuncAndData \
+       (PyUFuncGenericFunction *, void **, char *, int, int, int, int, const char *, const char *, int);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_RegisterLoopForType \
+       (PyUFuncObject *, int, PyUFuncGenericFunction, const int *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_GenericFunction \
+       (PyUFuncObject *NPY_UNUSED(ufunc), PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(args), PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(kwds), PyArrayObject **NPY_UNUSED(op));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_f_f_As_d_d \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_d_d \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_f_f \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_g_g \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_F_F_As_D_D \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_F_F \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_D_D \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_G_G \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_O_O \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_ff_f_As_dd_d \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_ff_f \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_dd_d \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_gg_g \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_FF_F_As_DD_D \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_DD_D \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_FF_F \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_GG_G \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_OO_O \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_O_O_method \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_OO_O_method \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_On_Om \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_GetPyValues \
+       (char *, int *, int *, PyObject **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_checkfperr \
+       (int, PyObject *, int *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_clearfperr \
+       (void);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_getfperr \
+       (void);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_handlefperr \
+       (int, PyObject *, int, int *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_ReplaceLoopBySignature \
+       (PyUFuncObject *, PyUFuncGenericFunction, const int *, PyUFuncGenericFunction *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyUFunc_FromFuncAndDataAndSignature \
+       (PyUFuncGenericFunction *, void **, char *, int, int, int, int, const char *, const char *, int, const char *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_SetUsesArraysAsData \
+       (void **NPY_UNUSED(data), size_t NPY_UNUSED(i));
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_e_e \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_e_e_As_f_f \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_e_e_As_d_d \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_ee_e \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_ee_e_As_ff_f \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  void PyUFunc_ee_e_As_dd_d \
+       (char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_DefaultTypeResolver \
+       (PyUFuncObject *, NPY_CASTING, PyArrayObject **, PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_ValidateCasting \
+       (PyUFuncObject *, NPY_CASTING, PyArrayObject **, PyArray_Descr **);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  int PyUFunc_RegisterLoopForDescr \
+       (PyUFuncObject *, PyArray_Descr *, PyUFuncGenericFunction, PyArray_Descr **, void *);
+NPY_NO_EXPORT  PyObject * PyUFunc_FromFuncAndDataAndSignatureAndIdentity \
+       (PyUFuncGenericFunction *, void **, char *, int, int, int, int, const char *, const char *, const int, const char *, PyObject *);
+
+#else
+
+#if defined(PY_UFUNC_UNIQUE_SYMBOL)
+#define PyUFunc_API PY_UFUNC_UNIQUE_SYMBOL
+#endif
+
+#if defined(NO_IMPORT) || defined(NO_IMPORT_UFUNC)
+extern void **PyUFunc_API;
+#else
+#if defined(PY_UFUNC_UNIQUE_SYMBOL)
+void **PyUFunc_API;
+#else
+static void **PyUFunc_API=NULL;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#define PyUFunc_Type (*(PyTypeObject *)PyUFunc_API[0])
+#define PyUFunc_FromFuncAndData \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyUFuncGenericFunction *, void **, char *, int, int, int, int, const char *, const char *, int)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[1])
+#define PyUFunc_RegisterLoopForType \
+        (*(int (*)(PyUFuncObject *, int, PyUFuncGenericFunction, const int *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[2])
+#define PyUFunc_GenericFunction \
+        (*(int (*)(PyUFuncObject *NPY_UNUSED(ufunc), PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(args), PyObject *NPY_UNUSED(kwds), PyArrayObject **NPY_UNUSED(op))) \
+    PyUFunc_API[3])
+#define PyUFunc_f_f_As_d_d \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[4])
+#define PyUFunc_d_d \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[5])
+#define PyUFunc_f_f \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[6])
+#define PyUFunc_g_g \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[7])
+#define PyUFunc_F_F_As_D_D \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[8])
+#define PyUFunc_F_F \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[9])
+#define PyUFunc_D_D \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[10])
+#define PyUFunc_G_G \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[11])
+#define PyUFunc_O_O \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[12])
+#define PyUFunc_ff_f_As_dd_d \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[13])
+#define PyUFunc_ff_f \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[14])
+#define PyUFunc_dd_d \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[15])
+#define PyUFunc_gg_g \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[16])
+#define PyUFunc_FF_F_As_DD_D \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[17])
+#define PyUFunc_DD_D \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[18])
+#define PyUFunc_FF_F \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[19])
+#define PyUFunc_GG_G \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[20])
+#define PyUFunc_OO_O \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[21])
+#define PyUFunc_O_O_method \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[22])
+#define PyUFunc_OO_O_method \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[23])
+#define PyUFunc_On_Om \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[24])
+#define PyUFunc_GetPyValues \
+        (*(int (*)(char *, int *, int *, PyObject **)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[25])
+#define PyUFunc_checkfperr \
+        (*(int (*)(int, PyObject *, int *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[26])
+#define PyUFunc_clearfperr \
+        (*(void (*)(void)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[27])
+#define PyUFunc_getfperr \
+        (*(int (*)(void)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[28])
+#define PyUFunc_handlefperr \
+        (*(int (*)(int, PyObject *, int, int *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[29])
+#define PyUFunc_ReplaceLoopBySignature \
+        (*(int (*)(PyUFuncObject *, PyUFuncGenericFunction, const int *, PyUFuncGenericFunction *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[30])
+#define PyUFunc_FromFuncAndDataAndSignature \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyUFuncGenericFunction *, void **, char *, int, int, int, int, const char *, const char *, int, const char *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[31])
+#define PyUFunc_SetUsesArraysAsData \
+        (*(int (*)(void **NPY_UNUSED(data), size_t NPY_UNUSED(i))) \
+    PyUFunc_API[32])
+#define PyUFunc_e_e \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[33])
+#define PyUFunc_e_e_As_f_f \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[34])
+#define PyUFunc_e_e_As_d_d \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[35])
+#define PyUFunc_ee_e \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[36])
+#define PyUFunc_ee_e_As_ff_f \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[37])
+#define PyUFunc_ee_e_As_dd_d \
+        (*(void (*)(char **, npy_intp const *, npy_intp const *, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[38])
+#define PyUFunc_DefaultTypeResolver \
+        (*(int (*)(PyUFuncObject *, NPY_CASTING, PyArrayObject **, PyObject *, PyArray_Descr **)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[39])
+#define PyUFunc_ValidateCasting \
+        (*(int (*)(PyUFuncObject *, NPY_CASTING, PyArrayObject **, PyArray_Descr **)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[40])
+#define PyUFunc_RegisterLoopForDescr \
+        (*(int (*)(PyUFuncObject *, PyArray_Descr *, PyUFuncGenericFunction, PyArray_Descr **, void *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[41])
+
+#if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_16_API_VERSION
+#define PyUFunc_FromFuncAndDataAndSignatureAndIdentity \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyUFuncGenericFunction *, void **, char *, int, int, int, int, const char *, const char *, const int, const char *, PyObject *)) \
+    PyUFunc_API[42])
+#endif
+
+static inline int
+_import_umath(void)
+{
+  PyObject *numpy = PyImport_ImportModule("numpy.core._multiarray_umath");
+  PyObject *c_api = NULL;
+
+  if (numpy == NULL) {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError,
+                      "numpy.core._multiarray_umath failed to import");
+      return -1;
+  }
+  c_api = PyObject_GetAttrString(numpy, "_UFUNC_API");
+  Py_DECREF(numpy);
+  if (c_api == NULL) {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, "_UFUNC_API not found");
+      return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (!PyCapsule_CheckExact(c_api)) {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "_UFUNC_API is not PyCapsule object");
+      Py_DECREF(c_api);
+      return -1;
+  }
+  PyUFunc_API = (void **)PyCapsule_GetPointer(c_api, NULL);
+  Py_DECREF(c_api);
+  if (PyUFunc_API == NULL) {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "_UFUNC_API is NULL pointer");
+      return -1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#define import_umath() \
+    do {\
+        UFUNC_NOFPE\
+        if (_import_umath() < 0) {\
+            PyErr_Print();\
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError,\
+                    "numpy.core.umath failed to import");\
+            return NULL;\
+        }\
+    } while(0)
+
+#define import_umath1(ret) \
+    do {\
+        UFUNC_NOFPE\
+        if (_import_umath() < 0) {\
+            PyErr_Print();\
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError,\
+                    "numpy.core.umath failed to import");\
+            return ret;\
+        }\
+    } while(0)
+
+#define import_umath2(ret, msg) \
+    do {\
+        UFUNC_NOFPE\
+        if (_import_umath() < 0) {\
+            PyErr_Print();\
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, msg);\
+            return ret;\
+        }\
+    } while(0)
+
+#define import_ufunc() \
+    do {\
+        UFUNC_NOFPE\
+        if (_import_umath() < 0) {\
+            PyErr_Print();\
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError,\
+                    "numpy.core.umath failed to import");\
+        }\
+    } while(0)
+
+#endif
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_dtype_api.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_dtype_api.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39fbc500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_dtype_api.h
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+/*
+ * DType related API shared by the (experimental) public API And internal API.
+ */
+
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY___DTYPE_API_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY___DTYPE_API_H_
+
+#define __EXPERIMENTAL_DTYPE_API_VERSION 11
+
+struct PyArrayMethodObject_tag;
+
+/*
+ * Largely opaque struct for DType classes (i.e. metaclass instances).
+ * The internal definition is currently in `ndarraytypes.h` (export is a bit
+ * more complex because `PyArray_Descr` is a DTypeMeta internally but not
+ * externally).
+ */
+#if !(defined(NPY_INTERNAL_BUILD) && NPY_INTERNAL_BUILD)
+
+    typedef struct PyArray_DTypeMeta_tag {
+        PyHeapTypeObject super;
+
+        /*
+        * Most DTypes will have a singleton default instance, for the
+        * parametric legacy DTypes (bytes, string, void, datetime) this
+        * may be a pointer to the *prototype* instance?
+        */
+        PyArray_Descr *singleton;
+        /* Copy of the legacy DTypes type number, usually invalid. */
+        int type_num;
+
+        /* The type object of the scalar instances (may be NULL?) */
+        PyTypeObject *scalar_type;
+        /*
+        * DType flags to signal legacy, parametric, or
+        * abstract.  But plenty of space for additional information/flags.
+        */
+        npy_uint64 flags;
+
+        /*
+        * Use indirection in order to allow a fixed size for this struct.
+        * A stable ABI size makes creating a static DType less painful
+        * while also ensuring flexibility for all opaque API (with one
+        * indirection due the pointer lookup).
+        */
+        void *dt_slots;
+        /* Allow growing (at the moment also beyond this) */
+        void *reserved[3];
+    } PyArray_DTypeMeta;
+
+#endif  /* not internal build */
+
+/*
+ * ******************************************************
+ *         ArrayMethod API (Casting and UFuncs)
+ * ******************************************************
+ */
+/*
+ * NOTE: Expected changes:
+ *       * probably split runtime and general flags into two
+ *       * should possibly not use an enum for typedef for more stable ABI?
+ */
+typedef enum {
+    /* Flag for whether the GIL is required */
+    NPY_METH_REQUIRES_PYAPI = 1 << 0,
+    /*
+     * Some functions cannot set floating point error flags, this flag
+     * gives us the option (not requirement) to skip floating point error
+     * setup/check. No function should set error flags and ignore them
+     * since it would interfere with chaining operations (e.g. casting).
+     */
+    NPY_METH_NO_FLOATINGPOINT_ERRORS = 1 << 1,
+    /* Whether the method supports unaligned access (not runtime) */
+    NPY_METH_SUPPORTS_UNALIGNED = 1 << 2,
+    /*
+     * Used for reductions to allow reordering the operation.  At this point
+     * assume that if set, it also applies to normal operations though!
+     */
+    NPY_METH_IS_REORDERABLE = 1 << 3,
+    /*
+     * Private flag for now for *logic* functions.  The logical functions
+     * `logical_or` and `logical_and` can always cast the inputs to booleans
+     * "safely" (because that is how the cast to bool is defined).
+     * @seberg: I am not sure this is the best way to handle this, so its
+     * private for now (also it is very limited anyway).
+     * There is one "exception". NA aware dtypes cannot cast to bool
+     * (hopefully), so the `??->?` loop should error even with this flag.
+     * But a second NA fallback loop will be necessary.
+     */
+    _NPY_METH_FORCE_CAST_INPUTS = 1 << 17,
+
+    /* All flags which can change at runtime */
+    NPY_METH_RUNTIME_FLAGS = (
+            NPY_METH_REQUIRES_PYAPI |
+            NPY_METH_NO_FLOATINGPOINT_ERRORS),
+} NPY_ARRAYMETHOD_FLAGS;
+
+
+typedef struct PyArrayMethod_Context_tag {
+    /* The caller, which is typically the original ufunc.  May be NULL */
+    PyObject *caller;
+    /* The method "self".  Publically currentl an opaque object. */
+    struct PyArrayMethodObject_tag *method;
+
+    /* Operand descriptors, filled in by resolve_descriptors */
+    PyArray_Descr **descriptors;
+    /* Structure may grow (this is harmless for DType authors) */
+} PyArrayMethod_Context;
+
+
+/*
+ * The main object for creating a new ArrayMethod. We use the typical `slots`
+ * mechanism used by the Python limited API (see below for the slot defs).
+ */
+typedef struct {
+    const char *name;
+    int nin, nout;
+    NPY_CASTING casting;
+    NPY_ARRAYMETHOD_FLAGS flags;
+    PyArray_DTypeMeta **dtypes;
+    PyType_Slot *slots;
+} PyArrayMethod_Spec;
+
+
+/*
+ * ArrayMethod slots
+ * -----------------
+ *
+ * SLOTS IDs For the ArrayMethod creation, once fully public, IDs are fixed
+ * but can be deprecated and arbitrarily extended.
+ */
+#define NPY_METH_resolve_descriptors 1
+/* We may want to adapt the `get_loop` signature a bit: */
+#define _NPY_METH_get_loop 2
+#define NPY_METH_get_reduction_initial 3
+/* specific loops for constructions/default get_loop: */
+#define NPY_METH_strided_loop 4
+#define NPY_METH_contiguous_loop 5
+#define NPY_METH_unaligned_strided_loop 6
+#define NPY_METH_unaligned_contiguous_loop 7
+#define NPY_METH_contiguous_indexed_loop 8
+
+/*
+ * The resolve descriptors function, must be able to handle NULL values for
+ * all output (but not input) `given_descrs` and fill `loop_descrs`.
+ * Return -1 on error or 0 if the operation is not possible without an error
+ * set.  (This may still be in flux.)
+ * Otherwise must return the "casting safety", for normal functions, this is
+ * almost always "safe" (or even "equivalent"?).
+ *
+ * `resolve_descriptors` is optional if all output DTypes are non-parametric.
+ */
+typedef NPY_CASTING (resolve_descriptors_function)(
+        /* "method" is currently opaque (necessary e.g. to wrap Python) */
+        struct PyArrayMethodObject_tag *method,
+        /* DTypes the method was created for */
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta **dtypes,
+        /* Input descriptors (instances).  Outputs may be NULL. */
+        PyArray_Descr **given_descrs,
+        /* Exact loop descriptors to use, must not hold references on error */
+        PyArray_Descr **loop_descrs,
+        npy_intp *view_offset);
+
+
+typedef int (PyArrayMethod_StridedLoop)(PyArrayMethod_Context *context,
+        char *const *data, const npy_intp *dimensions, const npy_intp *strides,
+        NpyAuxData *transferdata);
+
+
+typedef int (get_loop_function)(
+        PyArrayMethod_Context *context,
+        int aligned, int move_references,
+        const npy_intp *strides,
+        PyArrayMethod_StridedLoop **out_loop,
+        NpyAuxData **out_transferdata,
+        NPY_ARRAYMETHOD_FLAGS *flags);
+
+/**
+ * Query an ArrayMethod for the initial value for use in reduction.
+ *
+ * @param context The arraymethod context, mainly to access the descriptors.
+ * @param reduction_is_empty Whether the reduction is empty. When it is, the
+ *     value returned may differ.  In this case it is a "default" value that
+ *     may differ from the "identity" value normally used.  For example:
+ *     - `0.0` is the default for `sum([])`.  But `-0.0` is the correct
+ *       identity otherwise as it preserves the sign for `sum([-0.0])`.
+ *     - We use no identity for object, but return the default of `0` and `1`
+ *       for the empty `sum([], dtype=object)` and `prod([], dtype=object)`.
+ *       This allows `np.sum(np.array(["a", "b"], dtype=object))` to work.
+ *     - `-inf` or `INT_MIN` for `max` is an identity, but at least `INT_MIN`
+ *       not a good *default* when there are no items.
+ * @param initial Pointer to initial data to be filled (if possible)
+ *
+ * @returns -1, 0, or 1 indicating error, no initial value, and initial being
+ *     successfully filled.  Errors must not be given where 0 is correct, NumPy
+ *     may call this even when not strictly necessary.
+ */
+typedef int (get_reduction_initial_function)(
+        PyArrayMethod_Context *context, npy_bool reduction_is_empty,
+        char *initial);
+
+/*
+ * The following functions are only used by the wrapping array method defined
+ * in umath/wrapping_array_method.c
+ */
+
+/*
+ * The function to convert the given descriptors (passed in to
+ * `resolve_descriptors`) and translates them for the wrapped loop.
+ * The new descriptors MUST be viewable with the old ones, `NULL` must be
+ * supported (for outputs) and should normally be forwarded.
+ *
+ * The function must clean up on error.
+ *
+ * NOTE: We currently assume that this translation gives "viewable" results.
+ *       I.e. there is no additional casting related to the wrapping process.
+ *       In principle that could be supported, but not sure it is useful.
+ *       This currently also means that e.g. alignment must apply identically
+ *       to the new dtypes.
+ *
+ * TODO: Due to the fact that `resolve_descriptors` is also used for `can_cast`
+ *       there is no way to "pass out" the result of this function.  This means
+ *       it will be called twice for every ufunc call.
+ *       (I am considering including `auxdata` as an "optional" parameter to
+ *       `resolve_descriptors`, so that it can be filled there if not NULL.)
+ */
+typedef int translate_given_descrs_func(int nin, int nout,
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *wrapped_dtypes[],
+        PyArray_Descr *given_descrs[], PyArray_Descr *new_descrs[]);
+
+/**
+ * The function to convert the actual loop descriptors (as returned by the
+ * original `resolve_descriptors` function) to the ones the output array
+ * should use.
+ * This function must return "viewable" types, it must not mutate them in any
+ * form that would break the inner-loop logic.  Does not need to support NULL.
+ *
+ * The function must clean up on error.
+ *
+ * @param nargs Number of arguments
+ * @param new_dtypes The DTypes of the output (usually probably not needed)
+ * @param given_descrs Original given_descrs to the resolver, necessary to
+ *        fetch any information related to the new dtypes from the original.
+ * @param original_descrs The `loop_descrs` returned by the wrapped loop.
+ * @param loop_descrs The output descriptors, compatible to `original_descrs`.
+ *
+ * @returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
+ */
+typedef int translate_loop_descrs_func(int nin, int nout,
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *new_dtypes[], PyArray_Descr *given_descrs[],
+        PyArray_Descr *original_descrs[], PyArray_Descr *loop_descrs[]);
+
+
+/*
+ * A traverse loop working on a single array. This is similar to the general
+ * strided-loop function. This is designed for loops that need to visit every
+ * element of a single array.
+ *
+ * Currently this is used for array clearing, via the NPY_DT_get_clear_loop
+ * API hook, and zero-filling, via the NPY_DT_get_fill_zero_loop API hook.
+ * These are most useful for handling arrays storing embedded references to
+ * python objects or heap-allocated data.
+ *
+ * The `void *traverse_context` is passed in because we may need to pass in
+ * Intepreter state or similar in the future, but we don't want to pass in
+ * a full context (with pointers to dtypes, method, caller which all make
+ * no sense for a traverse function).
+ *
+ * We assume for now that this context can be just passed through in the
+ * the future (for structured dtypes).
+ *
+ */
+typedef int (traverse_loop_function)(
+        void *traverse_context, PyArray_Descr *descr, char *data,
+        npy_intp size, npy_intp stride, NpyAuxData *auxdata);
+
+
+/*
+ * Simplified get_loop function specific to dtype traversal
+ *
+ * It should set the flags needed for the traversal loop and set out_loop to the
+ * loop function, which must be a valid traverse_loop_function
+ * pointer. Currently this is used for zero-filling and clearing arrays storing
+ * embedded references.
+ *
+ */
+typedef int (get_traverse_loop_function)(
+        void *traverse_context, PyArray_Descr *descr,
+        int aligned, npy_intp fixed_stride,
+        traverse_loop_function **out_loop, NpyAuxData **out_auxdata,
+        NPY_ARRAYMETHOD_FLAGS *flags);
+
+
+/*
+ * ****************************
+ *          DTYPE API
+ * ****************************
+ */
+
+#define NPY_DT_ABSTRACT 1 << 1
+#define NPY_DT_PARAMETRIC 1 << 2
+#define NPY_DT_NUMERIC 1 << 3
+
+/*
+ * These correspond to slots in the NPY_DType_Slots struct and must
+ * be in the same order as the members of that struct. If new slots
+ * get added or old slots get removed NPY_NUM_DTYPE_SLOTS must also
+ * be updated
+ */
+
+#define NPY_DT_discover_descr_from_pyobject 1
+// this slot is considered private because its API hasn't beed decided
+#define _NPY_DT_is_known_scalar_type 2
+#define NPY_DT_default_descr 3
+#define NPY_DT_common_dtype 4
+#define NPY_DT_common_instance 5
+#define NPY_DT_ensure_canonical 6
+#define NPY_DT_setitem 7
+#define NPY_DT_getitem 8
+#define NPY_DT_get_clear_loop 9
+#define NPY_DT_get_fill_zero_loop 10
+
+// These PyArray_ArrFunc slots will be deprecated and replaced eventually
+// getitem and setitem can be defined as a performance optimization;
+// by default the user dtypes call `legacy_getitem_using_DType` and
+// `legacy_setitem_using_DType`, respectively. This functionality is
+// only supported for basic NumPy DTypes.
+
+
+// used to separate dtype slots from arrfuncs slots
+// intended only for internal use but defined here for clarity
+#define _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET (1 << 10)
+
+// Cast is disabled
+// #define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_cast 0 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_getitem 1 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_setitem 2 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_copyswapn 3 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_copyswap 4 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_compare 5 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_argmax 6 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_dotfunc 7 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_scanfunc 8 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_fromstr 9 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_nonzero 10 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_fill 11 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_fillwithscalar 12 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_sort 13 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_argsort 14 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+
+// Casting related slots are disabled. See
+// https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/23173#discussion_r1101098163
+// #define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_castdict 15 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+// #define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_scalarkind 16 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+// #define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_cancastscalarkindto 17 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+// #define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_cancastto 18 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+
+// These are deprecated in NumPy 1.19, so are disabled here.
+// #define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_fastclip 19 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+// #define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_fastputmask 20 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+// #define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_fasttake 21 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+#define NPY_DT_PyArray_ArrFuncs_argmin 22 + _NPY_DT_ARRFUNCS_OFFSET
+
+// TODO: These slots probably still need some thought, and/or a way to "grow"?
+typedef struct {
+    PyTypeObject *typeobj;    /* type of python scalar or NULL */
+    int flags;                /* flags, including parametric and abstract */
+    /* NULL terminated cast definitions. Use NULL for the newly created DType */
+    PyArrayMethod_Spec **casts;
+    PyType_Slot *slots;
+    /* Baseclass or NULL (will always subclass `np.dtype`) */
+    PyTypeObject *baseclass;
+} PyArrayDTypeMeta_Spec;
+
+
+typedef PyArray_Descr *(discover_descr_from_pyobject_function)(
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *cls, PyObject *obj);
+
+/*
+ * Before making this public, we should decide whether it should pass
+ * the type, or allow looking at the object. A possible use-case:
+ * `np.array(np.array([0]), dtype=np.ndarray)`
+ * Could consider arrays that are not `dtype=ndarray` "scalars".
+ */
+typedef int (is_known_scalar_type_function)(
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *cls, PyTypeObject *obj);
+
+typedef PyArray_Descr *(default_descr_function)(PyArray_DTypeMeta *cls);
+typedef PyArray_DTypeMeta *(common_dtype_function)(
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *dtype1, PyArray_DTypeMeta *dtype2);
+typedef PyArray_Descr *(common_instance_function)(
+        PyArray_Descr *dtype1, PyArray_Descr *dtype2);
+typedef PyArray_Descr *(ensure_canonical_function)(PyArray_Descr *dtype);
+
+/*
+ * TODO: These two functions are currently only used for experimental DType
+ *       API support.  Their relation should be "reversed": NumPy should
+ *       always use them internally.
+ *       There are open points about "casting safety" though, e.g. setting
+ *       elements is currently always unsafe.
+ */
+typedef int(setitemfunction)(PyArray_Descr *, PyObject *, char *);
+typedef PyObject *(getitemfunction)(PyArray_Descr *, char *);
+
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY___DTYPE_API_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_neighborhood_iterator_imp.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_neighborhood_iterator_imp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b365cb50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_neighborhood_iterator_imp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY__NEIGHBORHOOD_IMP_H_
+#error You should not include this header directly
+#endif
+/*
+ * Private API (here for inline)
+ */
+static inline int
+_PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_IncrCoord(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter);
+
+/*
+ * Update to next item of the iterator
+ *
+ * Note: this simply increment the coordinates vector, last dimension
+ * incremented first , i.e, for dimension 3
+ * ...
+ * -1, -1, -1
+ * -1, -1,  0
+ * -1, -1,  1
+ *  ....
+ * -1,  0, -1
+ * -1,  0,  0
+ *  ....
+ * 0,  -1, -1
+ * 0,  -1,  0
+ *  ....
+ */
+#define _UPDATE_COORD_ITER(c) \
+    wb = iter->coordinates[c] < iter->bounds[c][1]; \
+    if (wb) { \
+        iter->coordinates[c] += 1; \
+        return 0; \
+    } \
+    else { \
+        iter->coordinates[c] = iter->bounds[c][0]; \
+    }
+
+static inline int
+_PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_IncrCoord(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter)
+{
+    npy_intp i, wb;
+
+    for (i = iter->nd - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+        _UPDATE_COORD_ITER(i)
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Version optimized for 2d arrays, manual loop unrolling
+ */
+static inline int
+_PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_IncrCoord2D(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter)
+{
+    npy_intp wb;
+
+    _UPDATE_COORD_ITER(1)
+    _UPDATE_COORD_ITER(0)
+
+    return 0;
+}
+#undef _UPDATE_COORD_ITER
+
+/*
+ * Advance to the next neighbour
+ */
+static inline int
+PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Next(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter)
+{
+    _PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_IncrCoord (iter);
+    iter->dataptr = iter->translate((PyArrayIterObject*)iter, iter->coordinates);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Reset functions
+ */
+static inline int
+PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Reset(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter)
+{
+    npy_intp i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < iter->nd; ++i) {
+        iter->coordinates[i] = iter->bounds[i][0];
+    }
+    iter->dataptr = iter->translate((PyArrayIterObject*)iter, iter->coordinates);
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_numpyconfig.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_numpyconfig.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e02322d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/_numpyconfig.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#define NPY_HAVE_ENDIAN_H 1
+
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_SHORT 2
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_INT 4
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_LONG 8
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_FLOAT 4
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_FLOAT 8
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_DOUBLE 8
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_DOUBLE 16
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE 16
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_LONGDOUBLE 32
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_PY_INTPTR_T 8
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_OFF_T 8
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_PY_LONG_LONG 8
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_LONGLONG 8
+
+#define NPY_USE_C99_COMPLEX 1
+#define NPY_HAVE_COMPLEX_DOUBLE 1
+#define NPY_HAVE_COMPLEX_FLOAT 1
+#define NPY_HAVE_COMPLEX_LONG_DOUBLE 1
+#define NPY_USE_C99_FORMATS 1
+
+/* #undef NPY_NO_SIGNAL */
+#define NPY_NO_SMP 0
+
+#define NPY_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN __attribute__((visibility("hidden")))
+#define NPY_ABI_VERSION 0x01000009
+#define NPY_API_VERSION 0x00000011
+
+#ifndef __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
+#define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS 1
+#endif
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da47bb09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_ARRAYOBJECT_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_ARRAYOBJECT_H_
+#define Py_ARRAYOBJECT_H
+
+#include "ndarrayobject.h"
+#include "npy_interrupt.h"
+
+#ifdef NPY_NO_PREFIX
+#include "noprefix.h"
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_ARRAYOBJECT_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayscalars.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayscalars.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..258bf95b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayscalars.h
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_ARRAYSCALARS_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_ARRAYSCALARS_H_
+
+#ifndef _MULTIARRAYMODULE
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_bool obval;
+} PyBoolScalarObject;
+#endif
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        signed char obval;
+} PyByteScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        short obval;
+} PyShortScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        int obval;
+} PyIntScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        long obval;
+} PyLongScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_longlong obval;
+} PyLongLongScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        unsigned char obval;
+} PyUByteScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        unsigned short obval;
+} PyUShortScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        unsigned int obval;
+} PyUIntScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        unsigned long obval;
+} PyULongScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_ulonglong obval;
+} PyULongLongScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_half obval;
+} PyHalfScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        float obval;
+} PyFloatScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        double obval;
+} PyDoubleScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_longdouble obval;
+} PyLongDoubleScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_cfloat obval;
+} PyCFloatScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_cdouble obval;
+} PyCDoubleScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_clongdouble obval;
+} PyCLongDoubleScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        PyObject * obval;
+} PyObjectScalarObject;
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_datetime obval;
+        PyArray_DatetimeMetaData obmeta;
+} PyDatetimeScalarObject;
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        npy_timedelta obval;
+        PyArray_DatetimeMetaData obmeta;
+} PyTimedeltaScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        char obval;
+} PyScalarObject;
+
+#define PyStringScalarObject PyBytesObject
+typedef struct {
+        /* note that the PyObject_HEAD macro lives right here */
+        PyUnicodeObject base;
+        Py_UCS4 *obval;
+    #if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_20_API_VERSION
+        char *buffer_fmt;
+    #endif
+} PyUnicodeScalarObject;
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
+        char *obval;
+        PyArray_Descr *descr;
+        int flags;
+        PyObject *base;
+    #if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_20_API_VERSION
+        void *_buffer_info;  /* private buffer info, tagged to allow warning */
+    #endif
+} PyVoidScalarObject;
+
+/* Macros
+     Py<Cls><bitsize>ScalarObject
+     Py<Cls><bitsize>ArrType_Type
+   are defined in ndarrayobject.h
+*/
+
+#define PyArrayScalar_False ((PyObject *)(&(_PyArrayScalar_BoolValues[0])))
+#define PyArrayScalar_True ((PyObject *)(&(_PyArrayScalar_BoolValues[1])))
+#define PyArrayScalar_FromLong(i) \
+        ((PyObject *)(&(_PyArrayScalar_BoolValues[((i)!=0)])))
+#define PyArrayScalar_RETURN_BOOL_FROM_LONG(i)                  \
+        return Py_INCREF(PyArrayScalar_FromLong(i)), \
+                PyArrayScalar_FromLong(i)
+#define PyArrayScalar_RETURN_FALSE              \
+        return Py_INCREF(PyArrayScalar_False),  \
+                PyArrayScalar_False
+#define PyArrayScalar_RETURN_TRUE               \
+        return Py_INCREF(PyArrayScalar_True),   \
+                PyArrayScalar_True
+
+#define PyArrayScalar_New(cls) \
+        Py##cls##ArrType_Type.tp_alloc(&Py##cls##ArrType_Type, 0)
+#define PyArrayScalar_VAL(obj, cls)             \
+        ((Py##cls##ScalarObject *)obj)->obval
+#define PyArrayScalar_ASSIGN(obj, cls, val) \
+        PyArrayScalar_VAL(obj, cls) = val
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_ARRAYSCALARS_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/experimental_dtype_api.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/experimental_dtype_api.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19088dab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/experimental_dtype_api.h
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+/*
+ * This header exports the new experimental DType API as proposed in
+ * NEPs 41 to 43.  For background, please check these NEPs.  Otherwise,
+ * this header also serves as documentation for the time being.
+ *
+ * The header includes `_dtype_api.h` which holds most definition while this
+ * header mainly wraps functions for public consumption.
+ *
+ * Please do not hesitate to contact @seberg with questions.  This is
+ * developed together with https://github.com/seberg/experimental_user_dtypes
+ * and those interested in experimenting are encouraged to contribute there.
+ *
+ * To use the functions defined in the header, call::
+ *
+ *     if (import_experimental_dtype_api(version) < 0) {
+ *         return NULL;
+ *     }
+ *
+ * in your module init.  (A version mismatch will be reported, just update
+ * to the correct one, this will alert you of possible changes.)
+ *
+ * The following lists the main symbols currently exported.  Please do not
+ * hesitate to ask for help or clarification:
+ *
+ * - PyUFunc_AddLoopFromSpec:
+ *
+ *     Register a new loop for a ufunc.  This uses the `PyArrayMethod_Spec`
+ *     which must be filled in (see in-line comments).
+ *
+ * - PyUFunc_AddWrappingLoop:
+ *
+ *     Register a new loop which reuses an existing one, but modifies the
+ *     result dtypes.  Please search the internal NumPy docs for more info
+ *     at this point.  (Used for physical units dtype.)
+ *
+ * - PyUFunc_AddPromoter:
+ *
+ *     Register a new promoter for a ufunc.  A promoter is a function stored
+ *     in a PyCapsule (see in-line comments).  It is passed the operation and
+ *     requested DType signatures and can mutate it to attempt a new search
+ *     for a matching loop/promoter.
+ *     I.e. for Numba a promoter could even add the desired loop.
+ *
+ * - PyArrayInitDTypeMeta_FromSpec:
+ *
+ *     Initialize a new DType.  It must currently be a static Python C type
+ *     that is declared as `PyArray_DTypeMeta` and not `PyTypeObject`.
+ *     Further, it must subclass `np.dtype` and set its type to
+ *     `PyArrayDTypeMeta_Type` (before calling `PyType_Read()`).
+ *
+ * - PyArray_CommonDType:
+ *
+ *     Find the common-dtype ("promotion") for two DType classes.  Similar
+ *     to `np.result_type`, but works on the classes and not instances.
+ *
+ * - PyArray_PromoteDTypeSequence:
+ *
+ *     Same as CommonDType, but works with an arbitrary number of DTypes.
+ *     This function is smarter and can often return successful and unambiguous
+ *     results when `common_dtype(common_dtype(dt1, dt2), dt3)` would
+ *     depend on the operation order or fail.  Nevertheless, DTypes should
+ *     aim to ensure that their common-dtype implementation is associative
+ *     and commutative!  (Mainly, unsigned and signed integers are not.)
+ *
+ *     For guaranteed consistent results DTypes must implement common-Dtype
+ *     "transitively".  If A promotes B and B promotes C, than A must generally
+ *     also promote C; where "promotes" means implements the promotion.
+ *     (There are some exceptions for abstract DTypes)
+ *
+ * - PyArray_GetDefaultDescr:
+ *
+ *     Given a DType class, returns the default instance (descriptor).
+ *     This is an inline function checking for `singleton` first and only
+ *     calls the `default_descr` function if necessary.
+ *
+ * - PyArray_DoubleDType, etc.:
+ *
+ *     Aliases to the DType classes for the builtin NumPy DTypes.
+ *
+ * WARNING
+ * =======
+ *
+ * By using this header, you understand that this is a fully experimental
+ * exposure.  Details are expected to change, and some options may have no
+ * effect.  (Please contact @seberg if you have questions!)
+ * If the exposure stops working, please file a bug report with NumPy.
+ * Further, a DType created using this API/header should still be expected
+ * to be incompatible with some functionality inside and outside of NumPy.
+ * In this case crashes must be expected.  Please report any such problems
+ * so that they can be fixed before final exposure.
+ * Furthermore, expect missing checks for programming errors which the final
+ * API is expected to have.
+ *
+ * Symbols with a leading underscore are likely to not be included in the
+ * first public version, if these are central to your use-case, please let
+ * us know, so that we can reconsider.
+ *
+ * "Array-like" consumer API not yet under considerations
+ * ======================================================
+ *
+ * The new DType API is designed in a way to make it potentially useful for
+ * alternative "array-like" implementations.  This will require careful
+ * exposure of details and functions and is not part of this experimental API.
+ *
+ * Brief (incompatibility) changelog
+ * =================================
+ *
+ * 2. None (only additions).
+ * 3. New `npy_intp *view_offset` argument for `resolve_descriptors`.
+ *    This replaces the `NPY_CAST_IS_VIEW` flag.  It can be set to 0 if the
+ *    operation is a view, and is pre-initialized to `NPY_MIN_INTP` indicating
+ *    that the operation is not a view.
+ */
+
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_EXPERIMENTAL_DTYPE_API_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_EXPERIMENTAL_DTYPE_API_H_
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "ndarraytypes.h"
+#include "_dtype_api.h"
+
+/*
+ * The contents of PyArrayMethodObject are currently opaque (is there a way
+ * good way to make them be `PyObject *`?)
+ */
+typedef struct PyArrayMethodObject_tag PyArrayMethodObject;
+
+/*
+ * There must be a better way?! -- Oh well, this is experimental
+ * (my issue with it, is that I cannot undef those helpers).
+ */
+#if defined(PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL)
+    #define NPY_EXP_DTYPE_API_CONCAT_HELPER2(x, y) x ## y
+    #define NPY_EXP_DTYPE_API_CONCAT_HELPER(arg) NPY_EXP_DTYPE_API_CONCAT_HELPER2(arg, __experimental_dtype_api_table)
+    #define __experimental_dtype_api_table NPY_EXP_DTYPE_API_CONCAT_HELPER(PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL)
+#else
+    #define __experimental_dtype_api_table __experimental_dtype_api_table
+#endif
+
+/* Support for correct multi-file projects: */
+#if defined(NO_IMPORT) || defined(NO_IMPORT_ARRAY)
+    extern void **__experimental_dtype_api_table;
+#else
+    /*
+     * Just a hack so I don't forget importing as much myself, I spend way too
+     * much time noticing it the first time around :).
+     */
+    static void
+    __not_imported(void)
+    {
+        printf("*****\nCritical error, dtype API not imported\n*****\n");
+    }
+
+    static void *__uninitialized_table[] = {
+            &__not_imported, &__not_imported, &__not_imported, &__not_imported,
+            &__not_imported, &__not_imported, &__not_imported, &__not_imported};
+
+    #if defined(PY_ARRAY_UNIQUE_SYMBOL)
+        void **__experimental_dtype_api_table = __uninitialized_table;
+    #else
+        static void **__experimental_dtype_api_table = __uninitialized_table;
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+
+typedef int _ufunc_addloop_fromspec_func(
+        PyObject *ufunc, PyArrayMethod_Spec *spec);
+/*
+ * The main ufunc registration function.  This adds a new implementation/loop
+ * to a ufunc.  It replaces `PyUFunc_RegisterLoopForType`.
+ */
+#define PyUFunc_AddLoopFromSpec \
+    (*(_ufunc_addloop_fromspec_func *)(__experimental_dtype_api_table[0]))
+
+
+/* Please see the NumPy definitions in `array_method.h` for details on these */
+typedef int translate_given_descrs_func(int nin, int nout,
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *wrapped_dtypes[],
+        PyArray_Descr *given_descrs[], PyArray_Descr *new_descrs[]);
+typedef int translate_loop_descrs_func(int nin, int nout,
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *new_dtypes[], PyArray_Descr *given_descrs[],
+        PyArray_Descr *original_descrs[], PyArray_Descr *loop_descrs[]);
+
+typedef int _ufunc_wrapping_loop_func(PyObject *ufunc_obj,
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *new_dtypes[], PyArray_DTypeMeta *wrapped_dtypes[],
+        translate_given_descrs_func *translate_given_descrs,
+        translate_loop_descrs_func *translate_loop_descrs);
+#define PyUFunc_AddWrappingLoop \
+    (*(_ufunc_wrapping_loop_func *)(__experimental_dtype_api_table[7]))
+
+/*
+ * Type of the C promoter function, which must be wrapped into a
+ * PyCapsule with name "numpy._ufunc_promoter".
+ *
+ * Note that currently the output dtypes are always NULL unless they are
+ * also part of the signature.  This is an implementation detail and could
+ * change in the future.  However, in general promoters should not have a
+ * need for output dtypes.
+ * (There are potential use-cases, these are currently unsupported.)
+ */
+typedef int promoter_function(PyObject *ufunc,
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *op_dtypes[], PyArray_DTypeMeta *signature[],
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *new_op_dtypes[]);
+
+/*
+ * Function to register a promoter.
+ *
+ * @param ufunc The ufunc object to register the promoter with.
+ * @param DType_tuple A Python tuple containing DTypes or None matching the
+ *        number of inputs and outputs of the ufunc.
+ * @param promoter A PyCapsule with name "numpy._ufunc_promoter" containing
+ *        a pointer to a `promoter_function`.
+ */
+typedef int _ufunc_addpromoter_func(
+        PyObject *ufunc, PyObject *DType_tuple, PyObject *promoter);
+#define PyUFunc_AddPromoter \
+    (*(_ufunc_addpromoter_func *)(__experimental_dtype_api_table[1]))
+
+#define PyArrayDTypeMeta_Type \
+    (*(PyTypeObject *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[2])
+typedef int __dtypemeta_fromspec(
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *DType, PyArrayDTypeMeta_Spec *dtype_spec);
+/*
+ * Finalize creation of a DTypeMeta.  You must ensure that the DTypeMeta is
+ * a proper subclass.  The DTypeMeta object has additional fields compared to
+ * a normal PyTypeObject!
+ * The only (easy) creation of a new DType is to create a static Type which
+ * inherits `PyArray_DescrType`, sets its type to `PyArrayDTypeMeta_Type` and
+ * uses `PyArray_DTypeMeta` defined above as the C-structure.
+ */
+#define PyArrayInitDTypeMeta_FromSpec \
+    ((__dtypemeta_fromspec *)(__experimental_dtype_api_table[3]))
+
+
+/*
+ * *************************************
+ *          WORKING WITH DTYPES
+ * *************************************
+ */
+
+typedef PyArray_DTypeMeta *__common_dtype(
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *DType1, PyArray_DTypeMeta *DType2);
+#define PyArray_CommonDType \
+    ((__common_dtype *)(__experimental_dtype_api_table[4]))
+
+
+typedef PyArray_DTypeMeta *__promote_dtype_sequence(
+        npy_intp num, PyArray_DTypeMeta *DTypes[]);
+#define PyArray_PromoteDTypeSequence \
+    ((__promote_dtype_sequence *)(__experimental_dtype_api_table[5]))
+
+
+typedef PyArray_Descr *__get_default_descr(
+        PyArray_DTypeMeta *DType);
+#define _PyArray_GetDefaultDescr \
+    ((__get_default_descr *)(__experimental_dtype_api_table[6]))
+
+static inline PyArray_Descr *
+PyArray_GetDefaultDescr(PyArray_DTypeMeta *DType)
+{
+    if (DType->singleton != NULL) {
+        Py_INCREF(DType->singleton);
+        return DType->singleton;
+    }
+    return _PyArray_GetDefaultDescr(DType);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * NumPy's builtin DTypes:
+ */
+#define PyArray_BoolDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[10])
+/* Integers */
+#define PyArray_ByteDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[11])
+#define PyArray_UByteDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[12])
+#define PyArray_ShortDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[13])
+#define PyArray_UShortDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[14])
+#define PyArray_IntDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[15])
+#define PyArray_UIntDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[16])
+#define PyArray_LongDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[17])
+#define PyArray_ULongDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[18])
+#define PyArray_LongLongDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[19])
+#define PyArray_ULongLongDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[20])
+/* Integer aliases */
+#define PyArray_Int8Type (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[21])
+#define PyArray_UInt8DType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[22])
+#define PyArray_Int16DType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[23])
+#define PyArray_UInt16DType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[24])
+#define PyArray_Int32DType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[25])
+#define PyArray_UInt32DType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[26])
+#define PyArray_Int64DType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[27])
+#define PyArray_UInt64DType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[28])
+#define PyArray_IntpDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[29])
+#define PyArray_UIntpDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[30])
+/* Floats */
+#define PyArray_HalfType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[31])
+#define PyArray_FloatDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[32])
+#define PyArray_DoubleDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[33])
+#define PyArray_LongDoubleDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[34])
+/* Complex */
+#define PyArray_CFloatDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[35])
+#define PyArray_CDoubleDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[36])
+#define PyArray_CLongDoubleDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[37])
+/* String/Bytes */
+#define PyArray_StringDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[38])
+#define PyArray_UnicodeDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[39])
+/* Datetime/Timedelta */
+#define PyArray_DatetimeDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[40])
+#define PyArray_TimedeltaDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[41])
+/* Object/Void */
+#define PyArray_ObjectDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[42])
+#define PyArray_VoidDType (*(PyArray_DTypeMeta *)__experimental_dtype_api_table[43])
+
+/*
+ * ********************************
+ *         Initialization
+ * ********************************
+ *
+ * Import the experimental API, the version must match the one defined in
+ * the header to ensure changes are taken into account. NumPy will further
+ * runtime-check this.
+ * You must call this function to use the symbols defined in this file.
+ */
+#if !defined(NO_IMPORT) && !defined(NO_IMPORT_ARRAY)
+
+static int
+import_experimental_dtype_api(int version)
+{
+    if (version != __EXPERIMENTAL_DTYPE_API_VERSION) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                "DType API version %d did not match header version %d. Please "
+                "update the import statement and check for API changes.",
+                version, __EXPERIMENTAL_DTYPE_API_VERSION);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (__experimental_dtype_api_table != __uninitialized_table) {
+        /* already imported. */
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *multiarray = PyImport_ImportModule("numpy.core._multiarray_umath");
+    if (multiarray == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *api = PyObject_CallMethod(multiarray,
+        "_get_experimental_dtype_api", "i", version);
+    Py_DECREF(multiarray);
+    if (api == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    __experimental_dtype_api_table = (void **)PyCapsule_GetPointer(api,
+            "experimental_dtype_api_table");
+    Py_DECREF(api);
+
+    if (__experimental_dtype_api_table == NULL) {
+        __experimental_dtype_api_table = __uninitialized_table;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#endif  /* !defined(NO_IMPORT) && !defined(NO_IMPORT_ARRAY) */
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_EXPERIMENTAL_DTYPE_API_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/halffloat.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/halffloat.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95040166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/halffloat.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_HALFFLOAT_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_HALFFLOAT_H_
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <numpy/npy_math.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Half-precision routines
+ */
+
+/* Conversions */
+float npy_half_to_float(npy_half h);
+double npy_half_to_double(npy_half h);
+npy_half npy_float_to_half(float f);
+npy_half npy_double_to_half(double d);
+/* Comparisons */
+int npy_half_eq(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);
+int npy_half_ne(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);
+int npy_half_le(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);
+int npy_half_lt(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);
+int npy_half_ge(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);
+int npy_half_gt(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);
+/* faster *_nonan variants for when you know h1 and h2 are not NaN */
+int npy_half_eq_nonan(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);
+int npy_half_lt_nonan(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);
+int npy_half_le_nonan(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);
+/* Miscellaneous functions */
+int npy_half_iszero(npy_half h);
+int npy_half_isnan(npy_half h);
+int npy_half_isinf(npy_half h);
+int npy_half_isfinite(npy_half h);
+int npy_half_signbit(npy_half h);
+npy_half npy_half_copysign(npy_half x, npy_half y);
+npy_half npy_half_spacing(npy_half h);
+npy_half npy_half_nextafter(npy_half x, npy_half y);
+npy_half npy_half_divmod(npy_half x, npy_half y, npy_half *modulus);
+
+/*
+ * Half-precision constants
+ */
+
+#define NPY_HALF_ZERO   (0x0000u)
+#define NPY_HALF_PZERO  (0x0000u)
+#define NPY_HALF_NZERO  (0x8000u)
+#define NPY_HALF_ONE    (0x3c00u)
+#define NPY_HALF_NEGONE (0xbc00u)
+#define NPY_HALF_PINF   (0x7c00u)
+#define NPY_HALF_NINF   (0xfc00u)
+#define NPY_HALF_NAN    (0x7e00u)
+
+#define NPY_MAX_HALF    (0x7bffu)
+
+/*
+ * Bit-level conversions
+ */
+
+npy_uint16 npy_floatbits_to_halfbits(npy_uint32 f);
+npy_uint16 npy_doublebits_to_halfbits(npy_uint64 d);
+npy_uint32 npy_halfbits_to_floatbits(npy_uint16 h);
+npy_uint64 npy_halfbits_to_doublebits(npy_uint16 h);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_HALFFLOAT_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36cfdd6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+/*
+ * DON'T INCLUDE THIS DIRECTLY.
+ */
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NDARRAYOBJECT_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NDARRAYOBJECT_H_
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "ndarraytypes.h"
+
+/* Includes the "function" C-API -- these are all stored in a
+   list of pointers --- one for each file
+   The two lists are concatenated into one in multiarray.
+
+   They are available as import_array()
+*/
+
+#include "__multiarray_api.h"
+
+
+/* C-API that requires previous API to be defined */
+
+#define PyArray_DescrCheck(op) PyObject_TypeCheck(op, &PyArrayDescr_Type)
+
+#define PyArray_Check(op) PyObject_TypeCheck(op, &PyArray_Type)
+#define PyArray_CheckExact(op) (((PyObject*)(op))->ob_type == &PyArray_Type)
+
+#define PyArray_HasArrayInterfaceType(op, type, context, out)                 \
+        ((((out)=PyArray_FromStructInterface(op)) != Py_NotImplemented) ||    \
+         (((out)=PyArray_FromInterface(op)) != Py_NotImplemented) ||          \
+         (((out)=PyArray_FromArrayAttr(op, type, context)) !=                 \
+          Py_NotImplemented))
+
+#define PyArray_HasArrayInterface(op, out)                                    \
+        PyArray_HasArrayInterfaceType(op, NULL, NULL, out)
+
+#define PyArray_IsZeroDim(op) (PyArray_Check(op) && \
+                               (PyArray_NDIM((PyArrayObject *)op) == 0))
+
+#define PyArray_IsScalar(obj, cls)                                            \
+        (PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, &Py##cls##ArrType_Type))
+
+#define PyArray_CheckScalar(m) (PyArray_IsScalar(m, Generic) ||               \
+                                PyArray_IsZeroDim(m))
+#define PyArray_IsPythonNumber(obj)                                           \
+        (PyFloat_Check(obj) || PyComplex_Check(obj) ||                        \
+         PyLong_Check(obj) || PyBool_Check(obj))
+#define PyArray_IsIntegerScalar(obj) (PyLong_Check(obj)                       \
+              || PyArray_IsScalar((obj), Integer))
+#define PyArray_IsPythonScalar(obj)                                           \
+        (PyArray_IsPythonNumber(obj) || PyBytes_Check(obj) ||                 \
+         PyUnicode_Check(obj))
+
+#define PyArray_IsAnyScalar(obj)                                              \
+        (PyArray_IsScalar(obj, Generic) || PyArray_IsPythonScalar(obj))
+
+#define PyArray_CheckAnyScalar(obj) (PyArray_IsPythonScalar(obj) ||           \
+                                     PyArray_CheckScalar(obj))
+
+
+#define PyArray_GETCONTIGUOUS(m) (PyArray_ISCONTIGUOUS(m) ?                   \
+                                  Py_INCREF(m), (m) :                         \
+                                  (PyArrayObject *)(PyArray_Copy(m)))
+
+#define PyArray_SAMESHAPE(a1,a2) ((PyArray_NDIM(a1) == PyArray_NDIM(a2)) &&   \
+                                  PyArray_CompareLists(PyArray_DIMS(a1),      \
+                                                       PyArray_DIMS(a2),      \
+                                                       PyArray_NDIM(a1)))
+
+#define PyArray_SIZE(m) PyArray_MultiplyList(PyArray_DIMS(m), PyArray_NDIM(m))
+#define PyArray_NBYTES(m) (PyArray_ITEMSIZE(m) * PyArray_SIZE(m))
+#define PyArray_FROM_O(m) PyArray_FromAny(m, NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_FROM_OF(m,flags) PyArray_CheckFromAny(m, NULL, 0, 0, flags,   \
+                                                      NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_FROM_OT(m,type) PyArray_FromAny(m,                            \
+                                PyArray_DescrFromType(type), 0, 0, 0, NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_FROM_OTF(m, type, flags) \
+        PyArray_FromAny(m, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), 0, 0, \
+                        (((flags) & NPY_ARRAY_ENSURECOPY) ? \
+                         ((flags) | NPY_ARRAY_DEFAULT) : (flags)), NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_FROMANY(m, type, min, max, flags) \
+        PyArray_FromAny(m, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), min, max, \
+                        (((flags) & NPY_ARRAY_ENSURECOPY) ? \
+                         (flags) | NPY_ARRAY_DEFAULT : (flags)), NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_ZEROS(m, dims, type, is_f_order) \
+        PyArray_Zeros(m, dims, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), is_f_order)
+
+#define PyArray_EMPTY(m, dims, type, is_f_order) \
+        PyArray_Empty(m, dims, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), is_f_order)
+
+#define PyArray_FILLWBYTE(obj, val) memset(PyArray_DATA(obj), val, \
+                                           PyArray_NBYTES(obj))
+#ifndef PYPY_VERSION
+#define PyArray_REFCOUNT(obj) (((PyObject *)(obj))->ob_refcnt)
+#define NPY_REFCOUNT PyArray_REFCOUNT
+#endif
+#define NPY_MAX_ELSIZE (2 * NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE)
+
+#define PyArray_ContiguousFromAny(op, type, min_depth, max_depth) \
+        PyArray_FromAny(op, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), min_depth, \
+                              max_depth, NPY_ARRAY_DEFAULT, NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_EquivArrTypes(a1, a2) \
+        PyArray_EquivTypes(PyArray_DESCR(a1), PyArray_DESCR(a2))
+
+#define PyArray_EquivByteorders(b1, b2) \
+        (((b1) == (b2)) || (PyArray_ISNBO(b1) == PyArray_ISNBO(b2)))
+
+#define PyArray_SimpleNew(nd, dims, typenum) \
+        PyArray_New(&PyArray_Type, nd, dims, typenum, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(nd, dims, typenum, data) \
+        PyArray_New(&PyArray_Type, nd, dims, typenum, NULL, \
+                    data, 0, NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY, NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_SimpleNewFromDescr(nd, dims, descr) \
+        PyArray_NewFromDescr(&PyArray_Type, descr, nd, dims, \
+                             NULL, NULL, 0, NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_ToScalar(data, arr) \
+        PyArray_Scalar(data, PyArray_DESCR(arr), (PyObject *)arr)
+
+
+/* These might be faster without the dereferencing of obj
+   going on inside -- of course an optimizing compiler should
+   inline the constants inside a for loop making it a moot point
+*/
+
+#define PyArray_GETPTR1(obj, i) ((void *)(PyArray_BYTES(obj) + \
+                                         (i)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[0]))
+
+#define PyArray_GETPTR2(obj, i, j) ((void *)(PyArray_BYTES(obj) + \
+                                            (i)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[0] + \
+                                            (j)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[1]))
+
+#define PyArray_GETPTR3(obj, i, j, k) ((void *)(PyArray_BYTES(obj) + \
+                                            (i)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[0] + \
+                                            (j)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[1] + \
+                                            (k)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[2]))
+
+#define PyArray_GETPTR4(obj, i, j, k, l) ((void *)(PyArray_BYTES(obj) + \
+                                            (i)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[0] + \
+                                            (j)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[1] + \
+                                            (k)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[2] + \
+                                            (l)*PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[3]))
+
+static inline void
+PyArray_DiscardWritebackIfCopy(PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    PyArrayObject_fields *fa = (PyArrayObject_fields *)arr;
+    if (fa && fa->base) {
+        if (fa->flags & NPY_ARRAY_WRITEBACKIFCOPY) {
+            PyArray_ENABLEFLAGS((PyArrayObject*)fa->base, NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE);
+            Py_DECREF(fa->base);
+            fa->base = NULL;
+            PyArray_CLEARFLAGS(arr, NPY_ARRAY_WRITEBACKIFCOPY);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#define PyArray_DESCR_REPLACE(descr) do { \
+                PyArray_Descr *_new_; \
+                _new_ = PyArray_DescrNew(descr); \
+                Py_XDECREF(descr); \
+                descr = _new_; \
+        } while(0)
+
+/* Copy should always return contiguous array */
+#define PyArray_Copy(obj) PyArray_NewCopy(obj, NPY_CORDER)
+
+#define PyArray_FromObject(op, type, min_depth, max_depth) \
+        PyArray_FromAny(op, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), min_depth, \
+                              max_depth, NPY_ARRAY_BEHAVED | \
+                                         NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY, NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_ContiguousFromObject(op, type, min_depth, max_depth) \
+        PyArray_FromAny(op, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), min_depth, \
+                              max_depth, NPY_ARRAY_DEFAULT | \
+                                         NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY, NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_CopyFromObject(op, type, min_depth, max_depth) \
+        PyArray_FromAny(op, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), min_depth, \
+                        max_depth, NPY_ARRAY_ENSURECOPY | \
+                                   NPY_ARRAY_DEFAULT | \
+                                   NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY, NULL)
+
+#define PyArray_Cast(mp, type_num)                                            \
+        PyArray_CastToType(mp, PyArray_DescrFromType(type_num), 0)
+
+#define PyArray_Take(ap, items, axis)                                         \
+        PyArray_TakeFrom(ap, items, axis, NULL, NPY_RAISE)
+
+#define PyArray_Put(ap, items, values)                                        \
+        PyArray_PutTo(ap, items, values, NPY_RAISE)
+
+/* Compatibility with old Numeric stuff -- don't use in new code */
+
+#define PyArray_FromDimsAndData(nd, d, type, data)                            \
+        PyArray_FromDimsAndDataAndDescr(nd, d, PyArray_DescrFromType(type),   \
+                                        data)
+
+
+/*
+   Check to see if this key in the dictionary is the "title"
+   entry of the tuple (i.e. a duplicate dictionary entry in the fields
+   dict).
+*/
+
+static inline int
+NPY_TITLE_KEY_check(PyObject *key, PyObject *value)
+{
+    PyObject *title;
+    if (PyTuple_Size(value) != 3) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    title = PyTuple_GetItem(value, 2);
+    if (key == title) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+#ifdef PYPY_VERSION
+    /*
+     * On PyPy, dictionary keys do not always preserve object identity.
+     * Fall back to comparison by value.
+     */
+    if (PyUnicode_Check(title) && PyUnicode_Check(key)) {
+        return PyUnicode_Compare(title, key) == 0 ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Macro, for backward compat with "if NPY_TITLE_KEY(key, value) { ..." */
+#define NPY_TITLE_KEY(key, value) (NPY_TITLE_KEY_check((key), (value)))
+
+#define DEPRECATE(msg) PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,msg,1)
+#define DEPRECATE_FUTUREWARNING(msg) PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_FutureWarning,msg,1)
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NDARRAYOBJECT_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..742ba526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1945 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NDARRAYTYPES_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NDARRAYTYPES_H_
+
+#include "npy_common.h"
+#include "npy_endian.h"
+#include "npy_cpu.h"
+#include "utils.h"
+
+#define NPY_NO_EXPORT NPY_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN
+
+/* Only use thread if configured in config and python supports it */
+#if defined WITH_THREAD && !NPY_NO_SMP
+        #define NPY_ALLOW_THREADS 1
+#else
+        #define NPY_ALLOW_THREADS 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __has_extension
+#define __has_extension(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_NPY_NO_DEPRECATIONS) && \
+    ((defined(__GNUC__)&& __GNUC__ >= 6) || \
+     __has_extension(attribute_deprecated_with_message))
+#define NPY_ATTR_DEPRECATE(text) __attribute__ ((deprecated (text)))
+#else
+#define NPY_ATTR_DEPRECATE(text)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * There are several places in the code where an array of dimensions
+ * is allocated statically.  This is the size of that static
+ * allocation.
+ *
+ * The array creation itself could have arbitrary dimensions but all
+ * the places where static allocation is used would need to be changed
+ * to dynamic (including inside of several structures)
+ */
+
+#define NPY_MAXDIMS 32
+#define NPY_MAXARGS 32
+
+/* Used for Converter Functions "O&" code in ParseTuple */
+#define NPY_FAIL 0
+#define NPY_SUCCEED 1
+
+
+enum NPY_TYPES {    NPY_BOOL=0,
+                    NPY_BYTE, NPY_UBYTE,
+                    NPY_SHORT, NPY_USHORT,
+                    NPY_INT, NPY_UINT,
+                    NPY_LONG, NPY_ULONG,
+                    NPY_LONGLONG, NPY_ULONGLONG,
+                    NPY_FLOAT, NPY_DOUBLE, NPY_LONGDOUBLE,
+                    NPY_CFLOAT, NPY_CDOUBLE, NPY_CLONGDOUBLE,
+                    NPY_OBJECT=17,
+                    NPY_STRING, NPY_UNICODE,
+                    NPY_VOID,
+                    /*
+                     * New 1.6 types appended, may be integrated
+                     * into the above in 2.0.
+                     */
+                    NPY_DATETIME, NPY_TIMEDELTA, NPY_HALF,
+
+                    NPY_NTYPES,
+                    NPY_NOTYPE,
+                    NPY_CHAR NPY_ATTR_DEPRECATE("Use NPY_STRING"),
+                    NPY_USERDEF=256,  /* leave room for characters */
+
+                    /* The number of types not including the new 1.6 types */
+                    NPY_NTYPES_ABI_COMPATIBLE=21
+};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma deprecated(NPY_CHAR)
+#endif
+
+/* basetype array priority */
+#define NPY_PRIORITY 0.0
+
+/* default subtype priority */
+#define NPY_SUBTYPE_PRIORITY 1.0
+
+/* default scalar priority */
+#define NPY_SCALAR_PRIORITY -1000000.0
+
+/* How many floating point types are there (excluding half) */
+#define NPY_NUM_FLOATTYPE 3
+
+/*
+ * These characters correspond to the array type and the struct
+ * module
+ */
+
+enum NPY_TYPECHAR {
+        NPY_BOOLLTR = '?',
+        NPY_BYTELTR = 'b',
+        NPY_UBYTELTR = 'B',
+        NPY_SHORTLTR = 'h',
+        NPY_USHORTLTR = 'H',
+        NPY_INTLTR = 'i',
+        NPY_UINTLTR = 'I',
+        NPY_LONGLTR = 'l',
+        NPY_ULONGLTR = 'L',
+        NPY_LONGLONGLTR = 'q',
+        NPY_ULONGLONGLTR = 'Q',
+        NPY_HALFLTR = 'e',
+        NPY_FLOATLTR = 'f',
+        NPY_DOUBLELTR = 'd',
+        NPY_LONGDOUBLELTR = 'g',
+        NPY_CFLOATLTR = 'F',
+        NPY_CDOUBLELTR = 'D',
+        NPY_CLONGDOUBLELTR = 'G',
+        NPY_OBJECTLTR = 'O',
+        NPY_STRINGLTR = 'S',
+        NPY_STRINGLTR2 = 'a',
+        NPY_UNICODELTR = 'U',
+        NPY_VOIDLTR = 'V',
+        NPY_DATETIMELTR = 'M',
+        NPY_TIMEDELTALTR = 'm',
+        NPY_CHARLTR = 'c',
+
+        /*
+         * No Descriptor, just a define -- this let's
+         * Python users specify an array of integers
+         * large enough to hold a pointer on the
+         * platform
+         */
+        NPY_INTPLTR = 'p',
+        NPY_UINTPLTR = 'P',
+
+        /*
+         * These are for dtype 'kinds', not dtype 'typecodes'
+         * as the above are for.
+         */
+        NPY_GENBOOLLTR ='b',
+        NPY_SIGNEDLTR = 'i',
+        NPY_UNSIGNEDLTR = 'u',
+        NPY_FLOATINGLTR = 'f',
+        NPY_COMPLEXLTR = 'c'
+};
+
+/*
+ * Changing this may break Numpy API compatibility
+ * due to changing offsets in PyArray_ArrFuncs, so be
+ * careful. Here we have reused the mergesort slot for
+ * any kind of stable sort, the actual implementation will
+ * depend on the data type.
+ */
+typedef enum {
+        NPY_QUICKSORT=0,
+        NPY_HEAPSORT=1,
+        NPY_MERGESORT=2,
+        NPY_STABLESORT=2,
+} NPY_SORTKIND;
+#define NPY_NSORTS (NPY_STABLESORT + 1)
+
+
+typedef enum {
+        NPY_INTROSELECT=0
+} NPY_SELECTKIND;
+#define NPY_NSELECTS (NPY_INTROSELECT + 1)
+
+
+typedef enum {
+        NPY_SEARCHLEFT=0,
+        NPY_SEARCHRIGHT=1
+} NPY_SEARCHSIDE;
+#define NPY_NSEARCHSIDES (NPY_SEARCHRIGHT + 1)
+
+
+typedef enum {
+        NPY_NOSCALAR=-1,
+        NPY_BOOL_SCALAR,
+        NPY_INTPOS_SCALAR,
+        NPY_INTNEG_SCALAR,
+        NPY_FLOAT_SCALAR,
+        NPY_COMPLEX_SCALAR,
+        NPY_OBJECT_SCALAR
+} NPY_SCALARKIND;
+#define NPY_NSCALARKINDS (NPY_OBJECT_SCALAR + 1)
+
+/* For specifying array memory layout or iteration order */
+typedef enum {
+        /* Fortran order if inputs are all Fortran, C otherwise */
+        NPY_ANYORDER=-1,
+        /* C order */
+        NPY_CORDER=0,
+        /* Fortran order */
+        NPY_FORTRANORDER=1,
+        /* An order as close to the inputs as possible */
+        NPY_KEEPORDER=2
+} NPY_ORDER;
+
+/* For specifying allowed casting in operations which support it */
+typedef enum {
+        _NPY_ERROR_OCCURRED_IN_CAST = -1,
+        /* Only allow identical types */
+        NPY_NO_CASTING=0,
+        /* Allow identical and byte swapped types */
+        NPY_EQUIV_CASTING=1,
+        /* Only allow safe casts */
+        NPY_SAFE_CASTING=2,
+        /* Allow safe casts or casts within the same kind */
+        NPY_SAME_KIND_CASTING=3,
+        /* Allow any casts */
+        NPY_UNSAFE_CASTING=4,
+} NPY_CASTING;
+
+typedef enum {
+        NPY_CLIP=0,
+        NPY_WRAP=1,
+        NPY_RAISE=2
+} NPY_CLIPMODE;
+
+typedef enum {
+        NPY_VALID=0,
+        NPY_SAME=1,
+        NPY_FULL=2
+} NPY_CORRELATEMODE;
+
+/* The special not-a-time (NaT) value */
+#define NPY_DATETIME_NAT NPY_MIN_INT64
+
+/*
+ * Upper bound on the length of a DATETIME ISO 8601 string
+ *   YEAR: 21 (64-bit year)
+ *   MONTH: 3
+ *   DAY: 3
+ *   HOURS: 3
+ *   MINUTES: 3
+ *   SECONDS: 3
+ *   ATTOSECONDS: 1 + 3*6
+ *   TIMEZONE: 5
+ *   NULL TERMINATOR: 1
+ */
+#define NPY_DATETIME_MAX_ISO8601_STRLEN (21 + 3*5 + 1 + 3*6 + 6 + 1)
+
+/* The FR in the unit names stands for frequency */
+typedef enum {
+        /* Force signed enum type, must be -1 for code compatibility */
+        NPY_FR_ERROR = -1,      /* error or undetermined */
+
+        /* Start of valid units */
+        NPY_FR_Y = 0,           /* Years */
+        NPY_FR_M = 1,           /* Months */
+        NPY_FR_W = 2,           /* Weeks */
+        /* Gap where 1.6 NPY_FR_B (value 3) was */
+        NPY_FR_D = 4,           /* Days */
+        NPY_FR_h = 5,           /* hours */
+        NPY_FR_m = 6,           /* minutes */
+        NPY_FR_s = 7,           /* seconds */
+        NPY_FR_ms = 8,          /* milliseconds */
+        NPY_FR_us = 9,          /* microseconds */
+        NPY_FR_ns = 10,         /* nanoseconds */
+        NPY_FR_ps = 11,         /* picoseconds */
+        NPY_FR_fs = 12,         /* femtoseconds */
+        NPY_FR_as = 13,         /* attoseconds */
+        NPY_FR_GENERIC = 14     /* unbound units, can convert to anything */
+} NPY_DATETIMEUNIT;
+
+/*
+ * NOTE: With the NPY_FR_B gap for 1.6 ABI compatibility, NPY_DATETIME_NUMUNITS
+ * is technically one more than the actual number of units.
+ */
+#define NPY_DATETIME_NUMUNITS (NPY_FR_GENERIC + 1)
+#define NPY_DATETIME_DEFAULTUNIT NPY_FR_GENERIC
+
+/*
+ * Business day conventions for mapping invalid business
+ * days to valid business days.
+ */
+typedef enum {
+    /* Go forward in time to the following business day. */
+    NPY_BUSDAY_FORWARD,
+    NPY_BUSDAY_FOLLOWING = NPY_BUSDAY_FORWARD,
+    /* Go backward in time to the preceding business day. */
+    NPY_BUSDAY_BACKWARD,
+    NPY_BUSDAY_PRECEDING = NPY_BUSDAY_BACKWARD,
+    /*
+     * Go forward in time to the following business day, unless it
+     * crosses a month boundary, in which case go backward
+     */
+    NPY_BUSDAY_MODIFIEDFOLLOWING,
+    /*
+     * Go backward in time to the preceding business day, unless it
+     * crosses a month boundary, in which case go forward.
+     */
+    NPY_BUSDAY_MODIFIEDPRECEDING,
+    /* Produce a NaT for non-business days. */
+    NPY_BUSDAY_NAT,
+    /* Raise an exception for non-business days. */
+    NPY_BUSDAY_RAISE
+} NPY_BUSDAY_ROLL;
+
+/************************************************************
+ * NumPy Auxiliary Data for inner loops, sort functions, etc.
+ ************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * When creating an auxiliary data struct, this should always appear
+ * as the first member, like this:
+ *
+ * typedef struct {
+ *     NpyAuxData base;
+ *     double constant;
+ * } constant_multiplier_aux_data;
+ */
+typedef struct NpyAuxData_tag NpyAuxData;
+
+/* Function pointers for freeing or cloning auxiliary data */
+typedef void (NpyAuxData_FreeFunc) (NpyAuxData *);
+typedef NpyAuxData *(NpyAuxData_CloneFunc) (NpyAuxData *);
+
+struct NpyAuxData_tag {
+    NpyAuxData_FreeFunc *free;
+    NpyAuxData_CloneFunc *clone;
+    /* To allow for a bit of expansion without breaking the ABI */
+    void *reserved[2];
+};
+
+/* Macros to use for freeing and cloning auxiliary data */
+#define NPY_AUXDATA_FREE(auxdata) \
+    do { \
+        if ((auxdata) != NULL) { \
+            (auxdata)->free(auxdata); \
+        } \
+    } while(0)
+#define NPY_AUXDATA_CLONE(auxdata) \
+    ((auxdata)->clone(auxdata))
+
+#define NPY_ERR(str) fprintf(stderr, #str); fflush(stderr);
+#define NPY_ERR2(str) fprintf(stderr, str); fflush(stderr);
+
+/*
+* Macros to define how array, and dimension/strides data is
+* allocated. These should be made private
+*/
+
+#define NPY_USE_PYMEM 1
+
+
+#if NPY_USE_PYMEM == 1
+/* use the Raw versions which are safe to call with the GIL released */
+#define PyArray_malloc PyMem_RawMalloc
+#define PyArray_free PyMem_RawFree
+#define PyArray_realloc PyMem_RawRealloc
+#else
+#define PyArray_malloc malloc
+#define PyArray_free free
+#define PyArray_realloc realloc
+#endif
+
+/* Dimensions and strides */
+#define PyDimMem_NEW(size)                                         \
+    ((npy_intp *)PyArray_malloc(size*sizeof(npy_intp)))
+
+#define PyDimMem_FREE(ptr) PyArray_free(ptr)
+
+#define PyDimMem_RENEW(ptr,size)                                   \
+        ((npy_intp *)PyArray_realloc(ptr,size*sizeof(npy_intp)))
+
+/* forward declaration */
+struct _PyArray_Descr;
+
+/* These must deal with unaligned and swapped data if necessary */
+typedef PyObject * (PyArray_GetItemFunc) (void *, void *);
+typedef int (PyArray_SetItemFunc)(PyObject *, void *, void *);
+
+typedef void (PyArray_CopySwapNFunc)(void *, npy_intp, void *, npy_intp,
+                                     npy_intp, int, void *);
+
+typedef void (PyArray_CopySwapFunc)(void *, void *, int, void *);
+typedef npy_bool (PyArray_NonzeroFunc)(void *, void *);
+
+
+/*
+ * These assume aligned and notswapped data -- a buffer will be used
+ * before or contiguous data will be obtained
+ */
+
+typedef int (PyArray_CompareFunc)(const void *, const void *, void *);
+typedef int (PyArray_ArgFunc)(void*, npy_intp, npy_intp*, void *);
+
+typedef void (PyArray_DotFunc)(void *, npy_intp, void *, npy_intp, void *,
+                               npy_intp, void *);
+
+typedef void (PyArray_VectorUnaryFunc)(void *, void *, npy_intp, void *,
+                                       void *);
+
+/*
+ * XXX the ignore argument should be removed next time the API version
+ * is bumped. It used to be the separator.
+ */
+typedef int (PyArray_ScanFunc)(FILE *fp, void *dptr,
+                               char *ignore, struct _PyArray_Descr *);
+typedef int (PyArray_FromStrFunc)(char *s, void *dptr, char **endptr,
+                                  struct _PyArray_Descr *);
+
+typedef int (PyArray_FillFunc)(void *, npy_intp, void *);
+
+typedef int (PyArray_SortFunc)(void *, npy_intp, void *);
+typedef int (PyArray_ArgSortFunc)(void *, npy_intp *, npy_intp, void *);
+typedef int (PyArray_PartitionFunc)(void *, npy_intp, npy_intp,
+                                    npy_intp *, npy_intp *,
+                                    void *);
+typedef int (PyArray_ArgPartitionFunc)(void *, npy_intp *, npy_intp, npy_intp,
+                                       npy_intp *, npy_intp *,
+                                       void *);
+
+typedef int (PyArray_FillWithScalarFunc)(void *, npy_intp, void *, void *);
+
+typedef int (PyArray_ScalarKindFunc)(void *);
+
+typedef void (PyArray_FastClipFunc)(void *in, npy_intp n_in, void *min,
+                                    void *max, void *out);
+typedef void (PyArray_FastPutmaskFunc)(void *in, void *mask, npy_intp n_in,
+                                       void *values, npy_intp nv);
+typedef int  (PyArray_FastTakeFunc)(void *dest, void *src, npy_intp *indarray,
+                                       npy_intp nindarray, npy_intp n_outer,
+                                       npy_intp m_middle, npy_intp nelem,
+                                       NPY_CLIPMODE clipmode);
+
+typedef struct {
+        npy_intp *ptr;
+        int len;
+} PyArray_Dims;
+
+typedef struct {
+        /*
+         * Functions to cast to most other standard types
+         * Can have some NULL entries. The types
+         * DATETIME, TIMEDELTA, and HALF go into the castdict
+         * even though they are built-in.
+         */
+        PyArray_VectorUnaryFunc *cast[NPY_NTYPES_ABI_COMPATIBLE];
+
+        /* The next four functions *cannot* be NULL */
+
+        /*
+         * Functions to get and set items with standard Python types
+         * -- not array scalars
+         */
+        PyArray_GetItemFunc *getitem;
+        PyArray_SetItemFunc *setitem;
+
+        /*
+         * Copy and/or swap data.  Memory areas may not overlap
+         * Use memmove first if they might
+         */
+        PyArray_CopySwapNFunc *copyswapn;
+        PyArray_CopySwapFunc *copyswap;
+
+        /*
+         * Function to compare items
+         * Can be NULL
+         */
+        PyArray_CompareFunc *compare;
+
+        /*
+         * Function to select largest
+         * Can be NULL
+         */
+        PyArray_ArgFunc *argmax;
+
+        /*
+         * Function to compute dot product
+         * Can be NULL
+         */
+        PyArray_DotFunc *dotfunc;
+
+        /*
+         * Function to scan an ASCII file and
+         * place a single value plus possible separator
+         * Can be NULL
+         */
+        PyArray_ScanFunc *scanfunc;
+
+        /*
+         * Function to read a single value from a string
+         * and adjust the pointer; Can be NULL
+         */
+        PyArray_FromStrFunc *fromstr;
+
+        /*
+         * Function to determine if data is zero or not
+         * If NULL a default version is
+         * used at Registration time.
+         */
+        PyArray_NonzeroFunc *nonzero;
+
+        /*
+         * Used for arange. Should return 0 on success
+         * and -1 on failure.
+         * Can be NULL.
+         */
+        PyArray_FillFunc *fill;
+
+        /*
+         * Function to fill arrays with scalar values
+         * Can be NULL
+         */
+        PyArray_FillWithScalarFunc *fillwithscalar;
+
+        /*
+         * Sorting functions
+         * Can be NULL
+         */
+        PyArray_SortFunc *sort[NPY_NSORTS];
+        PyArray_ArgSortFunc *argsort[NPY_NSORTS];
+
+        /*
+         * Dictionary of additional casting functions
+         * PyArray_VectorUnaryFuncs
+         * which can be populated to support casting
+         * to other registered types. Can be NULL
+         */
+        PyObject *castdict;
+
+        /*
+         * Functions useful for generalizing
+         * the casting rules.
+         * Can be NULL;
+         */
+        PyArray_ScalarKindFunc *scalarkind;
+        int **cancastscalarkindto;
+        int *cancastto;
+
+        PyArray_FastClipFunc *fastclip;
+        PyArray_FastPutmaskFunc *fastputmask;
+        PyArray_FastTakeFunc *fasttake;
+
+        /*
+         * Function to select smallest
+         * Can be NULL
+         */
+        PyArray_ArgFunc *argmin;
+
+} PyArray_ArrFuncs;
+
+/* The item must be reference counted when it is inserted or extracted. */
+#define NPY_ITEM_REFCOUNT   0x01
+/* Same as needing REFCOUNT */
+#define NPY_ITEM_HASOBJECT  0x01
+/* Convert to list for pickling */
+#define NPY_LIST_PICKLE     0x02
+/* The item is a POINTER  */
+#define NPY_ITEM_IS_POINTER 0x04
+/* memory needs to be initialized for this data-type */
+#define NPY_NEEDS_INIT      0x08
+/* operations need Python C-API so don't give-up thread. */
+#define NPY_NEEDS_PYAPI     0x10
+/* Use f.getitem when extracting elements of this data-type */
+#define NPY_USE_GETITEM     0x20
+/* Use f.setitem when setting creating 0-d array from this data-type.*/
+#define NPY_USE_SETITEM     0x40
+/* A sticky flag specifically for structured arrays */
+#define NPY_ALIGNED_STRUCT  0x80
+
+/*
+ *These are inherited for global data-type if any data-types in the
+ * field have them
+ */
+#define NPY_FROM_FIELDS    (NPY_NEEDS_INIT | NPY_LIST_PICKLE | \
+                            NPY_ITEM_REFCOUNT | NPY_NEEDS_PYAPI)
+
+#define NPY_OBJECT_DTYPE_FLAGS (NPY_LIST_PICKLE | NPY_USE_GETITEM | \
+                                NPY_ITEM_IS_POINTER | NPY_ITEM_REFCOUNT | \
+                                NPY_NEEDS_INIT | NPY_NEEDS_PYAPI)
+
+#define PyDataType_FLAGCHK(dtype, flag) \
+        (((dtype)->flags & (flag)) == (flag))
+
+#define PyDataType_REFCHK(dtype) \
+        PyDataType_FLAGCHK(dtype, NPY_ITEM_REFCOUNT)
+
+typedef struct _PyArray_Descr {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        /*
+         * the type object representing an
+         * instance of this type -- should not
+         * be two type_numbers with the same type
+         * object.
+         */
+        PyTypeObject *typeobj;
+        /* kind for this type */
+        char kind;
+        /* unique-character representing this type */
+        char type;
+        /*
+         * '>' (big), '<' (little), '|'
+         * (not-applicable), or '=' (native).
+         */
+        char byteorder;
+        /* flags describing data type */
+        char flags;
+        /* number representing this type */
+        int type_num;
+        /* element size (itemsize) for this type */
+        int elsize;
+        /* alignment needed for this type */
+        int alignment;
+        /*
+         * Non-NULL if this type is
+         * is an array (C-contiguous)
+         * of some other type
+         */
+        struct _arr_descr *subarray;
+        /*
+         * The fields dictionary for this type
+         * For statically defined descr this
+         * is always Py_None
+         */
+        PyObject *fields;
+        /*
+         * An ordered tuple of field names or NULL
+         * if no fields are defined
+         */
+        PyObject *names;
+        /*
+         * a table of functions specific for each
+         * basic data descriptor
+         */
+        PyArray_ArrFuncs *f;
+        /* Metadata about this dtype */
+        PyObject *metadata;
+        /*
+         * Metadata specific to the C implementation
+         * of the particular dtype. This was added
+         * for NumPy 1.7.0.
+         */
+        NpyAuxData *c_metadata;
+        /* Cached hash value (-1 if not yet computed).
+         * This was added for NumPy 2.0.0.
+         */
+        npy_hash_t hash;
+} PyArray_Descr;
+
+typedef struct _arr_descr {
+        PyArray_Descr *base;
+        PyObject *shape;       /* a tuple */
+} PyArray_ArrayDescr;
+
+/*
+ * Memory handler structure for array data.
+ */
+/* The declaration of free differs from PyMemAllocatorEx */
+typedef struct {
+    void *ctx;
+    void* (*malloc) (void *ctx, size_t size);
+    void* (*calloc) (void *ctx, size_t nelem, size_t elsize);
+    void* (*realloc) (void *ctx, void *ptr, size_t new_size);
+    void (*free) (void *ctx, void *ptr, size_t size);
+    /*
+     * This is the end of the version=1 struct. Only add new fields after
+     * this line
+     */
+} PyDataMemAllocator;
+
+typedef struct {
+    char name[127];  /* multiple of 64 to keep the struct aligned */
+    uint8_t version; /* currently 1 */
+    PyDataMemAllocator allocator;
+} PyDataMem_Handler;
+
+
+/*
+ * The main array object structure.
+ *
+ * It has been recommended to use the inline functions defined below
+ * (PyArray_DATA and friends) to access fields here for a number of
+ * releases. Direct access to the members themselves is deprecated.
+ * To ensure that your code does not use deprecated access,
+ * #define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+ * (or NPY_1_8_API_VERSION or higher as required).
+ */
+/* This struct will be moved to a private header in a future release */
+typedef struct tagPyArrayObject_fields {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    /* Pointer to the raw data buffer */
+    char *data;
+    /* The number of dimensions, also called 'ndim' */
+    int nd;
+    /* The size in each dimension, also called 'shape' */
+    npy_intp *dimensions;
+    /*
+     * Number of bytes to jump to get to the
+     * next element in each dimension
+     */
+    npy_intp *strides;
+    /*
+     * This object is decref'd upon
+     * deletion of array. Except in the
+     * case of WRITEBACKIFCOPY which has
+     * special handling.
+     *
+     * For views it points to the original
+     * array, collapsed so no chains of
+     * views occur.
+     *
+     * For creation from buffer object it
+     * points to an object that should be
+     * decref'd on deletion
+     *
+     * For WRITEBACKIFCOPY flag this is an
+     * array to-be-updated upon calling
+     * PyArray_ResolveWritebackIfCopy
+     */
+    PyObject *base;
+    /* Pointer to type structure */
+    PyArray_Descr *descr;
+    /* Flags describing array -- see below */
+    int flags;
+    /* For weak references */
+    PyObject *weakreflist;
+#if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_20_API_VERSION
+    void *_buffer_info;  /* private buffer info, tagged to allow warning */
+#endif
+    /*
+     * For malloc/calloc/realloc/free per object
+     */
+#if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_22_API_VERSION
+    PyObject *mem_handler;
+#endif
+} PyArrayObject_fields;
+
+/*
+ * To hide the implementation details, we only expose
+ * the Python struct HEAD.
+ */
+#if !defined(NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API) || \
+    (NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API < NPY_1_7_API_VERSION)
+/*
+ * Can't put this in npy_deprecated_api.h like the others.
+ * PyArrayObject field access is deprecated as of NumPy 1.7.
+ */
+typedef PyArrayObject_fields PyArrayObject;
+#else
+typedef struct tagPyArrayObject {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+} PyArrayObject;
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Removed 2020-Nov-25, NumPy 1.20
+ * #define NPY_SIZEOF_PYARRAYOBJECT (sizeof(PyArrayObject_fields))
+ *
+ * The above macro was removed as it gave a false sense of a stable ABI
+ * with respect to the structures size.  If you require a runtime constant,
+ * you can use `PyArray_Type.tp_basicsize` instead.  Otherwise, please
+ * see the PyArrayObject documentation or ask the NumPy developers for
+ * information on how to correctly replace the macro in a way that is
+ * compatible with multiple NumPy versions.
+ */
+
+
+/* Array Flags Object */
+typedef struct PyArrayFlagsObject {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        PyObject *arr;
+        int flags;
+} PyArrayFlagsObject;
+
+/* Mirrors buffer object to ptr */
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        PyObject *base;
+        void *ptr;
+        npy_intp len;
+        int flags;
+} PyArray_Chunk;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NPY_DATETIMEUNIT base;
+    int num;
+} PyArray_DatetimeMetaData;
+
+typedef struct {
+    NpyAuxData base;
+    PyArray_DatetimeMetaData meta;
+} PyArray_DatetimeDTypeMetaData;
+
+/*
+ * This structure contains an exploded view of a date-time value.
+ * NaT is represented by year == NPY_DATETIME_NAT.
+ */
+typedef struct {
+        npy_int64 year;
+        npy_int32 month, day, hour, min, sec, us, ps, as;
+} npy_datetimestruct;
+
+/* This is not used internally. */
+typedef struct {
+        npy_int64 day;
+        npy_int32 sec, us, ps, as;
+} npy_timedeltastruct;
+
+typedef int (PyArray_FinalizeFunc)(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *);
+
+/*
+ * Means c-style contiguous (last index varies the fastest). The data
+ * elements right after each other.
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ * This flag may be tested for in PyArray_FLAGS(arr).
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS    0x0001
+
+/*
+ * Set if array is a contiguous Fortran array: the first index varies
+ * the fastest in memory (strides array is reverse of C-contiguous
+ * array)
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ * This flag may be tested for in PyArray_FLAGS(arr).
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS    0x0002
+
+/*
+ * Note: all 0-d arrays are C_CONTIGUOUS and F_CONTIGUOUS. If a
+ * 1-d array is C_CONTIGUOUS it is also F_CONTIGUOUS. Arrays with
+ * more then one dimension can be C_CONTIGUOUS and F_CONTIGUOUS
+ * at the same time if they have either zero or one element.
+ * A higher dimensional array always has the same contiguity flags as
+ * `array.squeeze()`; dimensions with `array.shape[dimension] == 1` are
+ * effectively ignored when checking for contiguity.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * If set, the array owns the data: it will be free'd when the array
+ * is deleted.
+ *
+ * This flag may be tested for in PyArray_FLAGS(arr).
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA         0x0004
+
+/*
+ * An array never has the next four set; they're only used as parameter
+ * flags to the various FromAny functions
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ */
+
+/* Cause a cast to occur regardless of whether or not it is safe. */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_FORCECAST       0x0010
+
+/*
+ * Always copy the array. Returned arrays are always CONTIGUOUS,
+ * ALIGNED, and WRITEABLE. See also: NPY_ARRAY_ENSURENOCOPY = 0x4000.
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_ENSURECOPY      0x0020
+
+/*
+ * Make sure the returned array is a base-class ndarray
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY     0x0040
+
+/*
+ * Make sure that the strides are in units of the element size Needed
+ * for some operations with record-arrays.
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_ELEMENTSTRIDES  0x0080
+
+/*
+ * Array data is aligned on the appropriate memory address for the type
+ * stored according to how the compiler would align things (e.g., an
+ * array of integers (4 bytes each) starts on a memory address that's
+ * a multiple of 4)
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ * This flag may be tested for in PyArray_FLAGS(arr).
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED         0x0100
+
+/*
+ * Array data has the native endianness
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_NOTSWAPPED      0x0200
+
+/*
+ * Array data is writeable
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ * This flag may be tested for in PyArray_FLAGS(arr).
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE       0x0400
+
+/*
+ * If this flag is set, then base contains a pointer to an array of
+ * the same size that should be updated with the current contents of
+ * this array when PyArray_ResolveWritebackIfCopy is called.
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ * This flag may be tested for in PyArray_FLAGS(arr).
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_WRITEBACKIFCOPY 0x2000
+
+/*
+ * No copy may be made while converting from an object/array (result is a view)
+ *
+ * This flag may be requested in constructor functions.
+ */
+#define NPY_ARRAY_ENSURENOCOPY 0x4000
+
+/*
+ * NOTE: there are also internal flags defined in multiarray/arrayobject.h,
+ * which start at bit 31 and work down.
+ */
+
+#define NPY_ARRAY_BEHAVED      (NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_BEHAVED_NS   (NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_NOTSWAPPED)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY       (NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_BEHAVED)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY_RO    (NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY       (NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_BEHAVED)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY_RO    (NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_DEFAULT      (NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_IN_ARRAY     (NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY_RO)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_OUT_ARRAY    (NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_INOUT_ARRAY  (NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_INOUT_ARRAY2 (NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_WRITEBACKIFCOPY)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_IN_FARRAY    (NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY_RO)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_OUT_FARRAY   (NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_INOUT_FARRAY (NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY)
+#define NPY_ARRAY_INOUT_FARRAY2 (NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_WRITEBACKIFCOPY)
+
+#define NPY_ARRAY_UPDATE_ALL   (NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS | \
+                                NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED)
+
+/* This flag is for the array interface, not PyArrayObject */
+#define NPY_ARR_HAS_DESCR  0x0800
+
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Size of internal buffers used for alignment Make BUFSIZE a multiple
+ * of sizeof(npy_cdouble) -- usually 16 so that ufunc buffers are aligned
+ */
+#define NPY_MIN_BUFSIZE ((int)sizeof(npy_cdouble))
+#define NPY_MAX_BUFSIZE (((int)sizeof(npy_cdouble))*1000000)
+#define NPY_BUFSIZE 8192
+/* buffer stress test size: */
+/*#define NPY_BUFSIZE 17*/
+
+#define PyArray_MAX(a,b) (((a)>(b))?(a):(b))
+#define PyArray_MIN(a,b) (((a)<(b))?(a):(b))
+#define PyArray_CLT(p,q) ((((p).real==(q).real) ? ((p).imag < (q).imag) : \
+                               ((p).real < (q).real)))
+#define PyArray_CGT(p,q) ((((p).real==(q).real) ? ((p).imag > (q).imag) : \
+                               ((p).real > (q).real)))
+#define PyArray_CLE(p,q) ((((p).real==(q).real) ? ((p).imag <= (q).imag) : \
+                               ((p).real <= (q).real)))
+#define PyArray_CGE(p,q) ((((p).real==(q).real) ? ((p).imag >= (q).imag) : \
+                               ((p).real >= (q).real)))
+#define PyArray_CEQ(p,q) (((p).real==(q).real) && ((p).imag == (q).imag))
+#define PyArray_CNE(p,q) (((p).real!=(q).real) || ((p).imag != (q).imag))
+
+/*
+ * C API: consists of Macros and functions.  The MACROS are defined
+ * here.
+ */
+
+
+#define PyArray_ISCONTIGUOUS(m) PyArray_CHKFLAGS((m), NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)
+#define PyArray_ISWRITEABLE(m) PyArray_CHKFLAGS((m), NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE)
+#define PyArray_ISALIGNED(m) PyArray_CHKFLAGS((m), NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED)
+
+#define PyArray_IS_C_CONTIGUOUS(m) PyArray_CHKFLAGS((m), NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)
+#define PyArray_IS_F_CONTIGUOUS(m) PyArray_CHKFLAGS((m), NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS)
+
+/* the variable is used in some places, so always define it */
+#define NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_DEF PyThreadState *_save=NULL;
+#if NPY_ALLOW_THREADS
+#define NPY_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+#define NPY_END_ALLOW_THREADS Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+#define NPY_BEGIN_THREADS do {_save = PyEval_SaveThread();} while (0);
+#define NPY_END_THREADS   do { if (_save) \
+                { PyEval_RestoreThread(_save); _save = NULL;} } while (0);
+#define NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_THRESHOLDED(loop_size) do { if ((loop_size) > 500) \
+                { _save = PyEval_SaveThread();} } while (0);
+
+#define NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_DESCR(dtype) \
+        do {if (!(PyDataType_FLAGCHK((dtype), NPY_NEEDS_PYAPI))) \
+                NPY_BEGIN_THREADS;} while (0);
+
+#define NPY_END_THREADS_DESCR(dtype) \
+        do {if (!(PyDataType_FLAGCHK((dtype), NPY_NEEDS_PYAPI))) \
+                NPY_END_THREADS; } while (0);
+
+#define NPY_ALLOW_C_API_DEF  PyGILState_STATE __save__;
+#define NPY_ALLOW_C_API      do {__save__ = PyGILState_Ensure();} while (0);
+#define NPY_DISABLE_C_API    do {PyGILState_Release(__save__);} while (0);
+#else
+#define NPY_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+#define NPY_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+#define NPY_BEGIN_THREADS
+#define NPY_END_THREADS
+#define NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_THRESHOLDED(loop_size)
+#define NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_DESCR(dtype)
+#define NPY_END_THREADS_DESCR(dtype)
+#define NPY_ALLOW_C_API_DEF
+#define NPY_ALLOW_C_API
+#define NPY_DISABLE_C_API
+#endif
+
+/**********************************
+ * The nditer object, added in 1.6
+ **********************************/
+
+/* The actual structure of the iterator is an internal detail */
+typedef struct NpyIter_InternalOnly NpyIter;
+
+/* Iterator function pointers that may be specialized */
+typedef int (NpyIter_IterNextFunc)(NpyIter *iter);
+typedef void (NpyIter_GetMultiIndexFunc)(NpyIter *iter,
+                                      npy_intp *outcoords);
+
+/*** Global flags that may be passed to the iterator constructors ***/
+
+/* Track an index representing C order */
+#define NPY_ITER_C_INDEX                    0x00000001
+/* Track an index representing Fortran order */
+#define NPY_ITER_F_INDEX                    0x00000002
+/* Track a multi-index */
+#define NPY_ITER_MULTI_INDEX                0x00000004
+/* User code external to the iterator does the 1-dimensional innermost loop */
+#define NPY_ITER_EXTERNAL_LOOP              0x00000008
+/* Convert all the operands to a common data type */
+#define NPY_ITER_COMMON_DTYPE               0x00000010
+/* Operands may hold references, requiring API access during iteration */
+#define NPY_ITER_REFS_OK                    0x00000020
+/* Zero-sized operands should be permitted, iteration checks IterSize for 0 */
+#define NPY_ITER_ZEROSIZE_OK                0x00000040
+/* Permits reductions (size-0 stride with dimension size > 1) */
+#define NPY_ITER_REDUCE_OK                  0x00000080
+/* Enables sub-range iteration */
+#define NPY_ITER_RANGED                     0x00000100
+/* Enables buffering */
+#define NPY_ITER_BUFFERED                   0x00000200
+/* When buffering is enabled, grows the inner loop if possible */
+#define NPY_ITER_GROWINNER                  0x00000400
+/* Delay allocation of buffers until first Reset* call */
+#define NPY_ITER_DELAY_BUFALLOC             0x00000800
+/* When NPY_KEEPORDER is specified, disable reversing negative-stride axes */
+#define NPY_ITER_DONT_NEGATE_STRIDES        0x00001000
+/*
+ * If output operands overlap with other operands (based on heuristics that
+ * has false positives but no false negatives), make temporary copies to
+ * eliminate overlap.
+ */
+#define NPY_ITER_COPY_IF_OVERLAP            0x00002000
+
+/*** Per-operand flags that may be passed to the iterator constructors ***/
+
+/* The operand will be read from and written to */
+#define NPY_ITER_READWRITE                  0x00010000
+/* The operand will only be read from */
+#define NPY_ITER_READONLY                   0x00020000
+/* The operand will only be written to */
+#define NPY_ITER_WRITEONLY                  0x00040000
+/* The operand's data must be in native byte order */
+#define NPY_ITER_NBO                        0x00080000
+/* The operand's data must be aligned */
+#define NPY_ITER_ALIGNED                    0x00100000
+/* The operand's data must be contiguous (within the inner loop) */
+#define NPY_ITER_CONTIG                     0x00200000
+/* The operand may be copied to satisfy requirements */
+#define NPY_ITER_COPY                       0x00400000
+/* The operand may be copied with WRITEBACKIFCOPY to satisfy requirements */
+#define NPY_ITER_UPDATEIFCOPY               0x00800000
+/* Allocate the operand if it is NULL */
+#define NPY_ITER_ALLOCATE                   0x01000000
+/* If an operand is allocated, don't use any subtype */
+#define NPY_ITER_NO_SUBTYPE                 0x02000000
+/* This is a virtual array slot, operand is NULL but temporary data is there */
+#define NPY_ITER_VIRTUAL                    0x04000000
+/* Require that the dimension match the iterator dimensions exactly */
+#define NPY_ITER_NO_BROADCAST               0x08000000
+/* A mask is being used on this array, affects buffer -> array copy */
+#define NPY_ITER_WRITEMASKED                0x10000000
+/* This array is the mask for all WRITEMASKED operands */
+#define NPY_ITER_ARRAYMASK                  0x20000000
+/* Assume iterator order data access for COPY_IF_OVERLAP */
+#define NPY_ITER_OVERLAP_ASSUME_ELEMENTWISE 0x40000000
+
+#define NPY_ITER_GLOBAL_FLAGS               0x0000ffff
+#define NPY_ITER_PER_OP_FLAGS               0xffff0000
+
+
+/*****************************
+ * Basic iterator object
+ *****************************/
+
+/* FWD declaration */
+typedef struct PyArrayIterObject_tag PyArrayIterObject;
+
+/*
+ * type of the function which translates a set of coordinates to a
+ * pointer to the data
+ */
+typedef char* (*npy_iter_get_dataptr_t)(
+        PyArrayIterObject* iter, const npy_intp*);
+
+struct PyArrayIterObject_tag {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        int               nd_m1;            /* number of dimensions - 1 */
+        npy_intp          index, size;
+        npy_intp          coordinates[NPY_MAXDIMS];/* N-dimensional loop */
+        npy_intp          dims_m1[NPY_MAXDIMS];    /* ao->dimensions - 1 */
+        npy_intp          strides[NPY_MAXDIMS];    /* ao->strides or fake */
+        npy_intp          backstrides[NPY_MAXDIMS];/* how far to jump back */
+        npy_intp          factors[NPY_MAXDIMS];     /* shape factors */
+        PyArrayObject     *ao;
+        char              *dataptr;        /* pointer to current item*/
+        npy_bool          contiguous;
+
+        npy_intp          bounds[NPY_MAXDIMS][2];
+        npy_intp          limits[NPY_MAXDIMS][2];
+        npy_intp          limits_sizes[NPY_MAXDIMS];
+        npy_iter_get_dataptr_t translate;
+} ;
+
+
+/* Iterator API */
+#define PyArrayIter_Check(op) PyObject_TypeCheck((op), &PyArrayIter_Type)
+
+#define _PyAIT(it) ((PyArrayIterObject *)(it))
+#define PyArray_ITER_RESET(it) do { \
+        _PyAIT(it)->index = 0; \
+        _PyAIT(it)->dataptr = PyArray_BYTES(_PyAIT(it)->ao); \
+        memset(_PyAIT(it)->coordinates, 0, \
+               (_PyAIT(it)->nd_m1+1)*sizeof(npy_intp)); \
+} while (0)
+
+#define _PyArray_ITER_NEXT1(it) do { \
+        (it)->dataptr += _PyAIT(it)->strides[0]; \
+        (it)->coordinates[0]++; \
+} while (0)
+
+#define _PyArray_ITER_NEXT2(it) do { \
+        if ((it)->coordinates[1] < (it)->dims_m1[1]) { \
+                (it)->coordinates[1]++; \
+                (it)->dataptr += (it)->strides[1]; \
+        } \
+        else { \
+                (it)->coordinates[1] = 0; \
+                (it)->coordinates[0]++; \
+                (it)->dataptr += (it)->strides[0] - \
+                        (it)->backstrides[1]; \
+        } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PyArray_ITER_NEXT(it) do { \
+        _PyAIT(it)->index++; \
+        if (_PyAIT(it)->nd_m1 == 0) { \
+                _PyArray_ITER_NEXT1(_PyAIT(it)); \
+        } \
+        else if (_PyAIT(it)->contiguous) \
+                _PyAIT(it)->dataptr += PyArray_DESCR(_PyAIT(it)->ao)->elsize; \
+        else if (_PyAIT(it)->nd_m1 == 1) { \
+                _PyArray_ITER_NEXT2(_PyAIT(it)); \
+        } \
+        else { \
+                int __npy_i; \
+                for (__npy_i=_PyAIT(it)->nd_m1; __npy_i >= 0; __npy_i--) { \
+                        if (_PyAIT(it)->coordinates[__npy_i] < \
+                            _PyAIT(it)->dims_m1[__npy_i]) { \
+                                _PyAIT(it)->coordinates[__npy_i]++; \
+                                _PyAIT(it)->dataptr += \
+                                        _PyAIT(it)->strides[__npy_i]; \
+                                break; \
+                        } \
+                        else { \
+                                _PyAIT(it)->coordinates[__npy_i] = 0; \
+                                _PyAIT(it)->dataptr -= \
+                                        _PyAIT(it)->backstrides[__npy_i]; \
+                        } \
+                } \
+        } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PyArray_ITER_GOTO(it, destination) do { \
+        int __npy_i; \
+        _PyAIT(it)->index = 0; \
+        _PyAIT(it)->dataptr = PyArray_BYTES(_PyAIT(it)->ao); \
+        for (__npy_i = _PyAIT(it)->nd_m1; __npy_i>=0; __npy_i--) { \
+                if (destination[__npy_i] < 0) { \
+                        destination[__npy_i] += \
+                                _PyAIT(it)->dims_m1[__npy_i]+1; \
+                } \
+                _PyAIT(it)->dataptr += destination[__npy_i] * \
+                        _PyAIT(it)->strides[__npy_i]; \
+                _PyAIT(it)->coordinates[__npy_i] = \
+                        destination[__npy_i]; \
+                _PyAIT(it)->index += destination[__npy_i] * \
+                        ( __npy_i==_PyAIT(it)->nd_m1 ? 1 : \
+                          _PyAIT(it)->dims_m1[__npy_i+1]+1) ; \
+        } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PyArray_ITER_GOTO1D(it, ind) do { \
+        int __npy_i; \
+        npy_intp __npy_ind = (npy_intp)(ind); \
+        if (__npy_ind < 0) __npy_ind += _PyAIT(it)->size; \
+        _PyAIT(it)->index = __npy_ind; \
+        if (_PyAIT(it)->nd_m1 == 0) { \
+                _PyAIT(it)->dataptr = PyArray_BYTES(_PyAIT(it)->ao) + \
+                        __npy_ind * _PyAIT(it)->strides[0]; \
+        } \
+        else if (_PyAIT(it)->contiguous) \
+                _PyAIT(it)->dataptr = PyArray_BYTES(_PyAIT(it)->ao) + \
+                        __npy_ind * PyArray_DESCR(_PyAIT(it)->ao)->elsize; \
+        else { \
+                _PyAIT(it)->dataptr = PyArray_BYTES(_PyAIT(it)->ao); \
+                for (__npy_i = 0; __npy_i<=_PyAIT(it)->nd_m1; \
+                     __npy_i++) { \
+                        _PyAIT(it)->coordinates[__npy_i] = \
+                                (__npy_ind / _PyAIT(it)->factors[__npy_i]); \
+                        _PyAIT(it)->dataptr += \
+                                (__npy_ind / _PyAIT(it)->factors[__npy_i]) \
+                                * _PyAIT(it)->strides[__npy_i]; \
+                        __npy_ind %= _PyAIT(it)->factors[__npy_i]; \
+                } \
+        } \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PyArray_ITER_DATA(it) ((void *)(_PyAIT(it)->dataptr))
+
+#define PyArray_ITER_NOTDONE(it) (_PyAIT(it)->index < _PyAIT(it)->size)
+
+
+/*
+ * Any object passed to PyArray_Broadcast must be binary compatible
+ * with this structure.
+ */
+
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        int                  numiter;                 /* number of iters */
+        npy_intp             size;                    /* broadcasted size */
+        npy_intp             index;                   /* current index */
+        int                  nd;                      /* number of dims */
+        npy_intp             dimensions[NPY_MAXDIMS]; /* dimensions */
+        PyArrayIterObject    *iters[NPY_MAXARGS];     /* iterators */
+} PyArrayMultiIterObject;
+
+#define _PyMIT(m) ((PyArrayMultiIterObject *)(m))
+#define PyArray_MultiIter_RESET(multi) do {                                   \
+        int __npy_mi;                                                         \
+        _PyMIT(multi)->index = 0;                                             \
+        for (__npy_mi=0; __npy_mi < _PyMIT(multi)->numiter;  __npy_mi++) {    \
+                PyArray_ITER_RESET(_PyMIT(multi)->iters[__npy_mi]);           \
+        }                                                                     \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PyArray_MultiIter_NEXT(multi) do {                                    \
+        int __npy_mi;                                                         \
+        _PyMIT(multi)->index++;                                               \
+        for (__npy_mi=0; __npy_mi < _PyMIT(multi)->numiter;   __npy_mi++) {   \
+                PyArray_ITER_NEXT(_PyMIT(multi)->iters[__npy_mi]);            \
+        }                                                                     \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PyArray_MultiIter_GOTO(multi, dest) do {                            \
+        int __npy_mi;                                                       \
+        for (__npy_mi=0; __npy_mi < _PyMIT(multi)->numiter; __npy_mi++) {   \
+                PyArray_ITER_GOTO(_PyMIT(multi)->iters[__npy_mi], dest);    \
+        }                                                                   \
+        _PyMIT(multi)->index = _PyMIT(multi)->iters[0]->index;              \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PyArray_MultiIter_GOTO1D(multi, ind) do {                          \
+        int __npy_mi;                                                      \
+        for (__npy_mi=0; __npy_mi < _PyMIT(multi)->numiter; __npy_mi++) {  \
+                PyArray_ITER_GOTO1D(_PyMIT(multi)->iters[__npy_mi], ind);  \
+        }                                                                  \
+        _PyMIT(multi)->index = _PyMIT(multi)->iters[0]->index;             \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PyArray_MultiIter_DATA(multi, i)                \
+        ((void *)(_PyMIT(multi)->iters[i]->dataptr))
+
+#define PyArray_MultiIter_NEXTi(multi, i)               \
+        PyArray_ITER_NEXT(_PyMIT(multi)->iters[i])
+
+#define PyArray_MultiIter_NOTDONE(multi)                \
+        (_PyMIT(multi)->index < _PyMIT(multi)->size)
+
+/*
+ * Store the information needed for fancy-indexing over an array. The
+ * fields are slightly unordered to keep consec, dataptr and subspace
+ * where they were originally.
+ */
+typedef struct {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        /*
+         * Multi-iterator portion --- needs to be present in this
+         * order to work with PyArray_Broadcast
+         */
+
+        int                   numiter;                 /* number of index-array
+                                                          iterators */
+        npy_intp              size;                    /* size of broadcasted
+                                                          result */
+        npy_intp              index;                   /* current index */
+        int                   nd;                      /* number of dims */
+        npy_intp              dimensions[NPY_MAXDIMS]; /* dimensions */
+        NpyIter               *outer;                  /* index objects
+                                                          iterator */
+        void                  *unused[NPY_MAXDIMS - 2];
+        PyArrayObject         *array;
+        /* Flat iterator for the indexed array. For compatibility solely. */
+        PyArrayIterObject     *ait;
+
+        /*
+         * Subspace array. For binary compatibility (was an iterator,
+         * but only the check for NULL should be used).
+         */
+        PyArrayObject         *subspace;
+
+        /*
+         * if subspace iteration, then this is the array of axes in
+         * the underlying array represented by the index objects
+         */
+        int                   iteraxes[NPY_MAXDIMS];
+        npy_intp              fancy_strides[NPY_MAXDIMS];
+
+        /* pointer when all fancy indices are 0 */
+        char                  *baseoffset;
+
+        /*
+         * after binding consec denotes at which axis the fancy axes
+         * are inserted.
+         */
+        int                   consec;
+        char                  *dataptr;
+
+        int                   nd_fancy;
+        npy_intp              fancy_dims[NPY_MAXDIMS];
+
+        /*
+         * Whether the iterator (any of the iterators) requires API.  This is
+         * unused by NumPy itself; ArrayMethod flags are more precise.
+         */
+        int                   needs_api;
+
+        /*
+         * Extra op information.
+         */
+        PyArrayObject         *extra_op;
+        PyArray_Descr         *extra_op_dtype;         /* desired dtype */
+        npy_uint32            *extra_op_flags;         /* Iterator flags */
+
+        NpyIter               *extra_op_iter;
+        NpyIter_IterNextFunc  *extra_op_next;
+        char                  **extra_op_ptrs;
+
+        /*
+         * Information about the iteration state.
+         */
+        NpyIter_IterNextFunc  *outer_next;
+        char                  **outer_ptrs;
+        npy_intp              *outer_strides;
+
+        /*
+         * Information about the subspace iterator.
+         */
+        NpyIter               *subspace_iter;
+        NpyIter_IterNextFunc  *subspace_next;
+        char                  **subspace_ptrs;
+        npy_intp              *subspace_strides;
+
+        /* Count for the external loop (which ever it is) for API iteration */
+        npy_intp              iter_count;
+
+} PyArrayMapIterObject;
+
+enum {
+    NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_ZERO_PADDING,
+    NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_ONE_PADDING,
+    NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_CONSTANT_PADDING,
+    NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_CIRCULAR_PADDING,
+    NPY_NEIGHBORHOOD_ITER_MIRROR_PADDING
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+
+    /*
+     * PyArrayIterObject part: keep this in this exact order
+     */
+    int               nd_m1;            /* number of dimensions - 1 */
+    npy_intp          index, size;
+    npy_intp          coordinates[NPY_MAXDIMS];/* N-dimensional loop */
+    npy_intp          dims_m1[NPY_MAXDIMS];    /* ao->dimensions - 1 */
+    npy_intp          strides[NPY_MAXDIMS];    /* ao->strides or fake */
+    npy_intp          backstrides[NPY_MAXDIMS];/* how far to jump back */
+    npy_intp          factors[NPY_MAXDIMS];     /* shape factors */
+    PyArrayObject     *ao;
+    char              *dataptr;        /* pointer to current item*/
+    npy_bool          contiguous;
+
+    npy_intp          bounds[NPY_MAXDIMS][2];
+    npy_intp          limits[NPY_MAXDIMS][2];
+    npy_intp          limits_sizes[NPY_MAXDIMS];
+    npy_iter_get_dataptr_t translate;
+
+    /*
+     * New members
+     */
+    npy_intp nd;
+
+    /* Dimensions is the dimension of the array */
+    npy_intp dimensions[NPY_MAXDIMS];
+
+    /*
+     * Neighborhood points coordinates are computed relatively to the
+     * point pointed by _internal_iter
+     */
+    PyArrayIterObject* _internal_iter;
+    /*
+     * To keep a reference to the representation of the constant value
+     * for constant padding
+     */
+    char* constant;
+
+    int mode;
+} PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject;
+
+/*
+ * Neighborhood iterator API
+ */
+
+/* General: those work for any mode */
+static inline int
+PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Reset(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter);
+static inline int
+PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Next(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter);
+#if 0
+static inline int
+PyArrayNeighborhoodIter_Next2D(PyArrayNeighborhoodIterObject* iter);
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Include inline implementations - functions defined there are not
+ * considered public API
+ */
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY__NEIGHBORHOOD_IMP_H_
+#include "_neighborhood_iterator_imp.h"
+#undef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY__NEIGHBORHOOD_IMP_H_
+
+
+
+/* The default array type */
+#define NPY_DEFAULT_TYPE NPY_DOUBLE
+
+/*
+ * All sorts of useful ways to look into a PyArrayObject. It is recommended
+ * to use PyArrayObject * objects instead of always casting from PyObject *,
+ * for improved type checking.
+ *
+ * In many cases here the macro versions of the accessors are deprecated,
+ * but can't be immediately changed to inline functions because the
+ * preexisting macros accept PyObject * and do automatic casts. Inline
+ * functions accepting PyArrayObject * provides for some compile-time
+ * checking of correctness when working with these objects in C.
+ */
+
+#define PyArray_ISONESEGMENT(m) (PyArray_CHKFLAGS(m, NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS) || \
+                                 PyArray_CHKFLAGS(m, NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS))
+
+#define PyArray_ISFORTRAN(m) (PyArray_CHKFLAGS(m, NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS) && \
+                             (!PyArray_CHKFLAGS(m, NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)))
+
+#define PyArray_FORTRAN_IF(m) ((PyArray_CHKFLAGS(m, NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS) ? \
+                               NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS : 0))
+
+#if (defined(NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API) && (NPY_1_7_API_VERSION <= NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API))
+/*
+ * Changing access macros into functions, to allow for future hiding
+ * of the internal memory layout. This later hiding will allow the 2.x series
+ * to change the internal representation of arrays without affecting
+ * ABI compatibility.
+ */
+
+static inline int
+PyArray_NDIM(const PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->nd;
+}
+
+static inline void *
+PyArray_DATA(PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->data;
+}
+
+static inline char *
+PyArray_BYTES(PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->data;
+}
+
+static inline npy_intp *
+PyArray_DIMS(PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->dimensions;
+}
+
+static inline npy_intp *
+PyArray_STRIDES(PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->strides;
+}
+
+static inline npy_intp
+PyArray_DIM(const PyArrayObject *arr, int idim)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->dimensions[idim];
+}
+
+static inline npy_intp
+PyArray_STRIDE(const PyArrayObject *arr, int istride)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->strides[istride];
+}
+
+static inline NPY_RETURNS_BORROWED_REF PyObject *
+PyArray_BASE(PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->base;
+}
+
+static inline NPY_RETURNS_BORROWED_REF PyArray_Descr *
+PyArray_DESCR(PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->descr;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyArray_FLAGS(const PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->flags;
+}
+
+static inline npy_intp
+PyArray_ITEMSIZE(const PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->descr->elsize;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyArray_TYPE(const PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->descr->type_num;
+}
+
+static inline int
+PyArray_CHKFLAGS(const PyArrayObject *arr, int flags)
+{
+    return (PyArray_FLAGS(arr) & flags) == flags;
+}
+
+static inline PyObject *
+PyArray_GETITEM(const PyArrayObject *arr, const char *itemptr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->descr->f->getitem(
+                                        (void *)itemptr, (PyArrayObject *)arr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * SETITEM should only be used if it is known that the value is a scalar
+ * and of a type understood by the arrays dtype.
+ * Use `PyArray_Pack` if the value may be of a different dtype.
+ */
+static inline int
+PyArray_SETITEM(PyArrayObject *arr, char *itemptr, PyObject *v)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->descr->f->setitem(v, itemptr, arr);
+}
+
+#else
+
+/* These macros are deprecated as of NumPy 1.7. */
+#define PyArray_NDIM(obj) (((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->nd)
+#define PyArray_BYTES(obj) (((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->data)
+#define PyArray_DATA(obj) ((void *)((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->data)
+#define PyArray_DIMS(obj) (((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->dimensions)
+#define PyArray_STRIDES(obj) (((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->strides)
+#define PyArray_DIM(obj,n) (PyArray_DIMS(obj)[n])
+#define PyArray_STRIDE(obj,n) (PyArray_STRIDES(obj)[n])
+#define PyArray_BASE(obj) (((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->base)
+#define PyArray_DESCR(obj) (((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->descr)
+#define PyArray_FLAGS(obj) (((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->flags)
+#define PyArray_CHKFLAGS(m, FLAGS) \
+        ((((PyArrayObject_fields *)(m))->flags & (FLAGS)) == (FLAGS))
+#define PyArray_ITEMSIZE(obj) \
+                    (((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->descr->elsize)
+#define PyArray_TYPE(obj) \
+                    (((PyArrayObject_fields *)(obj))->descr->type_num)
+#define PyArray_GETITEM(obj,itemptr) \
+        PyArray_DESCR(obj)->f->getitem((char *)(itemptr), \
+                                     (PyArrayObject *)(obj))
+
+#define PyArray_SETITEM(obj,itemptr,v) \
+        PyArray_DESCR(obj)->f->setitem((PyObject *)(v), \
+                                     (char *)(itemptr), \
+                                     (PyArrayObject *)(obj))
+#endif
+
+static inline PyArray_Descr *
+PyArray_DTYPE(PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->descr;
+}
+
+static inline npy_intp *
+PyArray_SHAPE(PyArrayObject *arr)
+{
+    return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->dimensions;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Enables the specified array flags. Does no checking,
+ * assumes you know what you're doing.
+ */
+static inline void
+PyArray_ENABLEFLAGS(PyArrayObject *arr, int flags)
+{
+    ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->flags |= flags;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Clears the specified array flags. Does no checking,
+ * assumes you know what you're doing.
+ */
+static inline void
+PyArray_CLEARFLAGS(PyArrayObject *arr, int flags)
+{
+    ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->flags &= ~flags;
+}
+
+#if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_22_API_VERSION
+    static inline NPY_RETURNS_BORROWED_REF PyObject *
+    PyArray_HANDLER(PyArrayObject *arr)
+    {
+        return ((PyArrayObject_fields *)arr)->mem_handler;
+    }
+#endif
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISBOOL(type) ((type) == NPY_BOOL)
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISUNSIGNED(type) (((type) == NPY_UBYTE) ||   \
+                                 ((type) == NPY_USHORT) ||     \
+                                 ((type) == NPY_UINT) ||       \
+                                 ((type) == NPY_ULONG) ||      \
+                                 ((type) == NPY_ULONGLONG))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISSIGNED(type) (((type) == NPY_BYTE) ||      \
+                               ((type) == NPY_SHORT) ||        \
+                               ((type) == NPY_INT) ||          \
+                               ((type) == NPY_LONG) ||         \
+                               ((type) == NPY_LONGLONG))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISINTEGER(type) (((type) >= NPY_BYTE) &&     \
+                                ((type) <= NPY_ULONGLONG))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISFLOAT(type) ((((type) >= NPY_FLOAT) && \
+                              ((type) <= NPY_LONGDOUBLE)) || \
+                              ((type) == NPY_HALF))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISNUMBER(type) (((type) <= NPY_CLONGDOUBLE) || \
+                                  ((type) == NPY_HALF))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISSTRING(type) (((type) == NPY_STRING) ||    \
+                                  ((type) == NPY_UNICODE))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISCOMPLEX(type) (((type) >= NPY_CFLOAT) &&   \
+                                ((type) <= NPY_CLONGDOUBLE))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISPYTHON(type) (((type) == NPY_LONG) ||      \
+                                  ((type) == NPY_DOUBLE) ||    \
+                                  ((type) == NPY_CDOUBLE) ||   \
+                                  ((type) == NPY_BOOL) ||      \
+                                  ((type) == NPY_OBJECT ))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISFLEXIBLE(type) (((type) >=NPY_STRING) &&  \
+                                    ((type) <=NPY_VOID))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISDATETIME(type) (((type) >=NPY_DATETIME) &&  \
+                                    ((type) <=NPY_TIMEDELTA))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISUSERDEF(type) (((type) >= NPY_USERDEF) && \
+                                   ((type) < NPY_USERDEF+     \
+                                    NPY_NUMUSERTYPES))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISEXTENDED(type) (PyTypeNum_ISFLEXIBLE(type) ||  \
+                                    PyTypeNum_ISUSERDEF(type))
+
+#define PyTypeNum_ISOBJECT(type) ((type) == NPY_OBJECT)
+
+
+#define PyDataType_ISBOOL(obj) PyTypeNum_ISBOOL(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISUNSIGNED(obj) PyTypeNum_ISUNSIGNED(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISSIGNED(obj) PyTypeNum_ISSIGNED(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISINTEGER(obj) PyTypeNum_ISINTEGER(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num )
+#define PyDataType_ISFLOAT(obj) PyTypeNum_ISFLOAT(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISNUMBER(obj) PyTypeNum_ISNUMBER(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISSTRING(obj) PyTypeNum_ISSTRING(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISCOMPLEX(obj) PyTypeNum_ISCOMPLEX(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISPYTHON(obj) PyTypeNum_ISPYTHON(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISFLEXIBLE(obj) PyTypeNum_ISFLEXIBLE(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISDATETIME(obj) PyTypeNum_ISDATETIME(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISUSERDEF(obj) PyTypeNum_ISUSERDEF(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISEXTENDED(obj) PyTypeNum_ISEXTENDED(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_ISOBJECT(obj) PyTypeNum_ISOBJECT(((PyArray_Descr*)(obj))->type_num)
+#define PyDataType_HASFIELDS(obj) (((PyArray_Descr *)(obj))->names != NULL)
+#define PyDataType_HASSUBARRAY(dtype) ((dtype)->subarray != NULL)
+#define PyDataType_ISUNSIZED(dtype) ((dtype)->elsize == 0 && \
+                                      !PyDataType_HASFIELDS(dtype))
+#define PyDataType_MAKEUNSIZED(dtype) ((dtype)->elsize = 0)
+
+#define PyArray_ISBOOL(obj) PyTypeNum_ISBOOL(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISUNSIGNED(obj) PyTypeNum_ISUNSIGNED(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISSIGNED(obj) PyTypeNum_ISSIGNED(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISINTEGER(obj) PyTypeNum_ISINTEGER(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISFLOAT(obj) PyTypeNum_ISFLOAT(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISNUMBER(obj) PyTypeNum_ISNUMBER(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISSTRING(obj) PyTypeNum_ISSTRING(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISCOMPLEX(obj) PyTypeNum_ISCOMPLEX(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISPYTHON(obj) PyTypeNum_ISPYTHON(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISFLEXIBLE(obj) PyTypeNum_ISFLEXIBLE(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISDATETIME(obj) PyTypeNum_ISDATETIME(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISUSERDEF(obj) PyTypeNum_ISUSERDEF(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISEXTENDED(obj) PyTypeNum_ISEXTENDED(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_ISOBJECT(obj) PyTypeNum_ISOBJECT(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+#define PyArray_HASFIELDS(obj) PyDataType_HASFIELDS(PyArray_DESCR(obj))
+
+    /*
+     * FIXME: This should check for a flag on the data-type that
+     * states whether or not it is variable length.  Because the
+     * ISFLEXIBLE check is hard-coded to the built-in data-types.
+     */
+#define PyArray_ISVARIABLE(obj) PyTypeNum_ISFLEXIBLE(PyArray_TYPE(obj))
+
+#define PyArray_SAFEALIGNEDCOPY(obj) (PyArray_ISALIGNED(obj) && !PyArray_ISVARIABLE(obj))
+
+
+#define NPY_LITTLE '<'
+#define NPY_BIG '>'
+#define NPY_NATIVE '='
+#define NPY_SWAP 's'
+#define NPY_IGNORE '|'
+
+#if NPY_BYTE_ORDER == NPY_BIG_ENDIAN
+#define NPY_NATBYTE NPY_BIG
+#define NPY_OPPBYTE NPY_LITTLE
+#else
+#define NPY_NATBYTE NPY_LITTLE
+#define NPY_OPPBYTE NPY_BIG
+#endif
+
+#define PyArray_ISNBO(arg) ((arg) != NPY_OPPBYTE)
+#define PyArray_IsNativeByteOrder PyArray_ISNBO
+#define PyArray_ISNOTSWAPPED(m) PyArray_ISNBO(PyArray_DESCR(m)->byteorder)
+#define PyArray_ISBYTESWAPPED(m) (!PyArray_ISNOTSWAPPED(m))
+
+#define PyArray_FLAGSWAP(m, flags) (PyArray_CHKFLAGS(m, flags) &&       \
+                                    PyArray_ISNOTSWAPPED(m))
+
+#define PyArray_ISCARRAY(m) PyArray_FLAGSWAP(m, NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY)
+#define PyArray_ISCARRAY_RO(m) PyArray_FLAGSWAP(m, NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY_RO)
+#define PyArray_ISFARRAY(m) PyArray_FLAGSWAP(m, NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY)
+#define PyArray_ISFARRAY_RO(m) PyArray_FLAGSWAP(m, NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY_RO)
+#define PyArray_ISBEHAVED(m) PyArray_FLAGSWAP(m, NPY_ARRAY_BEHAVED)
+#define PyArray_ISBEHAVED_RO(m) PyArray_FLAGSWAP(m, NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED)
+
+
+#define PyDataType_ISNOTSWAPPED(d) PyArray_ISNBO(((PyArray_Descr *)(d))->byteorder)
+#define PyDataType_ISBYTESWAPPED(d) (!PyDataType_ISNOTSWAPPED(d))
+
+/************************************************************
+ * A struct used by PyArray_CreateSortedStridePerm, new in 1.7.
+ ************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    npy_intp perm, stride;
+} npy_stride_sort_item;
+
+/************************************************************
+ * This is the form of the struct that's stored in the
+ * PyCapsule returned by an array's __array_struct__ attribute. See
+ * https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/arrays.interface.html for the full
+ * documentation.
+ ************************************************************/
+typedef struct {
+    int two;              /*
+                           * contains the integer 2 as a sanity
+                           * check
+                           */
+
+    int nd;               /* number of dimensions */
+
+    char typekind;        /*
+                           * kind in array --- character code of
+                           * typestr
+                           */
+
+    int itemsize;         /* size of each element */
+
+    int flags;            /*
+                           * how should be data interpreted. Valid
+                           * flags are CONTIGUOUS (1), F_CONTIGUOUS (2),
+                           * ALIGNED (0x100), NOTSWAPPED (0x200), and
+                           * WRITEABLE (0x400).  ARR_HAS_DESCR (0x800)
+                           * states that arrdescr field is present in
+                           * structure
+                           */
+
+    npy_intp *shape;       /*
+                            * A length-nd array of shape
+                            * information
+                            */
+
+    npy_intp *strides;    /* A length-nd array of stride information */
+
+    void *data;           /* A pointer to the first element of the array */
+
+    PyObject *descr;      /*
+                           * A list of fields or NULL (ignored if flags
+                           * does not have ARR_HAS_DESCR flag set)
+                           */
+} PyArrayInterface;
+
+/*
+ * This is a function for hooking into the PyDataMem_NEW/FREE/RENEW functions.
+ * See the documentation for PyDataMem_SetEventHook.
+ */
+typedef void (PyDataMem_EventHookFunc)(void *inp, void *outp, size_t size,
+                                       void *user_data);
+
+
+/*
+ * PyArray_DTypeMeta related definitions.
+ *
+ * As of now, this API is preliminary and will be extended as necessary.
+ */
+#if defined(NPY_INTERNAL_BUILD) && NPY_INTERNAL_BUILD
+    /*
+     * The Structures defined in this block are currently considered
+     * private API and may change without warning!
+     * Part of this (at least the size) is expected to be public API without
+     * further modifications.
+     */
+    /* TODO: Make this definition public in the API, as soon as its settled */
+    NPY_NO_EXPORT extern PyTypeObject PyArrayDTypeMeta_Type;
+
+    /*
+     * While NumPy DTypes would not need to be heap types the plan is to
+     * make DTypes available in Python at which point they will be heap types.
+     * Since we also wish to add fields to the DType class, this looks like
+     * a typical instance definition, but with PyHeapTypeObject instead of
+     * only the PyObject_HEAD.
+     * This must only be exposed very extremely careful consideration, since
+     * it is a fairly complex construct which may be better to allow
+     * refactoring of.
+     */
+    typedef struct {
+        PyHeapTypeObject super;
+
+        /*
+         * Most DTypes will have a singleton default instance, for the
+         * parametric legacy DTypes (bytes, string, void, datetime) this
+         * may be a pointer to the *prototype* instance?
+         */
+        PyArray_Descr *singleton;
+        /* Copy of the legacy DTypes type number, usually invalid. */
+        int type_num;
+
+        /* The type object of the scalar instances (may be NULL?) */
+        PyTypeObject *scalar_type;
+        /*
+         * DType flags to signal legacy, parametric, or
+         * abstract.  But plenty of space for additional information/flags.
+         */
+        npy_uint64 flags;
+
+        /*
+         * Use indirection in order to allow a fixed size for this struct.
+         * A stable ABI size makes creating a static DType less painful
+         * while also ensuring flexibility for all opaque API (with one
+         * indirection due the pointer lookup).
+         */
+        void *dt_slots;
+        void *reserved[3];
+    } PyArray_DTypeMeta;
+
+#endif  /* NPY_INTERNAL_BUILD */
+
+
+/*
+ * Use the keyword NPY_DEPRECATED_INCLUDES to ensure that the header files
+ * npy_*_*_deprecated_api.h are only included from here and nowhere else.
+ */
+#ifdef NPY_DEPRECATED_INCLUDES
+#error "Do not use the reserved keyword NPY_DEPRECATED_INCLUDES."
+#endif
+#define NPY_DEPRECATED_INCLUDES
+#if !defined(NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API) || \
+    (NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API < NPY_1_7_API_VERSION)
+#include "npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h"
+#endif
+/*
+ * There is no file npy_1_8_deprecated_api.h since there are no additional
+ * deprecated API features in NumPy 1.8.
+ *
+ * Note to maintainers: insert code like the following in future NumPy
+ * versions.
+ *
+ * #if !defined(NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API) || \
+ *     (NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API < NPY_1_9_API_VERSION)
+ * #include "npy_1_9_deprecated_api.h"
+ * #endif
+ */
+#undef NPY_DEPRECATED_INCLUDES
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NDARRAYTYPES_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/noprefix.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/noprefix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cea5b0d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/noprefix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NOPREFIX_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NOPREFIX_H_
+
+/*
+ * You can directly include noprefix.h as a backward
+ * compatibility measure
+ */
+#ifndef NPY_NO_PREFIX
+#include "ndarrayobject.h"
+#include "npy_interrupt.h"
+#endif
+
+#define SIGSETJMP   NPY_SIGSETJMP
+#define SIGLONGJMP  NPY_SIGLONGJMP
+#define SIGJMP_BUF  NPY_SIGJMP_BUF
+
+#define MAX_DIMS NPY_MAXDIMS
+
+#define longlong    npy_longlong
+#define ulonglong   npy_ulonglong
+#define Bool        npy_bool
+#define longdouble  npy_longdouble
+#define byte        npy_byte
+
+#ifndef _BSD_SOURCE
+#define ushort      npy_ushort
+#define uint        npy_uint
+#define ulong       npy_ulong
+#endif
+
+#define ubyte       npy_ubyte
+#define ushort      npy_ushort
+#define uint        npy_uint
+#define ulong       npy_ulong
+#define cfloat      npy_cfloat
+#define cdouble     npy_cdouble
+#define clongdouble npy_clongdouble
+#define Int8        npy_int8
+#define UInt8       npy_uint8
+#define Int16       npy_int16
+#define UInt16      npy_uint16
+#define Int32       npy_int32
+#define UInt32      npy_uint32
+#define Int64       npy_int64
+#define UInt64      npy_uint64
+#define Int128      npy_int128
+#define UInt128     npy_uint128
+#define Int256      npy_int256
+#define UInt256     npy_uint256
+#define Float16     npy_float16
+#define Complex32   npy_complex32
+#define Float32     npy_float32
+#define Complex64   npy_complex64
+#define Float64     npy_float64
+#define Complex128  npy_complex128
+#define Float80     npy_float80
+#define Complex160  npy_complex160
+#define Float96     npy_float96
+#define Complex192  npy_complex192
+#define Float128    npy_float128
+#define Complex256  npy_complex256
+#define intp        npy_intp
+#define uintp       npy_uintp
+#define datetime    npy_datetime
+#define timedelta   npy_timedelta
+
+#define SIZEOF_LONGLONG         NPY_SIZEOF_LONGLONG
+#define SIZEOF_INTP             NPY_SIZEOF_INTP
+#define SIZEOF_UINTP            NPY_SIZEOF_UINTP
+#define SIZEOF_HALF             NPY_SIZEOF_HALF
+#define SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE       NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE
+#define SIZEOF_DATETIME         NPY_SIZEOF_DATETIME
+#define SIZEOF_TIMEDELTA        NPY_SIZEOF_TIMEDELTA
+
+#define LONGLONG_FMT NPY_LONGLONG_FMT
+#define ULONGLONG_FMT NPY_ULONGLONG_FMT
+#define LONGLONG_SUFFIX NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX
+#define ULONGLONG_SUFFIX NPY_ULONGLONG_SUFFIX
+
+#define MAX_INT8 127
+#define MIN_INT8 -128
+#define MAX_UINT8 255
+#define MAX_INT16 32767
+#define MIN_INT16 -32768
+#define MAX_UINT16 65535
+#define MAX_INT32 2147483647
+#define MIN_INT32 (-MAX_INT32 - 1)
+#define MAX_UINT32 4294967295U
+#define MAX_INT64 LONGLONG_SUFFIX(9223372036854775807)
+#define MIN_INT64 (-MAX_INT64 - LONGLONG_SUFFIX(1))
+#define MAX_UINT64 ULONGLONG_SUFFIX(18446744073709551615)
+#define MAX_INT128 LONGLONG_SUFFIX(85070591730234615865843651857942052864)
+#define MIN_INT128 (-MAX_INT128 - LONGLONG_SUFFIX(1))
+#define MAX_UINT128 ULONGLONG_SUFFIX(170141183460469231731687303715884105728)
+#define MAX_INT256 LONGLONG_SUFFIX(57896044618658097711785492504343953926634992332820282019728792003956564819967)
+#define MIN_INT256 (-MAX_INT256 - LONGLONG_SUFFIX(1))
+#define MAX_UINT256 ULONGLONG_SUFFIX(115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935)
+
+#define MAX_BYTE NPY_MAX_BYTE
+#define MIN_BYTE NPY_MIN_BYTE
+#define MAX_UBYTE NPY_MAX_UBYTE
+#define MAX_SHORT NPY_MAX_SHORT
+#define MIN_SHORT NPY_MIN_SHORT
+#define MAX_USHORT NPY_MAX_USHORT
+#define MAX_INT   NPY_MAX_INT
+#define MIN_INT   NPY_MIN_INT
+#define MAX_UINT  NPY_MAX_UINT
+#define MAX_LONG  NPY_MAX_LONG
+#define MIN_LONG  NPY_MIN_LONG
+#define MAX_ULONG  NPY_MAX_ULONG
+#define MAX_LONGLONG NPY_MAX_LONGLONG
+#define MIN_LONGLONG NPY_MIN_LONGLONG
+#define MAX_ULONGLONG NPY_MAX_ULONGLONG
+#define MIN_DATETIME NPY_MIN_DATETIME
+#define MAX_DATETIME NPY_MAX_DATETIME
+#define MIN_TIMEDELTA NPY_MIN_TIMEDELTA
+#define MAX_TIMEDELTA NPY_MAX_TIMEDELTA
+
+#define BITSOF_BOOL       NPY_BITSOF_BOOL
+#define BITSOF_CHAR       NPY_BITSOF_CHAR
+#define BITSOF_SHORT      NPY_BITSOF_SHORT
+#define BITSOF_INT        NPY_BITSOF_INT
+#define BITSOF_LONG       NPY_BITSOF_LONG
+#define BITSOF_LONGLONG   NPY_BITSOF_LONGLONG
+#define BITSOF_HALF       NPY_BITSOF_HALF
+#define BITSOF_FLOAT      NPY_BITSOF_FLOAT
+#define BITSOF_DOUBLE     NPY_BITSOF_DOUBLE
+#define BITSOF_LONGDOUBLE NPY_BITSOF_LONGDOUBLE
+#define BITSOF_DATETIME   NPY_BITSOF_DATETIME
+#define BITSOF_TIMEDELTA   NPY_BITSOF_TIMEDELTA
+
+#define _pya_malloc PyArray_malloc
+#define _pya_free PyArray_free
+#define _pya_realloc PyArray_realloc
+
+#define BEGIN_THREADS_DEF NPY_BEGIN_THREADS_DEF
+#define BEGIN_THREADS     NPY_BEGIN_THREADS
+#define END_THREADS       NPY_END_THREADS
+#define ALLOW_C_API_DEF   NPY_ALLOW_C_API_DEF
+#define ALLOW_C_API       NPY_ALLOW_C_API
+#define DISABLE_C_API     NPY_DISABLE_C_API
+
+#define PY_FAIL NPY_FAIL
+#define PY_SUCCEED NPY_SUCCEED
+
+#ifndef TRUE
+#define TRUE NPY_TRUE
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FALSE
+#define FALSE NPY_FALSE
+#endif
+
+#define LONGDOUBLE_FMT NPY_LONGDOUBLE_FMT
+
+#define CONTIGUOUS         NPY_CONTIGUOUS
+#define C_CONTIGUOUS       NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS
+#define FORTRAN            NPY_FORTRAN
+#define F_CONTIGUOUS       NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS
+#define OWNDATA            NPY_OWNDATA
+#define FORCECAST          NPY_FORCECAST
+#define ENSURECOPY         NPY_ENSURECOPY
+#define ENSUREARRAY        NPY_ENSUREARRAY
+#define ELEMENTSTRIDES     NPY_ELEMENTSTRIDES
+#define ALIGNED            NPY_ALIGNED
+#define NOTSWAPPED         NPY_NOTSWAPPED
+#define WRITEABLE          NPY_WRITEABLE
+#define WRITEBACKIFCOPY    NPY_ARRAY_WRITEBACKIFCOPY
+#define ARR_HAS_DESCR      NPY_ARR_HAS_DESCR
+#define BEHAVED            NPY_BEHAVED
+#define BEHAVED_NS         NPY_BEHAVED_NS
+#define CARRAY             NPY_CARRAY
+#define CARRAY_RO          NPY_CARRAY_RO
+#define FARRAY             NPY_FARRAY
+#define FARRAY_RO          NPY_FARRAY_RO
+#define DEFAULT            NPY_DEFAULT
+#define IN_ARRAY           NPY_IN_ARRAY
+#define OUT_ARRAY          NPY_OUT_ARRAY
+#define INOUT_ARRAY        NPY_INOUT_ARRAY
+#define IN_FARRAY          NPY_IN_FARRAY
+#define OUT_FARRAY         NPY_OUT_FARRAY
+#define INOUT_FARRAY       NPY_INOUT_FARRAY
+#define UPDATE_ALL         NPY_UPDATE_ALL
+
+#define OWN_DATA          NPY_OWNDATA
+#define BEHAVED_FLAGS     NPY_BEHAVED
+#define BEHAVED_FLAGS_NS  NPY_BEHAVED_NS
+#define CARRAY_FLAGS_RO   NPY_CARRAY_RO
+#define CARRAY_FLAGS      NPY_CARRAY
+#define FARRAY_FLAGS      NPY_FARRAY
+#define FARRAY_FLAGS_RO   NPY_FARRAY_RO
+#define DEFAULT_FLAGS     NPY_DEFAULT
+#define UPDATE_ALL_FLAGS  NPY_UPDATE_ALL_FLAGS
+
+#ifndef MIN
+#define MIN PyArray_MIN
+#endif
+#ifndef MAX
+#define MAX PyArray_MAX
+#endif
+#define MAX_INTP NPY_MAX_INTP
+#define MIN_INTP NPY_MIN_INTP
+#define MAX_UINTP NPY_MAX_UINTP
+#define INTP_FMT NPY_INTP_FMT
+
+#ifndef PYPY_VERSION
+#define REFCOUNT PyArray_REFCOUNT
+#define MAX_ELSIZE NPY_MAX_ELSIZE
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NOPREFIX_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6455d40d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#ifndef NPY_DEPRECATED_INCLUDES
+#error "Should never include npy_*_*_deprecated_api directly."
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_1_7_DEPRECATED_API_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_1_7_DEPRECATED_API_H_
+
+/* Emit a warning if the user did not specifically request the old API */
+#ifndef NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#define _WARN___STR2__(x) #x
+#define _WARN___STR1__(x) _WARN___STR2__(x)
+#define _WARN___LOC__ __FILE__ "(" _WARN___STR1__(__LINE__) ") : Warning Msg: "
+#pragma message(_WARN___LOC__"Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with " \
+                         "#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION")
+#else
+#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with " \
+         "#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION"
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * This header exists to collect all dangerous/deprecated NumPy API
+ * as of NumPy 1.7.
+ *
+ * This is an attempt to remove bad API, the proliferation of macros,
+ * and namespace pollution currently produced by the NumPy headers.
+ */
+
+/* These array flags are deprecated as of NumPy 1.7 */
+#define NPY_CONTIGUOUS NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS
+#define NPY_FORTRAN NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS
+
+/*
+ * The consistent NPY_ARRAY_* names which don't pollute the NPY_*
+ * namespace were added in NumPy 1.7.
+ *
+ * These versions of the carray flags are deprecated, but
+ * probably should only be removed after two releases instead of one.
+ */
+#define NPY_C_CONTIGUOUS   NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS
+#define NPY_F_CONTIGUOUS   NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS
+#define NPY_OWNDATA        NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA
+#define NPY_FORCECAST      NPY_ARRAY_FORCECAST
+#define NPY_ENSURECOPY     NPY_ARRAY_ENSURECOPY
+#define NPY_ENSUREARRAY    NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY
+#define NPY_ELEMENTSTRIDES NPY_ARRAY_ELEMENTSTRIDES
+#define NPY_ALIGNED        NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED
+#define NPY_NOTSWAPPED     NPY_ARRAY_NOTSWAPPED
+#define NPY_WRITEABLE      NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE
+#define NPY_BEHAVED        NPY_ARRAY_BEHAVED
+#define NPY_BEHAVED_NS     NPY_ARRAY_BEHAVED_NS
+#define NPY_CARRAY         NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY
+#define NPY_CARRAY_RO      NPY_ARRAY_CARRAY_RO
+#define NPY_FARRAY         NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY
+#define NPY_FARRAY_RO      NPY_ARRAY_FARRAY_RO
+#define NPY_DEFAULT        NPY_ARRAY_DEFAULT
+#define NPY_IN_ARRAY       NPY_ARRAY_IN_ARRAY
+#define NPY_OUT_ARRAY      NPY_ARRAY_OUT_ARRAY
+#define NPY_INOUT_ARRAY    NPY_ARRAY_INOUT_ARRAY
+#define NPY_IN_FARRAY      NPY_ARRAY_IN_FARRAY
+#define NPY_OUT_FARRAY     NPY_ARRAY_OUT_FARRAY
+#define NPY_INOUT_FARRAY   NPY_ARRAY_INOUT_FARRAY
+#define NPY_UPDATE_ALL     NPY_ARRAY_UPDATE_ALL
+
+/* This way of accessing the default type is deprecated as of NumPy 1.7 */
+#define PyArray_DEFAULT NPY_DEFAULT_TYPE
+
+/* These DATETIME bits aren't used internally */
+#define PyDataType_GetDatetimeMetaData(descr)                                 \
+    ((descr->metadata == NULL) ? NULL :                                       \
+        ((PyArray_DatetimeMetaData *)(PyCapsule_GetPointer(                   \
+                PyDict_GetItemString(                                         \
+                    descr->metadata, NPY_METADATA_DTSTR), NULL))))
+
+/*
+ * Deprecated as of NumPy 1.7, this kind of shortcut doesn't
+ * belong in the public API.
+ */
+#define NPY_AO PyArrayObject
+
+/*
+ * Deprecated as of NumPy 1.7, an all-lowercase macro doesn't
+ * belong in the public API.
+ */
+#define fortran fortran_
+
+/*
+ * Deprecated as of NumPy 1.7, as it is a namespace-polluting
+ * macro.
+ */
+#define FORTRAN_IF PyArray_FORTRAN_IF
+
+/* Deprecated as of NumPy 1.7, datetime64 uses c_metadata instead */
+#define NPY_METADATA_DTSTR "__timeunit__"
+
+/*
+ * Deprecated as of NumPy 1.7.
+ * The reasoning:
+ *  - These are for datetime, but there's no datetime "namespace".
+ *  - They just turn NPY_STR_<x> into "<x>", which is just
+ *    making something simple be indirected.
+ */
+#define NPY_STR_Y "Y"
+#define NPY_STR_M "M"
+#define NPY_STR_W "W"
+#define NPY_STR_D "D"
+#define NPY_STR_h "h"
+#define NPY_STR_m "m"
+#define NPY_STR_s "s"
+#define NPY_STR_ms "ms"
+#define NPY_STR_us "us"
+#define NPY_STR_ns "ns"
+#define NPY_STR_ps "ps"
+#define NPY_STR_fs "fs"
+#define NPY_STR_as "as"
+
+/*
+ * The macros in old_defines.h are Deprecated as of NumPy 1.7 and will be
+ * removed in the next major release.
+ */
+#include "old_defines.h"
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_1_7_DEPRECATED_API_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_3kcompat.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_3kcompat.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62fde943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_3kcompat.h
@@ -0,0 +1,595 @@
+/*
+ * This is a convenience header file providing compatibility utilities
+ * for supporting different minor versions of Python 3.
+ * It was originally used to support the transition from Python 2,
+ * hence the "3k" naming.
+ *
+ * If you want to use this for your own projects, it's recommended to make a
+ * copy of it. Although the stuff below is unlikely to change, we don't provide
+ * strong backwards compatibility guarantees at the moment.
+ */
+
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_3KCOMPAT_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_3KCOMPAT_H_
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#ifndef NPY_PY3K
+#define NPY_PY3K 1
+#endif
+
+#include "numpy/npy_common.h"
+#include "numpy/ndarrayobject.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * PyInt -> PyLong
+ */
+
+
+/*
+ * This is a renamed copy of the Python non-limited API function _PyLong_AsInt. It is
+ * included here because it is missing from the PyPy API. It completes the PyLong_As*
+ * group of functions and can be useful in replacing PyInt_Check.
+ */
+static inline int
+Npy__PyLong_AsInt(PyObject *obj)
+{
+    int overflow;
+    long result = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(obj, &overflow);
+
+    /* INT_MAX and INT_MIN are defined in Python.h */
+    if (overflow || result > INT_MAX || result < INT_MIN) {
+        /* XXX: could be cute and give a different
+           message for overflow == -1 */
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                        "Python int too large to convert to C int");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return (int)result;
+}
+
+
+#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
+/* Return True only if the long fits in a C long */
+static inline int PyInt_Check(PyObject *op) {
+    int overflow = 0;
+    if (!PyLong_Check(op)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(op, &overflow);
+    return (overflow == 0);
+}
+
+
+#define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
+#define PyInt_AsLong PyLong_AsLong
+#define PyInt_AS_LONG PyLong_AsLong
+#define PyInt_AsSsize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t
+#define PyNumber_Int PyNumber_Long
+
+/* NOTE:
+ *
+ * Since the PyLong type is very different from the fixed-range PyInt,
+ * we don't define PyInt_Type -> PyLong_Type.
+ */
+#endif /* NPY_PY3K */
+
+/* Py3 changes PySlice_GetIndicesEx' first argument's type to PyObject* */
+#ifdef NPY_PY3K
+#  define NpySlice_GetIndicesEx PySlice_GetIndicesEx
+#else
+#  define NpySlice_GetIndicesEx(op, nop, start, end, step, slicelength) \
+    PySlice_GetIndicesEx((PySliceObject *)op, nop, start, end, step, slicelength)
+#endif
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030900a4
+    /* Introduced in https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/d2ec81a8c99796b51fb8c49b77a7fe369863226f */
+    #define Py_SET_TYPE(obj, type) ((Py_TYPE(obj) = (type)), (void)0)
+    /* Introduced in https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/b10dc3e7a11fcdb97e285882eba6da92594f90f9 */
+    #define Py_SET_SIZE(obj, size) ((Py_SIZE(obj) = (size)), (void)0)
+    /* Introduced in https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/c86a11221df7e37da389f9c6ce6e47ea22dc44ff */
+    #define Py_SET_REFCNT(obj, refcnt) ((Py_REFCNT(obj) = (refcnt)), (void)0)
+#endif
+
+
+#define Npy_EnterRecursiveCall(x) Py_EnterRecursiveCall(x)
+
+/*
+ * PyString -> PyBytes
+ */
+
+#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
+
+#define PyString_Type PyBytes_Type
+#define PyString_Check PyBytes_Check
+#define PyStringObject PyBytesObject
+#define PyString_FromString PyBytes_FromString
+#define PyString_FromStringAndSize PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#define PyString_AS_STRING PyBytes_AS_STRING
+#define PyString_AsStringAndSize PyBytes_AsStringAndSize
+#define PyString_FromFormat PyBytes_FromFormat
+#define PyString_Concat PyBytes_Concat
+#define PyString_ConcatAndDel PyBytes_ConcatAndDel
+#define PyString_AsString PyBytes_AsString
+#define PyString_GET_SIZE PyBytes_GET_SIZE
+#define PyString_Size PyBytes_Size
+
+#define PyUString_Type PyUnicode_Type
+#define PyUString_Check PyUnicode_Check
+#define PyUStringObject PyUnicodeObject
+#define PyUString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#define PyUString_FromStringAndSize PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize
+#define PyUString_FromFormat PyUnicode_FromFormat
+#define PyUString_Concat PyUnicode_Concat2
+#define PyUString_ConcatAndDel PyUnicode_ConcatAndDel
+#define PyUString_GET_SIZE PyUnicode_GET_SIZE
+#define PyUString_Size PyUnicode_Size
+#define PyUString_InternFromString PyUnicode_InternFromString
+#define PyUString_Format PyUnicode_Format
+
+#define PyBaseString_Check(obj) (PyUnicode_Check(obj))
+
+#else
+
+#define PyBytes_Type PyString_Type
+#define PyBytes_Check PyString_Check
+#define PyBytesObject PyStringObject
+#define PyBytes_FromString PyString_FromString
+#define PyBytes_FromStringAndSize PyString_FromStringAndSize
+#define PyBytes_AS_STRING PyString_AS_STRING
+#define PyBytes_AsStringAndSize PyString_AsStringAndSize
+#define PyBytes_FromFormat PyString_FromFormat
+#define PyBytes_Concat PyString_Concat
+#define PyBytes_ConcatAndDel PyString_ConcatAndDel
+#define PyBytes_AsString PyString_AsString
+#define PyBytes_GET_SIZE PyString_GET_SIZE
+#define PyBytes_Size PyString_Size
+
+#define PyUString_Type PyString_Type
+#define PyUString_Check PyString_Check
+#define PyUStringObject PyStringObject
+#define PyUString_FromString PyString_FromString
+#define PyUString_FromStringAndSize PyString_FromStringAndSize
+#define PyUString_FromFormat PyString_FromFormat
+#define PyUString_Concat PyString_Concat
+#define PyUString_ConcatAndDel PyString_ConcatAndDel
+#define PyUString_GET_SIZE PyString_GET_SIZE
+#define PyUString_Size PyString_Size
+#define PyUString_InternFromString PyString_InternFromString
+#define PyUString_Format PyString_Format
+
+#define PyBaseString_Check(obj) (PyBytes_Check(obj) || PyUnicode_Check(obj))
+
+#endif /* NPY_PY3K */
+
+/*
+ * Macros to protect CRT calls against instant termination when passed an
+ * invalid parameter (https://bugs.python.org/issue23524).
+ */
+#if defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER >= 1900
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+extern _invalid_parameter_handler _Py_silent_invalid_parameter_handler;
+#define NPY_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH { _invalid_parameter_handler _Py_old_handler = \
+    _set_thread_local_invalid_parameter_handler(_Py_silent_invalid_parameter_handler);
+#define NPY_END_SUPPRESS_IPH _set_thread_local_invalid_parameter_handler(_Py_old_handler); }
+
+#else
+
+#define NPY_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
+#define NPY_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
+
+#endif /* _MSC_VER >= 1900 */
+
+
+static inline void
+PyUnicode_ConcatAndDel(PyObject **left, PyObject *right)
+{
+    Py_SETREF(*left, PyUnicode_Concat(*left, right));
+    Py_DECREF(right);
+}
+
+static inline void
+PyUnicode_Concat2(PyObject **left, PyObject *right)
+{
+    Py_SETREF(*left, PyUnicode_Concat(*left, right));
+}
+
+/*
+ * PyFile_* compatibility
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Get a FILE* handle to the file represented by the Python object
+ */
+static inline FILE*
+npy_PyFile_Dup2(PyObject *file, char *mode, npy_off_t *orig_pos)
+{
+    int fd, fd2, unbuf;
+    Py_ssize_t fd2_tmp;
+    PyObject *ret, *os, *io, *io_raw;
+    npy_off_t pos;
+    FILE *handle;
+
+    /* For Python 2 PyFileObject, use PyFile_AsFile */
+#if !defined(NPY_PY3K)
+    if (PyFile_Check(file)) {
+        return PyFile_AsFile(file);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Flush first to ensure things end up in the file in the correct order */
+    ret = PyObject_CallMethod(file, "flush", "");
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(ret);
+    fd = PyObject_AsFileDescriptor(file);
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The handle needs to be dup'd because we have to call fclose
+     * at the end
+     */
+    os = PyImport_ImportModule("os");
+    if (os == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    ret = PyObject_CallMethod(os, "dup", "i", fd);
+    Py_DECREF(os);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    fd2_tmp = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(ret, PyExc_IOError);
+    Py_DECREF(ret);
+    if (fd2_tmp == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (fd2_tmp < INT_MIN || fd2_tmp > INT_MAX) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError,
+                        "Getting an 'int' from os.dup() failed");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    fd2 = (int)fd2_tmp;
+
+    /* Convert to FILE* handle */
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    NPY_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
+    handle = _fdopen(fd2, mode);
+    NPY_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
+#else
+    handle = fdopen(fd2, mode);
+#endif
+    if (handle == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError,
+                        "Getting a FILE* from a Python file object via "
+                        "_fdopen failed. If you built NumPy, you probably "
+                        "linked with the wrong debug/release runtime");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Record the original raw file handle position */
+    *orig_pos = npy_ftell(handle);
+    if (*orig_pos == -1) {
+        /* The io module is needed to determine if buffering is used */
+        io = PyImport_ImportModule("io");
+        if (io == NULL) {
+            fclose(handle);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        /* File object instances of RawIOBase are unbuffered */
+        io_raw = PyObject_GetAttrString(io, "RawIOBase");
+        Py_DECREF(io);
+        if (io_raw == NULL) {
+            fclose(handle);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        unbuf = PyObject_IsInstance(file, io_raw);
+        Py_DECREF(io_raw);
+        if (unbuf == 1) {
+            /* Succeed if the IO is unbuffered */
+            return handle;
+        }
+        else {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError, "obtaining file position failed");
+            fclose(handle);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Seek raw handle to the Python-side position */
+    ret = PyObject_CallMethod(file, "tell", "");
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+        fclose(handle);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    pos = PyLong_AsLongLong(ret);
+    Py_DECREF(ret);
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        fclose(handle);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (npy_fseek(handle, pos, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError, "seeking file failed");
+        fclose(handle);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return handle;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Close the dup-ed file handle, and seek the Python one to the current position
+ */
+static inline int
+npy_PyFile_DupClose2(PyObject *file, FILE* handle, npy_off_t orig_pos)
+{
+    int fd, unbuf;
+    PyObject *ret, *io, *io_raw;
+    npy_off_t position;
+
+    /* For Python 2 PyFileObject, do nothing */
+#if !defined(NPY_PY3K)
+    if (PyFile_Check(file)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    position = npy_ftell(handle);
+
+    /* Close the FILE* handle */
+    fclose(handle);
+
+    /*
+     * Restore original file handle position, in order to not confuse
+     * Python-side data structures
+     */
+    fd = PyObject_AsFileDescriptor(file);
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (npy_lseek(fd, orig_pos, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
+
+        /* The io module is needed to determine if buffering is used */
+        io = PyImport_ImportModule("io");
+        if (io == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        /* File object instances of RawIOBase are unbuffered */
+        io_raw = PyObject_GetAttrString(io, "RawIOBase");
+        Py_DECREF(io);
+        if (io_raw == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        unbuf = PyObject_IsInstance(file, io_raw);
+        Py_DECREF(io_raw);
+        if (unbuf == 1) {
+            /* Succeed if the IO is unbuffered */
+            return 0;
+        }
+        else {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError, "seeking file failed");
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (position == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError, "obtaining file position failed");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Seek Python-side handle to the FILE* handle position */
+    ret = PyObject_CallMethod(file, "seek", NPY_OFF_T_PYFMT "i", position, 0);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(ret);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static inline int
+npy_PyFile_Check(PyObject *file)
+{
+    int fd;
+    /* For Python 2, check if it is a PyFileObject */
+#if !defined(NPY_PY3K)
+    if (PyFile_Check(file)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    fd = PyObject_AsFileDescriptor(file);
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static inline PyObject*
+npy_PyFile_OpenFile(PyObject *filename, const char *mode)
+{
+    PyObject *open;
+    open = PyDict_GetItemString(PyEval_GetBuiltins(), "open");
+    if (open == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return PyObject_CallFunction(open, "Os", filename, mode);
+}
+
+static inline int
+npy_PyFile_CloseFile(PyObject *file)
+{
+    PyObject *ret;
+
+    ret = PyObject_CallMethod(file, "close", NULL);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(ret);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* This is a copy of _PyErr_ChainExceptions
+ */
+static inline void
+npy_PyErr_ChainExceptions(PyObject *exc, PyObject *val, PyObject *tb)
+{
+    if (exc == NULL)
+        return;
+
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        /* only py3 supports this anyway */
+        #ifdef NPY_PY3K
+            PyObject *exc2, *val2, *tb2;
+            PyErr_Fetch(&exc2, &val2, &tb2);
+            PyErr_NormalizeException(&exc, &val, &tb);
+            if (tb != NULL) {
+                PyException_SetTraceback(val, tb);
+                Py_DECREF(tb);
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(exc);
+            PyErr_NormalizeException(&exc2, &val2, &tb2);
+            PyException_SetContext(val2, val);
+            PyErr_Restore(exc2, val2, tb2);
+        #endif
+    }
+    else {
+        PyErr_Restore(exc, val, tb);
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* This is a copy of _PyErr_ChainExceptions, with:
+ *  - a minimal implementation for python 2
+ *  - __cause__ used instead of __context__
+ */
+static inline void
+npy_PyErr_ChainExceptionsCause(PyObject *exc, PyObject *val, PyObject *tb)
+{
+    if (exc == NULL)
+        return;
+
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        /* only py3 supports this anyway */
+        #ifdef NPY_PY3K
+            PyObject *exc2, *val2, *tb2;
+            PyErr_Fetch(&exc2, &val2, &tb2);
+            PyErr_NormalizeException(&exc, &val, &tb);
+            if (tb != NULL) {
+                PyException_SetTraceback(val, tb);
+                Py_DECREF(tb);
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(exc);
+            PyErr_NormalizeException(&exc2, &val2, &tb2);
+            PyException_SetCause(val2, val);
+            PyErr_Restore(exc2, val2, tb2);
+        #endif
+    }
+    else {
+        PyErr_Restore(exc, val, tb);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * PyObject_Cmp
+ */
+#if defined(NPY_PY3K)
+static inline int
+PyObject_Cmp(PyObject *i1, PyObject *i2, int *cmp)
+{
+    int v;
+    v = PyObject_RichCompareBool(i1, i2, Py_LT);
+    if (v == 1) {
+        *cmp = -1;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else if (v == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    v = PyObject_RichCompareBool(i1, i2, Py_GT);
+    if (v == 1) {
+        *cmp = 1;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else if (v == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    v = PyObject_RichCompareBool(i1, i2, Py_EQ);
+    if (v == 1) {
+        *cmp = 0;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        *cmp = 0;
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * PyCObject functions adapted to PyCapsules.
+ *
+ * The main job here is to get rid of the improved error handling
+ * of PyCapsules. It's a shame...
+ */
+static inline PyObject *
+NpyCapsule_FromVoidPtr(void *ptr, void (*dtor)(PyObject *))
+{
+    PyObject *ret = PyCapsule_New(ptr, NULL, dtor);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline PyObject *
+NpyCapsule_FromVoidPtrAndDesc(void *ptr, void* context, void (*dtor)(PyObject *))
+{
+    PyObject *ret = NpyCapsule_FromVoidPtr(ptr, dtor);
+    if (ret != NULL && PyCapsule_SetContext(ret, context) != 0) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        Py_DECREF(ret);
+        ret = NULL;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline void *
+NpyCapsule_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *obj)
+{
+    void *ret = PyCapsule_GetPointer(obj, NULL);
+    if (ret == NULL) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline void *
+NpyCapsule_GetDesc(PyObject *obj)
+{
+    return PyCapsule_GetContext(obj);
+}
+
+static inline int
+NpyCapsule_Check(PyObject *ptr)
+{
+    return PyCapsule_CheckExact(ptr);
+}
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_3KCOMPAT_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_common.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_common.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e98f8ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1086 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_COMMON_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_COMMON_H_
+
+/* need Python.h for npy_intp, npy_uintp */
+#include <Python.h>
+
+/* numpconfig.h is auto-generated */
+#include "numpyconfig.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_NPY_CONFIG_H
+#include <npy_config.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * using static inline modifiers when defining npy_math functions
+ * allows the compiler to make optimizations when possible
+ */
+#ifndef NPY_INLINE_MATH
+#if defined(NPY_INTERNAL_BUILD) && NPY_INTERNAL_BUILD
+    #define NPY_INLINE_MATH 1
+#else
+    #define NPY_INLINE_MATH 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * gcc does not unroll even with -O3
+ * use with care, unrolling on modern cpus rarely speeds things up
+ */
+#ifdef HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIMIZE_UNROLL_LOOPS
+#define NPY_GCC_UNROLL_LOOPS \
+    __attribute__((optimize("unroll-loops")))
+#else
+#define NPY_GCC_UNROLL_LOOPS
+#endif
+
+/* highest gcc optimization level, enabled autovectorizer */
+#ifdef HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIMIZE_OPT_3
+#define NPY_GCC_OPT_3 __attribute__((optimize("O3")))
+#else
+#define NPY_GCC_OPT_3
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * mark an argument (starting from 1) that must not be NULL and is not checked
+ * DO NOT USE IF FUNCTION CHECKS FOR NULL!! the compiler will remove the check
+ */
+#ifdef HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_NONNULL
+#define NPY_GCC_NONNULL(n) __attribute__((nonnull(n)))
+#else
+#define NPY_GCC_NONNULL(n)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * give a hint to the compiler which branch is more likely or unlikely
+ * to occur, e.g. rare error cases:
+ *
+ * if (NPY_UNLIKELY(failure == 0))
+ *    return NULL;
+ *
+ * the double !! is to cast the expression (e.g. NULL) to a boolean required by
+ * the intrinsic
+ */
+#ifdef HAVE___BUILTIN_EXPECT
+#define NPY_LIKELY(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
+#define NPY_UNLIKELY(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
+#else
+#define NPY_LIKELY(x) (x)
+#define NPY_UNLIKELY(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE___BUILTIN_PREFETCH
+/* unlike _mm_prefetch also works on non-x86 */
+#define NPY_PREFETCH(x, rw, loc) __builtin_prefetch((x), (rw), (loc))
+#else
+#ifdef NPY_HAVE_SSE
+/* _MM_HINT_ET[01] (rw = 1) unsupported, only available in gcc >= 4.9 */
+#define NPY_PREFETCH(x, rw, loc) _mm_prefetch((x), loc == 0 ? _MM_HINT_NTA : \
+                                             (loc == 1 ? _MM_HINT_T2 : \
+                                              (loc == 2 ? _MM_HINT_T1 : \
+                                               (loc == 3 ? _MM_HINT_T0 : -1))))
+#else
+#define NPY_PREFETCH(x, rw,loc)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* `NPY_INLINE` kept for backwards compatibility; use `inline` instead */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
+    #define NPY_INLINE __inline
+/* clang included here to handle clang-cl on Windows */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+    #if defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+         #define NPY_INLINE __inline__
+    #else
+         #define NPY_INLINE inline
+    #endif
+#else
+    #define NPY_INLINE
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    #define NPY_FINLINE static __forceinline
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+    #define NPY_FINLINE static inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#else
+    #define NPY_FINLINE static
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #define NPY_NOINLINE static __declspec(noinline)
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+    #define NPY_NOINLINE static __attribute__((noinline))
+#else
+    #define NPY_NOINLINE static
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE___THREAD
+    #define NPY_TLS __thread
+#else
+    #ifdef HAVE___DECLSPEC_THREAD_
+        #define NPY_TLS __declspec(thread)
+    #else
+        #define NPY_TLS
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef WITH_CPYCHECKER_RETURNS_BORROWED_REF_ATTRIBUTE
+  #define NPY_RETURNS_BORROWED_REF \
+    __attribute__((cpychecker_returns_borrowed_ref))
+#else
+  #define NPY_RETURNS_BORROWED_REF
+#endif
+
+#ifdef WITH_CPYCHECKER_STEALS_REFERENCE_TO_ARG_ATTRIBUTE
+  #define NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(n) \
+   __attribute__((cpychecker_steals_reference_to_arg(n)))
+#else
+ #define NPY_STEALS_REF_TO_ARG(n)
+#endif
+
+/* 64 bit file position support, also on win-amd64. Issue gh-2256 */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_WIN64) && (_MSC_VER > 1400) || \
+    defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__)
+    #include <io.h>
+
+    #define npy_fseek _fseeki64
+    #define npy_ftell _ftelli64
+    #define npy_lseek _lseeki64
+    #define npy_off_t npy_int64
+
+    #if NPY_SIZEOF_INT == 8
+        #define NPY_OFF_T_PYFMT "i"
+    #elif NPY_SIZEOF_LONG == 8
+        #define NPY_OFF_T_PYFMT "l"
+    #elif NPY_SIZEOF_LONGLONG == 8
+        #define NPY_OFF_T_PYFMT "L"
+    #else
+        #error Unsupported size for type off_t
+    #endif
+#else
+#ifdef HAVE_FSEEKO
+    #define npy_fseek fseeko
+#else
+    #define npy_fseek fseek
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_FTELLO
+    #define npy_ftell ftello
+#else
+    #define npy_ftell ftell
+#endif
+    #include <sys/types.h>
+    #ifndef _WIN32
+        #include <unistd.h>
+    #endif
+    #define npy_lseek lseek
+    #define npy_off_t off_t
+
+    #if NPY_SIZEOF_OFF_T == NPY_SIZEOF_SHORT
+        #define NPY_OFF_T_PYFMT "h"
+    #elif NPY_SIZEOF_OFF_T == NPY_SIZEOF_INT
+        #define NPY_OFF_T_PYFMT "i"
+    #elif NPY_SIZEOF_OFF_T == NPY_SIZEOF_LONG
+        #define NPY_OFF_T_PYFMT "l"
+    #elif NPY_SIZEOF_OFF_T == NPY_SIZEOF_LONGLONG
+        #define NPY_OFF_T_PYFMT "L"
+    #else
+        #error Unsupported size for type off_t
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+/* enums for detected endianness */
+enum {
+        NPY_CPU_UNKNOWN_ENDIAN,
+        NPY_CPU_LITTLE,
+        NPY_CPU_BIG
+};
+
+/*
+ * This is to typedef npy_intp to the appropriate pointer size for this
+ * platform.  Py_intptr_t, Py_uintptr_t are defined in pyport.h.
+ */
+typedef Py_intptr_t npy_intp;
+typedef Py_uintptr_t npy_uintp;
+
+/*
+ * Define sizes that were not defined in numpyconfig.h.
+ */
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_CHAR 1
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_BYTE 1
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_DATETIME 8
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_TIMEDELTA 8
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_INTP NPY_SIZEOF_PY_INTPTR_T
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_UINTP NPY_SIZEOF_PY_INTPTR_T
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_HALF 2
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_CFLOAT NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_FLOAT
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_CDOUBLE NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_DOUBLE
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_CLONGDOUBLE NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_LONGDOUBLE
+
+#ifdef constchar
+#undef constchar
+#endif
+
+#define NPY_SSIZE_T_PYFMT "n"
+#define constchar char
+
+/* NPY_INTP_FMT Note:
+ *      Unlike the other NPY_*_FMT macros, which are used with PyOS_snprintf,
+ *      NPY_INTP_FMT is used with PyErr_Format and PyUnicode_FromFormat. Those
+ *      functions use different formatting codes that are portably specified
+ *      according to the Python documentation. See issue gh-2388.
+ */
+#if NPY_SIZEOF_PY_INTPTR_T == NPY_SIZEOF_INT
+        #define NPY_INTP NPY_INT
+        #define NPY_UINTP NPY_UINT
+        #define PyIntpArrType_Type PyIntArrType_Type
+        #define PyUIntpArrType_Type PyUIntArrType_Type
+        #define NPY_MAX_INTP NPY_MAX_INT
+        #define NPY_MIN_INTP NPY_MIN_INT
+        #define NPY_MAX_UINTP NPY_MAX_UINT
+        #define NPY_INTP_FMT "d"
+#elif NPY_SIZEOF_PY_INTPTR_T == NPY_SIZEOF_LONG
+        #define NPY_INTP NPY_LONG
+        #define NPY_UINTP NPY_ULONG
+        #define PyIntpArrType_Type PyLongArrType_Type
+        #define PyUIntpArrType_Type PyULongArrType_Type
+        #define NPY_MAX_INTP NPY_MAX_LONG
+        #define NPY_MIN_INTP NPY_MIN_LONG
+        #define NPY_MAX_UINTP NPY_MAX_ULONG
+        #define NPY_INTP_FMT "ld"
+#elif defined(PY_LONG_LONG) && (NPY_SIZEOF_PY_INTPTR_T == NPY_SIZEOF_LONGLONG)
+        #define NPY_INTP NPY_LONGLONG
+        #define NPY_UINTP NPY_ULONGLONG
+        #define PyIntpArrType_Type PyLongLongArrType_Type
+        #define PyUIntpArrType_Type PyULongLongArrType_Type
+        #define NPY_MAX_INTP NPY_MAX_LONGLONG
+        #define NPY_MIN_INTP NPY_MIN_LONGLONG
+        #define NPY_MAX_UINTP NPY_MAX_ULONGLONG
+        #define NPY_INTP_FMT "lld"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * We can only use C99 formats for npy_int_p if it is the same as
+ * intp_t, hence the condition on HAVE_UNITPTR_T
+ */
+#if (NPY_USE_C99_FORMATS) == 1 \
+        && (defined HAVE_UINTPTR_T) \
+        && (defined HAVE_INTTYPES_H)
+        #include <inttypes.h>
+        #undef NPY_INTP_FMT
+        #define NPY_INTP_FMT PRIdPTR
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * Some platforms don't define bool, long long, or long double.
+ * Handle that here.
+ */
+#define NPY_BYTE_FMT "hhd"
+#define NPY_UBYTE_FMT "hhu"
+#define NPY_SHORT_FMT "hd"
+#define NPY_USHORT_FMT "hu"
+#define NPY_INT_FMT "d"
+#define NPY_UINT_FMT "u"
+#define NPY_LONG_FMT "ld"
+#define NPY_ULONG_FMT "lu"
+#define NPY_HALF_FMT "g"
+#define NPY_FLOAT_FMT "g"
+#define NPY_DOUBLE_FMT "g"
+
+
+#ifdef PY_LONG_LONG
+typedef PY_LONG_LONG npy_longlong;
+typedef unsigned PY_LONG_LONG npy_ulonglong;
+#  ifdef _MSC_VER
+#    define NPY_LONGLONG_FMT         "I64d"
+#    define NPY_ULONGLONG_FMT        "I64u"
+#  else
+#    define NPY_LONGLONG_FMT         "lld"
+#    define NPY_ULONGLONG_FMT        "llu"
+#  endif
+#  ifdef _MSC_VER
+#    define NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX(x)   (x##i64)
+#    define NPY_ULONGLONG_SUFFIX(x)  (x##Ui64)
+#  else
+#    define NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX(x)   (x##LL)
+#    define NPY_ULONGLONG_SUFFIX(x)  (x##ULL)
+#  endif
+#else
+typedef long npy_longlong;
+typedef unsigned long npy_ulonglong;
+#  define NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX(x)  (x##L)
+#  define NPY_ULONGLONG_SUFFIX(x) (x##UL)
+#endif
+
+
+typedef unsigned char npy_bool;
+#define NPY_FALSE 0
+#define NPY_TRUE 1
+/*
+ * `NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE` isn't usually equal to sizeof(long double).
+ * In some certain cases, it may forced to be equal to sizeof(double)
+ * even against the compiler implementation and the same goes for
+ * `complex long double`.
+ *
+ * Therefore, avoid `long double`, use `npy_longdouble` instead,
+ * and when it comes to standard math functions make sure of using
+ * the double version when `NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE` == `NPY_SIZEOF_DOUBLE`.
+ * For example:
+ *   npy_longdouble *ptr, x;
+ *   #if NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE == NPY_SIZEOF_DOUBLE
+ *       npy_longdouble r = modf(x, ptr);
+ *   #else
+ *       npy_longdouble r = modfl(x, ptr);
+ *   #endif
+ *
+ * See https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/20348
+ */
+#if NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE == NPY_SIZEOF_DOUBLE
+    #define NPY_LONGDOUBLE_FMT "g"
+    typedef double npy_longdouble;
+#else
+    #define NPY_LONGDOUBLE_FMT "Lg"
+    typedef long double npy_longdouble;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef Py_USING_UNICODE
+#error Must use Python with unicode enabled.
+#endif
+
+
+typedef signed char npy_byte;
+typedef unsigned char npy_ubyte;
+typedef unsigned short npy_ushort;
+typedef unsigned int npy_uint;
+typedef unsigned long npy_ulong;
+
+/* These are for completeness */
+typedef char npy_char;
+typedef short npy_short;
+typedef int npy_int;
+typedef long npy_long;
+typedef float npy_float;
+typedef double npy_double;
+
+typedef Py_hash_t npy_hash_t;
+#define NPY_SIZEOF_HASH_T NPY_SIZEOF_INTP
+
+/*
+ * Disabling C99 complex usage: a lot of C code in numpy/scipy rely on being
+ * able to do .real/.imag. Will have to convert code first.
+ */
+#if 0
+#if defined(NPY_USE_C99_COMPLEX) && defined(NPY_HAVE_COMPLEX_DOUBLE)
+typedef complex npy_cdouble;
+#else
+typedef struct { double real, imag; } npy_cdouble;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(NPY_USE_C99_COMPLEX) && defined(NPY_HAVE_COMPLEX_FLOAT)
+typedef complex float npy_cfloat;
+#else
+typedef struct { float real, imag; } npy_cfloat;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(NPY_USE_C99_COMPLEX) && defined(NPY_HAVE_COMPLEX_LONG_DOUBLE)
+typedef complex long double npy_clongdouble;
+#else
+typedef struct {npy_longdouble real, imag;} npy_clongdouble;
+#endif
+#endif
+#if NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_DOUBLE != 2 * NPY_SIZEOF_DOUBLE
+#error npy_cdouble definition is not compatible with C99 complex definition ! \
+        Please contact NumPy maintainers and give detailed information about your \
+        compiler and platform
+#endif
+typedef struct { double real, imag; } npy_cdouble;
+
+#if NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_FLOAT != 2 * NPY_SIZEOF_FLOAT
+#error npy_cfloat definition is not compatible with C99 complex definition ! \
+        Please contact NumPy maintainers and give detailed information about your \
+        compiler and platform
+#endif
+typedef struct { float real, imag; } npy_cfloat;
+
+#if NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_LONGDOUBLE != 2 * NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE
+#error npy_clongdouble definition is not compatible with C99 complex definition ! \
+        Please contact NumPy maintainers and give detailed information about your \
+        compiler and platform
+#endif
+typedef struct { npy_longdouble real, imag; } npy_clongdouble;
+
+/*
+ * numarray-style bit-width typedefs
+ */
+#define NPY_MAX_INT8 127
+#define NPY_MIN_INT8 -128
+#define NPY_MAX_UINT8 255
+#define NPY_MAX_INT16 32767
+#define NPY_MIN_INT16 -32768
+#define NPY_MAX_UINT16 65535
+#define NPY_MAX_INT32 2147483647
+#define NPY_MIN_INT32 (-NPY_MAX_INT32 - 1)
+#define NPY_MAX_UINT32 4294967295U
+#define NPY_MAX_INT64 NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX(9223372036854775807)
+#define NPY_MIN_INT64 (-NPY_MAX_INT64 - NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX(1))
+#define NPY_MAX_UINT64 NPY_ULONGLONG_SUFFIX(18446744073709551615)
+#define NPY_MAX_INT128 NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX(85070591730234615865843651857942052864)
+#define NPY_MIN_INT128 (-NPY_MAX_INT128 - NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX(1))
+#define NPY_MAX_UINT128 NPY_ULONGLONG_SUFFIX(170141183460469231731687303715884105728)
+#define NPY_MAX_INT256 NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX(57896044618658097711785492504343953926634992332820282019728792003956564819967)
+#define NPY_MIN_INT256 (-NPY_MAX_INT256 - NPY_LONGLONG_SUFFIX(1))
+#define NPY_MAX_UINT256 NPY_ULONGLONG_SUFFIX(115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935)
+#define NPY_MIN_DATETIME NPY_MIN_INT64
+#define NPY_MAX_DATETIME NPY_MAX_INT64
+#define NPY_MIN_TIMEDELTA NPY_MIN_INT64
+#define NPY_MAX_TIMEDELTA NPY_MAX_INT64
+
+        /* Need to find the number of bits for each type and
+           make definitions accordingly.
+
+           C states that sizeof(char) == 1 by definition
+
+           So, just using the sizeof keyword won't help.
+
+           It also looks like Python itself uses sizeof(char) quite a
+           bit, which by definition should be 1 all the time.
+
+           Idea: Make Use of CHAR_BIT which should tell us how many
+           BITS per CHARACTER
+        */
+
+        /* Include platform definitions -- These are in the C89/90 standard */
+#include <limits.h>
+#define NPY_MAX_BYTE SCHAR_MAX
+#define NPY_MIN_BYTE SCHAR_MIN
+#define NPY_MAX_UBYTE UCHAR_MAX
+#define NPY_MAX_SHORT SHRT_MAX
+#define NPY_MIN_SHORT SHRT_MIN
+#define NPY_MAX_USHORT USHRT_MAX
+#define NPY_MAX_INT   INT_MAX
+#ifndef INT_MIN
+#define INT_MIN (-INT_MAX - 1)
+#endif
+#define NPY_MIN_INT   INT_MIN
+#define NPY_MAX_UINT  UINT_MAX
+#define NPY_MAX_LONG  LONG_MAX
+#define NPY_MIN_LONG  LONG_MIN
+#define NPY_MAX_ULONG  ULONG_MAX
+
+#define NPY_BITSOF_BOOL (sizeof(npy_bool) * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_CHAR CHAR_BIT
+#define NPY_BITSOF_BYTE (NPY_SIZEOF_BYTE * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_SHORT (NPY_SIZEOF_SHORT * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_INT (NPY_SIZEOF_INT * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_LONG (NPY_SIZEOF_LONG * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_LONGLONG (NPY_SIZEOF_LONGLONG * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_INTP (NPY_SIZEOF_INTP * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_HALF (NPY_SIZEOF_HALF * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_FLOAT (NPY_SIZEOF_FLOAT * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_DOUBLE (NPY_SIZEOF_DOUBLE * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_LONGDOUBLE (NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_CFLOAT (NPY_SIZEOF_CFLOAT * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_CDOUBLE (NPY_SIZEOF_CDOUBLE * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_CLONGDOUBLE (NPY_SIZEOF_CLONGDOUBLE * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_DATETIME (NPY_SIZEOF_DATETIME * CHAR_BIT)
+#define NPY_BITSOF_TIMEDELTA (NPY_SIZEOF_TIMEDELTA * CHAR_BIT)
+
+#if NPY_BITSOF_LONG == 8
+#define NPY_INT8 NPY_LONG
+#define NPY_UINT8 NPY_ULONG
+        typedef long npy_int8;
+        typedef unsigned long npy_uint8;
+#define PyInt8ScalarObject PyLongScalarObject
+#define PyInt8ArrType_Type PyLongArrType_Type
+#define PyUInt8ScalarObject PyULongScalarObject
+#define PyUInt8ArrType_Type PyULongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT8_FMT NPY_LONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT8_FMT NPY_ULONG_FMT
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONG == 16
+#define NPY_INT16 NPY_LONG
+#define NPY_UINT16 NPY_ULONG
+        typedef long npy_int16;
+        typedef unsigned long npy_uint16;
+#define PyInt16ScalarObject PyLongScalarObject
+#define PyInt16ArrType_Type PyLongArrType_Type
+#define PyUInt16ScalarObject PyULongScalarObject
+#define PyUInt16ArrType_Type PyULongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT16_FMT NPY_LONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT16_FMT NPY_ULONG_FMT
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONG == 32
+#define NPY_INT32 NPY_LONG
+#define NPY_UINT32 NPY_ULONG
+        typedef long npy_int32;
+        typedef unsigned long npy_uint32;
+        typedef unsigned long npy_ucs4;
+#define PyInt32ScalarObject PyLongScalarObject
+#define PyInt32ArrType_Type PyLongArrType_Type
+#define PyUInt32ScalarObject PyULongScalarObject
+#define PyUInt32ArrType_Type PyULongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT32_FMT NPY_LONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT32_FMT NPY_ULONG_FMT
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONG == 64
+#define NPY_INT64 NPY_LONG
+#define NPY_UINT64 NPY_ULONG
+        typedef long npy_int64;
+        typedef unsigned long npy_uint64;
+#define PyInt64ScalarObject PyLongScalarObject
+#define PyInt64ArrType_Type PyLongArrType_Type
+#define PyUInt64ScalarObject PyULongScalarObject
+#define PyUInt64ArrType_Type PyULongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT64_FMT NPY_LONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT64_FMT NPY_ULONG_FMT
+#define MyPyLong_FromInt64 PyLong_FromLong
+#define MyPyLong_AsInt64 PyLong_AsLong
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONG == 128
+#define NPY_INT128 NPY_LONG
+#define NPY_UINT128 NPY_ULONG
+        typedef long npy_int128;
+        typedef unsigned long npy_uint128;
+#define PyInt128ScalarObject PyLongScalarObject
+#define PyInt128ArrType_Type PyLongArrType_Type
+#define PyUInt128ScalarObject PyULongScalarObject
+#define PyUInt128ArrType_Type PyULongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT128_FMT NPY_LONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT128_FMT NPY_ULONG_FMT
+#endif
+
+#if NPY_BITSOF_LONGLONG == 8
+#  ifndef NPY_INT8
+#    define NPY_INT8 NPY_LONGLONG
+#    define NPY_UINT8 NPY_ULONGLONG
+        typedef npy_longlong npy_int8;
+        typedef npy_ulonglong npy_uint8;
+#    define PyInt8ScalarObject PyLongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyInt8ArrType_Type PyLongLongArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt8ScalarObject PyULongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt8ArrType_Type PyULongLongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT8_FMT NPY_LONGLONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT8_FMT NPY_ULONGLONG_FMT
+#  endif
+#  define NPY_MAX_LONGLONG NPY_MAX_INT8
+#  define NPY_MIN_LONGLONG NPY_MIN_INT8
+#  define NPY_MAX_ULONGLONG NPY_MAX_UINT8
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGLONG == 16
+#  ifndef NPY_INT16
+#    define NPY_INT16 NPY_LONGLONG
+#    define NPY_UINT16 NPY_ULONGLONG
+        typedef npy_longlong npy_int16;
+        typedef npy_ulonglong npy_uint16;
+#    define PyInt16ScalarObject PyLongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyInt16ArrType_Type PyLongLongArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt16ScalarObject PyULongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt16ArrType_Type PyULongLongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT16_FMT NPY_LONGLONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT16_FMT NPY_ULONGLONG_FMT
+#  endif
+#  define NPY_MAX_LONGLONG NPY_MAX_INT16
+#  define NPY_MIN_LONGLONG NPY_MIN_INT16
+#  define NPY_MAX_ULONGLONG NPY_MAX_UINT16
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGLONG == 32
+#  ifndef NPY_INT32
+#    define NPY_INT32 NPY_LONGLONG
+#    define NPY_UINT32 NPY_ULONGLONG
+        typedef npy_longlong npy_int32;
+        typedef npy_ulonglong npy_uint32;
+        typedef npy_ulonglong npy_ucs4;
+#    define PyInt32ScalarObject PyLongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyInt32ArrType_Type PyLongLongArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt32ScalarObject PyULongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt32ArrType_Type PyULongLongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT32_FMT NPY_LONGLONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT32_FMT NPY_ULONGLONG_FMT
+#  endif
+#  define NPY_MAX_LONGLONG NPY_MAX_INT32
+#  define NPY_MIN_LONGLONG NPY_MIN_INT32
+#  define NPY_MAX_ULONGLONG NPY_MAX_UINT32
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGLONG == 64
+#  ifndef NPY_INT64
+#    define NPY_INT64 NPY_LONGLONG
+#    define NPY_UINT64 NPY_ULONGLONG
+        typedef npy_longlong npy_int64;
+        typedef npy_ulonglong npy_uint64;
+#    define PyInt64ScalarObject PyLongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyInt64ArrType_Type PyLongLongArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt64ScalarObject PyULongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt64ArrType_Type PyULongLongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT64_FMT NPY_LONGLONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT64_FMT NPY_ULONGLONG_FMT
+#    define MyPyLong_FromInt64 PyLong_FromLongLong
+#    define MyPyLong_AsInt64 PyLong_AsLongLong
+#  endif
+#  define NPY_MAX_LONGLONG NPY_MAX_INT64
+#  define NPY_MIN_LONGLONG NPY_MIN_INT64
+#  define NPY_MAX_ULONGLONG NPY_MAX_UINT64
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGLONG == 128
+#  ifndef NPY_INT128
+#    define NPY_INT128 NPY_LONGLONG
+#    define NPY_UINT128 NPY_ULONGLONG
+        typedef npy_longlong npy_int128;
+        typedef npy_ulonglong npy_uint128;
+#    define PyInt128ScalarObject PyLongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyInt128ArrType_Type PyLongLongArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt128ScalarObject PyULongLongScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt128ArrType_Type PyULongLongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT128_FMT NPY_LONGLONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT128_FMT NPY_ULONGLONG_FMT
+#  endif
+#  define NPY_MAX_LONGLONG NPY_MAX_INT128
+#  define NPY_MIN_LONGLONG NPY_MIN_INT128
+#  define NPY_MAX_ULONGLONG NPY_MAX_UINT128
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGLONG == 256
+#  define NPY_INT256 NPY_LONGLONG
+#  define NPY_UINT256 NPY_ULONGLONG
+        typedef npy_longlong npy_int256;
+        typedef npy_ulonglong npy_uint256;
+#  define PyInt256ScalarObject PyLongLongScalarObject
+#  define PyInt256ArrType_Type PyLongLongArrType_Type
+#  define PyUInt256ScalarObject PyULongLongScalarObject
+#  define PyUInt256ArrType_Type PyULongLongArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT256_FMT NPY_LONGLONG_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT256_FMT NPY_ULONGLONG_FMT
+#  define NPY_MAX_LONGLONG NPY_MAX_INT256
+#  define NPY_MIN_LONGLONG NPY_MIN_INT256
+#  define NPY_MAX_ULONGLONG NPY_MAX_UINT256
+#endif
+
+#if NPY_BITSOF_INT == 8
+#ifndef NPY_INT8
+#define NPY_INT8 NPY_INT
+#define NPY_UINT8 NPY_UINT
+        typedef int npy_int8;
+        typedef unsigned int npy_uint8;
+#    define PyInt8ScalarObject PyIntScalarObject
+#    define PyInt8ArrType_Type PyIntArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt8ScalarObject PyUIntScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt8ArrType_Type PyUIntArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT8_FMT NPY_INT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT8_FMT NPY_UINT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_INT == 16
+#ifndef NPY_INT16
+#define NPY_INT16 NPY_INT
+#define NPY_UINT16 NPY_UINT
+        typedef int npy_int16;
+        typedef unsigned int npy_uint16;
+#    define PyInt16ScalarObject PyIntScalarObject
+#    define PyInt16ArrType_Type PyIntArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt16ScalarObject PyIntUScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt16ArrType_Type PyIntUArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT16_FMT NPY_INT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT16_FMT NPY_UINT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_INT == 32
+#ifndef NPY_INT32
+#define NPY_INT32 NPY_INT
+#define NPY_UINT32 NPY_UINT
+        typedef int npy_int32;
+        typedef unsigned int npy_uint32;
+        typedef unsigned int npy_ucs4;
+#    define PyInt32ScalarObject PyIntScalarObject
+#    define PyInt32ArrType_Type PyIntArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt32ScalarObject PyUIntScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt32ArrType_Type PyUIntArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT32_FMT NPY_INT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT32_FMT NPY_UINT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_INT == 64
+#ifndef NPY_INT64
+#define NPY_INT64 NPY_INT
+#define NPY_UINT64 NPY_UINT
+        typedef int npy_int64;
+        typedef unsigned int npy_uint64;
+#    define PyInt64ScalarObject PyIntScalarObject
+#    define PyInt64ArrType_Type PyIntArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt64ScalarObject PyUIntScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt64ArrType_Type PyUIntArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT64_FMT NPY_INT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT64_FMT NPY_UINT_FMT
+#    define MyPyLong_FromInt64 PyLong_FromLong
+#    define MyPyLong_AsInt64 PyLong_AsLong
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_INT == 128
+#ifndef NPY_INT128
+#define NPY_INT128 NPY_INT
+#define NPY_UINT128 NPY_UINT
+        typedef int npy_int128;
+        typedef unsigned int npy_uint128;
+#    define PyInt128ScalarObject PyIntScalarObject
+#    define PyInt128ArrType_Type PyIntArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt128ScalarObject PyUIntScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt128ArrType_Type PyUIntArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT128_FMT NPY_INT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT128_FMT NPY_UINT_FMT
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if NPY_BITSOF_SHORT == 8
+#ifndef NPY_INT8
+#define NPY_INT8 NPY_SHORT
+#define NPY_UINT8 NPY_USHORT
+        typedef short npy_int8;
+        typedef unsigned short npy_uint8;
+#    define PyInt8ScalarObject PyShortScalarObject
+#    define PyInt8ArrType_Type PyShortArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt8ScalarObject PyUShortScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt8ArrType_Type PyUShortArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT8_FMT NPY_SHORT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT8_FMT NPY_USHORT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_SHORT == 16
+#ifndef NPY_INT16
+#define NPY_INT16 NPY_SHORT
+#define NPY_UINT16 NPY_USHORT
+        typedef short npy_int16;
+        typedef unsigned short npy_uint16;
+#    define PyInt16ScalarObject PyShortScalarObject
+#    define PyInt16ArrType_Type PyShortArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt16ScalarObject PyUShortScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt16ArrType_Type PyUShortArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT16_FMT NPY_SHORT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT16_FMT NPY_USHORT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_SHORT == 32
+#ifndef NPY_INT32
+#define NPY_INT32 NPY_SHORT
+#define NPY_UINT32 NPY_USHORT
+        typedef short npy_int32;
+        typedef unsigned short npy_uint32;
+        typedef unsigned short npy_ucs4;
+#    define PyInt32ScalarObject PyShortScalarObject
+#    define PyInt32ArrType_Type PyShortArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt32ScalarObject PyUShortScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt32ArrType_Type PyUShortArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT32_FMT NPY_SHORT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT32_FMT NPY_USHORT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_SHORT == 64
+#ifndef NPY_INT64
+#define NPY_INT64 NPY_SHORT
+#define NPY_UINT64 NPY_USHORT
+        typedef short npy_int64;
+        typedef unsigned short npy_uint64;
+#    define PyInt64ScalarObject PyShortScalarObject
+#    define PyInt64ArrType_Type PyShortArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt64ScalarObject PyUShortScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt64ArrType_Type PyUShortArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT64_FMT NPY_SHORT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT64_FMT NPY_USHORT_FMT
+#    define MyPyLong_FromInt64 PyLong_FromLong
+#    define MyPyLong_AsInt64 PyLong_AsLong
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_SHORT == 128
+#ifndef NPY_INT128
+#define NPY_INT128 NPY_SHORT
+#define NPY_UINT128 NPY_USHORT
+        typedef short npy_int128;
+        typedef unsigned short npy_uint128;
+#    define PyInt128ScalarObject PyShortScalarObject
+#    define PyInt128ArrType_Type PyShortArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt128ScalarObject PyUShortScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt128ArrType_Type PyUShortArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT128_FMT NPY_SHORT_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT128_FMT NPY_USHORT_FMT
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+#if NPY_BITSOF_CHAR == 8
+#ifndef NPY_INT8
+#define NPY_INT8 NPY_BYTE
+#define NPY_UINT8 NPY_UBYTE
+        typedef signed char npy_int8;
+        typedef unsigned char npy_uint8;
+#    define PyInt8ScalarObject PyByteScalarObject
+#    define PyInt8ArrType_Type PyByteArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt8ScalarObject PyUByteScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt8ArrType_Type PyUByteArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT8_FMT NPY_BYTE_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT8_FMT NPY_UBYTE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_CHAR == 16
+#ifndef NPY_INT16
+#define NPY_INT16 NPY_BYTE
+#define NPY_UINT16 NPY_UBYTE
+        typedef signed char npy_int16;
+        typedef unsigned char npy_uint16;
+#    define PyInt16ScalarObject PyByteScalarObject
+#    define PyInt16ArrType_Type PyByteArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt16ScalarObject PyUByteScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt16ArrType_Type PyUByteArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT16_FMT NPY_BYTE_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT16_FMT NPY_UBYTE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_CHAR == 32
+#ifndef NPY_INT32
+#define NPY_INT32 NPY_BYTE
+#define NPY_UINT32 NPY_UBYTE
+        typedef signed char npy_int32;
+        typedef unsigned char npy_uint32;
+        typedef unsigned char npy_ucs4;
+#    define PyInt32ScalarObject PyByteScalarObject
+#    define PyInt32ArrType_Type PyByteArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt32ScalarObject PyUByteScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt32ArrType_Type PyUByteArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT32_FMT NPY_BYTE_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT32_FMT NPY_UBYTE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_CHAR == 64
+#ifndef NPY_INT64
+#define NPY_INT64 NPY_BYTE
+#define NPY_UINT64 NPY_UBYTE
+        typedef signed char npy_int64;
+        typedef unsigned char npy_uint64;
+#    define PyInt64ScalarObject PyByteScalarObject
+#    define PyInt64ArrType_Type PyByteArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt64ScalarObject PyUByteScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt64ArrType_Type PyUByteArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT64_FMT NPY_BYTE_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT64_FMT NPY_UBYTE_FMT
+#    define MyPyLong_FromInt64 PyLong_FromLong
+#    define MyPyLong_AsInt64 PyLong_AsLong
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_CHAR == 128
+#ifndef NPY_INT128
+#define NPY_INT128 NPY_BYTE
+#define NPY_UINT128 NPY_UBYTE
+        typedef signed char npy_int128;
+        typedef unsigned char npy_uint128;
+#    define PyInt128ScalarObject PyByteScalarObject
+#    define PyInt128ArrType_Type PyByteArrType_Type
+#    define PyUInt128ScalarObject PyUByteScalarObject
+#    define PyUInt128ArrType_Type PyUByteArrType_Type
+#define NPY_INT128_FMT NPY_BYTE_FMT
+#define NPY_UINT128_FMT NPY_UBYTE_FMT
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+
+#if NPY_BITSOF_DOUBLE == 32
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT32
+#define NPY_FLOAT32 NPY_DOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX64 NPY_CDOUBLE
+        typedef double npy_float32;
+        typedef npy_cdouble npy_complex64;
+#    define PyFloat32ScalarObject PyDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex64ScalarObject PyCDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat32ArrType_Type PyDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex64ArrType_Type PyCDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT32_FMT NPY_DOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX64_FMT NPY_CDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_DOUBLE == 64
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT64
+#define NPY_FLOAT64 NPY_DOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX128 NPY_CDOUBLE
+        typedef double npy_float64;
+        typedef npy_cdouble npy_complex128;
+#    define PyFloat64ScalarObject PyDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex128ScalarObject PyCDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat64ArrType_Type PyDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex128ArrType_Type PyCDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT64_FMT NPY_DOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX128_FMT NPY_CDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_DOUBLE == 80
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT80
+#define NPY_FLOAT80 NPY_DOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX160 NPY_CDOUBLE
+        typedef double npy_float80;
+        typedef npy_cdouble npy_complex160;
+#    define PyFloat80ScalarObject PyDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex160ScalarObject PyCDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat80ArrType_Type PyDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex160ArrType_Type PyCDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT80_FMT NPY_DOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX160_FMT NPY_CDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_DOUBLE == 96
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT96
+#define NPY_FLOAT96 NPY_DOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX192 NPY_CDOUBLE
+        typedef double npy_float96;
+        typedef npy_cdouble npy_complex192;
+#    define PyFloat96ScalarObject PyDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex192ScalarObject PyCDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat96ArrType_Type PyDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex192ArrType_Type PyCDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT96_FMT NPY_DOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX192_FMT NPY_CDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_DOUBLE == 128
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT128
+#define NPY_FLOAT128 NPY_DOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX256 NPY_CDOUBLE
+        typedef double npy_float128;
+        typedef npy_cdouble npy_complex256;
+#    define PyFloat128ScalarObject PyDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex256ScalarObject PyCDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat128ArrType_Type PyDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex256ArrType_Type PyCDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT128_FMT NPY_DOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX256_FMT NPY_CDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+
+#if NPY_BITSOF_FLOAT == 32
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT32
+#define NPY_FLOAT32 NPY_FLOAT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX64 NPY_CFLOAT
+        typedef float npy_float32;
+        typedef npy_cfloat npy_complex64;
+#    define PyFloat32ScalarObject PyFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex64ScalarObject PyCFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat32ArrType_Type PyFloatArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex64ArrType_Type PyCFloatArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT32_FMT NPY_FLOAT_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX64_FMT NPY_CFLOAT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_FLOAT == 64
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT64
+#define NPY_FLOAT64 NPY_FLOAT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX128 NPY_CFLOAT
+        typedef float npy_float64;
+        typedef npy_cfloat npy_complex128;
+#    define PyFloat64ScalarObject PyFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex128ScalarObject PyCFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat64ArrType_Type PyFloatArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex128ArrType_Type PyCFloatArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT64_FMT NPY_FLOAT_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX128_FMT NPY_CFLOAT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_FLOAT == 80
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT80
+#define NPY_FLOAT80 NPY_FLOAT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX160 NPY_CFLOAT
+        typedef float npy_float80;
+        typedef npy_cfloat npy_complex160;
+#    define PyFloat80ScalarObject PyFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex160ScalarObject PyCFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat80ArrType_Type PyFloatArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex160ArrType_Type PyCFloatArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT80_FMT NPY_FLOAT_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX160_FMT NPY_CFLOAT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_FLOAT == 96
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT96
+#define NPY_FLOAT96 NPY_FLOAT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX192 NPY_CFLOAT
+        typedef float npy_float96;
+        typedef npy_cfloat npy_complex192;
+#    define PyFloat96ScalarObject PyFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex192ScalarObject PyCFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat96ArrType_Type PyFloatArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex192ArrType_Type PyCFloatArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT96_FMT NPY_FLOAT_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX192_FMT NPY_CFLOAT_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_FLOAT == 128
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT128
+#define NPY_FLOAT128 NPY_FLOAT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX256 NPY_CFLOAT
+        typedef float npy_float128;
+        typedef npy_cfloat npy_complex256;
+#    define PyFloat128ScalarObject PyFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex256ScalarObject PyCFloatScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat128ArrType_Type PyFloatArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex256ArrType_Type PyCFloatArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT128_FMT NPY_FLOAT_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX256_FMT NPY_CFLOAT_FMT
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* half/float16 isn't a floating-point type in C */
+#define NPY_FLOAT16 NPY_HALF
+typedef npy_uint16 npy_half;
+typedef npy_half npy_float16;
+
+#if NPY_BITSOF_LONGDOUBLE == 32
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT32
+#define NPY_FLOAT32 NPY_LONGDOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX64 NPY_CLONGDOUBLE
+        typedef npy_longdouble npy_float32;
+        typedef npy_clongdouble npy_complex64;
+#    define PyFloat32ScalarObject PyLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex64ScalarObject PyCLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat32ArrType_Type PyLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex64ArrType_Type PyCLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT32_FMT NPY_LONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX64_FMT NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGDOUBLE == 64
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT64
+#define NPY_FLOAT64 NPY_LONGDOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX128 NPY_CLONGDOUBLE
+        typedef npy_longdouble npy_float64;
+        typedef npy_clongdouble npy_complex128;
+#    define PyFloat64ScalarObject PyLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex128ScalarObject PyCLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat64ArrType_Type PyLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex128ArrType_Type PyCLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT64_FMT NPY_LONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX128_FMT NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGDOUBLE == 80
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT80
+#define NPY_FLOAT80 NPY_LONGDOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX160 NPY_CLONGDOUBLE
+        typedef npy_longdouble npy_float80;
+        typedef npy_clongdouble npy_complex160;
+#    define PyFloat80ScalarObject PyLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex160ScalarObject PyCLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat80ArrType_Type PyLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex160ArrType_Type PyCLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT80_FMT NPY_LONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX160_FMT NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGDOUBLE == 96
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT96
+#define NPY_FLOAT96 NPY_LONGDOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX192 NPY_CLONGDOUBLE
+        typedef npy_longdouble npy_float96;
+        typedef npy_clongdouble npy_complex192;
+#    define PyFloat96ScalarObject PyLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex192ScalarObject PyCLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat96ArrType_Type PyLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex192ArrType_Type PyCLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT96_FMT NPY_LONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX192_FMT NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGDOUBLE == 128
+#ifndef NPY_FLOAT128
+#define NPY_FLOAT128 NPY_LONGDOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX256 NPY_CLONGDOUBLE
+        typedef npy_longdouble npy_float128;
+        typedef npy_clongdouble npy_complex256;
+#    define PyFloat128ScalarObject PyLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex256ScalarObject PyCLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat128ArrType_Type PyLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex256ArrType_Type PyCLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT128_FMT NPY_LONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX256_FMT NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+#elif NPY_BITSOF_LONGDOUBLE == 256
+#define NPY_FLOAT256 NPY_LONGDOUBLE
+#define NPY_COMPLEX512 NPY_CLONGDOUBLE
+        typedef npy_longdouble npy_float256;
+        typedef npy_clongdouble npy_complex512;
+#    define PyFloat256ScalarObject PyLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyComplex512ScalarObject PyCLongDoubleScalarObject
+#    define PyFloat256ArrType_Type PyLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#    define PyComplex512ArrType_Type PyCLongDoubleArrType_Type
+#define NPY_FLOAT256_FMT NPY_LONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#define NPY_COMPLEX512_FMT NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_FMT
+#endif
+
+/* datetime typedefs */
+typedef npy_int64 npy_timedelta;
+typedef npy_int64 npy_datetime;
+#define NPY_DATETIME_FMT NPY_INT64_FMT
+#define NPY_TIMEDELTA_FMT NPY_INT64_FMT
+
+/* End of typedefs for numarray style bit-width names */
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_COMMON_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_cpu.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_cpu.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a19f8e6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_cpu.h
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*
+ * This set (target) cpu specific macros:
+ *      - Possible values:
+ *              NPY_CPU_X86
+ *              NPY_CPU_AMD64
+ *              NPY_CPU_PPC
+ *              NPY_CPU_PPC64
+ *              NPY_CPU_PPC64LE
+ *              NPY_CPU_SPARC
+ *              NPY_CPU_S390
+ *              NPY_CPU_IA64
+ *              NPY_CPU_HPPA
+ *              NPY_CPU_ALPHA
+ *              NPY_CPU_ARMEL
+ *              NPY_CPU_ARMEB
+ *              NPY_CPU_SH_LE
+ *              NPY_CPU_SH_BE
+ *              NPY_CPU_ARCEL
+ *              NPY_CPU_ARCEB
+ *              NPY_CPU_RISCV64
+ *              NPY_CPU_LOONGARCH
+ *              NPY_CPU_WASM
+ */
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_CPU_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_CPU_H_
+
+#include "numpyconfig.h"
+
+#if defined( __i386__ ) || defined(i386) || defined(_M_IX86)
+    /*
+     * __i386__ is defined by gcc and Intel compiler on Linux,
+     * _M_IX86 by VS compiler,
+     * i386 by Sun compilers on opensolaris at least
+     */
+    #define NPY_CPU_X86
+#elif defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(_M_AMD64)
+    /*
+     * both __x86_64__ and __amd64__ are defined by gcc
+     * __x86_64 defined by sun compiler on opensolaris at least
+     * _M_AMD64 defined by MS compiler
+     */
+    #define NPY_CPU_AMD64
+#elif defined(__powerpc64__) && defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_PPC64LE
+#elif defined(__powerpc64__) && defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_PPC64
+#elif defined(__ppc__) || defined(__powerpc__) || defined(_ARCH_PPC)
+    /*
+     * __ppc__ is defined by gcc, I remember having seen __powerpc__ once,
+     * but can't find it ATM
+     * _ARCH_PPC is used by at least gcc on AIX
+     * As __powerpc__ and _ARCH_PPC are also defined by PPC64 check
+     * for those specifically first before defaulting to ppc
+     */
+    #define NPY_CPU_PPC
+#elif defined(__sparc__) || defined(__sparc)
+    /* __sparc__ is defined by gcc and Forte (e.g. Sun) compilers */
+    #define NPY_CPU_SPARC
+#elif defined(__s390__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_S390
+#elif defined(__ia64)
+    #define NPY_CPU_IA64
+#elif defined(__hppa)
+    #define NPY_CPU_HPPA
+#elif defined(__alpha__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_ALPHA
+#elif defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
+    /* _M_ARM64 is defined in MSVC for ARM64 compilation on Windows */
+    #if defined(__ARMEB__) || defined(__AARCH64EB__)
+        #if defined(__ARM_32BIT_STATE)
+            #define NPY_CPU_ARMEB_AARCH32
+        #elif defined(__ARM_64BIT_STATE)
+            #define NPY_CPU_ARMEB_AARCH64
+        #else
+            #define NPY_CPU_ARMEB
+        #endif
+    #elif defined(__ARMEL__) || defined(__AARCH64EL__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
+        #if defined(__ARM_32BIT_STATE)
+            #define NPY_CPU_ARMEL_AARCH32
+        #elif defined(__ARM_64BIT_STATE) || defined(_M_ARM64) || defined(__AARCH64EL__)
+            #define NPY_CPU_ARMEL_AARCH64
+        #else
+            #define NPY_CPU_ARMEL
+        #endif
+    #else
+        # error Unknown ARM CPU, please report this to numpy maintainers with \
+	information about your platform (OS, CPU and compiler)
+    #endif
+#elif defined(__sh__) && defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_SH_LE
+#elif defined(__sh__) && defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_SH_BE
+#elif defined(__MIPSEL__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_MIPSEL
+#elif defined(__MIPSEB__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_MIPSEB
+#elif defined(__or1k__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_OR1K
+#elif defined(__mc68000__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_M68K
+#elif defined(__arc__) && defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_ARCEL
+#elif defined(__arc__) && defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_ARCEB
+#elif defined(__riscv) && defined(__riscv_xlen) && __riscv_xlen == 64
+    #define NPY_CPU_RISCV64
+#elif defined(__loongarch__)
+    #define NPY_CPU_LOONGARCH
+#elif defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+    /* __EMSCRIPTEN__ is defined by emscripten: an LLVM-to-Web compiler */
+    #define NPY_CPU_WASM
+#else
+    #error Unknown CPU, please report this to numpy maintainers with \
+    information about your platform (OS, CPU and compiler)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Except for the following architectures, memory access is limited to the natural
+ * alignment of data types otherwise it may lead to bus error or performance regression.
+ * For more details about unaligned access, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/unaligned-memory-access.txt.
+*/
+#if defined(NPY_CPU_X86) || defined(NPY_CPU_AMD64) || defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__powerpc64__)
+    #define NPY_ALIGNMENT_REQUIRED 0
+#endif
+#ifndef NPY_ALIGNMENT_REQUIRED
+    #define NPY_ALIGNMENT_REQUIRED 1
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_CPU_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_endian.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_endian.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e58a7f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_endian.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_ENDIAN_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_ENDIAN_H_
+
+/*
+ * NPY_BYTE_ORDER is set to the same value as BYTE_ORDER set by glibc in
+ * endian.h
+ */
+
+#if defined(NPY_HAVE_ENDIAN_H) || defined(NPY_HAVE_SYS_ENDIAN_H)
+    /* Use endian.h if available */
+
+    #if defined(NPY_HAVE_ENDIAN_H)
+    #include <endian.h>
+    #elif defined(NPY_HAVE_SYS_ENDIAN_H)
+    #include <sys/endian.h>
+    #endif
+
+    #if defined(BYTE_ORDER) && defined(BIG_ENDIAN) && defined(LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+        #define NPY_BYTE_ORDER    BYTE_ORDER
+        #define NPY_LITTLE_ENDIAN LITTLE_ENDIAN
+        #define NPY_BIG_ENDIAN    BIG_ENDIAN
+    #elif defined(_BYTE_ORDER) && defined(_BIG_ENDIAN) && defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+        #define NPY_BYTE_ORDER    _BYTE_ORDER
+        #define NPY_LITTLE_ENDIAN _LITTLE_ENDIAN
+        #define NPY_BIG_ENDIAN    _BIG_ENDIAN
+    #elif defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && defined(__BIG_ENDIAN) && defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+        #define NPY_BYTE_ORDER    __BYTE_ORDER
+        #define NPY_LITTLE_ENDIAN __LITTLE_ENDIAN
+        #define NPY_BIG_ENDIAN    __BIG_ENDIAN
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NPY_BYTE_ORDER
+    /* Set endianness info using target CPU */
+    #include "npy_cpu.h"
+
+    #define NPY_LITTLE_ENDIAN 1234
+    #define NPY_BIG_ENDIAN 4321
+
+    #if defined(NPY_CPU_X86)                  \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_AMD64)         \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_IA64)          \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_ALPHA)         \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_ARMEL)         \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_ARMEL_AARCH32) \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_ARMEL_AARCH64) \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_SH_LE)         \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_MIPSEL)        \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_PPC64LE)       \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_ARCEL)         \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_RISCV64)       \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_LOONGARCH)     \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_WASM)
+        #define NPY_BYTE_ORDER NPY_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+
+    #elif defined(NPY_CPU_PPC)                \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_SPARC)         \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_S390)          \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_HPPA)          \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_PPC64)         \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_ARMEB)         \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_ARMEB_AARCH32) \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_ARMEB_AARCH64) \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_SH_BE)         \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_MIPSEB)        \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_OR1K)          \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_M68K)          \
+            || defined(NPY_CPU_ARCEB)
+        #define NPY_BYTE_ORDER NPY_BIG_ENDIAN
+
+    #else
+        #error Unknown CPU: can not set endianness
+    #endif
+
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_ENDIAN_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_interrupt.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_interrupt.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69a0374d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_interrupt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * This API is only provided because it is part of publicly exported
+ * headers. Its use is considered DEPRECATED, and it will be removed
+ * eventually.
+ * (This includes the _PyArray_SigintHandler and _PyArray_GetSigintBuf
+ * functions which are however, public API, and not headers.)
+ *
+ * Instead of using these non-threadsafe macros consider periodically
+ * querying `PyErr_CheckSignals()` or `PyOS_InterruptOccurred()` will work.
+ * Both of these require holding the GIL, although cpython could add a
+ * version of `PyOS_InterruptOccurred()` which does not. Such a version
+ * actually exists as private API in Python 3.10, and backported to 3.9 and 3.8,
+ * see also https://bugs.python.org/issue41037 and
+ * https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/20599).
+ */
+
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_INTERRUPT_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_INTERRUPT_H_
+
+#ifndef NPY_NO_SIGNAL
+
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+#ifndef sigsetjmp
+
+#define NPY_SIGSETJMP(arg1, arg2) setjmp(arg1)
+#define NPY_SIGLONGJMP(arg1, arg2) longjmp(arg1, arg2)
+#define NPY_SIGJMP_BUF jmp_buf
+
+#else
+
+#define NPY_SIGSETJMP(arg1, arg2) sigsetjmp(arg1, arg2)
+#define NPY_SIGLONGJMP(arg1, arg2) siglongjmp(arg1, arg2)
+#define NPY_SIGJMP_BUF sigjmp_buf
+
+#endif
+
+#    define NPY_SIGINT_ON {                                             \
+                   PyOS_sighandler_t _npy_sig_save;                     \
+                   _npy_sig_save = PyOS_setsig(SIGINT, _PyArray_SigintHandler); \
+                   if (NPY_SIGSETJMP(*((NPY_SIGJMP_BUF *)_PyArray_GetSigintBuf()), \
+                                 1) == 0) {                             \
+
+#    define NPY_SIGINT_OFF }                                      \
+        PyOS_setsig(SIGINT, _npy_sig_save);                       \
+        }
+
+#else  /* NPY_NO_SIGNAL  */
+
+#define NPY_SIGINT_ON
+#define NPY_SIGINT_OFF
+
+#endif  /* HAVE_SIGSETJMP */
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_INTERRUPT_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_math.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_math.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2fcd41eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_math.h
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_MATH_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_MATH_H_
+
+#include <numpy/npy_common.h>
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+/* By adding static inline specifiers to npy_math function definitions when
+   appropriate, compiler is given the opportunity to optimize */
+#if NPY_INLINE_MATH
+#define NPY_INPLACE static inline
+#else
+#define NPY_INPLACE
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * NAN and INFINITY like macros (same behavior as glibc for NAN, same as C99
+ * for INFINITY)
+ *
+ * XXX: I should test whether INFINITY and NAN are available on the platform
+ */
+static inline float __npy_inff(void)
+{
+    const union { npy_uint32 __i; float __f;} __bint = {0x7f800000UL};
+    return __bint.__f;
+}
+
+static inline float __npy_nanf(void)
+{
+    const union { npy_uint32 __i; float __f;} __bint = {0x7fc00000UL};
+    return __bint.__f;
+}
+
+static inline float __npy_pzerof(void)
+{
+    const union { npy_uint32 __i; float __f;} __bint = {0x00000000UL};
+    return __bint.__f;
+}
+
+static inline float __npy_nzerof(void)
+{
+    const union { npy_uint32 __i; float __f;} __bint = {0x80000000UL};
+    return __bint.__f;
+}
+
+#define NPY_INFINITYF __npy_inff()
+#define NPY_NANF __npy_nanf()
+#define NPY_PZEROF __npy_pzerof()
+#define NPY_NZEROF __npy_nzerof()
+
+#define NPY_INFINITY ((npy_double)NPY_INFINITYF)
+#define NPY_NAN ((npy_double)NPY_NANF)
+#define NPY_PZERO ((npy_double)NPY_PZEROF)
+#define NPY_NZERO ((npy_double)NPY_NZEROF)
+
+#define NPY_INFINITYL ((npy_longdouble)NPY_INFINITYF)
+#define NPY_NANL ((npy_longdouble)NPY_NANF)
+#define NPY_PZEROL ((npy_longdouble)NPY_PZEROF)
+#define NPY_NZEROL ((npy_longdouble)NPY_NZEROF)
+
+/*
+ * Useful constants
+ */
+#define NPY_E         2.718281828459045235360287471352662498  /* e */
+#define NPY_LOG2E     1.442695040888963407359924681001892137  /* log_2 e */
+#define NPY_LOG10E    0.434294481903251827651128918916605082  /* log_10 e */
+#define NPY_LOGE2     0.693147180559945309417232121458176568  /* log_e 2 */
+#define NPY_LOGE10    2.302585092994045684017991454684364208  /* log_e 10 */
+#define NPY_PI        3.141592653589793238462643383279502884  /* pi */
+#define NPY_PI_2      1.570796326794896619231321691639751442  /* pi/2 */
+#define NPY_PI_4      0.785398163397448309615660845819875721  /* pi/4 */
+#define NPY_1_PI      0.318309886183790671537767526745028724  /* 1/pi */
+#define NPY_2_PI      0.636619772367581343075535053490057448  /* 2/pi */
+#define NPY_EULER     0.577215664901532860606512090082402431  /* Euler constant */
+#define NPY_SQRT2     1.414213562373095048801688724209698079  /* sqrt(2) */
+#define NPY_SQRT1_2   0.707106781186547524400844362104849039  /* 1/sqrt(2) */
+
+#define NPY_Ef        2.718281828459045235360287471352662498F /* e */
+#define NPY_LOG2Ef    1.442695040888963407359924681001892137F /* log_2 e */
+#define NPY_LOG10Ef   0.434294481903251827651128918916605082F /* log_10 e */
+#define NPY_LOGE2f    0.693147180559945309417232121458176568F /* log_e 2 */
+#define NPY_LOGE10f   2.302585092994045684017991454684364208F /* log_e 10 */
+#define NPY_PIf       3.141592653589793238462643383279502884F /* pi */
+#define NPY_PI_2f     1.570796326794896619231321691639751442F /* pi/2 */
+#define NPY_PI_4f     0.785398163397448309615660845819875721F /* pi/4 */
+#define NPY_1_PIf     0.318309886183790671537767526745028724F /* 1/pi */
+#define NPY_2_PIf     0.636619772367581343075535053490057448F /* 2/pi */
+#define NPY_EULERf    0.577215664901532860606512090082402431F /* Euler constant */
+#define NPY_SQRT2f    1.414213562373095048801688724209698079F /* sqrt(2) */
+#define NPY_SQRT1_2f  0.707106781186547524400844362104849039F /* 1/sqrt(2) */
+
+#define NPY_El        2.718281828459045235360287471352662498L /* e */
+#define NPY_LOG2El    1.442695040888963407359924681001892137L /* log_2 e */
+#define NPY_LOG10El   0.434294481903251827651128918916605082L /* log_10 e */
+#define NPY_LOGE2l    0.693147180559945309417232121458176568L /* log_e 2 */
+#define NPY_LOGE10l   2.302585092994045684017991454684364208L /* log_e 10 */
+#define NPY_PIl       3.141592653589793238462643383279502884L /* pi */
+#define NPY_PI_2l     1.570796326794896619231321691639751442L /* pi/2 */
+#define NPY_PI_4l     0.785398163397448309615660845819875721L /* pi/4 */
+#define NPY_1_PIl     0.318309886183790671537767526745028724L /* 1/pi */
+#define NPY_2_PIl     0.636619772367581343075535053490057448L /* 2/pi */
+#define NPY_EULERl    0.577215664901532860606512090082402431L /* Euler constant */
+#define NPY_SQRT2l    1.414213562373095048801688724209698079L /* sqrt(2) */
+#define NPY_SQRT1_2l  0.707106781186547524400844362104849039L /* 1/sqrt(2) */
+
+/*
+ * Integer functions.
+ */
+NPY_INPLACE npy_uint npy_gcdu(npy_uint a, npy_uint b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_uint npy_lcmu(npy_uint a, npy_uint b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ulong npy_gcdul(npy_ulong a, npy_ulong b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ulong npy_lcmul(npy_ulong a, npy_ulong b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ulonglong npy_gcdull(npy_ulonglong a, npy_ulonglong b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ulonglong npy_lcmull(npy_ulonglong a, npy_ulonglong b);
+
+NPY_INPLACE npy_int npy_gcd(npy_int a, npy_int b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_int npy_lcm(npy_int a, npy_int b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_long npy_gcdl(npy_long a, npy_long b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_long npy_lcml(npy_long a, npy_long b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longlong npy_gcdll(npy_longlong a, npy_longlong b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longlong npy_lcmll(npy_longlong a, npy_longlong b);
+
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ubyte npy_rshiftuhh(npy_ubyte a, npy_ubyte b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ubyte npy_lshiftuhh(npy_ubyte a, npy_ubyte b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ushort npy_rshiftuh(npy_ushort a, npy_ushort b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ushort npy_lshiftuh(npy_ushort a, npy_ushort b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_uint npy_rshiftu(npy_uint a, npy_uint b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_uint npy_lshiftu(npy_uint a, npy_uint b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ulong npy_rshiftul(npy_ulong a, npy_ulong b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ulong npy_lshiftul(npy_ulong a, npy_ulong b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ulonglong npy_rshiftull(npy_ulonglong a, npy_ulonglong b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_ulonglong npy_lshiftull(npy_ulonglong a, npy_ulonglong b);
+
+NPY_INPLACE npy_byte npy_rshifthh(npy_byte a, npy_byte b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_byte npy_lshifthh(npy_byte a, npy_byte b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_short npy_rshifth(npy_short a, npy_short b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_short npy_lshifth(npy_short a, npy_short b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_int npy_rshift(npy_int a, npy_int b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_int npy_lshift(npy_int a, npy_int b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_long npy_rshiftl(npy_long a, npy_long b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_long npy_lshiftl(npy_long a, npy_long b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longlong npy_rshiftll(npy_longlong a, npy_longlong b);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longlong npy_lshiftll(npy_longlong a, npy_longlong b);
+
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcountuhh(npy_ubyte a);
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcountuh(npy_ushort a);
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcountu(npy_uint a);
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcountul(npy_ulong a);
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcountull(npy_ulonglong a);
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcounthh(npy_byte a);
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcounth(npy_short a);
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcount(npy_int a);
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcountl(npy_long a);
+NPY_INPLACE uint8_t npy_popcountll(npy_longlong a);
+
+/*
+ * C99 double math funcs that need fixups or are blocklist-able
+ */
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_sin(double x);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_cos(double x);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_tan(double x);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_hypot(double x, double y);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_log2(double x);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_atan2(double x, double y);
+
+/* Mandatory C99 double math funcs, no blocklisting or fixups */
+/* defined for legacy reasons, should be deprecated at some point */
+#define npy_sinh sinh
+#define npy_cosh cosh
+#define npy_tanh tanh
+#define npy_asin asin
+#define npy_acos acos
+#define npy_atan atan
+#define npy_log log
+#define npy_log10 log10
+#define npy_cbrt cbrt
+#define npy_fabs fabs
+#define npy_ceil ceil
+#define npy_fmod fmod
+#define npy_floor floor
+#define npy_expm1 expm1
+#define npy_log1p log1p
+#define npy_acosh acosh
+#define npy_asinh asinh
+#define npy_atanh atanh
+#define npy_rint rint
+#define npy_trunc trunc
+#define npy_exp2 exp2
+#define npy_frexp frexp
+#define npy_ldexp ldexp
+#define npy_copysign copysign
+#define npy_exp exp
+#define npy_sqrt sqrt
+#define npy_pow pow
+#define npy_modf modf
+#define npy_nextafter nextafter
+
+double npy_spacing(double x);
+
+/*
+ * IEEE 754 fpu handling
+ */
+
+/* use builtins to avoid function calls in tight loops
+ * only available if npy_config.h is available (= numpys own build) */
+#ifdef HAVE___BUILTIN_ISNAN
+    #define npy_isnan(x) __builtin_isnan(x)
+#else
+    #define npy_isnan(x) isnan(x)
+#endif
+
+
+/* only available if npy_config.h is available (= numpys own build) */
+#ifdef HAVE___BUILTIN_ISFINITE
+    #define npy_isfinite(x) __builtin_isfinite(x)
+#else
+    #define npy_isfinite(x) isfinite((x))
+#endif
+
+/* only available if npy_config.h is available (= numpys own build) */
+#ifdef HAVE___BUILTIN_ISINF
+    #define npy_isinf(x) __builtin_isinf(x)
+#else
+    #define npy_isinf(x) isinf((x))
+#endif
+
+#define npy_signbit(x) signbit((x))
+
+/*
+ * float C99 math funcs that need fixups or are blocklist-able
+ */
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_sinf(float x);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_cosf(float x);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_tanf(float x);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_expf(float x);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_sqrtf(float x);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_hypotf(float x, float y);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_log2f(float x);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_atan2f(float x, float y);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_powf(float x, float y);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_modff(float x, float* y);
+
+/* Mandatory C99 float math funcs, no blocklisting or fixups */
+/* defined for legacy reasons, should be deprecated at some point */
+
+#define npy_sinhf sinhf
+#define npy_coshf coshf
+#define npy_tanhf tanhf
+#define npy_asinf asinf
+#define npy_acosf acosf
+#define npy_atanf atanf
+#define npy_logf logf
+#define npy_log10f log10f
+#define npy_cbrtf cbrtf
+#define npy_fabsf fabsf
+#define npy_ceilf ceilf
+#define npy_fmodf fmodf
+#define npy_floorf floorf
+#define npy_expm1f expm1f
+#define npy_log1pf log1pf
+#define npy_asinhf asinhf
+#define npy_acoshf acoshf
+#define npy_atanhf atanhf
+#define npy_rintf rintf
+#define npy_truncf truncf
+#define npy_exp2f exp2f
+#define npy_frexpf frexpf
+#define npy_ldexpf ldexpf
+#define npy_copysignf copysignf
+#define npy_nextafterf nextafterf
+
+float npy_spacingf(float x);
+
+/*
+ * long double C99 double math funcs that need fixups or are blocklist-able
+ */
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_sinl(npy_longdouble x);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_cosl(npy_longdouble x);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_tanl(npy_longdouble x);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_expl(npy_longdouble x);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_sqrtl(npy_longdouble x);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_hypotl(npy_longdouble x, npy_longdouble y);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_log2l(npy_longdouble x);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_atan2l(npy_longdouble x, npy_longdouble y);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_powl(npy_longdouble x, npy_longdouble y);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_modfl(npy_longdouble x, npy_longdouble* y);
+
+/* Mandatory C99 double math funcs, no blocklisting or fixups */
+/* defined for legacy reasons, should be deprecated at some point */
+#define npy_sinhl sinhl
+#define npy_coshl coshl
+#define npy_tanhl tanhl
+#define npy_fabsl fabsl
+#define npy_floorl floorl
+#define npy_ceill ceill
+#define npy_rintl rintl
+#define npy_truncl truncl
+#define npy_cbrtl cbrtl
+#define npy_log10l log10l
+#define npy_logl logl
+#define npy_expm1l expm1l
+#define npy_asinl asinl
+#define npy_acosl acosl
+#define npy_atanl atanl
+#define npy_asinhl asinhl
+#define npy_acoshl acoshl
+#define npy_atanhl atanhl
+#define npy_log1pl log1pl
+#define npy_exp2l exp2l
+#define npy_fmodl fmodl
+#define npy_frexpl frexpl
+#define npy_ldexpl ldexpl
+#define npy_copysignl copysignl
+#define npy_nextafterl nextafterl
+
+npy_longdouble npy_spacingl(npy_longdouble x);
+
+/*
+ * Non standard functions
+ */
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_deg2rad(double x);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_rad2deg(double x);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_logaddexp(double x, double y);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_logaddexp2(double x, double y);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_divmod(double x, double y, double *modulus);
+NPY_INPLACE double npy_heaviside(double x, double h0);
+
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_deg2radf(float x);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_rad2degf(float x);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_logaddexpf(float x, float y);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_logaddexp2f(float x, float y);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_divmodf(float x, float y, float *modulus);
+NPY_INPLACE float npy_heavisidef(float x, float h0);
+
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_deg2radl(npy_longdouble x);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_rad2degl(npy_longdouble x);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_logaddexpl(npy_longdouble x, npy_longdouble y);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_logaddexp2l(npy_longdouble x, npy_longdouble y);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_divmodl(npy_longdouble x, npy_longdouble y,
+                           npy_longdouble *modulus);
+NPY_INPLACE npy_longdouble npy_heavisidel(npy_longdouble x, npy_longdouble h0);
+
+#define npy_degrees npy_rad2deg
+#define npy_degreesf npy_rad2degf
+#define npy_degreesl npy_rad2degl
+
+#define npy_radians npy_deg2rad
+#define npy_radiansf npy_deg2radf
+#define npy_radiansl npy_deg2radl
+
+/*
+ * Complex declarations
+ */
+
+/*
+ * C99 specifies that complex numbers have the same representation as
+ * an array of two elements, where the first element is the real part
+ * and the second element is the imaginary part.
+ */
+#define __NPY_CPACK_IMP(x, y, type, ctype)   \
+    union {                                  \
+        ctype z;                             \
+        type a[2];                           \
+    } z1;                                    \
+                                             \
+    z1.a[0] = (x);                           \
+    z1.a[1] = (y);                           \
+                                             \
+    return z1.z;
+
+static inline npy_cdouble npy_cpack(double x, double y)
+{
+    __NPY_CPACK_IMP(x, y, double, npy_cdouble);
+}
+
+static inline npy_cfloat npy_cpackf(float x, float y)
+{
+    __NPY_CPACK_IMP(x, y, float, npy_cfloat);
+}
+
+static inline npy_clongdouble npy_cpackl(npy_longdouble x, npy_longdouble y)
+{
+    __NPY_CPACK_IMP(x, y, npy_longdouble, npy_clongdouble);
+}
+#undef __NPY_CPACK_IMP
+
+/*
+ * Same remark as above, but in the other direction: extract first/second
+ * member of complex number, assuming a C99-compatible representation
+ *
+ * Those are defineds as static inline, and such as a reasonable compiler would
+ * most likely compile this to one or two instructions (on CISC at least)
+ */
+#define __NPY_CEXTRACT_IMP(z, index, type, ctype)   \
+    union {                                         \
+        ctype z;                                    \
+        type a[2];                                  \
+    } __z_repr;                                     \
+    __z_repr.z = z;                                 \
+                                                    \
+    return __z_repr.a[index];
+
+static inline double npy_creal(npy_cdouble z)
+{
+    __NPY_CEXTRACT_IMP(z, 0, double, npy_cdouble);
+}
+
+static inline double npy_cimag(npy_cdouble z)
+{
+    __NPY_CEXTRACT_IMP(z, 1, double, npy_cdouble);
+}
+
+static inline float npy_crealf(npy_cfloat z)
+{
+    __NPY_CEXTRACT_IMP(z, 0, float, npy_cfloat);
+}
+
+static inline float npy_cimagf(npy_cfloat z)
+{
+    __NPY_CEXTRACT_IMP(z, 1, float, npy_cfloat);
+}
+
+static inline npy_longdouble npy_creall(npy_clongdouble z)
+{
+    __NPY_CEXTRACT_IMP(z, 0, npy_longdouble, npy_clongdouble);
+}
+
+static inline npy_longdouble npy_cimagl(npy_clongdouble z)
+{
+    __NPY_CEXTRACT_IMP(z, 1, npy_longdouble, npy_clongdouble);
+}
+#undef __NPY_CEXTRACT_IMP
+
+/*
+ * Double precision complex functions
+ */
+double npy_cabs(npy_cdouble z);
+double npy_carg(npy_cdouble z);
+
+npy_cdouble npy_cexp(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_clog(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_cpow(npy_cdouble x, npy_cdouble y);
+
+npy_cdouble npy_csqrt(npy_cdouble z);
+
+npy_cdouble npy_ccos(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_csin(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_ctan(npy_cdouble z);
+
+npy_cdouble npy_ccosh(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_csinh(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_ctanh(npy_cdouble z);
+
+npy_cdouble npy_cacos(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_casin(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_catan(npy_cdouble z);
+
+npy_cdouble npy_cacosh(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_casinh(npy_cdouble z);
+npy_cdouble npy_catanh(npy_cdouble z);
+
+/*
+ * Single precision complex functions
+ */
+float npy_cabsf(npy_cfloat z);
+float npy_cargf(npy_cfloat z);
+
+npy_cfloat npy_cexpf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_clogf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_cpowf(npy_cfloat x, npy_cfloat y);
+
+npy_cfloat npy_csqrtf(npy_cfloat z);
+
+npy_cfloat npy_ccosf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_csinf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_ctanf(npy_cfloat z);
+
+npy_cfloat npy_ccoshf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_csinhf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_ctanhf(npy_cfloat z);
+
+npy_cfloat npy_cacosf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_casinf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_catanf(npy_cfloat z);
+
+npy_cfloat npy_cacoshf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_casinhf(npy_cfloat z);
+npy_cfloat npy_catanhf(npy_cfloat z);
+
+
+/*
+ * Extended precision complex functions
+ */
+npy_longdouble npy_cabsl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_longdouble npy_cargl(npy_clongdouble z);
+
+npy_clongdouble npy_cexpl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_clogl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_cpowl(npy_clongdouble x, npy_clongdouble y);
+
+npy_clongdouble npy_csqrtl(npy_clongdouble z);
+
+npy_clongdouble npy_ccosl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_csinl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_ctanl(npy_clongdouble z);
+
+npy_clongdouble npy_ccoshl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_csinhl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_ctanhl(npy_clongdouble z);
+
+npy_clongdouble npy_cacosl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_casinl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_catanl(npy_clongdouble z);
+
+npy_clongdouble npy_cacoshl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_casinhl(npy_clongdouble z);
+npy_clongdouble npy_catanhl(npy_clongdouble z);
+
+
+/*
+ * Functions that set the floating point error
+ * status word.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * platform-dependent code translates floating point
+ * status to an integer sum of these values
+ */
+#define NPY_FPE_DIVIDEBYZERO  1
+#define NPY_FPE_OVERFLOW      2
+#define NPY_FPE_UNDERFLOW     4
+#define NPY_FPE_INVALID       8
+
+int npy_clear_floatstatus_barrier(char*);
+int npy_get_floatstatus_barrier(char*);
+/*
+ * use caution with these - clang and gcc8.1 are known to reorder calls
+ * to this form of the function which can defeat the check. The _barrier
+ * form of the call is preferable, where the argument is
+ * (char*)&local_variable
+ */
+int npy_clear_floatstatus(void);
+int npy_get_floatstatus(void);
+
+void npy_set_floatstatus_divbyzero(void);
+void npy_set_floatstatus_overflow(void);
+void npy_set_floatstatus_underflow(void);
+void npy_set_floatstatus_invalid(void);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#if NPY_INLINE_MATH
+#include "npy_math_internal.h"
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_MATH_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_no_deprecated_api.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_no_deprecated_api.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39658c0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_no_deprecated_api.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+ * This include file is provided for inclusion in Cython *.pyd files where
+ * one would like to define the NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API macro. It can be
+ * included by
+ *
+ * cdef extern from "npy_no_deprecated_api.h": pass
+ *
+ */
+#ifndef NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API
+
+/* put this check here since there may be multiple includes in C extensions. */
+#if defined(NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NDARRAYTYPES_H_) || \
+    defined(NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_DEPRECATED_API_H) || \
+    defined(NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_OLD_DEFINES_H_)
+#error "npy_no_deprecated_api.h" must be first among numpy includes.
+#else
+#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_API_VERSION
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_os.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_os.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ce5d78b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_os.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_OS_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_OS_H_
+
+#if defined(linux) || defined(__linux) || defined(__linux__)
+    #define NPY_OS_LINUX
+#elif defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || \
+            defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__)
+    #define NPY_OS_BSD
+    #ifdef __FreeBSD__
+        #define NPY_OS_FREEBSD
+    #elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+        #define NPY_OS_NETBSD
+    #elif defined(__OpenBSD__)
+        #define NPY_OS_OPENBSD
+    #elif defined(__DragonFly__)
+        #define NPY_OS_DRAGONFLY
+    #endif
+#elif defined(sun) || defined(__sun)
+    #define NPY_OS_SOLARIS
+#elif defined(__CYGWIN__)
+    #define NPY_OS_CYGWIN
+/* We are on Windows.*/
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+  /* We are using MinGW (64-bit or 32-bit)*/
+  #if defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__)
+    #define NPY_OS_MINGW
+  /* Otherwise, if _WIN64 is defined, we are targeting 64-bit Windows*/
+  #elif defined(_WIN64)
+    #define NPY_OS_WIN64
+  /* Otherwise assume we are targeting 32-bit Windows*/
+  #else
+    #define NPY_OS_WIN32
+  #endif
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+    #define NPY_OS_DARWIN
+#elif defined(__HAIKU__)
+    #define NPY_OS_HAIKU
+#else
+    #define NPY_OS_UNKNOWN
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_OS_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/numpyconfig.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/numpyconfig.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c25aa5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/numpyconfig.h
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_NUMPYCONFIG_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_NUMPYCONFIG_H_
+
+#include "_numpyconfig.h"
+
+/*
+ * On Mac OS X, because there is only one configuration stage for all the archs
+ * in universal builds, any macro which depends on the arch needs to be
+ * hardcoded.
+ *
+ * Note that distutils/pip will attempt a universal2 build when Python itself
+ * is built as universal2, hence this hardcoding is needed even if we do not
+ * support universal2 wheels anymore (see gh-22796).
+ * This code block can be removed after we have dropped the setup.py based
+ * build completely.
+ */
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+    #undef NPY_SIZEOF_LONG
+    #undef NPY_SIZEOF_PY_INTPTR_T
+
+    #ifdef __LP64__
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_LONG         8
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_PY_INTPTR_T  8
+    #else
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_LONG         4
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_PY_INTPTR_T  4
+    #endif
+
+    #undef NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE
+    #undef NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_LONGDOUBLE
+    #ifdef HAVE_LDOUBLE_IEEE_DOUBLE_LE
+      #undef HAVE_LDOUBLE_IEEE_DOUBLE_LE
+    #endif
+    #ifdef HAVE_LDOUBLE_INTEL_EXTENDED_16_BYTES_LE
+      #undef HAVE_LDOUBLE_INTEL_EXTENDED_16_BYTES_LE
+    #endif
+
+    #if defined(__arm64__)
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE         8
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_LONGDOUBLE 16
+        #define HAVE_LDOUBLE_IEEE_DOUBLE_LE 1
+    #elif defined(__x86_64)
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE         16
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_LONGDOUBLE 32
+        #define HAVE_LDOUBLE_INTEL_EXTENDED_16_BYTES_LE 1
+    #elif defined (__i386)
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE         12
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_LONGDOUBLE 24
+    #elif defined(__ppc__) || defined (__ppc64__)
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_LONGDOUBLE         16
+        #define NPY_SIZEOF_COMPLEX_LONGDOUBLE 32
+    #else
+        #error "unknown architecture"
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+
+/**
+ * To help with both NPY_TARGET_VERSION and the NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API macro,
+ * we include API version numbers for specific versions of NumPy.
+ * To exclude all API that was deprecated as of 1.7, add the following before
+ * #including any NumPy headers:
+ *   #define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API  NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+ * The same is true for NPY_TARGET_VERSION, although NumPy will default to
+ * a backwards compatible build anyway.
+ */
+#define NPY_1_7_API_VERSION 0x00000007
+#define NPY_1_8_API_VERSION 0x00000008
+#define NPY_1_9_API_VERSION 0x00000009
+#define NPY_1_10_API_VERSION 0x0000000a
+#define NPY_1_11_API_VERSION 0x0000000a
+#define NPY_1_12_API_VERSION 0x0000000a
+#define NPY_1_13_API_VERSION 0x0000000b
+#define NPY_1_14_API_VERSION 0x0000000c
+#define NPY_1_15_API_VERSION 0x0000000c
+#define NPY_1_16_API_VERSION 0x0000000d
+#define NPY_1_17_API_VERSION 0x0000000d
+#define NPY_1_18_API_VERSION 0x0000000d
+#define NPY_1_19_API_VERSION 0x0000000d
+#define NPY_1_20_API_VERSION 0x0000000e
+#define NPY_1_21_API_VERSION 0x0000000e
+#define NPY_1_22_API_VERSION 0x0000000f
+#define NPY_1_23_API_VERSION 0x00000010
+#define NPY_1_24_API_VERSION 0x00000010
+#define NPY_1_25_API_VERSION 0x00000011
+
+
+/*
+ * Binary compatibility version number.  This number is increased
+ * whenever the C-API is changed such that binary compatibility is
+ * broken, i.e. whenever a recompile of extension modules is needed.
+ */
+#define NPY_VERSION NPY_ABI_VERSION
+
+/*
+ * Minor API version we are compiling to be compatible with.  The version
+ * Number is always increased when the API changes via: `NPY_API_VERSION`
+ * (and should maybe just track the NumPy version).
+ *
+ * If we have an internal build, we always target the current version of
+ * course.
+ *
+ * For downstream users, we default to an older version to provide them with
+ * maximum compatibility by default.  Downstream can choose to extend that
+ * default, or narrow it down if they wish to use newer API.  If you adjust
+ * this, consider the Python version support (example for 1.25.x):
+ *
+ * NumPy 1.25.x supports Python:                     3.9  3.10  3.11  (3.12)
+ * NumPy 1.19.x supports Python:      3.6  3.7  3.8  3.9
+ * NumPy 1.17.x supports Python: 3.5  3.6  3.7  3.8
+ * NumPy 1.15.x supports Python: ...  3.6  3.7
+ *
+ * Users of the stable ABI may wish to target the last Python that is not
+ * end of life.  This would be 3.8 at NumPy 1.25 release time.
+ * 1.17 as default was the choice of oldest-support-numpy at the time and
+ * has in practice no limit (comapared to 1.19).  Even earlier becomes legacy.
+ */
+#if defined(NPY_INTERNAL_BUILD) && NPY_INTERNAL_BUILD
+    /* NumPy internal build, always use current version. */
+    #define NPY_FEATURE_VERSION NPY_API_VERSION
+#elif defined(NPY_TARGET_VERSION) && NPY_TARGET_VERSION
+    /* user provided a target version, use it */
+    #define NPY_FEATURE_VERSION NPY_TARGET_VERSION
+#else
+    /* Use the default (increase when dropping Python 3.9 support) */
+    #define NPY_FEATURE_VERSION NPY_1_19_API_VERSION
+#endif
+
+/* Sanity check the (requested) feature version */
+#if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION > NPY_API_VERSION
+    #error "NPY_TARGET_VERSION higher than NumPy headers!"
+#elif NPY_FEATURE_VERSION < NPY_1_15_API_VERSION
+    /* No support for irrelevant old targets, no need for error, but warn. */
+    #warning "Requested NumPy target lower than supported NumPy 1.15."
+#endif
+
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_NPY_NUMPYCONFIG_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/old_defines.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/old_defines.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3fa6775
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/old_defines.h
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+/* This header is deprecated as of NumPy 1.7 */
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_OLD_DEFINES_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_OLD_DEFINES_H_
+
+#if defined(NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API) && NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API >= NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+#error The header "old_defines.h" is deprecated as of NumPy 1.7.
+#endif
+
+#define NDARRAY_VERSION NPY_VERSION
+
+#define PyArray_MIN_BUFSIZE NPY_MIN_BUFSIZE
+#define PyArray_MAX_BUFSIZE NPY_MAX_BUFSIZE
+#define PyArray_BUFSIZE NPY_BUFSIZE
+
+#define PyArray_PRIORITY NPY_PRIORITY
+#define PyArray_SUBTYPE_PRIORITY NPY_PRIORITY
+#define PyArray_NUM_FLOATTYPE NPY_NUM_FLOATTYPE
+
+#define NPY_MAX PyArray_MAX
+#define NPY_MIN PyArray_MIN
+
+#define PyArray_TYPES       NPY_TYPES
+#define PyArray_BOOL        NPY_BOOL
+#define PyArray_BYTE        NPY_BYTE
+#define PyArray_UBYTE       NPY_UBYTE
+#define PyArray_SHORT       NPY_SHORT
+#define PyArray_USHORT      NPY_USHORT
+#define PyArray_INT         NPY_INT
+#define PyArray_UINT        NPY_UINT
+#define PyArray_LONG        NPY_LONG
+#define PyArray_ULONG       NPY_ULONG
+#define PyArray_LONGLONG    NPY_LONGLONG
+#define PyArray_ULONGLONG   NPY_ULONGLONG
+#define PyArray_HALF        NPY_HALF
+#define PyArray_FLOAT       NPY_FLOAT
+#define PyArray_DOUBLE      NPY_DOUBLE
+#define PyArray_LONGDOUBLE  NPY_LONGDOUBLE
+#define PyArray_CFLOAT      NPY_CFLOAT
+#define PyArray_CDOUBLE     NPY_CDOUBLE
+#define PyArray_CLONGDOUBLE NPY_CLONGDOUBLE
+#define PyArray_OBJECT      NPY_OBJECT
+#define PyArray_STRING      NPY_STRING
+#define PyArray_UNICODE     NPY_UNICODE
+#define PyArray_VOID        NPY_VOID
+#define PyArray_DATETIME    NPY_DATETIME
+#define PyArray_TIMEDELTA   NPY_TIMEDELTA
+#define PyArray_NTYPES      NPY_NTYPES
+#define PyArray_NOTYPE      NPY_NOTYPE
+#define PyArray_CHAR        NPY_CHAR
+#define PyArray_USERDEF     NPY_USERDEF
+#define PyArray_NUMUSERTYPES NPY_NUMUSERTYPES
+
+#define PyArray_INTP        NPY_INTP
+#define PyArray_UINTP       NPY_UINTP
+
+#define PyArray_INT8    NPY_INT8
+#define PyArray_UINT8   NPY_UINT8
+#define PyArray_INT16   NPY_INT16
+#define PyArray_UINT16  NPY_UINT16
+#define PyArray_INT32   NPY_INT32
+#define PyArray_UINT32  NPY_UINT32
+
+#ifdef NPY_INT64
+#define PyArray_INT64   NPY_INT64
+#define PyArray_UINT64  NPY_UINT64
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NPY_INT128
+#define PyArray_INT128 NPY_INT128
+#define PyArray_UINT128 NPY_UINT128
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NPY_FLOAT16
+#define PyArray_FLOAT16  NPY_FLOAT16
+#define PyArray_COMPLEX32  NPY_COMPLEX32
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NPY_FLOAT80
+#define PyArray_FLOAT80  NPY_FLOAT80
+#define PyArray_COMPLEX160  NPY_COMPLEX160
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NPY_FLOAT96
+#define PyArray_FLOAT96  NPY_FLOAT96
+#define PyArray_COMPLEX192  NPY_COMPLEX192
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NPY_FLOAT128
+#define PyArray_FLOAT128  NPY_FLOAT128
+#define PyArray_COMPLEX256  NPY_COMPLEX256
+#endif
+
+#define PyArray_FLOAT32    NPY_FLOAT32
+#define PyArray_COMPLEX64  NPY_COMPLEX64
+#define PyArray_FLOAT64    NPY_FLOAT64
+#define PyArray_COMPLEX128 NPY_COMPLEX128
+
+
+#define PyArray_TYPECHAR        NPY_TYPECHAR
+#define PyArray_BOOLLTR         NPY_BOOLLTR
+#define PyArray_BYTELTR         NPY_BYTELTR
+#define PyArray_UBYTELTR        NPY_UBYTELTR
+#define PyArray_SHORTLTR        NPY_SHORTLTR
+#define PyArray_USHORTLTR       NPY_USHORTLTR
+#define PyArray_INTLTR          NPY_INTLTR
+#define PyArray_UINTLTR         NPY_UINTLTR
+#define PyArray_LONGLTR         NPY_LONGLTR
+#define PyArray_ULONGLTR        NPY_ULONGLTR
+#define PyArray_LONGLONGLTR     NPY_LONGLONGLTR
+#define PyArray_ULONGLONGLTR    NPY_ULONGLONGLTR
+#define PyArray_HALFLTR         NPY_HALFLTR
+#define PyArray_FLOATLTR        NPY_FLOATLTR
+#define PyArray_DOUBLELTR       NPY_DOUBLELTR
+#define PyArray_LONGDOUBLELTR   NPY_LONGDOUBLELTR
+#define PyArray_CFLOATLTR       NPY_CFLOATLTR
+#define PyArray_CDOUBLELTR      NPY_CDOUBLELTR
+#define PyArray_CLONGDOUBLELTR  NPY_CLONGDOUBLELTR
+#define PyArray_OBJECTLTR       NPY_OBJECTLTR
+#define PyArray_STRINGLTR       NPY_STRINGLTR
+#define PyArray_STRINGLTR2      NPY_STRINGLTR2
+#define PyArray_UNICODELTR      NPY_UNICODELTR
+#define PyArray_VOIDLTR         NPY_VOIDLTR
+#define PyArray_DATETIMELTR     NPY_DATETIMELTR
+#define PyArray_TIMEDELTALTR    NPY_TIMEDELTALTR
+#define PyArray_CHARLTR         NPY_CHARLTR
+#define PyArray_INTPLTR         NPY_INTPLTR
+#define PyArray_UINTPLTR        NPY_UINTPLTR
+#define PyArray_GENBOOLLTR      NPY_GENBOOLLTR
+#define PyArray_SIGNEDLTR       NPY_SIGNEDLTR
+#define PyArray_UNSIGNEDLTR     NPY_UNSIGNEDLTR
+#define PyArray_FLOATINGLTR     NPY_FLOATINGLTR
+#define PyArray_COMPLEXLTR      NPY_COMPLEXLTR
+
+#define PyArray_QUICKSORT   NPY_QUICKSORT
+#define PyArray_HEAPSORT    NPY_HEAPSORT
+#define PyArray_MERGESORT   NPY_MERGESORT
+#define PyArray_SORTKIND    NPY_SORTKIND
+#define PyArray_NSORTS      NPY_NSORTS
+
+#define PyArray_NOSCALAR       NPY_NOSCALAR
+#define PyArray_BOOL_SCALAR    NPY_BOOL_SCALAR
+#define PyArray_INTPOS_SCALAR  NPY_INTPOS_SCALAR
+#define PyArray_INTNEG_SCALAR  NPY_INTNEG_SCALAR
+#define PyArray_FLOAT_SCALAR   NPY_FLOAT_SCALAR
+#define PyArray_COMPLEX_SCALAR NPY_COMPLEX_SCALAR
+#define PyArray_OBJECT_SCALAR  NPY_OBJECT_SCALAR
+#define PyArray_SCALARKIND     NPY_SCALARKIND
+#define PyArray_NSCALARKINDS   NPY_NSCALARKINDS
+
+#define PyArray_ANYORDER     NPY_ANYORDER
+#define PyArray_CORDER       NPY_CORDER
+#define PyArray_FORTRANORDER NPY_FORTRANORDER
+#define PyArray_ORDER        NPY_ORDER
+
+#define PyDescr_ISBOOL      PyDataType_ISBOOL
+#define PyDescr_ISUNSIGNED  PyDataType_ISUNSIGNED
+#define PyDescr_ISSIGNED    PyDataType_ISSIGNED
+#define PyDescr_ISINTEGER   PyDataType_ISINTEGER
+#define PyDescr_ISFLOAT     PyDataType_ISFLOAT
+#define PyDescr_ISNUMBER    PyDataType_ISNUMBER
+#define PyDescr_ISSTRING    PyDataType_ISSTRING
+#define PyDescr_ISCOMPLEX   PyDataType_ISCOMPLEX
+#define PyDescr_ISPYTHON    PyDataType_ISPYTHON
+#define PyDescr_ISFLEXIBLE  PyDataType_ISFLEXIBLE
+#define PyDescr_ISUSERDEF   PyDataType_ISUSERDEF
+#define PyDescr_ISEXTENDED  PyDataType_ISEXTENDED
+#define PyDescr_ISOBJECT    PyDataType_ISOBJECT
+#define PyDescr_HASFIELDS   PyDataType_HASFIELDS
+
+#define PyArray_LITTLE NPY_LITTLE
+#define PyArray_BIG NPY_BIG
+#define PyArray_NATIVE NPY_NATIVE
+#define PyArray_SWAP NPY_SWAP
+#define PyArray_IGNORE NPY_IGNORE
+
+#define PyArray_NATBYTE NPY_NATBYTE
+#define PyArray_OPPBYTE NPY_OPPBYTE
+
+#define PyArray_MAX_ELSIZE NPY_MAX_ELSIZE
+
+#define PyArray_USE_PYMEM NPY_USE_PYMEM
+
+#define PyArray_RemoveLargest PyArray_RemoveSmallest
+
+#define PyArray_UCS4 npy_ucs4
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_OLD_DEFINES_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/LICENSE.txt b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d72a7c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+  zlib License
+  ------------
+
+  Copyright (C) 2010 - 2019 ridiculous_fish, <libdivide@ridiculousfish.com>
+  Copyright (C) 2016 - 2019 Kim Walisch, <kim.walisch@gmail.com>
+
+  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+  arising from the use of this software.
+
+  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+
+  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+     appreciated but is not required.
+  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+     misrepresented as being the original software.
+  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/bitgen.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/bitgen.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..162dd5c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/bitgen.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_RANDOM_BITGEN_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_RANDOM_BITGEN_H_
+
+#pragma once
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+/* Must match the declaration in numpy/random/<any>.pxd */
+
+typedef struct bitgen {
+  void *state;
+  uint64_t (*next_uint64)(void *st);
+  uint32_t (*next_uint32)(void *st);
+  double (*next_double)(void *st);
+  uint64_t (*next_raw)(void *st);
+} bitgen_t;
+
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_RANDOM_BITGEN_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/distributions.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/distributions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7fa4bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/distributions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_RANDOM_DISTRIBUTIONS_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_RANDOM_DISTRIBUTIONS_H_
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "numpy/npy_common.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "numpy/npy_math.h"
+#include "numpy/random/bitgen.h"
+
+/*
+ * RAND_INT_TYPE is used to share integer generators with RandomState which
+ * used long in place of int64_t. If changing a distribution that uses
+ * RAND_INT_TYPE, then the original unmodified copy must be retained for
+ * use in RandomState by copying to the legacy distributions source file.
+ */
+#ifdef NP_RANDOM_LEGACY
+#define RAND_INT_TYPE long
+#define RAND_INT_MAX LONG_MAX
+#else
+#define RAND_INT_TYPE int64_t
+#define RAND_INT_MAX INT64_MAX
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define DECLDIR __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define DECLDIR extern
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MIN
+#define MIN(x, y) (((x) < (y)) ? x : y)
+#define MAX(x, y) (((x) > (y)) ? x : y)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef M_PI
+#define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846264338328
+#endif
+
+typedef struct s_binomial_t {
+  int has_binomial; /* !=0: following parameters initialized for binomial */
+  double psave;
+  RAND_INT_TYPE nsave;
+  double r;
+  double q;
+  double fm;
+  RAND_INT_TYPE m;
+  double p1;
+  double xm;
+  double xl;
+  double xr;
+  double c;
+  double laml;
+  double lamr;
+  double p2;
+  double p3;
+  double p4;
+} binomial_t;
+
+DECLDIR float random_standard_uniform_f(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR double random_standard_uniform(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR void random_standard_uniform_fill(bitgen_t *, npy_intp, double *);
+DECLDIR void random_standard_uniform_fill_f(bitgen_t *, npy_intp, float *);
+
+DECLDIR int64_t random_positive_int64(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR int32_t random_positive_int32(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR int64_t random_positive_int(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR uint64_t random_uint(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+
+DECLDIR double random_standard_exponential(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR float random_standard_exponential_f(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR void random_standard_exponential_fill(bitgen_t *, npy_intp, double *);
+DECLDIR void random_standard_exponential_fill_f(bitgen_t *, npy_intp, float *);
+DECLDIR void random_standard_exponential_inv_fill(bitgen_t *, npy_intp, double *);
+DECLDIR void random_standard_exponential_inv_fill_f(bitgen_t *, npy_intp, float *);
+
+DECLDIR double random_standard_normal(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR float random_standard_normal_f(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR void random_standard_normal_fill(bitgen_t *, npy_intp, double *);
+DECLDIR void random_standard_normal_fill_f(bitgen_t *, npy_intp, float *);
+DECLDIR double random_standard_gamma(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double shape);
+DECLDIR float random_standard_gamma_f(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, float shape);
+
+DECLDIR double random_normal(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double loc, double scale);
+
+DECLDIR double random_gamma(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double shape, double scale);
+DECLDIR float random_gamma_f(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, float shape, float scale);
+
+DECLDIR double random_exponential(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double scale);
+DECLDIR double random_uniform(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double lower, double range);
+DECLDIR double random_beta(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double a, double b);
+DECLDIR double random_chisquare(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double df);
+DECLDIR double random_f(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double dfnum, double dfden);
+DECLDIR double random_standard_cauchy(bitgen_t *bitgen_state);
+DECLDIR double random_pareto(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double a);
+DECLDIR double random_weibull(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double a);
+DECLDIR double random_power(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double a);
+DECLDIR double random_laplace(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double loc, double scale);
+DECLDIR double random_gumbel(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double loc, double scale);
+DECLDIR double random_logistic(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double loc, double scale);
+DECLDIR double random_lognormal(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double mean, double sigma);
+DECLDIR double random_rayleigh(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double mode);
+DECLDIR double random_standard_t(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double df);
+DECLDIR double random_noncentral_chisquare(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double df,
+                                           double nonc);
+DECLDIR double random_noncentral_f(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double dfnum,
+                                   double dfden, double nonc);
+DECLDIR double random_wald(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double mean, double scale);
+DECLDIR double random_vonmises(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double mu, double kappa);
+DECLDIR double random_triangular(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double left, double mode,
+                                 double right);
+
+DECLDIR RAND_INT_TYPE random_poisson(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double lam);
+DECLDIR RAND_INT_TYPE random_negative_binomial(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double n,
+                                 double p);
+
+DECLDIR int64_t random_binomial(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double p,
+                                int64_t n, binomial_t *binomial);
+
+DECLDIR int64_t random_logseries(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double p);
+DECLDIR int64_t random_geometric(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double p);
+DECLDIR RAND_INT_TYPE random_geometric_search(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double p);
+DECLDIR RAND_INT_TYPE random_zipf(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, double a);
+DECLDIR int64_t random_hypergeometric(bitgen_t *bitgen_state,
+                                      int64_t good, int64_t bad, int64_t sample);
+DECLDIR uint64_t random_interval(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, uint64_t max);
+
+/* Generate random uint64 numbers in closed interval [off, off + rng]. */
+DECLDIR uint64_t random_bounded_uint64(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, uint64_t off,
+                                       uint64_t rng, uint64_t mask,
+                                       bool use_masked);
+
+/* Generate random uint32 numbers in closed interval [off, off + rng]. */
+DECLDIR uint32_t random_buffered_bounded_uint32(bitgen_t *bitgen_state,
+                                                uint32_t off, uint32_t rng,
+                                                uint32_t mask, bool use_masked,
+                                                int *bcnt, uint32_t *buf);
+DECLDIR uint16_t random_buffered_bounded_uint16(bitgen_t *bitgen_state,
+                                                uint16_t off, uint16_t rng,
+                                                uint16_t mask, bool use_masked,
+                                                int *bcnt, uint32_t *buf);
+DECLDIR uint8_t random_buffered_bounded_uint8(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, uint8_t off,
+                                              uint8_t rng, uint8_t mask,
+                                              bool use_masked, int *bcnt,
+                                              uint32_t *buf);
+DECLDIR npy_bool random_buffered_bounded_bool(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, npy_bool off,
+                                              npy_bool rng, npy_bool mask,
+                                              bool use_masked, int *bcnt,
+                                              uint32_t *buf);
+
+DECLDIR void random_bounded_uint64_fill(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, uint64_t off,
+                                        uint64_t rng, npy_intp cnt,
+                                        bool use_masked, uint64_t *out);
+DECLDIR void random_bounded_uint32_fill(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, uint32_t off,
+                                        uint32_t rng, npy_intp cnt,
+                                        bool use_masked, uint32_t *out);
+DECLDIR void random_bounded_uint16_fill(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, uint16_t off,
+                                        uint16_t rng, npy_intp cnt,
+                                        bool use_masked, uint16_t *out);
+DECLDIR void random_bounded_uint8_fill(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, uint8_t off,
+                                       uint8_t rng, npy_intp cnt,
+                                       bool use_masked, uint8_t *out);
+DECLDIR void random_bounded_bool_fill(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, npy_bool off,
+                                      npy_bool rng, npy_intp cnt,
+                                      bool use_masked, npy_bool *out);
+
+DECLDIR void random_multinomial(bitgen_t *bitgen_state, RAND_INT_TYPE n, RAND_INT_TYPE *mnix,
+                                double *pix, npy_intp d, binomial_t *binomial);
+
+/* multivariate hypergeometric, "count" method */
+DECLDIR int random_multivariate_hypergeometric_count(bitgen_t *bitgen_state,
+                              int64_t total,
+                              size_t num_colors, int64_t *colors,
+                              int64_t nsample,
+                              size_t num_variates, int64_t *variates);
+
+/* multivariate hypergeometric, "marginals" method */
+DECLDIR void random_multivariate_hypergeometric_marginals(bitgen_t *bitgen_state,
+                                   int64_t total,
+                                   size_t num_colors, int64_t *colors,
+                                   int64_t nsample,
+                                   size_t num_variates, int64_t *variates);
+
+/* Common to legacy-distributions.c and distributions.c but not exported */
+
+RAND_INT_TYPE random_binomial_btpe(bitgen_t *bitgen_state,
+                                   RAND_INT_TYPE n,
+                                   double p,
+                                   binomial_t *binomial);
+RAND_INT_TYPE random_binomial_inversion(bitgen_t *bitgen_state,
+                                        RAND_INT_TYPE n,
+                                        double p,
+                                        binomial_t *binomial);
+double random_loggam(double x);
+static inline double next_double(bitgen_t *bitgen_state) {
+    return bitgen_state->next_double(bitgen_state->state);
+}
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_RANDOM_DISTRIBUTIONS_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/libdivide.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/libdivide.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4eb8039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/random/libdivide.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2079 @@
+// libdivide.h - Optimized integer division
+// https://libdivide.com
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2010 - 2019 ridiculous_fish, <libdivide@ridiculousfish.com>
+// Copyright (C) 2016 - 2019 Kim Walisch, <kim.walisch@gmail.com>
+//
+// libdivide is dual-licensed under the Boost or zlib licenses.
+// You may use libdivide under the terms of either of these.
+// See LICENSE.txt for more details.
+
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_LIBDIVIDE_LIBDIVIDE_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_LIBDIVIDE_LIBDIVIDE_H_
+
+#define LIBDIVIDE_VERSION "3.0"
+#define LIBDIVIDE_VERSION_MAJOR 3
+#define LIBDIVIDE_VERSION_MINOR 0
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+    #include <cstdlib>
+    #include <cstdio>
+    #include <type_traits>
+#else
+    #include <stdlib.h>
+    #include <stdio.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(LIBDIVIDE_AVX512)
+    #include <immintrin.h>
+#elif defined(LIBDIVIDE_AVX2)
+    #include <immintrin.h>
+#elif defined(LIBDIVIDE_SSE2)
+    #include <emmintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #include <intrin.h>
+    // disable warning C4146: unary minus operator applied
+    // to unsigned type, result still unsigned
+    #pragma warning(disable: 4146)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_VC
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(__has_builtin)
+    #define __has_builtin(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
+    #define HAS_INT128_T
+    // clang-cl on Windows does not yet support 128-bit division
+    #if !(defined(__clang__) && defined(LIBDIVIDE_VC))
+        #define HAS_INT128_DIV
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_X86_64
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__i386__)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_i386
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_GCC_STYLE_ASM
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus) || defined(LIBDIVIDE_VC)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_FUNCTION __FUNCTION__
+#else
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_FUNCTION __func__
+#endif
+
+#define LIBDIVIDE_ERROR(msg) \
+    do { \
+        fprintf(stderr, "libdivide.h:%d: %s(): Error: %s\n", \
+            __LINE__, LIBDIVIDE_FUNCTION, msg); \
+        abort(); \
+    } while (0)
+
+#if defined(LIBDIVIDE_ASSERTIONS_ON)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_ASSERT(x) \
+        do { \
+            if (!(x)) { \
+                fprintf(stderr, "libdivide.h:%d: %s(): Assertion failed: %s\n", \
+                    __LINE__, LIBDIVIDE_FUNCTION, #x); \
+                abort(); \
+            } \
+        } while (0)
+#else
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_ASSERT(x)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+namespace libdivide {
+#endif
+
+// pack divider structs to prevent compilers from padding.
+// This reduces memory usage by up to 43% when using a large
+// array of libdivide dividers and improves performance
+// by up to 10% because of reduced memory bandwidth.
+#pragma pack(push, 1)
+
+struct libdivide_u32_t {
+    uint32_t magic;
+    uint8_t more;
+};
+
+struct libdivide_s32_t {
+    int32_t magic;
+    uint8_t more;
+};
+
+struct libdivide_u64_t {
+    uint64_t magic;
+    uint8_t more;
+};
+
+struct libdivide_s64_t {
+    int64_t magic;
+    uint8_t more;
+};
+
+struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t {
+    uint32_t magic;
+    uint8_t more;
+};
+
+struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t {
+    int32_t magic;
+    uint8_t more;
+};
+
+struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t {
+    uint64_t magic;
+    uint8_t more;
+};
+
+struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t {
+    int64_t magic;
+    uint8_t more;
+};
+
+#pragma pack(pop)
+
+// Explanation of the "more" field:
+//
+// * Bits 0-5 is the shift value (for shift path or mult path).
+// * Bit 6 is the add indicator for mult path.
+// * Bit 7 is set if the divisor is negative. We use bit 7 as the negative
+//   divisor indicator so that we can efficiently use sign extension to
+//   create a bitmask with all bits set to 1 (if the divisor is negative)
+//   or 0 (if the divisor is positive).
+//
+// u32: [0-4] shift value
+//      [5] ignored
+//      [6] add indicator
+//      magic number of 0 indicates shift path
+//
+// s32: [0-4] shift value
+//      [5] ignored
+//      [6] add indicator
+//      [7] indicates negative divisor
+//      magic number of 0 indicates shift path
+//
+// u64: [0-5] shift value
+//      [6] add indicator
+//      magic number of 0 indicates shift path
+//
+// s64: [0-5] shift value
+//      [6] add indicator
+//      [7] indicates negative divisor
+//      magic number of 0 indicates shift path
+//
+// In s32 and s64 branchfree modes, the magic number is negated according to
+// whether the divisor is negated. In branchfree strategy, it is not negated.
+
+enum {
+    LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK = 0x1F,
+    LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK = 0x3F,
+    LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER = 0x40,
+    LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR = 0x80
+};
+
+static inline struct libdivide_s32_t libdivide_s32_gen(int32_t d);
+static inline struct libdivide_u32_t libdivide_u32_gen(uint32_t d);
+static inline struct libdivide_s64_t libdivide_s64_gen(int64_t d);
+static inline struct libdivide_u64_t libdivide_u64_gen(uint64_t d);
+
+static inline struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t libdivide_s32_branchfree_gen(int32_t d);
+static inline struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t libdivide_u32_branchfree_gen(uint32_t d);
+static inline struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t libdivide_s64_branchfree_gen(int64_t d);
+static inline struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t libdivide_u64_branchfree_gen(uint64_t d);
+
+static inline int32_t  libdivide_s32_do(int32_t numer, const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom);
+static inline uint32_t libdivide_u32_do(uint32_t numer, const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom);
+static inline int64_t  libdivide_s64_do(int64_t numer, const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom);
+static inline uint64_t libdivide_u64_do(uint64_t numer, const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom);
+
+static inline int32_t  libdivide_s32_branchfree_do(int32_t numer, const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline uint32_t libdivide_u32_branchfree_do(uint32_t numer, const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline int64_t  libdivide_s64_branchfree_do(int64_t numer, const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline uint64_t libdivide_u64_branchfree_do(uint64_t numer, const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom);
+
+static inline int32_t  libdivide_s32_recover(const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom);
+static inline uint32_t libdivide_u32_recover(const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom);
+static inline int64_t  libdivide_s64_recover(const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom);
+static inline uint64_t libdivide_u64_recover(const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom);
+
+static inline int32_t  libdivide_s32_branchfree_recover(const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline uint32_t libdivide_u32_branchfree_recover(const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline int64_t  libdivide_s64_branchfree_recover(const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline uint64_t libdivide_u64_branchfree_recover(const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom);
+
+//////// Internal Utility Functions
+
+static inline uint32_t libdivide_mullhi_u32(uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
+    uint64_t xl = x, yl = y;
+    uint64_t rl = xl * yl;
+    return (uint32_t)(rl >> 32);
+}
+
+static inline int32_t libdivide_mullhi_s32(int32_t x, int32_t y) {
+    int64_t xl = x, yl = y;
+    int64_t rl = xl * yl;
+    // needs to be arithmetic shift
+    return (int32_t)(rl >> 32);
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t libdivide_mullhi_u64(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) {
+#if defined(LIBDIVIDE_VC) && \
+    defined(LIBDIVIDE_X86_64)
+    return __umulh(x, y);
+#elif defined(HAS_INT128_T)
+    __uint128_t xl = x, yl = y;
+    __uint128_t rl = xl * yl;
+    return (uint64_t)(rl >> 64);
+#else
+    // full 128 bits are x0 * y0 + (x0 * y1 << 32) + (x1 * y0 << 32) + (x1 * y1 << 64)
+    uint32_t mask = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    uint32_t x0 = (uint32_t)(x & mask);
+    uint32_t x1 = (uint32_t)(x >> 32);
+    uint32_t y0 = (uint32_t)(y & mask);
+    uint32_t y1 = (uint32_t)(y >> 32);
+    uint32_t x0y0_hi = libdivide_mullhi_u32(x0, y0);
+    uint64_t x0y1 = x0 * (uint64_t)y1;
+    uint64_t x1y0 = x1 * (uint64_t)y0;
+    uint64_t x1y1 = x1 * (uint64_t)y1;
+    uint64_t temp = x1y0 + x0y0_hi;
+    uint64_t temp_lo = temp & mask;
+    uint64_t temp_hi = temp >> 32;
+
+    return x1y1 + temp_hi + ((temp_lo + x0y1) >> 32);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int64_t libdivide_mullhi_s64(int64_t x, int64_t y) {
+#if defined(LIBDIVIDE_VC) && \
+    defined(LIBDIVIDE_X86_64)
+    return __mulh(x, y);
+#elif defined(HAS_INT128_T)
+    __int128_t xl = x, yl = y;
+    __int128_t rl = xl * yl;
+    return (int64_t)(rl >> 64);
+#else
+    // full 128 bits are x0 * y0 + (x0 * y1 << 32) + (x1 * y0 << 32) + (x1 * y1 << 64)
+    uint32_t mask = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    uint32_t x0 = (uint32_t)(x & mask);
+    uint32_t y0 = (uint32_t)(y & mask);
+    int32_t x1 = (int32_t)(x >> 32);
+    int32_t y1 = (int32_t)(y >> 32);
+    uint32_t x0y0_hi = libdivide_mullhi_u32(x0, y0);
+    int64_t t = x1 * (int64_t)y0 + x0y0_hi;
+    int64_t w1 = x0 * (int64_t)y1 + (t & mask);
+
+    return x1 * (int64_t)y1 + (t >> 32) + (w1 >> 32);
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int32_t libdivide_count_leading_zeros32(uint32_t val) {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || \
+    __has_builtin(__builtin_clz)
+    // Fast way to count leading zeros
+    return __builtin_clz(val);
+#elif defined(LIBDIVIDE_VC)
+    unsigned long result;
+    if (_BitScanReverse(&result, val)) {
+        return 31 - result;
+    }
+    return 0;
+#else
+    if (val == 0)
+        return 32;
+    int32_t result = 8;
+    uint32_t hi = 0xFFU << 24;
+    while ((val & hi) == 0) {
+        hi >>= 8;
+        result += 8;
+    }
+    while (val & hi) {
+        result -= 1;
+        hi <<= 1;
+    }
+    return result;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int32_t libdivide_count_leading_zeros64(uint64_t val) {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || \
+    __has_builtin(__builtin_clzll)
+    // Fast way to count leading zeros
+    return __builtin_clzll(val);
+#elif defined(LIBDIVIDE_VC) && defined(_WIN64)
+    unsigned long result;
+    if (_BitScanReverse64(&result, val)) {
+        return 63 - result;
+    }
+    return 0;
+#else
+    uint32_t hi = val >> 32;
+    uint32_t lo = val & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    if (hi != 0) return libdivide_count_leading_zeros32(hi);
+    return 32 + libdivide_count_leading_zeros32(lo);
+#endif
+}
+
+// libdivide_64_div_32_to_32: divides a 64-bit uint {u1, u0} by a 32-bit
+// uint {v}. The result must fit in 32 bits.
+// Returns the quotient directly and the remainder in *r
+static inline uint32_t libdivide_64_div_32_to_32(uint32_t u1, uint32_t u0, uint32_t v, uint32_t *r) {
+#if (defined(LIBDIVIDE_i386) || defined(LIBDIVIDE_X86_64)) && \
+     defined(LIBDIVIDE_GCC_STYLE_ASM)
+    uint32_t result;
+    __asm__("divl %[v]"
+            : "=a"(result), "=d"(*r)
+            : [v] "r"(v), "a"(u0), "d"(u1)
+            );
+    return result;
+#else
+    uint64_t n = ((uint64_t)u1 << 32) | u0;
+    uint32_t result = (uint32_t)(n / v);
+    *r = (uint32_t)(n - result * (uint64_t)v);
+    return result;
+#endif
+}
+
+// libdivide_128_div_64_to_64: divides a 128-bit uint {u1, u0} by a 64-bit
+// uint {v}. The result must fit in 64 bits.
+// Returns the quotient directly and the remainder in *r
+static uint64_t libdivide_128_div_64_to_64(uint64_t u1, uint64_t u0, uint64_t v, uint64_t *r) {
+#if defined(LIBDIVIDE_X86_64) && \
+    defined(LIBDIVIDE_GCC_STYLE_ASM)
+    uint64_t result;
+    __asm__("divq %[v]"
+            : "=a"(result), "=d"(*r)
+            : [v] "r"(v), "a"(u0), "d"(u1)
+            );
+    return result;
+#elif defined(HAS_INT128_T) && \
+      defined(HAS_INT128_DIV)
+    __uint128_t n = ((__uint128_t)u1 << 64) | u0;
+    uint64_t result = (uint64_t)(n / v);
+    *r = (uint64_t)(n - result * (__uint128_t)v);
+    return result;
+#else
+    // Code taken from Hacker's Delight:
+    // http://www.hackersdelight.org/HDcode/divlu.c.
+    // License permits inclusion here per:
+    // http://www.hackersdelight.org/permissions.htm
+
+    const uint64_t b = (1ULL << 32); // Number base (32 bits)
+    uint64_t un1, un0; // Norm. dividend LSD's
+    uint64_t vn1, vn0; // Norm. divisor digits
+    uint64_t q1, q0; // Quotient digits
+    uint64_t un64, un21, un10; // Dividend digit pairs
+    uint64_t rhat; // A remainder
+    int32_t s; // Shift amount for norm
+
+    // If overflow, set rem. to an impossible value,
+    // and return the largest possible quotient
+    if (u1 >= v) {
+        *r = (uint64_t) -1;
+        return (uint64_t) -1;
+    }
+
+    // count leading zeros
+    s = libdivide_count_leading_zeros64(v);
+    if (s > 0) {
+        // Normalize divisor
+        v = v << s;
+        un64 = (u1 << s) | (u0 >> (64 - s));
+        un10 = u0 << s; // Shift dividend left
+    } else {
+        // Avoid undefined behavior of (u0 >> 64).
+        // The behavior is undefined if the right operand is
+        // negative, or greater than or equal to the length
+        // in bits of the promoted left operand.
+        un64 = u1;
+        un10 = u0;
+    }
+
+    // Break divisor up into two 32-bit digits
+    vn1 = v >> 32;
+    vn0 = v & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+    // Break right half of dividend into two digits
+    un1 = un10 >> 32;
+    un0 = un10 & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+    // Compute the first quotient digit, q1
+    q1 = un64 / vn1;
+    rhat = un64 - q1 * vn1;
+
+    while (q1 >= b || q1 * vn0 > b * rhat + un1) {
+        q1 = q1 - 1;
+        rhat = rhat + vn1;
+        if (rhat >= b)
+            break;
+    }
+
+     // Multiply and subtract
+    un21 = un64 * b + un1 - q1 * v;
+
+    // Compute the second quotient digit
+    q0 = un21 / vn1;
+    rhat = un21 - q0 * vn1;
+
+    while (q0 >= b || q0 * vn0 > b * rhat + un0) {
+        q0 = q0 - 1;
+        rhat = rhat + vn1;
+        if (rhat >= b)
+            break;
+    }
+
+    *r = (un21 * b + un0 - q0 * v) >> s;
+    return q1 * b + q0;
+#endif
+}
+
+// Bitshift a u128 in place, left (signed_shift > 0) or right (signed_shift < 0)
+static inline void libdivide_u128_shift(uint64_t *u1, uint64_t *u0, int32_t signed_shift) {
+    if (signed_shift > 0) {
+        uint32_t shift = signed_shift;
+        *u1 <<= shift;
+        *u1 |= *u0 >> (64 - shift);
+        *u0 <<= shift;
+    }
+    else if (signed_shift < 0) {
+        uint32_t shift = -signed_shift;
+        *u0 >>= shift;
+        *u0 |= *u1 << (64 - shift);
+        *u1 >>= shift;
+    }
+}
+
+// Computes a 128 / 128 -> 64 bit division, with a 128 bit remainder.
+static uint64_t libdivide_128_div_128_to_64(uint64_t u_hi, uint64_t u_lo, uint64_t v_hi, uint64_t v_lo, uint64_t *r_hi, uint64_t *r_lo) {
+#if defined(HAS_INT128_T) && \
+    defined(HAS_INT128_DIV)
+    __uint128_t ufull = u_hi;
+    __uint128_t vfull = v_hi;
+    ufull = (ufull << 64) | u_lo;
+    vfull = (vfull << 64) | v_lo;
+    uint64_t res = (uint64_t)(ufull / vfull);
+    __uint128_t remainder = ufull - (vfull * res);
+    *r_lo = (uint64_t)remainder;
+    *r_hi = (uint64_t)(remainder >> 64);
+    return res;
+#else
+    // Adapted from "Unsigned Doubleword Division" in Hacker's Delight
+    // We want to compute u / v
+    typedef struct { uint64_t hi; uint64_t lo; } u128_t;
+    u128_t u = {u_hi, u_lo};
+    u128_t v = {v_hi, v_lo};
+
+    if (v.hi == 0) {
+        // divisor v is a 64 bit value, so we just need one 128/64 division
+        // Note that we are simpler than Hacker's Delight here, because we know
+        // the quotient fits in 64 bits whereas Hacker's Delight demands a full
+        // 128 bit quotient
+        *r_hi = 0;
+        return libdivide_128_div_64_to_64(u.hi, u.lo, v.lo, r_lo);
+    }
+    // Here v >= 2**64
+    // We know that v.hi != 0, so count leading zeros is OK
+    // We have 0 <= n <= 63
+    uint32_t n = libdivide_count_leading_zeros64(v.hi);
+
+    // Normalize the divisor so its MSB is 1
+    u128_t v1t = v;
+    libdivide_u128_shift(&v1t.hi, &v1t.lo, n);
+    uint64_t v1 = v1t.hi; // i.e. v1 = v1t >> 64
+
+    // To ensure no overflow
+    u128_t u1 = u;
+    libdivide_u128_shift(&u1.hi, &u1.lo, -1);
+
+    // Get quotient from divide unsigned insn.
+    uint64_t rem_ignored;
+    uint64_t q1 = libdivide_128_div_64_to_64(u1.hi, u1.lo, v1, &rem_ignored);
+
+    // Undo normalization and division of u by 2.
+    u128_t q0 = {0, q1};
+    libdivide_u128_shift(&q0.hi, &q0.lo, n);
+    libdivide_u128_shift(&q0.hi, &q0.lo, -63);
+
+    // Make q0 correct or too small by 1
+    // Equivalent to `if (q0 != 0) q0 = q0 - 1;`
+    if (q0.hi != 0 || q0.lo != 0) {
+        q0.hi -= (q0.lo == 0); // borrow
+        q0.lo -= 1;
+    }
+
+    // Now q0 is correct.
+    // Compute q0 * v as q0v
+    // = (q0.hi << 64 + q0.lo) * (v.hi << 64 + v.lo)
+    // = (q0.hi * v.hi << 128) + (q0.hi * v.lo << 64) +
+    //   (q0.lo * v.hi <<  64) + q0.lo * v.lo)
+    // Each term is 128 bit
+    // High half of full product (upper 128 bits!) are dropped
+    u128_t q0v = {0, 0};
+    q0v.hi = q0.hi*v.lo + q0.lo*v.hi + libdivide_mullhi_u64(q0.lo, v.lo);
+    q0v.lo = q0.lo*v.lo;
+
+    // Compute u - q0v as u_q0v
+    // This is the remainder
+    u128_t u_q0v = u;
+    u_q0v.hi -= q0v.hi + (u.lo < q0v.lo); // second term is borrow
+    u_q0v.lo -= q0v.lo;
+
+    // Check if u_q0v >= v
+    // This checks if our remainder is larger than the divisor
+    if ((u_q0v.hi > v.hi) ||
+        (u_q0v.hi == v.hi && u_q0v.lo >= v.lo)) {
+        // Increment q0
+        q0.lo += 1;
+        q0.hi += (q0.lo == 0); // carry
+
+        // Subtract v from remainder
+        u_q0v.hi -= v.hi + (u_q0v.lo < v.lo);
+        u_q0v.lo -= v.lo;
+    }
+
+    *r_hi = u_q0v.hi;
+    *r_lo = u_q0v.lo;
+
+    LIBDIVIDE_ASSERT(q0.hi == 0);
+    return q0.lo;
+#endif
+}
+
+////////// UINT32
+
+static inline struct libdivide_u32_t libdivide_internal_u32_gen(uint32_t d, int branchfree) {
+    if (d == 0) {
+        LIBDIVIDE_ERROR("divider must be != 0");
+    }
+
+    struct libdivide_u32_t result;
+    uint32_t floor_log_2_d = 31 - libdivide_count_leading_zeros32(d);
+
+    // Power of 2
+    if ((d & (d - 1)) == 0) {
+        // We need to subtract 1 from the shift value in case of an unsigned
+        // branchfree divider because there is a hardcoded right shift by 1
+        // in its division algorithm. Because of this we also need to add back
+        // 1 in its recovery algorithm.
+        result.magic = 0;
+        result.more = (uint8_t)(floor_log_2_d - (branchfree != 0));
+    } else {
+        uint8_t more;
+        uint32_t rem, proposed_m;
+        proposed_m = libdivide_64_div_32_to_32(1U << floor_log_2_d, 0, d, &rem);
+
+        LIBDIVIDE_ASSERT(rem > 0 && rem < d);
+        const uint32_t e = d - rem;
+
+        // This power works if e < 2**floor_log_2_d.
+        if (!branchfree && (e < (1U << floor_log_2_d))) {
+            // This power works
+            more = floor_log_2_d;
+        } else {
+            // We have to use the general 33-bit algorithm.  We need to compute
+            // (2**power) / d. However, we already have (2**(power-1))/d and
+            // its remainder.  By doubling both, and then correcting the
+            // remainder, we can compute the larger division.
+            // don't care about overflow here - in fact, we expect it
+            proposed_m += proposed_m;
+            const uint32_t twice_rem = rem + rem;
+            if (twice_rem >= d || twice_rem < rem) proposed_m += 1;
+            more = floor_log_2_d | LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER;
+        }
+        result.magic = 1 + proposed_m;
+        result.more = more;
+        // result.more's shift should in general be ceil_log_2_d. But if we
+        // used the smaller power, we subtract one from the shift because we're
+        // using the smaller power. If we're using the larger power, we
+        // subtract one from the shift because it's taken care of by the add
+        // indicator. So floor_log_2_d happens to be correct in both cases.
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+struct libdivide_u32_t libdivide_u32_gen(uint32_t d) {
+    return libdivide_internal_u32_gen(d, 0);
+}
+
+struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t libdivide_u32_branchfree_gen(uint32_t d) {
+    if (d == 1) {
+        LIBDIVIDE_ERROR("branchfree divider must be != 1");
+    }
+    struct libdivide_u32_t tmp = libdivide_internal_u32_gen(d, 1);
+    struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t ret = {tmp.magic, (uint8_t)(tmp.more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK)};
+    return ret;
+}
+
+uint32_t libdivide_u32_do(uint32_t numer, const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return numer >> more;
+    }
+    else {
+        uint32_t q = libdivide_mullhi_u32(denom->magic, numer);
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            uint32_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+            return t >> (more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK);
+        }
+        else {
+            // All upper bits are 0,
+            // don't need to mask them off.
+            return q >> more;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+uint32_t libdivide_u32_branchfree_do(uint32_t numer, const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    uint32_t q = libdivide_mullhi_u32(denom->magic, numer);
+    uint32_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+    return t >> denom->more;
+}
+
+uint32_t libdivide_u32_recover(const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return 1U << shift;
+    } else if (!(more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER)) {
+        // We compute q = n/d = n*m / 2^(32 + shift)
+        // Therefore we have d = 2^(32 + shift) / m
+        // We need to ceil it.
+        // We know d is not a power of 2, so m is not a power of 2,
+        // so we can just add 1 to the floor
+        uint32_t hi_dividend = 1U << shift;
+        uint32_t rem_ignored;
+        return 1 + libdivide_64_div_32_to_32(hi_dividend, 0, denom->magic, &rem_ignored);
+    } else {
+        // Here we wish to compute d = 2^(32+shift+1)/(m+2^32).
+        // Notice (m + 2^32) is a 33 bit number. Use 64 bit division for now
+        // Also note that shift may be as high as 31, so shift + 1 will
+        // overflow. So we have to compute it as 2^(32+shift)/(m+2^32), and
+        // then double the quotient and remainder.
+        uint64_t half_n = 1ULL << (32 + shift);
+        uint64_t d = (1ULL << 32) | denom->magic;
+        // Note that the quotient is guaranteed <= 32 bits, but the remainder
+        // may need 33!
+        uint32_t half_q = (uint32_t)(half_n / d);
+        uint64_t rem = half_n % d;
+        // We computed 2^(32+shift)/(m+2^32)
+        // Need to double it, and then add 1 to the quotient if doubling th
+        // remainder would increase the quotient.
+        // Note that rem<<1 cannot overflow, since rem < d and d is 33 bits
+        uint32_t full_q = half_q + half_q + ((rem<<1) >= d);
+
+        // We rounded down in gen (hence +1)
+        return full_q + 1;
+    }
+}
+
+uint32_t libdivide_u32_branchfree_recover(const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return 1U << (shift + 1);
+    } else {
+        // Here we wish to compute d = 2^(32+shift+1)/(m+2^32).
+        // Notice (m + 2^32) is a 33 bit number. Use 64 bit division for now
+        // Also note that shift may be as high as 31, so shift + 1 will
+        // overflow. So we have to compute it as 2^(32+shift)/(m+2^32), and
+        // then double the quotient and remainder.
+        uint64_t half_n = 1ULL << (32 + shift);
+        uint64_t d = (1ULL << 32) | denom->magic;
+        // Note that the quotient is guaranteed <= 32 bits, but the remainder
+        // may need 33!
+        uint32_t half_q = (uint32_t)(half_n / d);
+        uint64_t rem = half_n % d;
+        // We computed 2^(32+shift)/(m+2^32)
+        // Need to double it, and then add 1 to the quotient if doubling th
+        // remainder would increase the quotient.
+        // Note that rem<<1 cannot overflow, since rem < d and d is 33 bits
+        uint32_t full_q = half_q + half_q + ((rem<<1) >= d);
+
+        // We rounded down in gen (hence +1)
+        return full_q + 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/////////// UINT64
+
+static inline struct libdivide_u64_t libdivide_internal_u64_gen(uint64_t d, int branchfree) {
+    if (d == 0) {
+        LIBDIVIDE_ERROR("divider must be != 0");
+    }
+
+    struct libdivide_u64_t result;
+    uint32_t floor_log_2_d = 63 - libdivide_count_leading_zeros64(d);
+
+    // Power of 2
+    if ((d & (d - 1)) == 0) {
+        // We need to subtract 1 from the shift value in case of an unsigned
+        // branchfree divider because there is a hardcoded right shift by 1
+        // in its division algorithm. Because of this we also need to add back
+        // 1 in its recovery algorithm.
+        result.magic = 0;
+        result.more = (uint8_t)(floor_log_2_d - (branchfree != 0));
+    } else {
+        uint64_t proposed_m, rem;
+        uint8_t more;
+        // (1 << (64 + floor_log_2_d)) / d
+        proposed_m = libdivide_128_div_64_to_64(1ULL << floor_log_2_d, 0, d, &rem);
+
+        LIBDIVIDE_ASSERT(rem > 0 && rem < d);
+        const uint64_t e = d - rem;
+
+        // This power works if e < 2**floor_log_2_d.
+        if (!branchfree && e < (1ULL << floor_log_2_d)) {
+            // This power works
+            more = floor_log_2_d;
+        } else {
+            // We have to use the general 65-bit algorithm.  We need to compute
+            // (2**power) / d. However, we already have (2**(power-1))/d and
+            // its remainder. By doubling both, and then correcting the
+            // remainder, we can compute the larger division.
+            // don't care about overflow here - in fact, we expect it
+            proposed_m += proposed_m;
+            const uint64_t twice_rem = rem + rem;
+            if (twice_rem >= d || twice_rem < rem) proposed_m += 1;
+                more = floor_log_2_d | LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER;
+        }
+        result.magic = 1 + proposed_m;
+        result.more = more;
+        // result.more's shift should in general be ceil_log_2_d. But if we
+        // used the smaller power, we subtract one from the shift because we're
+        // using the smaller power. If we're using the larger power, we
+        // subtract one from the shift because it's taken care of by the add
+        // indicator. So floor_log_2_d happens to be correct in both cases,
+        // which is why we do it outside of the if statement.
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+struct libdivide_u64_t libdivide_u64_gen(uint64_t d) {
+    return libdivide_internal_u64_gen(d, 0);
+}
+
+struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t libdivide_u64_branchfree_gen(uint64_t d) {
+    if (d == 1) {
+        LIBDIVIDE_ERROR("branchfree divider must be != 1");
+    }
+    struct libdivide_u64_t tmp = libdivide_internal_u64_gen(d, 1);
+    struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t ret = {tmp.magic, (uint8_t)(tmp.more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK)};
+    return ret;
+}
+
+uint64_t libdivide_u64_do(uint64_t numer, const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return numer >> more;
+    }
+    else {
+        uint64_t q = libdivide_mullhi_u64(denom->magic, numer);
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            uint64_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+            return t >> (more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK);
+        }
+        else {
+             // All upper bits are 0,
+             // don't need to mask them off.
+            return q >> more;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+uint64_t libdivide_u64_branchfree_do(uint64_t numer, const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    uint64_t q = libdivide_mullhi_u64(denom->magic, numer);
+    uint64_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+    return t >> denom->more;
+}
+
+uint64_t libdivide_u64_recover(const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return 1ULL << shift;
+    } else if (!(more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER)) {
+        // We compute q = n/d = n*m / 2^(64 + shift)
+        // Therefore we have d = 2^(64 + shift) / m
+        // We need to ceil it.
+        // We know d is not a power of 2, so m is not a power of 2,
+        // so we can just add 1 to the floor
+        uint64_t hi_dividend = 1ULL << shift;
+        uint64_t rem_ignored;
+        return 1 + libdivide_128_div_64_to_64(hi_dividend, 0, denom->magic, &rem_ignored);
+    } else {
+        // Here we wish to compute d = 2^(64+shift+1)/(m+2^64).
+        // Notice (m + 2^64) is a 65 bit number. This gets hairy. See
+        // libdivide_u32_recover for more on what we do here.
+        // TODO: do something better than 128 bit math
+
+        // Full n is a (potentially) 129 bit value
+        // half_n is a 128 bit value
+        // Compute the hi half of half_n. Low half is 0.
+        uint64_t half_n_hi = 1ULL << shift, half_n_lo = 0;
+        // d is a 65 bit value. The high bit is always set to 1.
+        const uint64_t d_hi = 1, d_lo = denom->magic;
+        // Note that the quotient is guaranteed <= 64 bits,
+        // but the remainder may need 65!
+        uint64_t r_hi, r_lo;
+        uint64_t half_q = libdivide_128_div_128_to_64(half_n_hi, half_n_lo, d_hi, d_lo, &r_hi, &r_lo);
+        // We computed 2^(64+shift)/(m+2^64)
+        // Double the remainder ('dr') and check if that is larger than d
+        // Note that d is a 65 bit value, so r1 is small and so r1 + r1
+        // cannot overflow
+        uint64_t dr_lo = r_lo + r_lo;
+        uint64_t dr_hi = r_hi + r_hi + (dr_lo < r_lo); // last term is carry
+        int dr_exceeds_d = (dr_hi > d_hi) || (dr_hi == d_hi && dr_lo >= d_lo);
+        uint64_t full_q = half_q + half_q + (dr_exceeds_d ? 1 : 0);
+        return full_q + 1;
+    }
+}
+
+uint64_t libdivide_u64_branchfree_recover(const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return 1ULL << (shift + 1);
+    } else {
+        // Here we wish to compute d = 2^(64+shift+1)/(m+2^64).
+        // Notice (m + 2^64) is a 65 bit number. This gets hairy. See
+        // libdivide_u32_recover for more on what we do here.
+        // TODO: do something better than 128 bit math
+
+        // Full n is a (potentially) 129 bit value
+        // half_n is a 128 bit value
+        // Compute the hi half of half_n. Low half is 0.
+        uint64_t half_n_hi = 1ULL << shift, half_n_lo = 0;
+        // d is a 65 bit value. The high bit is always set to 1.
+        const uint64_t d_hi = 1, d_lo = denom->magic;
+        // Note that the quotient is guaranteed <= 64 bits,
+        // but the remainder may need 65!
+        uint64_t r_hi, r_lo;
+        uint64_t half_q = libdivide_128_div_128_to_64(half_n_hi, half_n_lo, d_hi, d_lo, &r_hi, &r_lo);
+        // We computed 2^(64+shift)/(m+2^64)
+        // Double the remainder ('dr') and check if that is larger than d
+        // Note that d is a 65 bit value, so r1 is small and so r1 + r1
+        // cannot overflow
+        uint64_t dr_lo = r_lo + r_lo;
+        uint64_t dr_hi = r_hi + r_hi + (dr_lo < r_lo); // last term is carry
+        int dr_exceeds_d = (dr_hi > d_hi) || (dr_hi == d_hi && dr_lo >= d_lo);
+        uint64_t full_q = half_q + half_q + (dr_exceeds_d ? 1 : 0);
+        return full_q + 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/////////// SINT32
+
+static inline struct libdivide_s32_t libdivide_internal_s32_gen(int32_t d, int branchfree) {
+    if (d == 0) {
+        LIBDIVIDE_ERROR("divider must be != 0");
+    }
+
+    struct libdivide_s32_t result;
+
+    // If d is a power of 2, or negative a power of 2, we have to use a shift.
+    // This is especially important because the magic algorithm fails for -1.
+    // To check if d is a power of 2 or its inverse, it suffices to check
+    // whether its absolute value has exactly one bit set. This works even for
+    // INT_MIN, because abs(INT_MIN) == INT_MIN, and INT_MIN has one bit set
+    // and is a power of 2.
+    uint32_t ud = (uint32_t)d;
+    uint32_t absD = (d < 0) ? -ud : ud;
+    uint32_t floor_log_2_d = 31 - libdivide_count_leading_zeros32(absD);
+    // check if exactly one bit is set,
+    // don't care if absD is 0 since that's divide by zero
+    if ((absD & (absD - 1)) == 0) {
+        // Branchfree and normal paths are exactly the same
+        result.magic = 0;
+        result.more = floor_log_2_d | (d < 0 ? LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR : 0);
+    } else {
+        LIBDIVIDE_ASSERT(floor_log_2_d >= 1);
+
+        uint8_t more;
+        // the dividend here is 2**(floor_log_2_d + 31), so the low 32 bit word
+        // is 0 and the high word is floor_log_2_d - 1
+        uint32_t rem, proposed_m;
+        proposed_m = libdivide_64_div_32_to_32(1U << (floor_log_2_d - 1), 0, absD, &rem);
+        const uint32_t e = absD - rem;
+
+        // We are going to start with a power of floor_log_2_d - 1.
+        // This works if works if e < 2**floor_log_2_d.
+        if (!branchfree && e < (1U << floor_log_2_d)) {
+            // This power works
+            more = floor_log_2_d - 1;
+        } else {
+            // We need to go one higher. This should not make proposed_m
+            // overflow, but it will make it negative when interpreted as an
+            // int32_t.
+            proposed_m += proposed_m;
+            const uint32_t twice_rem = rem + rem;
+            if (twice_rem >= absD || twice_rem < rem) proposed_m += 1;
+            more = floor_log_2_d | LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER;
+        }
+
+        proposed_m += 1;
+        int32_t magic = (int32_t)proposed_m;
+
+        // Mark if we are negative. Note we only negate the magic number in the
+        // branchfull case.
+        if (d < 0) {
+            more |= LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR;
+            if (!branchfree) {
+                magic = -magic;
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.more = more;
+        result.magic = magic;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+struct libdivide_s32_t libdivide_s32_gen(int32_t d) {
+    return libdivide_internal_s32_gen(d, 0);
+}
+
+struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t libdivide_s32_branchfree_gen(int32_t d) {
+    struct libdivide_s32_t tmp = libdivide_internal_s32_gen(d, 1);
+    struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t result = {tmp.magic, tmp.more};
+    return result;
+}
+
+int32_t libdivide_s32_do(int32_t numer, const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        uint32_t sign = (int8_t)more >> 7;
+        uint32_t mask = (1U << shift) - 1;
+        uint32_t uq = numer + ((numer >> 31) & mask);
+        int32_t q = (int32_t)uq;
+        q >>= shift;
+        q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+        return q;
+    } else {
+        uint32_t uq = (uint32_t)libdivide_mullhi_s32(denom->magic, numer);
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // must be arithmetic shift and then sign extend
+            int32_t sign = (int8_t)more >> 7;
+            // q += (more < 0 ? -numer : numer)
+            // cast required to avoid UB
+            uq += ((uint32_t)numer ^ sign) - sign;
+        }
+        int32_t q = (int32_t)uq;
+        q >>= shift;
+        q += (q < 0);
+        return q;
+    }
+}
+
+int32_t libdivide_s32_branchfree_do(int32_t numer, const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+    // must be arithmetic shift and then sign extend
+    int32_t sign = (int8_t)more >> 7;
+    int32_t magic = denom->magic;
+    int32_t q = libdivide_mullhi_s32(magic, numer);
+    q += numer;
+
+    // If q is non-negative, we have nothing to do
+    // If q is negative, we want to add either (2**shift)-1 if d is a power of
+    // 2, or (2**shift) if it is not a power of 2
+    uint32_t is_power_of_2 = (magic == 0);
+    uint32_t q_sign = (uint32_t)(q >> 31);
+    q += q_sign & ((1U << shift) - is_power_of_2);
+
+    // Now arithmetic right shift
+    q >>= shift;
+    // Negate if needed
+    q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+
+    return q;
+}
+
+int32_t libdivide_s32_recover(const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        uint32_t absD = 1U << shift;
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR) {
+            absD = -absD;
+        }
+        return (int32_t)absD;
+    } else {
+        // Unsigned math is much easier
+        // We negate the magic number only in the branchfull case, and we don't
+        // know which case we're in. However we have enough information to
+        // determine the correct sign of the magic number. The divisor was
+        // negative if LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR is set. If ADD_MARKER is set,
+        // the magic number's sign is opposite that of the divisor.
+        // We want to compute the positive magic number.
+        int negative_divisor = (more & LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR);
+        int magic_was_negated = (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER)
+            ? denom->magic > 0 : denom->magic < 0;
+
+        // Handle the power of 2 case (including branchfree)
+        if (denom->magic == 0) {
+            int32_t result = 1U << shift;
+            return negative_divisor ? -result : result;
+        }
+
+        uint32_t d = (uint32_t)(magic_was_negated ? -denom->magic : denom->magic);
+        uint64_t n = 1ULL << (32 + shift); // this shift cannot exceed 30
+        uint32_t q = (uint32_t)(n / d);
+        int32_t result = (int32_t)q;
+        result += 1;
+        return negative_divisor ? -result : result;
+    }
+}
+
+int32_t libdivide_s32_branchfree_recover(const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    return libdivide_s32_recover((const struct libdivide_s32_t *)denom);
+}
+
+///////////// SINT64
+
+static inline struct libdivide_s64_t libdivide_internal_s64_gen(int64_t d, int branchfree) {
+    if (d == 0) {
+        LIBDIVIDE_ERROR("divider must be != 0");
+    }
+
+    struct libdivide_s64_t result;
+
+    // If d is a power of 2, or negative a power of 2, we have to use a shift.
+    // This is especially important because the magic algorithm fails for -1.
+    // To check if d is a power of 2 or its inverse, it suffices to check
+    // whether its absolute value has exactly one bit set.  This works even for
+    // INT_MIN, because abs(INT_MIN) == INT_MIN, and INT_MIN has one bit set
+    // and is a power of 2.
+    uint64_t ud = (uint64_t)d;
+    uint64_t absD = (d < 0) ? -ud : ud;
+    uint32_t floor_log_2_d = 63 - libdivide_count_leading_zeros64(absD);
+    // check if exactly one bit is set,
+    // don't care if absD is 0 since that's divide by zero
+    if ((absD & (absD - 1)) == 0) {
+        // Branchfree and non-branchfree cases are the same
+        result.magic = 0;
+        result.more = floor_log_2_d | (d < 0 ? LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR : 0);
+    } else {
+        // the dividend here is 2**(floor_log_2_d + 63), so the low 64 bit word
+        // is 0 and the high word is floor_log_2_d - 1
+        uint8_t more;
+        uint64_t rem, proposed_m;
+        proposed_m = libdivide_128_div_64_to_64(1ULL << (floor_log_2_d - 1), 0, absD, &rem);
+        const uint64_t e = absD - rem;
+
+        // We are going to start with a power of floor_log_2_d - 1.
+        // This works if works if e < 2**floor_log_2_d.
+        if (!branchfree && e < (1ULL << floor_log_2_d)) {
+            // This power works
+            more = floor_log_2_d - 1;
+        } else {
+            // We need to go one higher. This should not make proposed_m
+            // overflow, but it will make it negative when interpreted as an
+            // int32_t.
+            proposed_m += proposed_m;
+            const uint64_t twice_rem = rem + rem;
+            if (twice_rem >= absD || twice_rem < rem) proposed_m += 1;
+            // note that we only set the LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR bit if we
+            // also set ADD_MARKER this is an annoying optimization that
+            // enables algorithm #4 to avoid the mask. However we always set it
+            // in the branchfree case
+            more = floor_log_2_d | LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER;
+        }
+        proposed_m += 1;
+        int64_t magic = (int64_t)proposed_m;
+
+        // Mark if we are negative
+        if (d < 0) {
+            more |= LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR;
+            if (!branchfree) {
+                magic = -magic;
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.more = more;
+        result.magic = magic;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+struct libdivide_s64_t libdivide_s64_gen(int64_t d) {
+    return libdivide_internal_s64_gen(d, 0);
+}
+
+struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t libdivide_s64_branchfree_gen(int64_t d) {
+    struct libdivide_s64_t tmp = libdivide_internal_s64_gen(d, 1);
+    struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t ret = {tmp.magic, tmp.more};
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int64_t libdivide_s64_do(int64_t numer, const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+
+    if (!denom->magic) { // shift path
+        uint64_t mask = (1ULL << shift) - 1;
+        uint64_t uq = numer + ((numer >> 63) & mask);
+        int64_t q = (int64_t)uq;
+        q >>= shift;
+        // must be arithmetic shift and then sign-extend
+        int64_t sign = (int8_t)more >> 7;
+        q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+        return q;
+    } else {
+        uint64_t uq = (uint64_t)libdivide_mullhi_s64(denom->magic, numer);
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // must be arithmetic shift and then sign extend
+            int64_t sign = (int8_t)more >> 7;
+            // q += (more < 0 ? -numer : numer)
+            // cast required to avoid UB
+            uq += ((uint64_t)numer ^ sign) - sign;
+        }
+        int64_t q = (int64_t)uq;
+        q >>= shift;
+        q += (q < 0);
+        return q;
+    }
+}
+
+int64_t libdivide_s64_branchfree_do(int64_t numer, const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+    // must be arithmetic shift and then sign extend
+    int64_t sign = (int8_t)more >> 7;
+    int64_t magic = denom->magic;
+    int64_t q = libdivide_mullhi_s64(magic, numer);
+    q += numer;
+
+    // If q is non-negative, we have nothing to do.
+    // If q is negative, we want to add either (2**shift)-1 if d is a power of
+    // 2, or (2**shift) if it is not a power of 2.
+    uint64_t is_power_of_2 = (magic == 0);
+    uint64_t q_sign = (uint64_t)(q >> 63);
+    q += q_sign & ((1ULL << shift) - is_power_of_2);
+
+    // Arithmetic right shift
+    q >>= shift;
+    // Negate if needed
+    q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+
+    return q;
+}
+
+int64_t libdivide_s64_recover(const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+    if (denom->magic == 0) { // shift path
+        uint64_t absD = 1ULL << shift;
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR) {
+            absD = -absD;
+        }
+        return (int64_t)absD;
+    } else {
+        // Unsigned math is much easier
+        int negative_divisor = (more & LIBDIVIDE_NEGATIVE_DIVISOR);
+        int magic_was_negated = (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER)
+            ? denom->magic > 0 : denom->magic < 0;
+
+        uint64_t d = (uint64_t)(magic_was_negated ? -denom->magic : denom->magic);
+        uint64_t n_hi = 1ULL << shift, n_lo = 0;
+        uint64_t rem_ignored;
+        uint64_t q = libdivide_128_div_64_to_64(n_hi, n_lo, d, &rem_ignored);
+        int64_t result = (int64_t)(q + 1);
+        if (negative_divisor) {
+            result = -result;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+}
+
+int64_t libdivide_s64_branchfree_recover(const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    return libdivide_s64_recover((const struct libdivide_s64_t *)denom);
+}
+
+#if defined(LIBDIVIDE_AVX512)
+
+static inline __m512i libdivide_u32_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom);
+static inline __m512i libdivide_s32_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom);
+static inline __m512i libdivide_u64_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom);
+static inline __m512i libdivide_s64_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom);
+
+static inline __m512i libdivide_u32_branchfree_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline __m512i libdivide_s32_branchfree_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline __m512i libdivide_u64_branchfree_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline __m512i libdivide_s64_branchfree_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom);
+
+//////// Internal Utility Functions
+
+static inline __m512i libdivide_s64_signbits(__m512i v) {;
+    return _mm512_srai_epi64(v, 63);
+}
+
+static inline __m512i libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(__m512i v, int amt) {
+    return _mm512_srai_epi64(v, amt);
+}
+
+// Here, b is assumed to contain one 32-bit value repeated.
+static inline __m512i libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(__m512i a, __m512i b) {
+    __m512i hi_product_0Z2Z = _mm512_srli_epi64(_mm512_mul_epu32(a, b), 32);
+    __m512i a1X3X = _mm512_srli_epi64(a, 32);
+    __m512i mask = _mm512_set_epi32(-1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0);
+    __m512i hi_product_Z1Z3 = _mm512_and_si512(_mm512_mul_epu32(a1X3X, b), mask);
+    return _mm512_or_si512(hi_product_0Z2Z, hi_product_Z1Z3);
+}
+
+// b is one 32-bit value repeated.
+static inline __m512i libdivide_mullhi_s32_vector(__m512i a, __m512i b) {
+    __m512i hi_product_0Z2Z = _mm512_srli_epi64(_mm512_mul_epi32(a, b), 32);
+    __m512i a1X3X = _mm512_srli_epi64(a, 32);
+    __m512i mask = _mm512_set_epi32(-1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0);
+    __m512i hi_product_Z1Z3 = _mm512_and_si512(_mm512_mul_epi32(a1X3X, b), mask);
+    return _mm512_or_si512(hi_product_0Z2Z, hi_product_Z1Z3);
+}
+
+// Here, y is assumed to contain one 64-bit value repeated.
+// https://stackoverflow.com/a/28827013
+static inline __m512i libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(__m512i x, __m512i y) {
+    __m512i lomask = _mm512_set1_epi64(0xffffffff);
+    __m512i xh = _mm512_shuffle_epi32(x, (_MM_PERM_ENUM) 0xB1);
+    __m512i yh = _mm512_shuffle_epi32(y, (_MM_PERM_ENUM) 0xB1);
+    __m512i w0 = _mm512_mul_epu32(x, y);
+    __m512i w1 = _mm512_mul_epu32(x, yh);
+    __m512i w2 = _mm512_mul_epu32(xh, y);
+    __m512i w3 = _mm512_mul_epu32(xh, yh);
+    __m512i w0h = _mm512_srli_epi64(w0, 32);
+    __m512i s1 = _mm512_add_epi64(w1, w0h);
+    __m512i s1l = _mm512_and_si512(s1, lomask);
+    __m512i s1h = _mm512_srli_epi64(s1, 32);
+    __m512i s2 = _mm512_add_epi64(w2, s1l);
+    __m512i s2h = _mm512_srli_epi64(s2, 32);
+    __m512i hi = _mm512_add_epi64(w3, s1h);
+            hi = _mm512_add_epi64(hi, s2h);
+
+    return hi;
+}
+
+// y is one 64-bit value repeated.
+static inline __m512i libdivide_mullhi_s64_vector(__m512i x, __m512i y) {
+    __m512i p = libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(x, y);
+    __m512i t1 = _mm512_and_si512(libdivide_s64_signbits(x), y);
+    __m512i t2 = _mm512_and_si512(libdivide_s64_signbits(y), x);
+    p = _mm512_sub_epi64(p, t1);
+    p = _mm512_sub_epi64(p, t2);
+    return p;
+}
+
+////////// UINT32
+
+__m512i libdivide_u32_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return _mm512_srli_epi32(numers, more);
+    }
+    else {
+        __m512i q = libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(numers, _mm512_set1_epi32(denom->magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // uint32_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+            // return t >> denom->shift;
+            uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+            __m512i t = _mm512_add_epi32(_mm512_srli_epi32(_mm512_sub_epi32(numers, q), 1), q);
+            return _mm512_srli_epi32(t, shift);
+        }
+        else {
+            return _mm512_srli_epi32(q, more);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__m512i libdivide_u32_branchfree_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    __m512i q = libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(numers, _mm512_set1_epi32(denom->magic));
+    __m512i t = _mm512_add_epi32(_mm512_srli_epi32(_mm512_sub_epi32(numers, q), 1), q);
+    return _mm512_srli_epi32(t, denom->more);
+}
+
+////////// UINT64
+
+__m512i libdivide_u64_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return _mm512_srli_epi64(numers, more);
+    }
+    else {
+        __m512i q = libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(numers, _mm512_set1_epi64(denom->magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // uint32_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+            // return t >> denom->shift;
+            uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+            __m512i t = _mm512_add_epi64(_mm512_srli_epi64(_mm512_sub_epi64(numers, q), 1), q);
+            return _mm512_srli_epi64(t, shift);
+        }
+        else {
+            return _mm512_srli_epi64(q, more);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__m512i libdivide_u64_branchfree_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    __m512i q = libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(numers, _mm512_set1_epi64(denom->magic));
+    __m512i t = _mm512_add_epi64(_mm512_srli_epi64(_mm512_sub_epi64(numers, q), 1), q);
+    return _mm512_srli_epi64(t, denom->more);
+}
+
+////////// SINT32
+
+__m512i libdivide_s32_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+        uint32_t mask = (1U << shift) - 1;
+        __m512i roundToZeroTweak = _mm512_set1_epi32(mask);
+        // q = numer + ((numer >> 31) & roundToZeroTweak);
+        __m512i q = _mm512_add_epi32(numers, _mm512_and_si512(_mm512_srai_epi32(numers, 31), roundToZeroTweak));
+        q = _mm512_srai_epi32(q, shift);
+        __m512i sign = _mm512_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+        // q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+        q = _mm512_sub_epi32(_mm512_xor_si512(q, sign), sign);
+        return q;
+    }
+    else {
+        __m512i q = libdivide_mullhi_s32_vector(numers, _mm512_set1_epi32(denom->magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+             // must be arithmetic shift
+            __m512i sign = _mm512_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+             // q += ((numer ^ sign) - sign);
+            q = _mm512_add_epi32(q, _mm512_sub_epi32(_mm512_xor_si512(numers, sign), sign));
+        }
+        // q >>= shift
+        q = _mm512_srai_epi32(q, more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK);
+        q = _mm512_add_epi32(q, _mm512_srli_epi32(q, 31)); // q += (q < 0)
+        return q;
+    }
+}
+
+__m512i libdivide_s32_branchfree_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    int32_t magic = denom->magic;
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+     // must be arithmetic shift
+    __m512i sign = _mm512_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+    __m512i q = libdivide_mullhi_s32_vector(numers, _mm512_set1_epi32(magic));
+    q = _mm512_add_epi32(q, numers); // q += numers
+
+    // If q is non-negative, we have nothing to do
+    // If q is negative, we want to add either (2**shift)-1 if d is
+    // a power of 2, or (2**shift) if it is not a power of 2
+    uint32_t is_power_of_2 = (magic == 0);
+    __m512i q_sign = _mm512_srai_epi32(q, 31); // q_sign = q >> 31
+    __m512i mask = _mm512_set1_epi32((1U << shift) - is_power_of_2);
+    q = _mm512_add_epi32(q, _mm512_and_si512(q_sign, mask)); // q = q + (q_sign & mask)
+    q = _mm512_srai_epi32(q, shift); // q >>= shift
+    q = _mm512_sub_epi32(_mm512_xor_si512(q, sign), sign); // q = (q ^ sign) - sign
+    return q;
+}
+
+////////// SINT64
+
+__m512i libdivide_s64_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    int64_t magic = denom->magic;
+    if (magic == 0) { // shift path
+        uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+        uint64_t mask = (1ULL << shift) - 1;
+        __m512i roundToZeroTweak = _mm512_set1_epi64(mask);
+        // q = numer + ((numer >> 63) & roundToZeroTweak);
+        __m512i q = _mm512_add_epi64(numers, _mm512_and_si512(libdivide_s64_signbits(numers), roundToZeroTweak));
+        q = libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(q, shift);
+        __m512i sign = _mm512_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+         // q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+        q = _mm512_sub_epi64(_mm512_xor_si512(q, sign), sign);
+        return q;
+    }
+    else {
+        __m512i q = libdivide_mullhi_s64_vector(numers, _mm512_set1_epi64(magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // must be arithmetic shift
+            __m512i sign = _mm512_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+            // q += ((numer ^ sign) - sign);
+            q = _mm512_add_epi64(q, _mm512_sub_epi64(_mm512_xor_si512(numers, sign), sign));
+        }
+        // q >>= denom->mult_path.shift
+        q = libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(q, more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK);
+        q = _mm512_add_epi64(q, _mm512_srli_epi64(q, 63)); // q += (q < 0)
+        return q;
+    }
+}
+
+__m512i libdivide_s64_branchfree_do_vector(__m512i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    int64_t magic = denom->magic;
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+    // must be arithmetic shift
+    __m512i sign = _mm512_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+
+     // libdivide_mullhi_s64(numers, magic);
+    __m512i q = libdivide_mullhi_s64_vector(numers, _mm512_set1_epi64(magic));
+    q = _mm512_add_epi64(q, numers); // q += numers
+
+    // If q is non-negative, we have nothing to do.
+    // If q is negative, we want to add either (2**shift)-1 if d is
+    // a power of 2, or (2**shift) if it is not a power of 2.
+    uint32_t is_power_of_2 = (magic == 0);
+    __m512i q_sign = libdivide_s64_signbits(q); // q_sign = q >> 63
+    __m512i mask = _mm512_set1_epi64((1ULL << shift) - is_power_of_2);
+    q = _mm512_add_epi64(q, _mm512_and_si512(q_sign, mask)); // q = q + (q_sign & mask)
+    q = libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(q, shift); // q >>= shift
+    q = _mm512_sub_epi64(_mm512_xor_si512(q, sign), sign); // q = (q ^ sign) - sign
+    return q;
+}
+
+#elif defined(LIBDIVIDE_AVX2)
+
+static inline __m256i libdivide_u32_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom);
+static inline __m256i libdivide_s32_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom);
+static inline __m256i libdivide_u64_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom);
+static inline __m256i libdivide_s64_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom);
+
+static inline __m256i libdivide_u32_branchfree_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline __m256i libdivide_s32_branchfree_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline __m256i libdivide_u64_branchfree_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline __m256i libdivide_s64_branchfree_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom);
+
+//////// Internal Utility Functions
+
+// Implementation of _mm256_srai_epi64(v, 63) (from AVX512).
+static inline __m256i libdivide_s64_signbits(__m256i v) {
+    __m256i hiBitsDuped = _mm256_shuffle_epi32(v, _MM_SHUFFLE(3, 3, 1, 1));
+    __m256i signBits = _mm256_srai_epi32(hiBitsDuped, 31);
+    return signBits;
+}
+
+// Implementation of _mm256_srai_epi64 (from AVX512).
+static inline __m256i libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(__m256i v, int amt) {
+    const int b = 64 - amt;
+    __m256i m = _mm256_set1_epi64x(1ULL << (b - 1));
+    __m256i x = _mm256_srli_epi64(v, amt);
+    __m256i result = _mm256_sub_epi64(_mm256_xor_si256(x, m), m);
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Here, b is assumed to contain one 32-bit value repeated.
+static inline __m256i libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(__m256i a, __m256i b) {
+    __m256i hi_product_0Z2Z = _mm256_srli_epi64(_mm256_mul_epu32(a, b), 32);
+    __m256i a1X3X = _mm256_srli_epi64(a, 32);
+    __m256i mask = _mm256_set_epi32(-1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0);
+    __m256i hi_product_Z1Z3 = _mm256_and_si256(_mm256_mul_epu32(a1X3X, b), mask);
+    return _mm256_or_si256(hi_product_0Z2Z, hi_product_Z1Z3);
+}
+
+// b is one 32-bit value repeated.
+static inline __m256i libdivide_mullhi_s32_vector(__m256i a, __m256i b) {
+    __m256i hi_product_0Z2Z = _mm256_srli_epi64(_mm256_mul_epi32(a, b), 32);
+    __m256i a1X3X = _mm256_srli_epi64(a, 32);
+    __m256i mask = _mm256_set_epi32(-1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0);
+    __m256i hi_product_Z1Z3 = _mm256_and_si256(_mm256_mul_epi32(a1X3X, b), mask);
+    return _mm256_or_si256(hi_product_0Z2Z, hi_product_Z1Z3);
+}
+
+// Here, y is assumed to contain one 64-bit value repeated.
+// https://stackoverflow.com/a/28827013
+static inline __m256i libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(__m256i x, __m256i y) {
+    __m256i lomask = _mm256_set1_epi64x(0xffffffff);
+    __m256i xh = _mm256_shuffle_epi32(x, 0xB1);        // x0l, x0h, x1l, x1h
+    __m256i yh = _mm256_shuffle_epi32(y, 0xB1);        // y0l, y0h, y1l, y1h
+    __m256i w0 = _mm256_mul_epu32(x, y);               // x0l*y0l, x1l*y1l
+    __m256i w1 = _mm256_mul_epu32(x, yh);              // x0l*y0h, x1l*y1h
+    __m256i w2 = _mm256_mul_epu32(xh, y);              // x0h*y0l, x1h*y0l
+    __m256i w3 = _mm256_mul_epu32(xh, yh);             // x0h*y0h, x1h*y1h
+    __m256i w0h = _mm256_srli_epi64(w0, 32);
+    __m256i s1 = _mm256_add_epi64(w1, w0h);
+    __m256i s1l = _mm256_and_si256(s1, lomask);
+    __m256i s1h = _mm256_srli_epi64(s1, 32);
+    __m256i s2 = _mm256_add_epi64(w2, s1l);
+    __m256i s2h = _mm256_srli_epi64(s2, 32);
+    __m256i hi = _mm256_add_epi64(w3, s1h);
+            hi = _mm256_add_epi64(hi, s2h);
+
+    return hi;
+}
+
+// y is one 64-bit value repeated.
+static inline __m256i libdivide_mullhi_s64_vector(__m256i x, __m256i y) {
+    __m256i p = libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(x, y);
+    __m256i t1 = _mm256_and_si256(libdivide_s64_signbits(x), y);
+    __m256i t2 = _mm256_and_si256(libdivide_s64_signbits(y), x);
+    p = _mm256_sub_epi64(p, t1);
+    p = _mm256_sub_epi64(p, t2);
+    return p;
+}
+
+////////// UINT32
+
+__m256i libdivide_u32_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return _mm256_srli_epi32(numers, more);
+    }
+    else {
+        __m256i q = libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(numers, _mm256_set1_epi32(denom->magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // uint32_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+            // return t >> denom->shift;
+            uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+            __m256i t = _mm256_add_epi32(_mm256_srli_epi32(_mm256_sub_epi32(numers, q), 1), q);
+            return _mm256_srli_epi32(t, shift);
+        }
+        else {
+            return _mm256_srli_epi32(q, more);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__m256i libdivide_u32_branchfree_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    __m256i q = libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(numers, _mm256_set1_epi32(denom->magic));
+    __m256i t = _mm256_add_epi32(_mm256_srli_epi32(_mm256_sub_epi32(numers, q), 1), q);
+    return _mm256_srli_epi32(t, denom->more);
+}
+
+////////// UINT64
+
+__m256i libdivide_u64_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return _mm256_srli_epi64(numers, more);
+    }
+    else {
+        __m256i q = libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(numers, _mm256_set1_epi64x(denom->magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // uint32_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+            // return t >> denom->shift;
+            uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+            __m256i t = _mm256_add_epi64(_mm256_srli_epi64(_mm256_sub_epi64(numers, q), 1), q);
+            return _mm256_srli_epi64(t, shift);
+        }
+        else {
+            return _mm256_srli_epi64(q, more);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__m256i libdivide_u64_branchfree_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    __m256i q = libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(numers, _mm256_set1_epi64x(denom->magic));
+    __m256i t = _mm256_add_epi64(_mm256_srli_epi64(_mm256_sub_epi64(numers, q), 1), q);
+    return _mm256_srli_epi64(t, denom->more);
+}
+
+////////// SINT32
+
+__m256i libdivide_s32_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+        uint32_t mask = (1U << shift) - 1;
+        __m256i roundToZeroTweak = _mm256_set1_epi32(mask);
+        // q = numer + ((numer >> 31) & roundToZeroTweak);
+        __m256i q = _mm256_add_epi32(numers, _mm256_and_si256(_mm256_srai_epi32(numers, 31), roundToZeroTweak));
+        q = _mm256_srai_epi32(q, shift);
+        __m256i sign = _mm256_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+        // q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+        q = _mm256_sub_epi32(_mm256_xor_si256(q, sign), sign);
+        return q;
+    }
+    else {
+        __m256i q = libdivide_mullhi_s32_vector(numers, _mm256_set1_epi32(denom->magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+             // must be arithmetic shift
+            __m256i sign = _mm256_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+             // q += ((numer ^ sign) - sign);
+            q = _mm256_add_epi32(q, _mm256_sub_epi32(_mm256_xor_si256(numers, sign), sign));
+        }
+        // q >>= shift
+        q = _mm256_srai_epi32(q, more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK);
+        q = _mm256_add_epi32(q, _mm256_srli_epi32(q, 31)); // q += (q < 0)
+        return q;
+    }
+}
+
+__m256i libdivide_s32_branchfree_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    int32_t magic = denom->magic;
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+     // must be arithmetic shift
+    __m256i sign = _mm256_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+    __m256i q = libdivide_mullhi_s32_vector(numers, _mm256_set1_epi32(magic));
+    q = _mm256_add_epi32(q, numers); // q += numers
+
+    // If q is non-negative, we have nothing to do
+    // If q is negative, we want to add either (2**shift)-1 if d is
+    // a power of 2, or (2**shift) if it is not a power of 2
+    uint32_t is_power_of_2 = (magic == 0);
+    __m256i q_sign = _mm256_srai_epi32(q, 31); // q_sign = q >> 31
+    __m256i mask = _mm256_set1_epi32((1U << shift) - is_power_of_2);
+    q = _mm256_add_epi32(q, _mm256_and_si256(q_sign, mask)); // q = q + (q_sign & mask)
+    q = _mm256_srai_epi32(q, shift); // q >>= shift
+    q = _mm256_sub_epi32(_mm256_xor_si256(q, sign), sign); // q = (q ^ sign) - sign
+    return q;
+}
+
+////////// SINT64
+
+__m256i libdivide_s64_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    int64_t magic = denom->magic;
+    if (magic == 0) { // shift path
+        uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+        uint64_t mask = (1ULL << shift) - 1;
+        __m256i roundToZeroTweak = _mm256_set1_epi64x(mask);
+        // q = numer + ((numer >> 63) & roundToZeroTweak);
+        __m256i q = _mm256_add_epi64(numers, _mm256_and_si256(libdivide_s64_signbits(numers), roundToZeroTweak));
+        q = libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(q, shift);
+        __m256i sign = _mm256_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+         // q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+        q = _mm256_sub_epi64(_mm256_xor_si256(q, sign), sign);
+        return q;
+    }
+    else {
+        __m256i q = libdivide_mullhi_s64_vector(numers, _mm256_set1_epi64x(magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // must be arithmetic shift
+            __m256i sign = _mm256_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+            // q += ((numer ^ sign) - sign);
+            q = _mm256_add_epi64(q, _mm256_sub_epi64(_mm256_xor_si256(numers, sign), sign));
+        }
+        // q >>= denom->mult_path.shift
+        q = libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(q, more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK);
+        q = _mm256_add_epi64(q, _mm256_srli_epi64(q, 63)); // q += (q < 0)
+        return q;
+    }
+}
+
+__m256i libdivide_s64_branchfree_do_vector(__m256i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    int64_t magic = denom->magic;
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+    // must be arithmetic shift
+    __m256i sign = _mm256_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+
+     // libdivide_mullhi_s64(numers, magic);
+    __m256i q = libdivide_mullhi_s64_vector(numers, _mm256_set1_epi64x(magic));
+    q = _mm256_add_epi64(q, numers); // q += numers
+
+    // If q is non-negative, we have nothing to do.
+    // If q is negative, we want to add either (2**shift)-1 if d is
+    // a power of 2, or (2**shift) if it is not a power of 2.
+    uint32_t is_power_of_2 = (magic == 0);
+    __m256i q_sign = libdivide_s64_signbits(q); // q_sign = q >> 63
+    __m256i mask = _mm256_set1_epi64x((1ULL << shift) - is_power_of_2);
+    q = _mm256_add_epi64(q, _mm256_and_si256(q_sign, mask)); // q = q + (q_sign & mask)
+    q = libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(q, shift); // q >>= shift
+    q = _mm256_sub_epi64(_mm256_xor_si256(q, sign), sign); // q = (q ^ sign) - sign
+    return q;
+}
+
+#elif defined(LIBDIVIDE_SSE2)
+
+static inline __m128i libdivide_u32_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom);
+static inline __m128i libdivide_s32_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom);
+static inline __m128i libdivide_u64_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom);
+static inline __m128i libdivide_s64_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom);
+
+static inline __m128i libdivide_u32_branchfree_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline __m128i libdivide_s32_branchfree_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline __m128i libdivide_u64_branchfree_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom);
+static inline __m128i libdivide_s64_branchfree_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom);
+
+//////// Internal Utility Functions
+
+// Implementation of _mm_srai_epi64(v, 63) (from AVX512).
+static inline __m128i libdivide_s64_signbits(__m128i v) {
+    __m128i hiBitsDuped = _mm_shuffle_epi32(v, _MM_SHUFFLE(3, 3, 1, 1));
+    __m128i signBits = _mm_srai_epi32(hiBitsDuped, 31);
+    return signBits;
+}
+
+// Implementation of _mm_srai_epi64 (from AVX512).
+static inline __m128i libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(__m128i v, int amt) {
+    const int b = 64 - amt;
+    __m128i m = _mm_set1_epi64x(1ULL << (b - 1));
+    __m128i x = _mm_srli_epi64(v, amt);
+    __m128i result = _mm_sub_epi64(_mm_xor_si128(x, m), m);
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Here, b is assumed to contain one 32-bit value repeated.
+static inline __m128i libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(__m128i a, __m128i b) {
+    __m128i hi_product_0Z2Z = _mm_srli_epi64(_mm_mul_epu32(a, b), 32);
+    __m128i a1X3X = _mm_srli_epi64(a, 32);
+    __m128i mask = _mm_set_epi32(-1, 0, -1, 0);
+    __m128i hi_product_Z1Z3 = _mm_and_si128(_mm_mul_epu32(a1X3X, b), mask);
+    return _mm_or_si128(hi_product_0Z2Z, hi_product_Z1Z3);
+}
+
+// SSE2 does not have a signed multiplication instruction, but we can convert
+// unsigned to signed pretty efficiently. Again, b is just a 32 bit value
+// repeated four times.
+static inline __m128i libdivide_mullhi_s32_vector(__m128i a, __m128i b) {
+    __m128i p = libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(a, b);
+    // t1 = (a >> 31) & y, arithmetic shift
+    __m128i t1 = _mm_and_si128(_mm_srai_epi32(a, 31), b);
+    __m128i t2 = _mm_and_si128(_mm_srai_epi32(b, 31), a);
+    p = _mm_sub_epi32(p, t1);
+    p = _mm_sub_epi32(p, t2);
+    return p;
+}
+
+// Here, y is assumed to contain one 64-bit value repeated.
+// https://stackoverflow.com/a/28827013
+static inline __m128i libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(__m128i x, __m128i y) {
+    __m128i lomask = _mm_set1_epi64x(0xffffffff);
+    __m128i xh = _mm_shuffle_epi32(x, 0xB1);        // x0l, x0h, x1l, x1h
+    __m128i yh = _mm_shuffle_epi32(y, 0xB1);        // y0l, y0h, y1l, y1h
+    __m128i w0 = _mm_mul_epu32(x, y);               // x0l*y0l, x1l*y1l
+    __m128i w1 = _mm_mul_epu32(x, yh);              // x0l*y0h, x1l*y1h
+    __m128i w2 = _mm_mul_epu32(xh, y);              // x0h*y0l, x1h*y0l
+    __m128i w3 = _mm_mul_epu32(xh, yh);             // x0h*y0h, x1h*y1h
+    __m128i w0h = _mm_srli_epi64(w0, 32);
+    __m128i s1 = _mm_add_epi64(w1, w0h);
+    __m128i s1l = _mm_and_si128(s1, lomask);
+    __m128i s1h = _mm_srli_epi64(s1, 32);
+    __m128i s2 = _mm_add_epi64(w2, s1l);
+    __m128i s2h = _mm_srli_epi64(s2, 32);
+    __m128i hi = _mm_add_epi64(w3, s1h);
+            hi = _mm_add_epi64(hi, s2h);
+
+    return hi;
+}
+
+// y is one 64-bit value repeated.
+static inline __m128i libdivide_mullhi_s64_vector(__m128i x, __m128i y) {
+    __m128i p = libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(x, y);
+    __m128i t1 = _mm_and_si128(libdivide_s64_signbits(x), y);
+    __m128i t2 = _mm_and_si128(libdivide_s64_signbits(y), x);
+    p = _mm_sub_epi64(p, t1);
+    p = _mm_sub_epi64(p, t2);
+    return p;
+}
+
+////////// UINT32
+
+__m128i libdivide_u32_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return _mm_srli_epi32(numers, more);
+    }
+    else {
+        __m128i q = libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(numers, _mm_set1_epi32(denom->magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // uint32_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+            // return t >> denom->shift;
+            uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+            __m128i t = _mm_add_epi32(_mm_srli_epi32(_mm_sub_epi32(numers, q), 1), q);
+            return _mm_srli_epi32(t, shift);
+        }
+        else {
+            return _mm_srli_epi32(q, more);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__m128i libdivide_u32_branchfree_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_u32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    __m128i q = libdivide_mullhi_u32_vector(numers, _mm_set1_epi32(denom->magic));
+    __m128i t = _mm_add_epi32(_mm_srli_epi32(_mm_sub_epi32(numers, q), 1), q);
+    return _mm_srli_epi32(t, denom->more);
+}
+
+////////// UINT64
+
+__m128i libdivide_u64_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        return _mm_srli_epi64(numers, more);
+    }
+    else {
+        __m128i q = libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(numers, _mm_set1_epi64x(denom->magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // uint32_t t = ((numer - q) >> 1) + q;
+            // return t >> denom->shift;
+            uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+            __m128i t = _mm_add_epi64(_mm_srli_epi64(_mm_sub_epi64(numers, q), 1), q);
+            return _mm_srli_epi64(t, shift);
+        }
+        else {
+            return _mm_srli_epi64(q, more);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__m128i libdivide_u64_branchfree_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_u64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    __m128i q = libdivide_mullhi_u64_vector(numers, _mm_set1_epi64x(denom->magic));
+    __m128i t = _mm_add_epi64(_mm_srli_epi64(_mm_sub_epi64(numers, q), 1), q);
+    return _mm_srli_epi64(t, denom->more);
+}
+
+////////// SINT32
+
+__m128i libdivide_s32_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    if (!denom->magic) {
+        uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+        uint32_t mask = (1U << shift) - 1;
+        __m128i roundToZeroTweak = _mm_set1_epi32(mask);
+        // q = numer + ((numer >> 31) & roundToZeroTweak);
+        __m128i q = _mm_add_epi32(numers, _mm_and_si128(_mm_srai_epi32(numers, 31), roundToZeroTweak));
+        q = _mm_srai_epi32(q, shift);
+        __m128i sign = _mm_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+        // q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+        q = _mm_sub_epi32(_mm_xor_si128(q, sign), sign);
+        return q;
+    }
+    else {
+        __m128i q = libdivide_mullhi_s32_vector(numers, _mm_set1_epi32(denom->magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+             // must be arithmetic shift
+            __m128i sign = _mm_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+             // q += ((numer ^ sign) - sign);
+            q = _mm_add_epi32(q, _mm_sub_epi32(_mm_xor_si128(numers, sign), sign));
+        }
+        // q >>= shift
+        q = _mm_srai_epi32(q, more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK);
+        q = _mm_add_epi32(q, _mm_srli_epi32(q, 31)); // q += (q < 0)
+        return q;
+    }
+}
+
+__m128i libdivide_s32_branchfree_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_s32_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    int32_t magic = denom->magic;
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_32_SHIFT_MASK;
+     // must be arithmetic shift
+    __m128i sign = _mm_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+    __m128i q = libdivide_mullhi_s32_vector(numers, _mm_set1_epi32(magic));
+    q = _mm_add_epi32(q, numers); // q += numers
+
+    // If q is non-negative, we have nothing to do
+    // If q is negative, we want to add either (2**shift)-1 if d is
+    // a power of 2, or (2**shift) if it is not a power of 2
+    uint32_t is_power_of_2 = (magic == 0);
+    __m128i q_sign = _mm_srai_epi32(q, 31); // q_sign = q >> 31
+    __m128i mask = _mm_set1_epi32((1U << shift) - is_power_of_2);
+    q = _mm_add_epi32(q, _mm_and_si128(q_sign, mask)); // q = q + (q_sign & mask)
+    q = _mm_srai_epi32(q, shift); // q >>= shift
+    q = _mm_sub_epi32(_mm_xor_si128(q, sign), sign); // q = (q ^ sign) - sign
+    return q;
+}
+
+////////// SINT64
+
+__m128i libdivide_s64_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_t *denom) {
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    int64_t magic = denom->magic;
+    if (magic == 0) { // shift path
+        uint32_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+        uint64_t mask = (1ULL << shift) - 1;
+        __m128i roundToZeroTweak = _mm_set1_epi64x(mask);
+        // q = numer + ((numer >> 63) & roundToZeroTweak);
+        __m128i q = _mm_add_epi64(numers, _mm_and_si128(libdivide_s64_signbits(numers), roundToZeroTweak));
+        q = libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(q, shift);
+        __m128i sign = _mm_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+         // q = (q ^ sign) - sign;
+        q = _mm_sub_epi64(_mm_xor_si128(q, sign), sign);
+        return q;
+    }
+    else {
+        __m128i q = libdivide_mullhi_s64_vector(numers, _mm_set1_epi64x(magic));
+        if (more & LIBDIVIDE_ADD_MARKER) {
+            // must be arithmetic shift
+            __m128i sign = _mm_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+            // q += ((numer ^ sign) - sign);
+            q = _mm_add_epi64(q, _mm_sub_epi64(_mm_xor_si128(numers, sign), sign));
+        }
+        // q >>= denom->mult_path.shift
+        q = libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(q, more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK);
+        q = _mm_add_epi64(q, _mm_srli_epi64(q, 63)); // q += (q < 0)
+        return q;
+    }
+}
+
+__m128i libdivide_s64_branchfree_do_vector(__m128i numers, const struct libdivide_s64_branchfree_t *denom) {
+    int64_t magic = denom->magic;
+    uint8_t more = denom->more;
+    uint8_t shift = more & LIBDIVIDE_64_SHIFT_MASK;
+    // must be arithmetic shift
+    __m128i sign = _mm_set1_epi32((int8_t)more >> 7);
+
+     // libdivide_mullhi_s64(numers, magic);
+    __m128i q = libdivide_mullhi_s64_vector(numers, _mm_set1_epi64x(magic));
+    q = _mm_add_epi64(q, numers); // q += numers
+
+    // If q is non-negative, we have nothing to do.
+    // If q is negative, we want to add either (2**shift)-1 if d is
+    // a power of 2, or (2**shift) if it is not a power of 2.
+    uint32_t is_power_of_2 = (magic == 0);
+    __m128i q_sign = libdivide_s64_signbits(q); // q_sign = q >> 63
+    __m128i mask = _mm_set1_epi64x((1ULL << shift) - is_power_of_2);
+    q = _mm_add_epi64(q, _mm_and_si128(q_sign, mask)); // q = q + (q_sign & mask)
+    q = libdivide_s64_shift_right_vector(q, shift); // q >>= shift
+    q = _mm_sub_epi64(_mm_xor_si128(q, sign), sign); // q = (q ^ sign) - sign
+    return q;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/////////// C++ stuff
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+// The C++ divider class is templated on both an integer type
+// (like uint64_t) and an algorithm type.
+// * BRANCHFULL is the default algorithm type.
+// * BRANCHFREE is the branchfree algorithm type.
+enum {
+    BRANCHFULL,
+    BRANCHFREE
+};
+
+#if defined(LIBDIVIDE_AVX512)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE __m512i
+#elif defined(LIBDIVIDE_AVX2)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE __m256i
+#elif defined(LIBDIVIDE_SSE2)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE __m128i
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE)
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_DIVIDE_VECTOR(ALGO)
+#else
+    #define LIBDIVIDE_DIVIDE_VECTOR(ALGO) \
+        LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE divide(LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE n) const { \
+            return libdivide_##ALGO##_do_vector(n, &denom); \
+        }
+#endif
+
+// The DISPATCHER_GEN() macro generates C++ methods (for the given integer
+// and algorithm types) that redirect to libdivide's C API.
+#define DISPATCHER_GEN(T, ALGO) \
+    libdivide_##ALGO##_t denom; \
+    dispatcher() { } \
+    dispatcher(T d) \
+        : denom(libdivide_##ALGO##_gen(d)) \
+    { } \
+    T divide(T n) const { \
+        return libdivide_##ALGO##_do(n, &denom); \
+    } \
+    LIBDIVIDE_DIVIDE_VECTOR(ALGO) \
+    T recover() const { \
+        return libdivide_##ALGO##_recover(&denom); \
+    }
+
+// The dispatcher selects a specific division algorithm for a given
+// type and ALGO using partial template specialization.
+template<bool IS_INTEGRAL, bool IS_SIGNED, int SIZEOF, int ALGO> struct dispatcher { };
+
+template<> struct dispatcher<true, true, sizeof(int32_t), BRANCHFULL> { DISPATCHER_GEN(int32_t, s32) };
+template<> struct dispatcher<true, true, sizeof(int32_t), BRANCHFREE> { DISPATCHER_GEN(int32_t, s32_branchfree) };
+template<> struct dispatcher<true, false, sizeof(uint32_t), BRANCHFULL> { DISPATCHER_GEN(uint32_t, u32) };
+template<> struct dispatcher<true, false, sizeof(uint32_t), BRANCHFREE> { DISPATCHER_GEN(uint32_t, u32_branchfree) };
+template<> struct dispatcher<true, true, sizeof(int64_t), BRANCHFULL> { DISPATCHER_GEN(int64_t, s64) };
+template<> struct dispatcher<true, true, sizeof(int64_t), BRANCHFREE> { DISPATCHER_GEN(int64_t, s64_branchfree) };
+template<> struct dispatcher<true, false, sizeof(uint64_t), BRANCHFULL> { DISPATCHER_GEN(uint64_t, u64) };
+template<> struct dispatcher<true, false, sizeof(uint64_t), BRANCHFREE> { DISPATCHER_GEN(uint64_t, u64_branchfree) };
+
+// This is the main divider class for use by the user (C++ API).
+// The actual division algorithm is selected using the dispatcher struct
+// based on the integer and algorithm template parameters.
+template<typename T, int ALGO = BRANCHFULL>
+class divider {
+public:
+    // We leave the default constructor empty so that creating
+    // an array of dividers and then initializing them
+    // later doesn't slow us down.
+    divider() { }
+
+    // Constructor that takes the divisor as a parameter
+    divider(T d) : div(d) { }
+
+    // Divides n by the divisor
+    T divide(T n) const {
+        return div.divide(n);
+    }
+
+    // Recovers the divisor, returns the value that was
+    // used to initialize this divider object.
+    T recover() const {
+        return div.recover();
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(const divider<T, ALGO>& other) const {
+        return div.denom.magic == other.denom.magic &&
+               div.denom.more == other.denom.more;
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const divider<T, ALGO>& other) const {
+        return !(*this == other);
+    }
+
+#if defined(LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE)
+    // Treats the vector as packed integer values with the same type as
+    // the divider (e.g. s32, u32, s64, u64) and divides each of
+    // them by the divider, returning the packed quotients.
+    LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE divide(LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE n) const {
+        return div.divide(n);
+    }
+#endif
+
+private:
+    // Storage for the actual divisor
+    dispatcher<std::is_integral<T>::value,
+               std::is_signed<T>::value, sizeof(T), ALGO> div;
+};
+
+// Overload of operator / for scalar division
+template<typename T, int ALGO>
+T operator/(T n, const divider<T, ALGO>& div) {
+    return div.divide(n);
+}
+
+// Overload of operator /= for scalar division
+template<typename T, int ALGO>
+T& operator/=(T& n, const divider<T, ALGO>& div) {
+    n = div.divide(n);
+    return n;
+}
+
+#if defined(LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE)
+    // Overload of operator / for vector division
+    template<typename T, int ALGO>
+    LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE operator/(LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE n, const divider<T, ALGO>& div) {
+        return div.divide(n);
+    }
+    // Overload of operator /= for vector division
+    template<typename T, int ALGO>
+    LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE& operator/=(LIBDIVIDE_VECTOR_TYPE& n, const divider<T, ALGO>& div) {
+        n = div.divide(n);
+        return n;
+    }
+#endif
+
+// libdivdie::branchfree_divider<T>
+template <typename T>
+using branchfree_divider = divider<T, BRANCHFREE>;
+
+}  // namespace libdivide
+
+#endif  // __cplusplus
+
+#endif  // NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_LIBDIVIDE_LIBDIVIDE_H_
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ufuncobject.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ufuncobject.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e00f2e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ufuncobject.h
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_UFUNCOBJECT_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_UFUNCOBJECT_H_
+
+#include <numpy/npy_math.h>
+#include <numpy/npy_common.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The legacy generic inner loop for a standard element-wise or
+ * generalized ufunc.
+ */
+typedef void (*PyUFuncGenericFunction)
+            (char **args,
+             npy_intp const *dimensions,
+             npy_intp const *strides,
+             void *innerloopdata);
+
+/*
+ * The most generic one-dimensional inner loop for
+ * a masked standard element-wise ufunc. "Masked" here means that it skips
+ * doing calculations on any items for which the maskptr array has a true
+ * value.
+ */
+typedef void (PyUFunc_MaskedStridedInnerLoopFunc)(
+                char **dataptrs, npy_intp *strides,
+                char *maskptr, npy_intp mask_stride,
+                npy_intp count,
+                NpyAuxData *innerloopdata);
+
+/* Forward declaration for the type resolver and loop selector typedefs */
+struct _tagPyUFuncObject;
+
+/*
+ * Given the operands for calling a ufunc, should determine the
+ * calculation input and output data types and return an inner loop function.
+ * This function should validate that the casting rule is being followed,
+ * and fail if it is not.
+ *
+ * For backwards compatibility, the regular type resolution function does not
+ * support auxiliary data with object semantics. The type resolution call
+ * which returns a masked generic function returns a standard NpyAuxData
+ * object, for which the NPY_AUXDATA_FREE and NPY_AUXDATA_CLONE macros
+ * work.
+ *
+ * ufunc:             The ufunc object.
+ * casting:           The 'casting' parameter provided to the ufunc.
+ * operands:          An array of length (ufunc->nin + ufunc->nout),
+ *                    with the output parameters possibly NULL.
+ * type_tup:          Either NULL, or the type_tup passed to the ufunc.
+ * out_dtypes:        An array which should be populated with new
+ *                    references to (ufunc->nin + ufunc->nout) new
+ *                    dtypes, one for each input and output. These
+ *                    dtypes should all be in native-endian format.
+ *
+ * Should return 0 on success, -1 on failure (with exception set),
+ * or -2 if Py_NotImplemented should be returned.
+ */
+typedef int (PyUFunc_TypeResolutionFunc)(
+                                struct _tagPyUFuncObject *ufunc,
+                                NPY_CASTING casting,
+                                PyArrayObject **operands,
+                                PyObject *type_tup,
+                                PyArray_Descr **out_dtypes);
+
+/*
+ * Legacy loop selector. (This should NOT normally be used and we can expect
+ * that only the `PyUFunc_DefaultLegacyInnerLoopSelector` is ever set).
+ * However, unlike the masked version, it probably still works.
+ *
+ * ufunc:             The ufunc object.
+ * dtypes:            An array which has been populated with dtypes,
+ *                    in most cases by the type resolution function
+ *                    for the same ufunc.
+ * out_innerloop:     Should be populated with the correct ufunc inner
+ *                    loop for the given type.
+ * out_innerloopdata: Should be populated with the void* data to
+ *                    be passed into the out_innerloop function.
+ * out_needs_api:     If the inner loop needs to use the Python API,
+ *                    should set the to 1, otherwise should leave
+ *                    this untouched.
+ */
+typedef int (PyUFunc_LegacyInnerLoopSelectionFunc)(
+                            struct _tagPyUFuncObject *ufunc,
+                            PyArray_Descr **dtypes,
+                            PyUFuncGenericFunction *out_innerloop,
+                            void **out_innerloopdata,
+                            int *out_needs_api);
+
+
+typedef struct _tagPyUFuncObject {
+        PyObject_HEAD
+        /*
+         * nin: Number of inputs
+         * nout: Number of outputs
+         * nargs: Always nin + nout (Why is it stored?)
+         */
+        int nin, nout, nargs;
+
+        /*
+         * Identity for reduction, any of PyUFunc_One, PyUFunc_Zero
+         * PyUFunc_MinusOne, PyUFunc_None, PyUFunc_ReorderableNone,
+         * PyUFunc_IdentityValue.
+         */
+        int identity;
+
+        /* Array of one-dimensional core loops */
+        PyUFuncGenericFunction *functions;
+        /* Array of funcdata that gets passed into the functions */
+        void **data;
+        /* The number of elements in 'functions' and 'data' */
+        int ntypes;
+
+        /* Used to be unused field 'check_return' */
+        int reserved1;
+
+        /* The name of the ufunc */
+        const char *name;
+
+        /* Array of type numbers, of size ('nargs' * 'ntypes') */
+        char *types;
+
+        /* Documentation string */
+        const char *doc;
+
+        void *ptr;
+        PyObject *obj;
+        PyObject *userloops;
+
+        /* generalized ufunc parameters */
+
+        /* 0 for scalar ufunc; 1 for generalized ufunc */
+        int core_enabled;
+        /* number of distinct dimension names in signature */
+        int core_num_dim_ix;
+
+        /*
+         * dimension indices of input/output argument k are stored in
+         * core_dim_ixs[core_offsets[k]..core_offsets[k]+core_num_dims[k]-1]
+         */
+
+        /* numbers of core dimensions of each argument */
+        int *core_num_dims;
+        /*
+         * dimension indices in a flatted form; indices
+         * are in the range of [0,core_num_dim_ix)
+         */
+        int *core_dim_ixs;
+        /*
+         * positions of 1st core dimensions of each
+         * argument in core_dim_ixs, equivalent to cumsum(core_num_dims)
+         */
+        int *core_offsets;
+        /* signature string for printing purpose */
+        char *core_signature;
+
+        /*
+         * A function which resolves the types and fills an array
+         * with the dtypes for the inputs and outputs.
+         */
+        PyUFunc_TypeResolutionFunc *type_resolver;
+        /*
+         * A function which returns an inner loop written for
+         * NumPy 1.6 and earlier ufuncs. This is for backwards
+         * compatibility, and may be NULL if inner_loop_selector
+         * is specified.
+         */
+        PyUFunc_LegacyInnerLoopSelectionFunc *legacy_inner_loop_selector;
+        /*
+         * This was blocked off to be the "new" inner loop selector in 1.7,
+         * but this was never implemented. (This is also why the above
+         * selector is called the "legacy" selector.)
+         */
+        #ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
+            vectorcallfunc vectorcall;
+        #else
+            void *vectorcall;
+        #endif
+
+        /* Was previously the `PyUFunc_MaskedInnerLoopSelectionFunc` */
+        void *_always_null_previously_masked_innerloop_selector;
+
+        /*
+         * List of flags for each operand when ufunc is called by nditer object.
+         * These flags will be used in addition to the default flags for each
+         * operand set by nditer object.
+         */
+        npy_uint32 *op_flags;
+
+        /*
+         * List of global flags used when ufunc is called by nditer object.
+         * These flags will be used in addition to the default global flags
+         * set by nditer object.
+         */
+        npy_uint32 iter_flags;
+
+        /* New in NPY_API_VERSION 0x0000000D and above */
+    #if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_16_API_VERSION
+        /*
+         * for each core_num_dim_ix distinct dimension names,
+         * the possible "frozen" size (-1 if not frozen).
+         */
+        npy_intp *core_dim_sizes;
+
+        /*
+         * for each distinct core dimension, a set of UFUNC_CORE_DIM* flags
+         */
+        npy_uint32 *core_dim_flags;
+
+        /* Identity for reduction, when identity == PyUFunc_IdentityValue */
+        PyObject *identity_value;
+    #endif  /* NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_16_API_VERSION */
+
+        /* New in NPY_API_VERSION 0x0000000F and above */
+    #if NPY_FEATURE_VERSION >= NPY_1_22_API_VERSION
+        /* New private fields related to dispatching */
+        void *_dispatch_cache;
+        /* A PyListObject of `(tuple of DTypes, ArrayMethod/Promoter)` */
+        PyObject *_loops;
+    #endif
+} PyUFuncObject;
+
+#include "arrayobject.h"
+/* Generalized ufunc; 0x0001 reserved for possible use as CORE_ENABLED */
+/* the core dimension's size will be determined by the operands. */
+#define UFUNC_CORE_DIM_SIZE_INFERRED 0x0002
+/* the core dimension may be absent */
+#define UFUNC_CORE_DIM_CAN_IGNORE 0x0004
+/* flags inferred during execution */
+#define UFUNC_CORE_DIM_MISSING 0x00040000
+
+#define UFUNC_ERR_IGNORE 0
+#define UFUNC_ERR_WARN   1
+#define UFUNC_ERR_RAISE  2
+#define UFUNC_ERR_CALL   3
+#define UFUNC_ERR_PRINT  4
+#define UFUNC_ERR_LOG    5
+
+        /* Python side integer mask */
+
+#define UFUNC_MASK_DIVIDEBYZERO 0x07
+#define UFUNC_MASK_OVERFLOW 0x3f
+#define UFUNC_MASK_UNDERFLOW 0x1ff
+#define UFUNC_MASK_INVALID 0xfff
+
+#define UFUNC_SHIFT_DIVIDEBYZERO 0
+#define UFUNC_SHIFT_OVERFLOW     3
+#define UFUNC_SHIFT_UNDERFLOW    6
+#define UFUNC_SHIFT_INVALID      9
+
+
+#define UFUNC_OBJ_ISOBJECT      1
+#define UFUNC_OBJ_NEEDS_API     2
+
+   /* Default user error mode */
+#define UFUNC_ERR_DEFAULT                               \
+        (UFUNC_ERR_WARN << UFUNC_SHIFT_DIVIDEBYZERO) +  \
+        (UFUNC_ERR_WARN << UFUNC_SHIFT_OVERFLOW) +      \
+        (UFUNC_ERR_WARN << UFUNC_SHIFT_INVALID)
+
+#if NPY_ALLOW_THREADS
+#define NPY_LOOP_BEGIN_THREADS do {if (!(loop->obj & UFUNC_OBJ_NEEDS_API)) _save = PyEval_SaveThread();} while (0);
+#define NPY_LOOP_END_THREADS   do {if (!(loop->obj & UFUNC_OBJ_NEEDS_API)) PyEval_RestoreThread(_save);} while (0);
+#else
+#define NPY_LOOP_BEGIN_THREADS
+#define NPY_LOOP_END_THREADS
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * UFunc has unit of 0, and the order of operations can be reordered
+ * This case allows reduction with multiple axes at once.
+ */
+#define PyUFunc_Zero 0
+/*
+ * UFunc has unit of 1, and the order of operations can be reordered
+ * This case allows reduction with multiple axes at once.
+ */
+#define PyUFunc_One 1
+/*
+ * UFunc has unit of -1, and the order of operations can be reordered
+ * This case allows reduction with multiple axes at once. Intended for
+ * bitwise_and reduction.
+ */
+#define PyUFunc_MinusOne 2
+/*
+ * UFunc has no unit, and the order of operations cannot be reordered.
+ * This case does not allow reduction with multiple axes at once.
+ */
+#define PyUFunc_None -1
+/*
+ * UFunc has no unit, and the order of operations can be reordered
+ * This case allows reduction with multiple axes at once.
+ */
+#define PyUFunc_ReorderableNone -2
+/*
+ * UFunc unit is an identity_value, and the order of operations can be reordered
+ * This case allows reduction with multiple axes at once.
+ */
+#define PyUFunc_IdentityValue -3
+
+
+#define UFUNC_REDUCE 0
+#define UFUNC_ACCUMULATE 1
+#define UFUNC_REDUCEAT 2
+#define UFUNC_OUTER 3
+
+
+typedef struct {
+        int nin;
+        int nout;
+        PyObject *callable;
+} PyUFunc_PyFuncData;
+
+/* A linked-list of function information for
+   user-defined 1-d loops.
+ */
+typedef struct _loop1d_info {
+        PyUFuncGenericFunction func;
+        void *data;
+        int *arg_types;
+        struct _loop1d_info *next;
+        int nargs;
+        PyArray_Descr **arg_dtypes;
+} PyUFunc_Loop1d;
+
+
+#include "__ufunc_api.h"
+
+#define UFUNC_PYVALS_NAME "UFUNC_PYVALS"
+
+/*
+ * THESE MACROS ARE DEPRECATED.
+ * Use npy_set_floatstatus_* in the npymath library.
+ */
+#define UFUNC_FPE_DIVIDEBYZERO  NPY_FPE_DIVIDEBYZERO
+#define UFUNC_FPE_OVERFLOW      NPY_FPE_OVERFLOW
+#define UFUNC_FPE_UNDERFLOW     NPY_FPE_UNDERFLOW
+#define UFUNC_FPE_INVALID       NPY_FPE_INVALID
+
+#define generate_divbyzero_error() npy_set_floatstatus_divbyzero()
+#define generate_overflow_error() npy_set_floatstatus_overflow()
+
+  /* Make sure it gets defined if it isn't already */
+#ifndef UFUNC_NOFPE
+/* Clear the floating point exception default of Borland C++ */
+#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#define UFUNC_NOFPE _control87(MCW_EM, MCW_EM);
+#else
+#define UFUNC_NOFPE
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_UFUNCOBJECT_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/utils.h b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97f06092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_UTILS_H_
+#define NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_UTILS_H_
+
+#ifndef __COMP_NPY_UNUSED
+    #if defined(__GNUC__)
+        #define __COMP_NPY_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+    #elif defined(__ICC)
+        #define __COMP_NPY_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+    #elif defined(__clang__)
+        #define __COMP_NPY_UNUSED __attribute__ ((unused))
+    #else
+        #define __COMP_NPY_UNUSED
+    #endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__ICC) || defined(__clang__)
+    #define NPY_DECL_ALIGNED(x) __attribute__ ((aligned (x)))
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #define NPY_DECL_ALIGNED(x) __declspec(align(x))
+#else
+    #define NPY_DECL_ALIGNED(x)
+#endif
+
+/* Use this to tag a variable as not used. It will remove unused variable
+ * warning on support platforms (see __COM_NPY_UNUSED) and mangle the variable
+ * to avoid accidental use */
+#define NPY_UNUSED(x) __NPY_UNUSED_TAGGED ## x __COMP_NPY_UNUSED
+#define NPY_EXPAND(x) x
+
+#define NPY_STRINGIFY(x) #x
+#define NPY_TOSTRING(x) NPY_STRINGIFY(x)
+
+#define NPY_CAT__(a, b) a ## b
+#define NPY_CAT_(a, b) NPY_CAT__(a, b)
+#define NPY_CAT(a, b) NPY_CAT_(a, b)
+
+#endif  /* NUMPY_CORE_INCLUDE_NUMPY_UTILS_H_ */
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/lib/libnpymath.a b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/lib/libnpymath.a
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96a955e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/lib/libnpymath.a
Binary files differdiff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/lib/npy-pkg-config/mlib.ini b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/lib/npy-pkg-config/mlib.ini
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5840f5e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/lib/npy-pkg-config/mlib.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[meta]
+Name = mlib
+Description = Math library used with this version of numpy
+Version = 1.0
+
+[default]
+Libs=-lm
+Cflags=
+
+[msvc]
+Libs=m.lib
+Cflags=
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/lib/npy-pkg-config/npymath.ini b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/lib/npy-pkg-config/npymath.ini
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e465ad2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/lib/npy-pkg-config/npymath.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[meta]
+Name=npymath
+Description=Portable, core math library implementing C99 standard
+Version=0.1
+
+[variables]
+pkgname=numpy.core
+prefix=${pkgdir}
+libdir=${prefix}/lib
+includedir=${prefix}/include
+
+[default]
+Libs=-L${libdir} -lnpymath
+Cflags=-I${includedir}
+Requires=mlib
+
+[msvc]
+Libs=/LIBPATH:${libdir} npymath.lib
+Cflags=/INCLUDE:${includedir}
+Requires=mlib
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/memmap.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/memmap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79c69545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/memmap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+
+import numpy as np
+from .._utils import set_module
+from .numeric import uint8, ndarray, dtype
+from numpy.compat import os_fspath, is_pathlib_path
+
+__all__ = ['memmap']
+
+dtypedescr = dtype
+valid_filemodes = ["r", "c", "r+", "w+"]
+writeable_filemodes = ["r+", "w+"]
+
+mode_equivalents = {
+    "readonly":"r",
+    "copyonwrite":"c",
+    "readwrite":"r+",
+    "write":"w+"
+    }
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+class memmap(ndarray):
+    """Create a memory-map to an array stored in a *binary* file on disk.
+
+    Memory-mapped files are used for accessing small segments of large files
+    on disk, without reading the entire file into memory.  NumPy's
+    memmap's are array-like objects.  This differs from Python's ``mmap``
+    module, which uses file-like objects.
+
+    This subclass of ndarray has some unpleasant interactions with
+    some operations, because it doesn't quite fit properly as a subclass.
+    An alternative to using this subclass is to create the ``mmap``
+    object yourself, then create an ndarray with ndarray.__new__ directly,
+    passing the object created in its 'buffer=' parameter.
+
+    This class may at some point be turned into a factory function
+    which returns a view into an mmap buffer.
+
+    Flush the memmap instance to write the changes to the file. Currently there
+    is no API to close the underlying ``mmap``. It is tricky to ensure the
+    resource is actually closed, since it may be shared between different
+    memmap instances.
+
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    filename : str, file-like object, or pathlib.Path instance
+        The file name or file object to be used as the array data buffer.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        The data-type used to interpret the file contents.
+        Default is `uint8`.
+    mode : {'r+', 'r', 'w+', 'c'}, optional
+        The file is opened in this mode:
+
+        +------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | 'r'  | Open existing file for reading only.                        |
+        +------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | 'r+' | Open existing file for reading and writing.                 |
+        +------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | 'w+' | Create or overwrite existing file for reading and writing.  |
+        |      | If ``mode == 'w+'`` then `shape` must also be specified.    |
+        +------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | 'c'  | Copy-on-write: assignments affect data in memory, but       |
+        |      | changes are not saved to disk.  The file on disk is         |
+        |      | read-only.                                                  |
+        +------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+        Default is 'r+'.
+    offset : int, optional
+        In the file, array data starts at this offset. Since `offset` is
+        measured in bytes, it should normally be a multiple of the byte-size
+        of `dtype`. When ``mode != 'r'``, even positive offsets beyond end of
+        file are valid; The file will be extended to accommodate the
+        additional data. By default, ``memmap`` will start at the beginning of
+        the file, even if ``filename`` is a file pointer ``fp`` and
+        ``fp.tell() != 0``.
+    shape : tuple, optional
+        The desired shape of the array. If ``mode == 'r'`` and the number
+        of remaining bytes after `offset` is not a multiple of the byte-size
+        of `dtype`, you must specify `shape`. By default, the returned array
+        will be 1-D with the number of elements determined by file size
+        and data-type.
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
+        Specify the order of the ndarray memory layout:
+        :term:`row-major`, C-style or :term:`column-major`,
+        Fortran-style.  This only has an effect if the shape is
+        greater than 1-D.  The default order is 'C'.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    filename : str or pathlib.Path instance
+        Path to the mapped file.
+    offset : int
+        Offset position in the file.
+    mode : str
+        File mode.
+
+    Methods
+    -------
+    flush
+        Flush any changes in memory to file on disk.
+        When you delete a memmap object, flush is called first to write
+        changes to disk.
+
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    lib.format.open_memmap : Create or load a memory-mapped ``.npy`` file.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The memmap object can be used anywhere an ndarray is accepted.
+    Given a memmap ``fp``, ``isinstance(fp, numpy.ndarray)`` returns
+    ``True``.
+
+    Memory-mapped files cannot be larger than 2GB on 32-bit systems.
+
+    When a memmap causes a file to be created or extended beyond its
+    current size in the filesystem, the contents of the new part are
+    unspecified. On systems with POSIX filesystem semantics, the extended
+    part will be filled with zero bytes.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> data = np.arange(12, dtype='float32')
+    >>> data.resize((3,4))
+
+    This example uses a temporary file so that doctest doesn't write
+    files to your directory. You would use a 'normal' filename.
+
+    >>> from tempfile import mkdtemp
+    >>> import os.path as path
+    >>> filename = path.join(mkdtemp(), 'newfile.dat')
+
+    Create a memmap with dtype and shape that matches our data:
+
+    >>> fp = np.memmap(filename, dtype='float32', mode='w+', shape=(3,4))
+    >>> fp
+    memmap([[0., 0., 0., 0.],
+            [0., 0., 0., 0.],
+            [0., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)
+
+    Write data to memmap array:
+
+    >>> fp[:] = data[:]
+    >>> fp
+    memmap([[  0.,   1.,   2.,   3.],
+            [  4.,   5.,   6.,   7.],
+            [  8.,   9.,  10.,  11.]], dtype=float32)
+
+    >>> fp.filename == path.abspath(filename)
+    True
+
+    Flushes memory changes to disk in order to read them back
+
+    >>> fp.flush()
+
+    Load the memmap and verify data was stored:
+
+    >>> newfp = np.memmap(filename, dtype='float32', mode='r', shape=(3,4))
+    >>> newfp
+    memmap([[  0.,   1.,   2.,   3.],
+            [  4.,   5.,   6.,   7.],
+            [  8.,   9.,  10.,  11.]], dtype=float32)
+
+    Read-only memmap:
+
+    >>> fpr = np.memmap(filename, dtype='float32', mode='r', shape=(3,4))
+    >>> fpr.flags.writeable
+    False
+
+    Copy-on-write memmap:
+
+    >>> fpc = np.memmap(filename, dtype='float32', mode='c', shape=(3,4))
+    >>> fpc.flags.writeable
+    True
+
+    It's possible to assign to copy-on-write array, but values are only
+    written into the memory copy of the array, and not written to disk:
+
+    >>> fpc
+    memmap([[  0.,   1.,   2.,   3.],
+            [  4.,   5.,   6.,   7.],
+            [  8.,   9.,  10.,  11.]], dtype=float32)
+    >>> fpc[0,:] = 0
+    >>> fpc
+    memmap([[  0.,   0.,   0.,   0.],
+            [  4.,   5.,   6.,   7.],
+            [  8.,   9.,  10.,  11.]], dtype=float32)
+
+    File on disk is unchanged:
+
+    >>> fpr
+    memmap([[  0.,   1.,   2.,   3.],
+            [  4.,   5.,   6.,   7.],
+            [  8.,   9.,  10.,  11.]], dtype=float32)
+
+    Offset into a memmap:
+
+    >>> fpo = np.memmap(filename, dtype='float32', mode='r', offset=16)
+    >>> fpo
+    memmap([  4.,   5.,   6.,   7.,   8.,   9.,  10.,  11.], dtype=float32)
+
+    """
+
+    __array_priority__ = -100.0
+
+    def __new__(subtype, filename, dtype=uint8, mode='r+', offset=0,
+                shape=None, order='C'):
+        # Import here to minimize 'import numpy' overhead
+        import mmap
+        import os.path
+        try:
+            mode = mode_equivalents[mode]
+        except KeyError as e:
+            if mode not in valid_filemodes:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "mode must be one of {!r} (got {!r})"
+                    .format(valid_filemodes + list(mode_equivalents.keys()), mode)
+                ) from None
+
+        if mode == 'w+' and shape is None:
+            raise ValueError("shape must be given if mode == 'w+'")
+
+        if hasattr(filename, 'read'):
+            f_ctx = nullcontext(filename)
+        else:
+            f_ctx = open(os_fspath(filename), ('r' if mode == 'c' else mode)+'b')
+
+        with f_ctx as fid:
+            fid.seek(0, 2)
+            flen = fid.tell()
+            descr = dtypedescr(dtype)
+            _dbytes = descr.itemsize
+
+            if shape is None:
+                bytes = flen - offset
+                if bytes % _dbytes:
+                    raise ValueError("Size of available data is not a "
+                            "multiple of the data-type size.")
+                size = bytes // _dbytes
+                shape = (size,)
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(shape, tuple):
+                    shape = (shape,)
+                size = np.intp(1)  # avoid default choice of np.int_, which might overflow
+                for k in shape:
+                    size *= k
+
+            bytes = int(offset + size*_dbytes)
+
+            if mode in ('w+', 'r+') and flen < bytes:
+                fid.seek(bytes - 1, 0)
+                fid.write(b'\0')
+                fid.flush()
+
+            if mode == 'c':
+                acc = mmap.ACCESS_COPY
+            elif mode == 'r':
+                acc = mmap.ACCESS_READ
+            else:
+                acc = mmap.ACCESS_WRITE
+
+            start = offset - offset % mmap.ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY
+            bytes -= start
+            array_offset = offset - start
+            mm = mmap.mmap(fid.fileno(), bytes, access=acc, offset=start)
+
+            self = ndarray.__new__(subtype, shape, dtype=descr, buffer=mm,
+                                   offset=array_offset, order=order)
+            self._mmap = mm
+            self.offset = offset
+            self.mode = mode
+
+            if is_pathlib_path(filename):
+                # special case - if we were constructed with a pathlib.path,
+                # then filename is a path object, not a string
+                self.filename = filename.resolve()
+            elif hasattr(fid, "name") and isinstance(fid.name, str):
+                # py3 returns int for TemporaryFile().name
+                self.filename = os.path.abspath(fid.name)
+            # same as memmap copies (e.g. memmap + 1)
+            else:
+                self.filename = None
+
+        return self
+
+    def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+        if hasattr(obj, '_mmap') and np.may_share_memory(self, obj):
+            self._mmap = obj._mmap
+            self.filename = obj.filename
+            self.offset = obj.offset
+            self.mode = obj.mode
+        else:
+            self._mmap = None
+            self.filename = None
+            self.offset = None
+            self.mode = None
+
+    def flush(self):
+        """
+        Write any changes in the array to the file on disk.
+
+        For further information, see `memmap`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        None
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        memmap
+
+        """
+        if self.base is not None and hasattr(self.base, 'flush'):
+            self.base.flush()
+
+    def __array_wrap__(self, arr, context=None):
+        arr = super().__array_wrap__(arr, context)
+
+        # Return a memmap if a memmap was given as the output of the
+        # ufunc. Leave the arr class unchanged if self is not a memmap
+        # to keep original memmap subclasses behavior
+        if self is arr or type(self) is not memmap:
+            return arr
+        # Return scalar instead of 0d memmap, e.g. for np.sum with
+        # axis=None
+        if arr.shape == ():
+            return arr[()]
+        # Return ndarray otherwise
+        return arr.view(np.ndarray)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        res = super().__getitem__(index)
+        if type(res) is memmap and res._mmap is None:
+            return res.view(type=ndarray)
+        return res
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/memmap.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/memmap.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03c6b772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/memmap.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from numpy import memmap as memmap
+
+__all__: list[str]
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/multiarray.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/multiarray.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1128334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/multiarray.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1715 @@
+"""
+Create the numpy.core.multiarray namespace for backward compatibility. In v1.16
+the multiarray and umath c-extension modules were merged into a single
+_multiarray_umath extension module. So we replicate the old namespace
+by importing from the extension module.
+
+"""
+
+import functools
+from . import overrides
+from . import _multiarray_umath
+from ._multiarray_umath import *  # noqa: F403
+# These imports are needed for backward compatibility,
+# do not change them. issue gh-15518
+# _get_ndarray_c_version is semi-public, on purpose not added to __all__
+from ._multiarray_umath import (
+    fastCopyAndTranspose, _flagdict, from_dlpack, _place, _reconstruct,
+    _vec_string, _ARRAY_API, _monotonicity, _get_ndarray_c_version,
+    _get_madvise_hugepage, _set_madvise_hugepage,
+    _get_promotion_state, _set_promotion_state, _using_numpy2_behavior
+    )
+
+__all__ = [
+    '_ARRAY_API', 'ALLOW_THREADS', 'BUFSIZE', 'CLIP', 'DATETIMEUNITS',
+    'ITEM_HASOBJECT', 'ITEM_IS_POINTER', 'LIST_PICKLE', 'MAXDIMS',
+    'MAY_SHARE_BOUNDS', 'MAY_SHARE_EXACT', 'NEEDS_INIT', 'NEEDS_PYAPI',
+    'RAISE', 'USE_GETITEM', 'USE_SETITEM', 'WRAP',
+    '_flagdict', 'from_dlpack', '_place', '_reconstruct', '_vec_string',
+    '_monotonicity', 'add_docstring', 'arange', 'array', 'asarray',
+    'asanyarray', 'ascontiguousarray', 'asfortranarray', 'bincount',
+    'broadcast', 'busday_count', 'busday_offset', 'busdaycalendar', 'can_cast',
+    'compare_chararrays', 'concatenate', 'copyto', 'correlate', 'correlate2',
+    'count_nonzero', 'c_einsum', 'datetime_as_string', 'datetime_data',
+    'dot', 'dragon4_positional', 'dragon4_scientific', 'dtype',
+    'empty', 'empty_like', 'error', 'flagsobj', 'flatiter', 'format_longfloat',
+    'frombuffer', 'fromfile', 'fromiter', 'fromstring',
+    'get_handler_name', 'get_handler_version', 'inner', 'interp',
+    'interp_complex', 'is_busday', 'lexsort', 'matmul', 'may_share_memory',
+    'min_scalar_type', 'ndarray', 'nditer', 'nested_iters',
+    'normalize_axis_index', 'packbits', 'promote_types', 'putmask',
+    'ravel_multi_index', 'result_type', 'scalar', 'set_datetimeparse_function',
+    'set_legacy_print_mode', 'set_numeric_ops', 'set_string_function',
+    'set_typeDict', 'shares_memory', 'tracemalloc_domain', 'typeinfo',
+    'unpackbits', 'unravel_index', 'vdot', 'where', 'zeros',
+    '_get_promotion_state', '_set_promotion_state', '_using_numpy2_behavior']
+
+# For backward compatibility, make sure pickle imports these functions from here
+_reconstruct.__module__ = 'numpy.core.multiarray'
+scalar.__module__ = 'numpy.core.multiarray'
+
+
+from_dlpack.__module__ = 'numpy'
+arange.__module__ = 'numpy'
+array.__module__ = 'numpy'
+asarray.__module__ = 'numpy'
+asanyarray.__module__ = 'numpy'
+ascontiguousarray.__module__ = 'numpy'
+asfortranarray.__module__ = 'numpy'
+datetime_data.__module__ = 'numpy'
+empty.__module__ = 'numpy'
+frombuffer.__module__ = 'numpy'
+fromfile.__module__ = 'numpy'
+fromiter.__module__ = 'numpy'
+frompyfunc.__module__ = 'numpy'
+fromstring.__module__ = 'numpy'
+geterrobj.__module__ = 'numpy'
+may_share_memory.__module__ = 'numpy'
+nested_iters.__module__ = 'numpy'
+promote_types.__module__ = 'numpy'
+set_numeric_ops.__module__ = 'numpy'
+seterrobj.__module__ = 'numpy'
+zeros.__module__ = 'numpy'
+_get_promotion_state.__module__ = 'numpy'
+_set_promotion_state.__module__ = 'numpy'
+_using_numpy2_behavior.__module__ = 'numpy'
+
+
+# We can't verify dispatcher signatures because NumPy's C functions don't
+# support introspection.
+array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher = functools.partial(
+    overrides.array_function_from_dispatcher,
+    module='numpy', docs_from_dispatcher=True, verify=False)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.empty_like)
+def empty_like(prototype, dtype=None, order=None, subok=None, shape=None):
+    """
+    empty_like(prototype, dtype=None, order='K', subok=True, shape=None)
+
+    Return a new array with the same shape and type as a given array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    prototype : array_like
+        The shape and data-type of `prototype` define these same attributes
+        of the returned array.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Overrides the data type of the result.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', or 'K'}, optional
+        Overrides the memory layout of the result. 'C' means C-order,
+        'F' means F-order, 'A' means 'F' if `prototype` is Fortran
+        contiguous, 'C' otherwise. 'K' means match the layout of `prototype`
+        as closely as possible.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+    subok : bool, optional.
+        If True, then the newly created array will use the sub-class
+        type of `prototype`, otherwise it will be a base-class array. Defaults
+        to True.
+    shape : int or sequence of ints, optional.
+        Overrides the shape of the result. If order='K' and the number of
+        dimensions is unchanged, will try to keep order, otherwise,
+        order='C' is implied.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of uninitialized (arbitrary) data with the same
+        shape and type as `prototype`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ones_like : Return an array of ones with shape and type of input.
+    zeros_like : Return an array of zeros with shape and type of input.
+    full_like : Return a new array with shape of input filled with value.
+    empty : Return a new uninitialized array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function does *not* initialize the returned array; to do that use
+    `zeros_like` or `ones_like` instead.  It may be marginally faster than
+    the functions that do set the array values.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = ([1,2,3], [4,5,6])                         # a is array-like
+    >>> np.empty_like(a)
+    array([[-1073741821, -1073741821,           3],    # uninitialized
+           [          0,           0, -1073741821]])
+    >>> a = np.array([[1., 2., 3.],[4.,5.,6.]])
+    >>> np.empty_like(a)
+    array([[ -2.00000715e+000,   1.48219694e-323,  -2.00000572e+000], # uninitialized
+           [  4.38791518e-305,  -2.00000715e+000,   4.17269252e-309]])
+
+    """
+    return (prototype,)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.concatenate)
+def concatenate(arrays, axis=None, out=None, *, dtype=None, casting=None):
+    """
+    concatenate((a1, a2, ...), axis=0, out=None, dtype=None, casting="same_kind")
+
+    Join a sequence of arrays along an existing axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a1, a2, ... : sequence of array_like
+        The arrays must have the same shape, except in the dimension
+        corresponding to `axis` (the first, by default).
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis along which the arrays will be joined.  If axis is None,
+        arrays are flattened before use.  Default is 0.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the destination to place the result. The shape must be
+        correct, matching that of what concatenate would have returned if no
+        out argument were specified.
+    dtype : str or dtype
+        If provided, the destination array will have this dtype. Cannot be
+        provided together with `out`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur. Defaults to 'same_kind'.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : ndarray
+        The concatenated array.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ma.concatenate : Concatenate function that preserves input masks.
+    array_split : Split an array into multiple sub-arrays of equal or
+                  near-equal size.
+    split : Split array into a list of multiple sub-arrays of equal size.
+    hsplit : Split array into multiple sub-arrays horizontally (column wise).
+    vsplit : Split array into multiple sub-arrays vertically (row wise).
+    dsplit : Split array into multiple sub-arrays along the 3rd axis (depth).
+    stack : Stack a sequence of arrays along a new axis.
+    block : Assemble arrays from blocks.
+    hstack : Stack arrays in sequence horizontally (column wise).
+    vstack : Stack arrays in sequence vertically (row wise).
+    dstack : Stack arrays in sequence depth wise (along third dimension).
+    column_stack : Stack 1-D arrays as columns into a 2-D array.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    When one or more of the arrays to be concatenated is a MaskedArray,
+    this function will return a MaskedArray object instead of an ndarray,
+    but the input masks are *not* preserved. In cases where a MaskedArray
+    is expected as input, use the ma.concatenate function from the masked
+    array module instead.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    >>> b = np.array([[5, 6]])
+    >>> np.concatenate((a, b), axis=0)
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [3, 4],
+           [5, 6]])
+    >>> np.concatenate((a, b.T), axis=1)
+    array([[1, 2, 5],
+           [3, 4, 6]])
+    >>> np.concatenate((a, b), axis=None)
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+
+    This function will not preserve masking of MaskedArray inputs.
+
+    >>> a = np.ma.arange(3)
+    >>> a[1] = np.ma.masked
+    >>> b = np.arange(2, 5)
+    >>> a
+    masked_array(data=[0, --, 2],
+                 mask=[False,  True, False],
+           fill_value=999999)
+    >>> b
+    array([2, 3, 4])
+    >>> np.concatenate([a, b])
+    masked_array(data=[0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4],
+                 mask=False,
+           fill_value=999999)
+    >>> np.ma.concatenate([a, b])
+    masked_array(data=[0, --, 2, 2, 3, 4],
+                 mask=[False,  True, False, False, False, False],
+           fill_value=999999)
+
+    """
+    if out is not None:
+        # optimize for the typical case where only arrays is provided
+        arrays = list(arrays)
+        arrays.append(out)
+    return arrays
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.inner)
+def inner(a, b):
+    """
+    inner(a, b, /)
+
+    Inner product of two arrays.
+
+    Ordinary inner product of vectors for 1-D arrays (without complex
+    conjugation), in higher dimensions a sum product over the last axes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a, b : array_like
+        If `a` and `b` are nonscalar, their last dimensions must match.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        If `a` and `b` are both
+        scalars or both 1-D arrays then a scalar is returned; otherwise
+        an array is returned.
+        ``out.shape = (*a.shape[:-1], *b.shape[:-1])``
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If both `a` and `b` are nonscalar and their last dimensions have
+        different sizes.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    tensordot : Sum products over arbitrary axes.
+    dot : Generalised matrix product, using second last dimension of `b`.
+    einsum : Einstein summation convention.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For vectors (1-D arrays) it computes the ordinary inner-product::
+
+        np.inner(a, b) = sum(a[:]*b[:])
+
+    More generally, if ``ndim(a) = r > 0`` and ``ndim(b) = s > 0``::
+
+        np.inner(a, b) = np.tensordot(a, b, axes=(-1,-1))
+
+    or explicitly::
+
+        np.inner(a, b)[i0,...,ir-2,j0,...,js-2]
+             = sum(a[i0,...,ir-2,:]*b[j0,...,js-2,:])
+
+    In addition `a` or `b` may be scalars, in which case::
+
+       np.inner(a,b) = a*b
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Ordinary inner product for vectors:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1,2,3])
+    >>> b = np.array([0,1,0])
+    >>> np.inner(a, b)
+    2
+
+    Some multidimensional examples:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(24).reshape((2,3,4))
+    >>> b = np.arange(4)
+    >>> c = np.inner(a, b)
+    >>> c.shape
+    (2, 3)
+    >>> c
+    array([[ 14,  38,  62],
+           [ 86, 110, 134]])
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(2).reshape((1,1,2))
+    >>> b = np.arange(6).reshape((3,2))
+    >>> c = np.inner(a, b)
+    >>> c.shape
+    (1, 1, 3)
+    >>> c
+    array([[[1, 3, 5]]])
+
+    An example where `b` is a scalar:
+
+    >>> np.inner(np.eye(2), 7)
+    array([[7., 0.],
+           [0., 7.]])
+
+    """
+    return (a, b)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.where)
+def where(condition, x=None, y=None):
+    """
+    where(condition, [x, y], /)
+
+    Return elements chosen from `x` or `y` depending on `condition`.
+
+    .. note::
+        When only `condition` is provided, this function is a shorthand for
+        ``np.asarray(condition).nonzero()``. Using `nonzero` directly should be
+        preferred, as it behaves correctly for subclasses. The rest of this
+        documentation covers only the case where all three arguments are
+        provided.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    condition : array_like, bool
+        Where True, yield `x`, otherwise yield `y`.
+    x, y : array_like
+        Values from which to choose. `x`, `y` and `condition` need to be
+        broadcastable to some shape.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        An array with elements from `x` where `condition` is True, and elements
+        from `y` elsewhere.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    choose
+    nonzero : The function that is called when x and y are omitted
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If all the arrays are 1-D, `where` is equivalent to::
+
+        [xv if c else yv
+         for c, xv, yv in zip(condition, x, y)]
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.arange(10)
+    >>> a
+    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+    >>> np.where(a < 5, a, 10*a)
+    array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90])
+
+    This can be used on multidimensional arrays too:
+
+    >>> np.where([[True, False], [True, True]],
+    ...          [[1, 2], [3, 4]],
+    ...          [[9, 8], [7, 6]])
+    array([[1, 8],
+           [3, 4]])
+
+    The shapes of x, y, and the condition are broadcast together:
+
+    >>> x, y = np.ogrid[:3, :4]
+    >>> np.where(x < y, x, 10 + y)  # both x and 10+y are broadcast
+    array([[10,  0,  0,  0],
+           [10, 11,  1,  1],
+           [10, 11, 12,  2]])
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[0, 1, 2],
+    ...               [0, 2, 4],
+    ...               [0, 3, 6]])
+    >>> np.where(a < 4, a, -1)  # -1 is broadcast
+    array([[ 0,  1,  2],
+           [ 0,  2, -1],
+           [ 0,  3, -1]])
+    """
+    return (condition, x, y)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.lexsort)
+def lexsort(keys, axis=None):
+    """
+    lexsort(keys, axis=-1)
+
+    Perform an indirect stable sort using a sequence of keys.
+
+    Given multiple sorting keys, which can be interpreted as columns in a
+    spreadsheet, lexsort returns an array of integer indices that describes
+    the sort order by multiple columns. The last key in the sequence is used
+    for the primary sort order, the second-to-last key for the secondary sort
+    order, and so on. The keys argument must be a sequence of objects that
+    can be converted to arrays of the same shape. If a 2D array is provided
+    for the keys argument, its rows are interpreted as the sorting keys and
+    sorting is according to the last row, second last row etc.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    keys : (k, N) array or tuple containing k (N,)-shaped sequences
+        The `k` different "columns" to be sorted.  The last column (or row if
+        `keys` is a 2D array) is the primary sort key.
+    axis : int, optional
+        Axis to be indirectly sorted.  By default, sort over the last axis.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    indices : (N,) ndarray of ints
+        Array of indices that sort the keys along the specified axis.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    argsort : Indirect sort.
+    ndarray.sort : In-place sort.
+    sort : Return a sorted copy of an array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Sort names: first by surname, then by name.
+
+    >>> surnames =    ('Hertz',    'Galilei', 'Hertz')
+    >>> first_names = ('Heinrich', 'Galileo', 'Gustav')
+    >>> ind = np.lexsort((first_names, surnames))
+    >>> ind
+    array([1, 2, 0])
+
+    >>> [surnames[i] + ", " + first_names[i] for i in ind]
+    ['Galilei, Galileo', 'Hertz, Gustav', 'Hertz, Heinrich']
+
+    Sort two columns of numbers:
+
+    >>> a = [1,5,1,4,3,4,4] # First column
+    >>> b = [9,4,0,4,0,2,1] # Second column
+    >>> ind = np.lexsort((b,a)) # Sort by a, then by b
+    >>> ind
+    array([2, 0, 4, 6, 5, 3, 1])
+
+    >>> [(a[i],b[i]) for i in ind]
+    [(1, 0), (1, 9), (3, 0), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 4), (5, 4)]
+
+    Note that sorting is first according to the elements of ``a``.
+    Secondary sorting is according to the elements of ``b``.
+
+    A normal ``argsort`` would have yielded:
+
+    >>> [(a[i],b[i]) for i in np.argsort(a)]
+    [(1, 9), (1, 0), (3, 0), (4, 4), (4, 2), (4, 1), (5, 4)]
+
+    Structured arrays are sorted lexically by ``argsort``:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([(1,9), (5,4), (1,0), (4,4), (3,0), (4,2), (4,1)],
+    ...              dtype=np.dtype([('x', int), ('y', int)]))
+
+    >>> np.argsort(x) # or np.argsort(x, order=('x', 'y'))
+    array([2, 0, 4, 6, 5, 3, 1])
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(keys, tuple):
+        return keys
+    else:
+        return (keys,)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.can_cast)
+def can_cast(from_, to, casting=None):
+    """
+    can_cast(from_, to, casting='safe')
+
+    Returns True if cast between data types can occur according to the
+    casting rule.  If from is a scalar or array scalar, also returns
+    True if the scalar value can be cast without overflow or truncation
+    to an integer.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    from_ : dtype, dtype specifier, scalar, or array
+        Data type, scalar, or array to cast from.
+    to : dtype or dtype specifier
+        Data type to cast to.
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur.
+
+          * 'no' means the data types should not be cast at all.
+          * 'equiv' means only byte-order changes are allowed.
+          * 'safe' means only casts which can preserve values are allowed.
+          * 'same_kind' means only safe casts or casts within a kind,
+            like float64 to float32, are allowed.
+          * 'unsafe' means any data conversions may be done.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : bool
+        True if cast can occur according to the casting rule.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.17.0
+       Casting between a simple data type and a structured one is possible only
+       for "unsafe" casting.  Casting to multiple fields is allowed, but
+       casting from multiple fields is not.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.9.0
+       Casting from numeric to string types in 'safe' casting mode requires
+       that the string dtype length is long enough to store the maximum
+       integer/float value converted.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    dtype, result_type
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Basic examples
+
+    >>> np.can_cast(np.int32, np.int64)
+    True
+    >>> np.can_cast(np.float64, complex)
+    True
+    >>> np.can_cast(complex, float)
+    False
+
+    >>> np.can_cast('i8', 'f8')
+    True
+    >>> np.can_cast('i8', 'f4')
+    False
+    >>> np.can_cast('i4', 'S4')
+    False
+
+    Casting scalars
+
+    >>> np.can_cast(100, 'i1')
+    True
+    >>> np.can_cast(150, 'i1')
+    False
+    >>> np.can_cast(150, 'u1')
+    True
+
+    >>> np.can_cast(3.5e100, np.float32)
+    False
+    >>> np.can_cast(1000.0, np.float32)
+    True
+
+    Array scalar checks the value, array does not
+
+    >>> np.can_cast(np.array(1000.0), np.float32)
+    True
+    >>> np.can_cast(np.array([1000.0]), np.float32)
+    False
+
+    Using the casting rules
+
+    >>> np.can_cast('i8', 'i8', 'no')
+    True
+    >>> np.can_cast('<i8', '>i8', 'no')
+    False
+
+    >>> np.can_cast('<i8', '>i8', 'equiv')
+    True
+    >>> np.can_cast('<i4', '>i8', 'equiv')
+    False
+
+    >>> np.can_cast('<i4', '>i8', 'safe')
+    True
+    >>> np.can_cast('<i8', '>i4', 'safe')
+    False
+
+    >>> np.can_cast('<i8', '>i4', 'same_kind')
+    True
+    >>> np.can_cast('<i8', '>u4', 'same_kind')
+    False
+
+    >>> np.can_cast('<i8', '>u4', 'unsafe')
+    True
+
+    """
+    return (from_,)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.min_scalar_type)
+def min_scalar_type(a):
+    """
+    min_scalar_type(a, /)
+
+    For scalar ``a``, returns the data type with the smallest size
+    and smallest scalar kind which can hold its value.  For non-scalar
+    array ``a``, returns the vector's dtype unmodified.
+
+    Floating point values are not demoted to integers,
+    and complex values are not demoted to floats.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : scalar or array_like
+        The value whose minimal data type is to be found.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : dtype
+        The minimal data type.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    result_type, promote_types, dtype, can_cast
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.min_scalar_type(10)
+    dtype('uint8')
+
+    >>> np.min_scalar_type(-260)
+    dtype('int16')
+
+    >>> np.min_scalar_type(3.1)
+    dtype('float16')
+
+    >>> np.min_scalar_type(1e50)
+    dtype('float64')
+
+    >>> np.min_scalar_type(np.arange(4,dtype='f8'))
+    dtype('float64')
+
+    """
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.result_type)
+def result_type(*arrays_and_dtypes):
+    """
+    result_type(*arrays_and_dtypes)
+
+    Returns the type that results from applying the NumPy
+    type promotion rules to the arguments.
+
+    Type promotion in NumPy works similarly to the rules in languages
+    like C++, with some slight differences.  When both scalars and
+    arrays are used, the array's type takes precedence and the actual value
+    of the scalar is taken into account.
+
+    For example, calculating 3*a, where a is an array of 32-bit floats,
+    intuitively should result in a 32-bit float output.  If the 3 is a
+    32-bit integer, the NumPy rules indicate it can't convert losslessly
+    into a 32-bit float, so a 64-bit float should be the result type.
+    By examining the value of the constant, '3', we see that it fits in
+    an 8-bit integer, which can be cast losslessly into the 32-bit float.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arrays_and_dtypes : list of arrays and dtypes
+        The operands of some operation whose result type is needed.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : dtype
+        The result type.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    dtype, promote_types, min_scalar_type, can_cast
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+
+    The specific algorithm used is as follows.
+
+    Categories are determined by first checking which of boolean,
+    integer (int/uint), or floating point (float/complex) the maximum
+    kind of all the arrays and the scalars are.
+
+    If there are only scalars or the maximum category of the scalars
+    is higher than the maximum category of the arrays,
+    the data types are combined with :func:`promote_types`
+    to produce the return value.
+
+    Otherwise, `min_scalar_type` is called on each scalar, and
+    the resulting data types are all combined with :func:`promote_types`
+    to produce the return value.
+
+    The set of int values is not a subset of the uint values for types
+    with the same number of bits, something not reflected in
+    :func:`min_scalar_type`, but handled as a special case in `result_type`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.result_type(3, np.arange(7, dtype='i1'))
+    dtype('int8')
+
+    >>> np.result_type('i4', 'c8')
+    dtype('complex128')
+
+    >>> np.result_type(3.0, -2)
+    dtype('float64')
+
+    """
+    return arrays_and_dtypes
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.dot)
+def dot(a, b, out=None):
+    """
+    dot(a, b, out=None)
+
+    Dot product of two arrays. Specifically,
+
+    - If both `a` and `b` are 1-D arrays, it is inner product of vectors
+      (without complex conjugation).
+
+    - If both `a` and `b` are 2-D arrays, it is matrix multiplication,
+      but using :func:`matmul` or ``a @ b`` is preferred.
+
+    - If either `a` or `b` is 0-D (scalar), it is equivalent to
+      :func:`multiply` and using ``numpy.multiply(a, b)`` or ``a * b`` is
+      preferred.
+
+    - If `a` is an N-D array and `b` is a 1-D array, it is a sum product over
+      the last axis of `a` and `b`.
+
+    - If `a` is an N-D array and `b` is an M-D array (where ``M>=2``), it is a
+      sum product over the last axis of `a` and the second-to-last axis of
+      `b`::
+
+        dot(a, b)[i,j,k,m] = sum(a[i,j,:] * b[k,:,m])
+
+    It uses an optimized BLAS library when possible (see `numpy.linalg`).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        First argument.
+    b : array_like
+        Second argument.
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        Output argument. This must have the exact kind that would be returned
+        if it was not used. In particular, it must have the right type, must be
+        C-contiguous, and its dtype must be the dtype that would be returned
+        for `dot(a,b)`. This is a performance feature. Therefore, if these
+        conditions are not met, an exception is raised, instead of attempting
+        to be flexible.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    output : ndarray
+        Returns the dot product of `a` and `b`.  If `a` and `b` are both
+        scalars or both 1-D arrays then a scalar is returned; otherwise
+        an array is returned.
+        If `out` is given, then it is returned.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If the last dimension of `a` is not the same size as
+        the second-to-last dimension of `b`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    vdot : Complex-conjugating dot product.
+    tensordot : Sum products over arbitrary axes.
+    einsum : Einstein summation convention.
+    matmul : '@' operator as method with out parameter.
+    linalg.multi_dot : Chained dot product.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.dot(3, 4)
+    12
+
+    Neither argument is complex-conjugated:
+
+    >>> np.dot([2j, 3j], [2j, 3j])
+    (-13+0j)
+
+    For 2-D arrays it is the matrix product:
+
+    >>> a = [[1, 0], [0, 1]]
+    >>> b = [[4, 1], [2, 2]]
+    >>> np.dot(a, b)
+    array([[4, 1],
+           [2, 2]])
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(3*4*5*6).reshape((3,4,5,6))
+    >>> b = np.arange(3*4*5*6)[::-1].reshape((5,4,6,3))
+    >>> np.dot(a, b)[2,3,2,1,2,2]
+    499128
+    >>> sum(a[2,3,2,:] * b[1,2,:,2])
+    499128
+
+    """
+    return (a, b, out)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.vdot)
+def vdot(a, b):
+    """
+    vdot(a, b, /)
+
+    Return the dot product of two vectors.
+
+    The vdot(`a`, `b`) function handles complex numbers differently than
+    dot(`a`, `b`).  If the first argument is complex the complex conjugate
+    of the first argument is used for the calculation of the dot product.
+
+    Note that `vdot` handles multidimensional arrays differently than `dot`:
+    it does *not* perform a matrix product, but flattens input arguments
+    to 1-D vectors first. Consequently, it should only be used for vectors.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        If `a` is complex the complex conjugate is taken before calculation
+        of the dot product.
+    b : array_like
+        Second argument to the dot product.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    output : ndarray
+        Dot product of `a` and `b`.  Can be an int, float, or
+        complex depending on the types of `a` and `b`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    dot : Return the dot product without using the complex conjugate of the
+          first argument.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([1+2j,3+4j])
+    >>> b = np.array([5+6j,7+8j])
+    >>> np.vdot(a, b)
+    (70-8j)
+    >>> np.vdot(b, a)
+    (70+8j)
+
+    Note that higher-dimensional arrays are flattened!
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 4], [5, 6]])
+    >>> b = np.array([[4, 1], [2, 2]])
+    >>> np.vdot(a, b)
+    30
+    >>> np.vdot(b, a)
+    30
+    >>> 1*4 + 4*1 + 5*2 + 6*2
+    30
+
+    """
+    return (a, b)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.bincount)
+def bincount(x, weights=None, minlength=None):
+    """
+    bincount(x, /, weights=None, minlength=0)
+
+    Count number of occurrences of each value in array of non-negative ints.
+
+    The number of bins (of size 1) is one larger than the largest value in
+    `x`. If `minlength` is specified, there will be at least this number
+    of bins in the output array (though it will be longer if necessary,
+    depending on the contents of `x`).
+    Each bin gives the number of occurrences of its index value in `x`.
+    If `weights` is specified the input array is weighted by it, i.e. if a
+    value ``n`` is found at position ``i``, ``out[n] += weight[i]`` instead
+    of ``out[n] += 1``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : array_like, 1 dimension, nonnegative ints
+        Input array.
+    weights : array_like, optional
+        Weights, array of the same shape as `x`.
+    minlength : int, optional
+        A minimum number of bins for the output array.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray of ints
+        The result of binning the input array.
+        The length of `out` is equal to ``np.amax(x)+1``.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If the input is not 1-dimensional, or contains elements with negative
+        values, or if `minlength` is negative.
+    TypeError
+        If the type of the input is float or complex.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    histogram, digitize, unique
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.bincount(np.arange(5))
+    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+    >>> np.bincount(np.array([0, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 7]))
+    array([1, 3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1])
+
+    >>> x = np.array([0, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 7, 23])
+    >>> np.bincount(x).size == np.amax(x)+1
+    True
+
+    The input array needs to be of integer dtype, otherwise a
+    TypeError is raised:
+
+    >>> np.bincount(np.arange(5, dtype=float))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: Cannot cast array data from dtype('float64') to dtype('int64')
+    according to the rule 'safe'
+
+    A possible use of ``bincount`` is to perform sums over
+    variable-size chunks of an array, using the ``weights`` keyword.
+
+    >>> w = np.array([0.3, 0.5, 0.2, 0.7, 1., -0.6]) # weights
+    >>> x = np.array([0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2])
+    >>> np.bincount(x,  weights=w)
+    array([ 0.3,  0.7,  1.1])
+
+    """
+    return (x, weights)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.ravel_multi_index)
+def ravel_multi_index(multi_index, dims, mode=None, order=None):
+    """
+    ravel_multi_index(multi_index, dims, mode='raise', order='C')
+
+    Converts a tuple of index arrays into an array of flat
+    indices, applying boundary modes to the multi-index.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    multi_index : tuple of array_like
+        A tuple of integer arrays, one array for each dimension.
+    dims : tuple of ints
+        The shape of array into which the indices from ``multi_index`` apply.
+    mode : {'raise', 'wrap', 'clip'}, optional
+        Specifies how out-of-bounds indices are handled.  Can specify
+        either one mode or a tuple of modes, one mode per index.
+
+        * 'raise' -- raise an error (default)
+        * 'wrap' -- wrap around
+        * 'clip' -- clip to the range
+
+        In 'clip' mode, a negative index which would normally
+        wrap will clip to 0 instead.
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
+        Determines whether the multi-index should be viewed as
+        indexing in row-major (C-style) or column-major
+        (Fortran-style) order.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    raveled_indices : ndarray
+        An array of indices into the flattened version of an array
+        of dimensions ``dims``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    unravel_index
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> arr = np.array([[3,6,6],[4,5,1]])
+    >>> np.ravel_multi_index(arr, (7,6))
+    array([22, 41, 37])
+    >>> np.ravel_multi_index(arr, (7,6), order='F')
+    array([31, 41, 13])
+    >>> np.ravel_multi_index(arr, (4,6), mode='clip')
+    array([22, 23, 19])
+    >>> np.ravel_multi_index(arr, (4,4), mode=('clip','wrap'))
+    array([12, 13, 13])
+
+    >>> np.ravel_multi_index((3,1,4,1), (6,7,8,9))
+    1621
+    """
+    return multi_index
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.unravel_index)
+def unravel_index(indices, shape=None, order=None):
+    """
+    unravel_index(indices, shape, order='C')
+
+    Converts a flat index or array of flat indices into a tuple
+    of coordinate arrays.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    indices : array_like
+        An integer array whose elements are indices into the flattened
+        version of an array of dimensions ``shape``. Before version 1.6.0,
+        this function accepted just one index value.
+    shape : tuple of ints
+        The shape of the array to use for unraveling ``indices``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.16.0
+            Renamed from ``dims`` to ``shape``.
+
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
+        Determines whether the indices should be viewed as indexing in
+        row-major (C-style) or column-major (Fortran-style) order.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    unraveled_coords : tuple of ndarray
+        Each array in the tuple has the same shape as the ``indices``
+        array.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ravel_multi_index
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.unravel_index([22, 41, 37], (7,6))
+    (array([3, 6, 6]), array([4, 5, 1]))
+    >>> np.unravel_index([31, 41, 13], (7,6), order='F')
+    (array([3, 6, 6]), array([4, 5, 1]))
+
+    >>> np.unravel_index(1621, (6,7,8,9))
+    (3, 1, 4, 1)
+
+    """
+    return (indices,)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.copyto)
+def copyto(dst, src, casting=None, where=None):
+    """
+    copyto(dst, src, casting='same_kind', where=True)
+
+    Copies values from one array to another, broadcasting as necessary.
+
+    Raises a TypeError if the `casting` rule is violated, and if
+    `where` is provided, it selects which elements to copy.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dst : ndarray
+        The array into which values are copied.
+    src : array_like
+        The array from which values are copied.
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur when copying.
+
+          * 'no' means the data types should not be cast at all.
+          * 'equiv' means only byte-order changes are allowed.
+          * 'safe' means only casts which can preserve values are allowed.
+          * 'same_kind' means only safe casts or casts within a kind,
+            like float64 to float32, are allowed.
+          * 'unsafe' means any data conversions may be done.
+    where : array_like of bool, optional
+        A boolean array which is broadcasted to match the dimensions
+        of `dst`, and selects elements to copy from `src` to `dst`
+        wherever it contains the value True.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> A = np.array([4, 5, 6])
+    >>> B = [1, 2, 3]
+    >>> np.copyto(A, B)
+    >>> A
+    array([1, 2, 3])
+
+    >>> A = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+    >>> B = [[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
+    >>> np.copyto(A, B)
+    >>> A
+    array([[4, 5, 6],
+           [7, 8, 9]])
+
+    """
+    return (dst, src, where)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.putmask)
+def putmask(a, /, mask, values):
+    """
+    putmask(a, mask, values)
+
+    Changes elements of an array based on conditional and input values.
+
+    Sets ``a.flat[n] = values[n]`` for each n where ``mask.flat[n]==True``.
+
+    If `values` is not the same size as `a` and `mask` then it will repeat.
+    This gives behavior different from ``a[mask] = values``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : ndarray
+        Target array.
+    mask : array_like
+        Boolean mask array. It has to be the same shape as `a`.
+    values : array_like
+        Values to put into `a` where `mask` is True. If `values` is smaller
+        than `a` it will be repeated.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    place, put, take, copyto
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    >>> np.putmask(x, x>2, x**2)
+    >>> x
+    array([[ 0,  1,  2],
+           [ 9, 16, 25]])
+
+    If `values` is smaller than `a` it is repeated:
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(5)
+    >>> np.putmask(x, x>1, [-33, -44])
+    >>> x
+    array([  0,   1, -33, -44, -33])
+
+    """
+    return (a, mask, values)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.packbits)
+def packbits(a, axis=None, bitorder='big'):
+    """
+    packbits(a, /, axis=None, bitorder='big')
+
+    Packs the elements of a binary-valued array into bits in a uint8 array.
+
+    The result is padded to full bytes by inserting zero bits at the end.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        An array of integers or booleans whose elements should be packed to
+        bits.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The dimension over which bit-packing is done.
+        ``None`` implies packing the flattened array.
+    bitorder : {'big', 'little'}, optional
+        The order of the input bits. 'big' will mimic bin(val),
+        ``[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1] => 3 = 0b00000011``, 'little' will
+        reverse the order so ``[1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] => 3``.
+        Defaults to 'big'.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    packed : ndarray
+        Array of type uint8 whose elements represent bits corresponding to the
+        logical (0 or nonzero) value of the input elements. The shape of
+        `packed` has the same number of dimensions as the input (unless `axis`
+        is None, in which case the output is 1-D).
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    unpackbits: Unpacks elements of a uint8 array into a binary-valued output
+                array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[[1,0,1],
+    ...                [0,1,0]],
+    ...               [[1,1,0],
+    ...                [0,0,1]]])
+    >>> b = np.packbits(a, axis=-1)
+    >>> b
+    array([[[160],
+            [ 64]],
+           [[192],
+            [ 32]]], dtype=uint8)
+
+    Note that in binary 160 = 1010 0000, 64 = 0100 0000, 192 = 1100 0000,
+    and 32 = 0010 0000.
+
+    """
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.unpackbits)
+def unpackbits(a, axis=None, count=None, bitorder='big'):
+    """
+    unpackbits(a, /, axis=None, count=None, bitorder='big')
+
+    Unpacks elements of a uint8 array into a binary-valued output array.
+
+    Each element of `a` represents a bit-field that should be unpacked
+    into a binary-valued output array. The shape of the output array is
+    either 1-D (if `axis` is ``None``) or the same shape as the input
+    array with unpacking done along the axis specified.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : ndarray, uint8 type
+       Input array.
+    axis : int, optional
+        The dimension over which bit-unpacking is done.
+        ``None`` implies unpacking the flattened array.
+    count : int or None, optional
+        The number of elements to unpack along `axis`, provided as a way
+        of undoing the effect of packing a size that is not a multiple
+        of eight. A non-negative number means to only unpack `count`
+        bits. A negative number means to trim off that many bits from
+        the end. ``None`` means to unpack the entire array (the
+        default). Counts larger than the available number of bits will
+        add zero padding to the output. Negative counts must not
+        exceed the available number of bits.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    bitorder : {'big', 'little'}, optional
+        The order of the returned bits. 'big' will mimic bin(val),
+        ``3 = 0b00000011 => [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1]``, 'little' will reverse
+        the order to ``[1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]``.
+        Defaults to 'big'.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    unpacked : ndarray, uint8 type
+       The elements are binary-valued (0 or 1).
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    packbits : Packs the elements of a binary-valued array into bits in
+               a uint8 array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[2], [7], [23]], dtype=np.uint8)
+    >>> a
+    array([[ 2],
+           [ 7],
+           [23]], dtype=uint8)
+    >>> b = np.unpackbits(a, axis=1)
+    >>> b
+    array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+           [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1]], dtype=uint8)
+    >>> c = np.unpackbits(a, axis=1, count=-3)
+    >>> c
+    array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0, 1, 0]], dtype=uint8)
+
+    >>> p = np.packbits(b, axis=0)
+    >>> np.unpackbits(p, axis=0)
+    array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+           [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=uint8)
+    >>> np.array_equal(b, np.unpackbits(p, axis=0, count=b.shape[0]))
+    True
+
+    """
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.shares_memory)
+def shares_memory(a, b, max_work=None):
+    """
+    shares_memory(a, b, /, max_work=None)
+
+    Determine if two arrays share memory.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+       This function can be exponentially slow for some inputs, unless
+       `max_work` is set to a finite number or ``MAY_SHARE_BOUNDS``.
+       If in doubt, use `numpy.may_share_memory` instead.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a, b : ndarray
+        Input arrays
+    max_work : int, optional
+        Effort to spend on solving the overlap problem (maximum number
+        of candidate solutions to consider). The following special
+        values are recognized:
+
+        max_work=MAY_SHARE_EXACT  (default)
+            The problem is solved exactly. In this case, the function returns
+            True only if there is an element shared between the arrays. Finding
+            the exact solution may take extremely long in some cases.
+        max_work=MAY_SHARE_BOUNDS
+            Only the memory bounds of a and b are checked.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    numpy.exceptions.TooHardError
+        Exceeded max_work.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : bool
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    may_share_memory
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> np.shares_memory(x, np.array([5, 6, 7]))
+    False
+    >>> np.shares_memory(x[::2], x)
+    True
+    >>> np.shares_memory(x[::2], x[1::2])
+    False
+
+    Checking whether two arrays share memory is NP-complete, and
+    runtime may increase exponentially in the number of
+    dimensions. Hence, `max_work` should generally be set to a finite
+    number, as it is possible to construct examples that take
+    extremely long to run:
+
+    >>> from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import as_strided
+    >>> x = np.zeros([192163377], dtype=np.int8)
+    >>> x1 = as_strided(x, strides=(36674, 61119, 85569), shape=(1049, 1049, 1049))
+    >>> x2 = as_strided(x[64023025:], strides=(12223, 12224, 1), shape=(1049, 1049, 1))
+    >>> np.shares_memory(x1, x2, max_work=1000)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    numpy.exceptions.TooHardError: Exceeded max_work
+
+    Running ``np.shares_memory(x1, x2)`` without `max_work` set takes
+    around 1 minute for this case. It is possible to find problems
+    that take still significantly longer.
+
+    """
+    return (a, b)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.may_share_memory)
+def may_share_memory(a, b, max_work=None):
+    """
+    may_share_memory(a, b, /, max_work=None)
+
+    Determine if two arrays might share memory
+
+    A return of True does not necessarily mean that the two arrays
+    share any element.  It just means that they *might*.
+
+    Only the memory bounds of a and b are checked by default.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a, b : ndarray
+        Input arrays
+    max_work : int, optional
+        Effort to spend on solving the overlap problem.  See
+        `shares_memory` for details.  Default for ``may_share_memory``
+        is to do a bounds check.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : bool
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    shares_memory
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.may_share_memory(np.array([1,2]), np.array([5,8,9]))
+    False
+    >>> x = np.zeros([3, 4])
+    >>> np.may_share_memory(x[:,0], x[:,1])
+    True
+
+    """
+    return (a, b)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.is_busday)
+def is_busday(dates, weekmask=None, holidays=None, busdaycal=None, out=None):
+    """
+    is_busday(dates, weekmask='1111100', holidays=None, busdaycal=None, out=None)
+
+    Calculates which of the given dates are valid days, and which are not.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dates : array_like of datetime64[D]
+        The array of dates to process.
+    weekmask : str or array_like of bool, optional
+        A seven-element array indicating which of Monday through Sunday are
+        valid days. May be specified as a length-seven list or array, like
+        [1,1,1,1,1,0,0]; a length-seven string, like '1111100'; or a string
+        like "Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri", made up of 3-character abbreviations for
+        weekdays, optionally separated by white space. Valid abbreviations
+        are: Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
+    holidays : array_like of datetime64[D], optional
+        An array of dates to consider as invalid dates.  They may be
+        specified in any order, and NaT (not-a-time) dates are ignored.
+        This list is saved in a normalized form that is suited for
+        fast calculations of valid days.
+    busdaycal : busdaycalendar, optional
+        A `busdaycalendar` object which specifies the valid days. If this
+        parameter is provided, neither weekmask nor holidays may be
+        provided.
+    out : array of bool, optional
+        If provided, this array is filled with the result.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : array of bool
+        An array with the same shape as ``dates``, containing True for
+        each valid day, and False for each invalid day.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    busdaycalendar : An object that specifies a custom set of valid days.
+    busday_offset : Applies an offset counted in valid days.
+    busday_count : Counts how many valid days are in a half-open date range.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> # The weekdays are Friday, Saturday, and Monday
+    ... np.is_busday(['2011-07-01', '2011-07-02', '2011-07-18'],
+    ...                 holidays=['2011-07-01', '2011-07-04', '2011-07-17'])
+    array([False, False,  True])
+    """
+    return (dates, weekmask, holidays, out)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.busday_offset)
+def busday_offset(dates, offsets, roll=None, weekmask=None, holidays=None,
+                  busdaycal=None, out=None):
+    """
+    busday_offset(dates, offsets, roll='raise', weekmask='1111100', holidays=None, busdaycal=None, out=None)
+
+    First adjusts the date to fall on a valid day according to
+    the ``roll`` rule, then applies offsets to the given dates
+    counted in valid days.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dates : array_like of datetime64[D]
+        The array of dates to process.
+    offsets : array_like of int
+        The array of offsets, which is broadcast with ``dates``.
+    roll : {'raise', 'nat', 'forward', 'following', 'backward', 'preceding', 'modifiedfollowing', 'modifiedpreceding'}, optional
+        How to treat dates that do not fall on a valid day. The default
+        is 'raise'.
+
+          * 'raise' means to raise an exception for an invalid day.
+          * 'nat' means to return a NaT (not-a-time) for an invalid day.
+          * 'forward' and 'following' mean to take the first valid day
+            later in time.
+          * 'backward' and 'preceding' mean to take the first valid day
+            earlier in time.
+          * 'modifiedfollowing' means to take the first valid day
+            later in time unless it is across a Month boundary, in which
+            case to take the first valid day earlier in time.
+          * 'modifiedpreceding' means to take the first valid day
+            earlier in time unless it is across a Month boundary, in which
+            case to take the first valid day later in time.
+    weekmask : str or array_like of bool, optional
+        A seven-element array indicating which of Monday through Sunday are
+        valid days. May be specified as a length-seven list or array, like
+        [1,1,1,1,1,0,0]; a length-seven string, like '1111100'; or a string
+        like "Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri", made up of 3-character abbreviations for
+        weekdays, optionally separated by white space. Valid abbreviations
+        are: Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
+    holidays : array_like of datetime64[D], optional
+        An array of dates to consider as invalid dates.  They may be
+        specified in any order, and NaT (not-a-time) dates are ignored.
+        This list is saved in a normalized form that is suited for
+        fast calculations of valid days.
+    busdaycal : busdaycalendar, optional
+        A `busdaycalendar` object which specifies the valid days. If this
+        parameter is provided, neither weekmask nor holidays may be
+        provided.
+    out : array of datetime64[D], optional
+        If provided, this array is filled with the result.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : array of datetime64[D]
+        An array with a shape from broadcasting ``dates`` and ``offsets``
+        together, containing the dates with offsets applied.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    busdaycalendar : An object that specifies a custom set of valid days.
+    is_busday : Returns a boolean array indicating valid days.
+    busday_count : Counts how many valid days are in a half-open date range.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> # First business day in October 2011 (not accounting for holidays)
+    ... np.busday_offset('2011-10', 0, roll='forward')
+    numpy.datetime64('2011-10-03')
+    >>> # Last business day in February 2012 (not accounting for holidays)
+    ... np.busday_offset('2012-03', -1, roll='forward')
+    numpy.datetime64('2012-02-29')
+    >>> # Third Wednesday in January 2011
+    ... np.busday_offset('2011-01', 2, roll='forward', weekmask='Wed')
+    numpy.datetime64('2011-01-19')
+    >>> # 2012 Mother's Day in Canada and the U.S.
+    ... np.busday_offset('2012-05', 1, roll='forward', weekmask='Sun')
+    numpy.datetime64('2012-05-13')
+
+    >>> # First business day on or after a date
+    ... np.busday_offset('2011-03-20', 0, roll='forward')
+    numpy.datetime64('2011-03-21')
+    >>> np.busday_offset('2011-03-22', 0, roll='forward')
+    numpy.datetime64('2011-03-22')
+    >>> # First business day after a date
+    ... np.busday_offset('2011-03-20', 1, roll='backward')
+    numpy.datetime64('2011-03-21')
+    >>> np.busday_offset('2011-03-22', 1, roll='backward')
+    numpy.datetime64('2011-03-23')
+    """
+    return (dates, offsets, weekmask, holidays, out)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(_multiarray_umath.busday_count)
+def busday_count(begindates, enddates, weekmask=None, holidays=None,
+                 busdaycal=None, out=None):
+    """
+    busday_count(begindates, enddates, weekmask='1111100', holidays=[], busdaycal=None, out=None)
+
+    Counts the number of valid days between `begindates` and
+    `enddates`, not including the day of `enddates`.
+
+    If ``enddates`` specifies a date value that is earlier than the
+    corresponding ``begindates`` date value, the count will be negative.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    begindates : array_like of datetime64[D]
+        The array of the first dates for counting.
+    enddates : array_like of datetime64[D]
+        The array of the end dates for counting, which are excluded
+        from the count themselves.
+    weekmask : str or array_like of bool, optional
+        A seven-element array indicating which of Monday through Sunday are
+        valid days. May be specified as a length-seven list or array, like
+        [1,1,1,1,1,0,0]; a length-seven string, like '1111100'; or a string
+        like "Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri", made up of 3-character abbreviations for
+        weekdays, optionally separated by white space. Valid abbreviations
+        are: Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
+    holidays : array_like of datetime64[D], optional
+        An array of dates to consider as invalid dates.  They may be
+        specified in any order, and NaT (not-a-time) dates are ignored.
+        This list is saved in a normalized form that is suited for
+        fast calculations of valid days.
+    busdaycal : busdaycalendar, optional
+        A `busdaycalendar` object which specifies the valid days. If this
+        parameter is provided, neither weekmask nor holidays may be
+        provided.
+    out : array of int, optional
+        If provided, this array is filled with the result.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : array of int
+        An array with a shape from broadcasting ``begindates`` and ``enddates``
+        together, containing the number of valid days between
+        the begin and end dates.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    busdaycalendar : An object that specifies a custom set of valid days.
+    is_busday : Returns a boolean array indicating valid days.
+    busday_offset : Applies an offset counted in valid days.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> # Number of weekdays in January 2011
+    ... np.busday_count('2011-01', '2011-02')
+    21
+    >>> # Number of weekdays in 2011
+    >>> np.busday_count('2011', '2012')
+    260
+    >>> # Number of Saturdays in 2011
+    ... np.busday_count('2011', '2012', weekmask='Sat')
+    53
+    """
+    return (begindates, enddates, weekmask, holidays, out)
+
+
+@array_function_from_c_func_and_dispatcher(
+    _multiarray_umath.datetime_as_string)
+def datetime_as_string(arr, unit=None, timezone=None, casting=None):
+    """
+    datetime_as_string(arr, unit=None, timezone='naive', casting='same_kind')
+
+    Convert an array of datetimes into an array of strings.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arr : array_like of datetime64
+        The array of UTC timestamps to format.
+    unit : str
+        One of None, 'auto', or a :ref:`datetime unit <arrays.dtypes.dateunits>`.
+    timezone : {'naive', 'UTC', 'local'} or tzinfo
+        Timezone information to use when displaying the datetime. If 'UTC', end
+        with a Z to indicate UTC time. If 'local', convert to the local timezone
+        first, and suffix with a +-#### timezone offset. If a tzinfo object,
+        then do as with 'local', but use the specified timezone.
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}
+        Casting to allow when changing between datetime units.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    str_arr : ndarray
+        An array of strings the same shape as `arr`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import pytz
+    >>> d = np.arange('2002-10-27T04:30', 4*60, 60, dtype='M8[m]')
+    >>> d
+    array(['2002-10-27T04:30', '2002-10-27T05:30', '2002-10-27T06:30',
+           '2002-10-27T07:30'], dtype='datetime64[m]')
+
+    Setting the timezone to UTC shows the same information, but with a Z suffix
+
+    >>> np.datetime_as_string(d, timezone='UTC')
+    array(['2002-10-27T04:30Z', '2002-10-27T05:30Z', '2002-10-27T06:30Z',
+           '2002-10-27T07:30Z'], dtype='<U35')
+
+    Note that we picked datetimes that cross a DST boundary. Passing in a
+    ``pytz`` timezone object will print the appropriate offset
+
+    >>> np.datetime_as_string(d, timezone=pytz.timezone('US/Eastern'))
+    array(['2002-10-27T00:30-0400', '2002-10-27T01:30-0400',
+           '2002-10-27T01:30-0500', '2002-10-27T02:30-0500'], dtype='<U39')
+
+    Passing in a unit will change the precision
+
+    >>> np.datetime_as_string(d, unit='h')
+    array(['2002-10-27T04', '2002-10-27T05', '2002-10-27T06', '2002-10-27T07'],
+          dtype='<U32')
+    >>> np.datetime_as_string(d, unit='s')
+    array(['2002-10-27T04:30:00', '2002-10-27T05:30:00', '2002-10-27T06:30:00',
+           '2002-10-27T07:30:00'], dtype='<U38')
+
+    'casting' can be used to specify whether precision can be changed
+
+    >>> np.datetime_as_string(d, unit='h', casting='safe')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    TypeError: Cannot create a datetime string as units 'h' from a NumPy
+    datetime with units 'm' according to the rule 'safe'
+    """
+    return (arr,)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/multiarray.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/multiarray.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc05f812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/multiarray.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,1022 @@
+# TODO: Sort out any and all missing functions in this namespace
+
+import os
+import datetime as dt
+from collections.abc import Sequence, Callable, Iterable
+from typing import (
+    Literal as L,
+    Any,
+    overload,
+    TypeVar,
+    SupportsIndex,
+    final,
+    Final,
+    Protocol,
+    ClassVar,
+)
+
+from numpy import (
+    # Re-exports
+    busdaycalendar as busdaycalendar,
+    broadcast as broadcast,
+    dtype as dtype,
+    ndarray as ndarray,
+    nditer as nditer,
+
+    # The rest
+    ufunc,
+    str_,
+    bool_,
+    uint8,
+    intp,
+    int_,
+    float64,
+    timedelta64,
+    datetime64,
+    generic,
+    unsignedinteger,
+    signedinteger,
+    floating,
+    complexfloating,
+    _OrderKACF,
+    _OrderCF,
+    _CastingKind,
+    _ModeKind,
+    _SupportsBuffer,
+    _IOProtocol,
+    _CopyMode,
+    _NDIterFlagsKind,
+    _NDIterOpFlagsKind,
+)
+
+from numpy._typing import (
+    # Shapes
+    _ShapeLike,
+
+    # DTypes
+    DTypeLike,
+    _DTypeLike,
+
+    # Arrays
+    NDArray,
+    ArrayLike,
+    _ArrayLike,
+    _SupportsArrayFunc,
+    _NestedSequence,
+    _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    _ArrayLikeDT64_co,
+    _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    _ArrayLikeStr_co,
+    _ArrayLikeBytes_co,
+    _ScalarLike_co,
+    _IntLike_co,
+    _FloatLike_co,
+    _TD64Like_co,
+)
+
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+_T_contra = TypeVar("_T_contra", contravariant=True)
+_SCT = TypeVar("_SCT", bound=generic)
+_ArrayType = TypeVar("_ArrayType", bound=NDArray[Any])
+
+# Valid time units
+_UnitKind = L[
+    "Y",
+    "M",
+    "D",
+    "h",
+    "m",
+    "s",
+    "ms",
+    "us", "μs",
+    "ns",
+    "ps",
+    "fs",
+    "as",
+]
+_RollKind = L[  # `raise` is deliberately excluded
+    "nat",
+    "forward",
+    "following",
+    "backward",
+    "preceding",
+    "modifiedfollowing",
+    "modifiedpreceding",
+]
+
+class _SupportsLenAndGetItem(Protocol[_T_contra, _T_co]):
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _T_contra, /) -> _T_co: ...
+
+__all__: list[str]
+
+ALLOW_THREADS: Final[int]  # 0 or 1 (system-specific)
+BUFSIZE: L[8192]
+CLIP: L[0]
+WRAP: L[1]
+RAISE: L[2]
+MAXDIMS: L[32]
+MAY_SHARE_BOUNDS: L[0]
+MAY_SHARE_EXACT: L[-1]
+tracemalloc_domain: L[389047]
+
+@overload
+def empty_like(
+    prototype: _ArrayType,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def empty_like(
+    prototype: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def empty_like(
+    prototype: object,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def empty_like(
+    prototype: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def empty_like(
+    prototype: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def array(
+    object: _ArrayType,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    copy: bool | _CopyMode = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: L[True],
+    ndmin: int = ...,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    object: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    copy: bool | _CopyMode = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    ndmin: int = ...,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    object: object,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    copy: bool | _CopyMode = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    ndmin: int = ...,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    object: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    *,
+    copy: bool | _CopyMode = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    ndmin: int = ...,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    object: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    *,
+    copy: bool | _CopyMode = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    ndmin: int = ...,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def zeros(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[float64]: ...
+@overload
+def zeros(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def zeros(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def empty(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[float64]: ...
+@overload
+def empty(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def empty(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def unravel_index(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    indices: _IntLike_co,
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+) -> tuple[intp, ...]: ...
+@overload
+def unravel_index(
+    indices: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+) -> tuple[NDArray[intp], ...]: ...
+
+@overload
+def ravel_multi_index(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    multi_index: Sequence[_IntLike_co],
+    dims: Sequence[SupportsIndex],
+    mode: _ModeKind | tuple[_ModeKind, ...] = ...,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+) -> intp: ...
+@overload
+def ravel_multi_index(
+    multi_index: Sequence[_ArrayLikeInt_co],
+    dims: Sequence[SupportsIndex],
+    mode: _ModeKind | tuple[_ModeKind, ...] = ...,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+) -> NDArray[intp]: ...
+
+# NOTE: Allow any sequence of array-like objects
+@overload
+def concatenate(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    arrays: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    /,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    casting: None | _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def concatenate(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    arrays: _SupportsLenAndGetItem[int, ArrayLike],
+    /,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    casting: None | _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def concatenate(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    arrays: _SupportsLenAndGetItem[int, ArrayLike],
+    /,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    casting: None | _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def concatenate(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    arrays: _SupportsLenAndGetItem[int, ArrayLike],
+    /,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    casting: None | _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def concatenate(
+    arrays: _SupportsLenAndGetItem[int, ArrayLike],
+    /,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    casting: None | _CastingKind = ...
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+def inner(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    b: ArrayLike,
+    /,
+) -> Any: ...
+
+@overload
+def where(
+    condition: ArrayLike,
+    /,
+) -> tuple[NDArray[intp], ...]: ...
+@overload
+def where(
+    condition: ArrayLike,
+    x: ArrayLike,
+    y: ArrayLike,
+    /,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+def lexsort(
+    keys: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> Any: ...
+
+def can_cast(
+    from_: ArrayLike | DTypeLike,
+    to: DTypeLike,
+    casting: None | _CastingKind = ...,
+) -> bool: ...
+
+def min_scalar_type(
+    a: ArrayLike, /,
+) -> dtype[Any]: ...
+
+def result_type(
+    *arrays_and_dtypes: ArrayLike | DTypeLike,
+) -> dtype[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def dot(a: ArrayLike, b: ArrayLike, out: None = ...) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def dot(a: ArrayLike, b: ArrayLike, out: _ArrayType) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def vdot(a: _ArrayLikeBool_co, b: _ArrayLikeBool_co, /) -> bool_: ...  # type: ignore[misc]
+@overload
+def vdot(a: _ArrayLikeUInt_co, b: _ArrayLikeUInt_co, /) -> unsignedinteger[Any]: ...  # type: ignore[misc]
+@overload
+def vdot(a: _ArrayLikeInt_co, b: _ArrayLikeInt_co, /) -> signedinteger[Any]: ... # type: ignore[misc]
+@overload
+def vdot(a: _ArrayLikeFloat_co, b: _ArrayLikeFloat_co, /) -> floating[Any]: ...  # type: ignore[misc]
+@overload
+def vdot(a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co, b: _ArrayLikeComplex_co, /) -> complexfloating[Any, Any]: ...  # type: ignore[misc]
+@overload
+def vdot(a: _ArrayLikeTD64_co, b: _ArrayLikeTD64_co, /) -> timedelta64: ...
+@overload
+def vdot(a: _ArrayLikeObject_co, b: Any, /) -> Any: ...
+@overload
+def vdot(a: Any, b: _ArrayLikeObject_co, /) -> Any: ...
+
+def bincount(
+    x: ArrayLike,
+    /,
+    weights: None | ArrayLike = ...,
+    minlength: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> NDArray[intp]: ...
+
+def copyto(
+    dst: NDArray[Any],
+    src: ArrayLike,
+    casting: None | _CastingKind = ...,
+    where: None | _ArrayLikeBool_co = ...,
+) -> None: ...
+
+def putmask(
+    a: NDArray[Any],
+    /,
+    mask: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    values: ArrayLike,
+) -> None: ...
+
+def packbits(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    /,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    bitorder: L["big", "little"] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[uint8]: ...
+
+def unpackbits(
+    a: _ArrayLike[uint8],
+    /,
+    axis: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    count: None | SupportsIndex = ...,
+    bitorder: L["big", "little"] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[uint8]: ...
+
+def shares_memory(
+    a: object,
+    b: object,
+    /,
+    max_work: None | int = ...,
+) -> bool: ...
+
+def may_share_memory(
+    a: object,
+    b: object,
+    /,
+    max_work: None | int = ...,
+) -> bool: ...
+
+@overload
+def asarray(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def asarray(
+    a: object,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def asarray(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def asarray(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def asanyarray(
+    a: _ArrayType,  # Preserve subclass-information
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def asanyarray(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def asanyarray(
+    a: object,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def asanyarray(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def asanyarray(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def ascontiguousarray(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def ascontiguousarray(
+    a: object,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def ascontiguousarray(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def ascontiguousarray(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def asfortranarray(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def asfortranarray(
+    a: object,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def asfortranarray(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def asfortranarray(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+# In practice `list[Any]` is list with an int, int and a valid
+# `np.seterrcall()` object
+def geterrobj() -> list[Any]: ...
+def seterrobj(errobj: list[Any], /) -> None: ...
+
+def promote_types(__type1: DTypeLike, __type2: DTypeLike) -> dtype[Any]: ...
+
+# `sep` is a de facto mandatory argument, as its default value is deprecated
+@overload
+def fromstring(
+    string: str | bytes,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    sep: str,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[float64]: ...
+@overload
+def fromstring(
+    string: str | bytes,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    sep: str,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def fromstring(
+    string: str | bytes,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    sep: str,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+def frompyfunc(
+    func: Callable[..., Any], /,
+    nin: SupportsIndex,
+    nout: SupportsIndex,
+    *,
+    identity: Any = ...,
+) -> ufunc: ...
+
+@overload
+def fromfile(
+    file: str | bytes | os.PathLike[Any] | _IOProtocol,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    sep: str = ...,
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[float64]: ...
+@overload
+def fromfile(
+    file: str | bytes | os.PathLike[Any] | _IOProtocol,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    sep: str = ...,
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def fromfile(
+    file: str | bytes | os.PathLike[Any] | _IOProtocol,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    sep: str = ...,
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def fromiter(
+    iter: Iterable[Any],
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def fromiter(
+    iter: Iterable[Any],
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def frombuffer(
+    buffer: _SupportsBuffer,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[float64]: ...
+@overload
+def frombuffer(
+    buffer: _SupportsBuffer,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def frombuffer(
+    buffer: _SupportsBuffer,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    count: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    offset: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def arange(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    stop: _IntLike_co,
+    /, *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[signedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    start: _IntLike_co,
+    stop: _IntLike_co,
+    step: _IntLike_co = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[signedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    stop: _FloatLike_co,
+    /, *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    start: _FloatLike_co,
+    stop: _FloatLike_co,
+    step: _FloatLike_co = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(
+    stop: _TD64Like_co,
+    /, *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[timedelta64]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(
+    start: _TD64Like_co,
+    stop: _TD64Like_co,
+    step: _TD64Like_co = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[timedelta64]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(  # both start and stop must always be specified for datetime64
+    start: datetime64,
+    stop: datetime64,
+    step: datetime64 = ...,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[datetime64]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(
+    stop: Any,
+    /, *,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(
+    start: Any,
+    stop: Any,
+    step: Any = ...,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT] = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(
+    stop: Any, /,
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def arange(
+    start: Any,
+    stop: Any,
+    step: Any = ...,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    *,
+    like: None | _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+def datetime_data(
+    dtype: str | _DTypeLike[datetime64] | _DTypeLike[timedelta64], /,
+) -> tuple[str, int]: ...
+
+# The datetime functions perform unsafe casts to `datetime64[D]`,
+# so a lot of different argument types are allowed here
+
+@overload
+def busday_count(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    begindates: _ScalarLike_co | dt.date,
+    enddates: _ScalarLike_co | dt.date,
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> int_: ...
+@overload
+def busday_count(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    begindates: ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    enddates: ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+@overload
+def busday_count(
+    begindates: ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    enddates: ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+# `roll="raise"` is (more or less?) equivalent to `casting="safe"`
+@overload
+def busday_offset(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    dates: datetime64 | dt.date,
+    offsets: _TD64Like_co | dt.timedelta,
+    roll: L["raise"] = ...,
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> datetime64: ...
+@overload
+def busday_offset(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    dates: _ArrayLike[datetime64] | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    offsets: _ArrayLikeTD64_co | dt.timedelta | _NestedSequence[dt.timedelta],
+    roll: L["raise"] = ...,
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[datetime64]: ...
+@overload
+def busday_offset(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    dates: _ArrayLike[datetime64] | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    offsets: _ArrayLikeTD64_co | dt.timedelta | _NestedSequence[dt.timedelta],
+    roll: L["raise"] = ...,
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def busday_offset(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    dates: _ScalarLike_co | dt.date,
+    offsets: _ScalarLike_co | dt.timedelta,
+    roll: _RollKind,
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> datetime64: ...
+@overload
+def busday_offset(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    dates: ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    offsets: ArrayLike | dt.timedelta | _NestedSequence[dt.timedelta],
+    roll: _RollKind,
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[datetime64]: ...
+@overload
+def busday_offset(
+    dates: ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    offsets: ArrayLike | dt.timedelta | _NestedSequence[dt.timedelta],
+    roll: _RollKind,
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def is_busday(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    dates: _ScalarLike_co | dt.date,
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> bool_: ...
+@overload
+def is_busday(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    dates: ArrayLike | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def is_busday(
+    dates: ArrayLike | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    weekmask: ArrayLike = ...,
+    holidays: None | ArrayLike | dt.date | _NestedSequence[dt.date] = ...,
+    busdaycal: None | busdaycalendar = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def datetime_as_string(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    arr: datetime64 | dt.date,
+    unit: None | L["auto"] | _UnitKind = ...,
+    timezone: L["naive", "UTC", "local"] | dt.tzinfo = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...,
+) -> str_: ...
+@overload
+def datetime_as_string(
+    arr: _ArrayLikeDT64_co | _NestedSequence[dt.date],
+    unit: None | L["auto"] | _UnitKind = ...,
+    timezone: L["naive", "UTC", "local"] | dt.tzinfo = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...,
+) -> NDArray[str_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def compare_chararrays(
+    a1: _ArrayLikeStr_co,
+    a2: _ArrayLikeStr_co,
+    cmp: L["<", "<=", "==", ">=", ">", "!="],
+    rstrip: bool,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def compare_chararrays(
+    a1: _ArrayLikeBytes_co,
+    a2: _ArrayLikeBytes_co,
+    cmp: L["<", "<=", "==", ">=", ">", "!="],
+    rstrip: bool,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+def add_docstring(obj: Callable[..., Any], docstring: str, /) -> None: ...
+
+_GetItemKeys = L[
+    "C", "CONTIGUOUS", "C_CONTIGUOUS",
+    "F", "FORTRAN", "F_CONTIGUOUS",
+    "W", "WRITEABLE",
+    "B", "BEHAVED",
+    "O", "OWNDATA",
+    "A", "ALIGNED",
+    "X", "WRITEBACKIFCOPY",
+    "CA", "CARRAY",
+    "FA", "FARRAY",
+    "FNC",
+    "FORC",
+]
+_SetItemKeys = L[
+    "A", "ALIGNED",
+    "W", "WRITEABLE",
+    "X", "WRITEBACKIFCOPY",
+]
+
+@final
+class flagsobj:
+    __hash__: ClassVar[None]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    aligned: bool
+    # NOTE: deprecated
+    # updateifcopy: bool
+    writeable: bool
+    writebackifcopy: bool
+    @property
+    def behaved(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def c_contiguous(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def carray(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def contiguous(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def f_contiguous(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def farray(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def fnc(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def forc(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def fortran(self) -> bool: ...
+    @property
+    def num(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def owndata(self) -> bool: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _GetItemKeys) -> bool: ...
+    def __setitem__(self, key: _SetItemKeys, value: bool) -> None: ...
+
+def nested_iters(
+    op: ArrayLike | Sequence[ArrayLike],
+    axes: Sequence[Sequence[SupportsIndex]],
+    flags: None | Sequence[_NDIterFlagsKind] = ...,
+    op_flags: None | Sequence[Sequence[_NDIterOpFlagsKind]] = ...,
+    op_dtypes: DTypeLike | Sequence[DTypeLike] = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...,
+    buffersize: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> tuple[nditer, ...]: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91ac3f86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2530 @@
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import sys
+import warnings
+import numbers
+import builtins
+
+import numpy as np
+from . import multiarray
+from .multiarray import (
+    fastCopyAndTranspose, ALLOW_THREADS,
+    BUFSIZE, CLIP, MAXDIMS, MAY_SHARE_BOUNDS, MAY_SHARE_EXACT, RAISE,
+    WRAP, arange, array, asarray, asanyarray, ascontiguousarray,
+    asfortranarray, broadcast, can_cast, compare_chararrays,
+    concatenate, copyto, dot, dtype, empty,
+    empty_like, flatiter, frombuffer, from_dlpack, fromfile, fromiter,
+    fromstring, inner, lexsort, matmul, may_share_memory,
+    min_scalar_type, ndarray, nditer, nested_iters, promote_types,
+    putmask, result_type, set_numeric_ops, shares_memory, vdot, where,
+    zeros, normalize_axis_index, _get_promotion_state, _set_promotion_state,
+    _using_numpy2_behavior)
+
+from . import overrides
+from . import umath
+from . import shape_base
+from .overrides import set_array_function_like_doc, set_module
+from .umath import (multiply, invert, sin, PINF, NAN)
+from . import numerictypes
+from .numerictypes import longlong, intc, int_, float_, complex_, bool_
+from ..exceptions import ComplexWarning, TooHardError, AxisError
+from ._ufunc_config import errstate, _no_nep50_warning
+
+bitwise_not = invert
+ufunc = type(sin)
+newaxis = None
+
+array_function_dispatch = functools.partial(
+    overrides.array_function_dispatch, module='numpy')
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'newaxis', 'ndarray', 'flatiter', 'nditer', 'nested_iters', 'ufunc',
+    'arange', 'array', 'asarray', 'asanyarray', 'ascontiguousarray',
+    'asfortranarray', 'zeros', 'count_nonzero', 'empty', 'broadcast', 'dtype',
+    'fromstring', 'fromfile', 'frombuffer', 'from_dlpack', 'where',
+    'argwhere', 'copyto', 'concatenate', 'fastCopyAndTranspose', 'lexsort',
+    'set_numeric_ops', 'can_cast', 'promote_types', 'min_scalar_type',
+    'result_type', 'isfortran', 'empty_like', 'zeros_like', 'ones_like',
+    'correlate', 'convolve', 'inner', 'dot', 'outer', 'vdot', 'roll',
+    'rollaxis', 'moveaxis', 'cross', 'tensordot', 'little_endian',
+    'fromiter', 'array_equal', 'array_equiv', 'indices', 'fromfunction',
+    'isclose', 'isscalar', 'binary_repr', 'base_repr', 'ones',
+    'identity', 'allclose', 'compare_chararrays', 'putmask',
+    'flatnonzero', 'Inf', 'inf', 'infty', 'Infinity', 'nan', 'NaN',
+    'False_', 'True_', 'bitwise_not', 'CLIP', 'RAISE', 'WRAP', 'MAXDIMS',
+    'BUFSIZE', 'ALLOW_THREADS', 'full', 'full_like',
+    'matmul', 'shares_memory', 'may_share_memory', 'MAY_SHARE_BOUNDS',
+    'MAY_SHARE_EXACT', '_get_promotion_state', '_set_promotion_state',
+    '_using_numpy2_behavior']
+
+
+def _zeros_like_dispatcher(a, dtype=None, order=None, subok=None, shape=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_zeros_like_dispatcher)
+def zeros_like(a, dtype=None, order='K', subok=True, shape=None):
+    """
+    Return an array of zeros with the same shape and type as a given array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        The shape and data-type of `a` define these same attributes of
+        the returned array.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Overrides the data type of the result.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', or 'K'}, optional
+        Overrides the memory layout of the result. 'C' means C-order,
+        'F' means F-order, 'A' means 'F' if `a` is Fortran contiguous,
+        'C' otherwise. 'K' means match the layout of `a` as closely
+        as possible.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+    subok : bool, optional.
+        If True, then the newly created array will use the sub-class
+        type of `a`, otherwise it will be a base-class array. Defaults
+        to True.
+    shape : int or sequence of ints, optional.
+        Overrides the shape of the result. If order='K' and the number of
+        dimensions is unchanged, will try to keep order, otherwise,
+        order='C' is implied.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of zeros with the same shape and type as `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    empty_like : Return an empty array with shape and type of input.
+    ones_like : Return an array of ones with shape and type of input.
+    full_like : Return a new array with shape of input filled with value.
+    zeros : Return a new array setting values to zero.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6)
+    >>> x = x.reshape((2, 3))
+    >>> x
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 4, 5]])
+    >>> np.zeros_like(x)
+    array([[0, 0, 0],
+           [0, 0, 0]])
+
+    >>> y = np.arange(3, dtype=float)
+    >>> y
+    array([0., 1., 2.])
+    >>> np.zeros_like(y)
+    array([0.,  0.,  0.])
+
+    """
+    res = empty_like(a, dtype=dtype, order=order, subok=subok, shape=shape)
+    # needed instead of a 0 to get same result as zeros for string dtypes
+    z = zeros(1, dtype=res.dtype)
+    multiarray.copyto(res, z, casting='unsafe')
+    return res
+
+
+@set_array_function_like_doc
+@set_module('numpy')
+def ones(shape, dtype=None, order='C', *, like=None):
+    """
+    Return a new array of given shape and type, filled with ones.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    shape : int or sequence of ints
+        Shape of the new array, e.g., ``(2, 3)`` or ``2``.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        The desired data-type for the array, e.g., `numpy.int8`.  Default is
+        `numpy.float64`.
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional, default: C
+        Whether to store multi-dimensional data in row-major
+        (C-style) or column-major (Fortran-style) order in
+        memory.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of ones with the given shape, dtype, and order.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ones_like : Return an array of ones with shape and type of input.
+    empty : Return a new uninitialized array.
+    zeros : Return a new array setting values to zero.
+    full : Return a new array of given shape filled with value.
+
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.ones(5)
+    array([1., 1., 1., 1., 1.])
+
+    >>> np.ones((5,), dtype=int)
+    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+
+    >>> np.ones((2, 1))
+    array([[1.],
+           [1.]])
+
+    >>> s = (2,2)
+    >>> np.ones(s)
+    array([[1.,  1.],
+           [1.,  1.]])
+
+    """
+    if like is not None:
+        return _ones_with_like(like, shape, dtype=dtype, order=order)
+
+    a = empty(shape, dtype, order)
+    multiarray.copyto(a, 1, casting='unsafe')
+    return a
+
+
+_ones_with_like = array_function_dispatch()(ones)
+
+
+def _ones_like_dispatcher(a, dtype=None, order=None, subok=None, shape=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_ones_like_dispatcher)
+def ones_like(a, dtype=None, order='K', subok=True, shape=None):
+    """
+    Return an array of ones with the same shape and type as a given array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        The shape and data-type of `a` define these same attributes of
+        the returned array.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Overrides the data type of the result.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', or 'K'}, optional
+        Overrides the memory layout of the result. 'C' means C-order,
+        'F' means F-order, 'A' means 'F' if `a` is Fortran contiguous,
+        'C' otherwise. 'K' means match the layout of `a` as closely
+        as possible.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+    subok : bool, optional.
+        If True, then the newly created array will use the sub-class
+        type of `a`, otherwise it will be a base-class array. Defaults
+        to True.
+    shape : int or sequence of ints, optional.
+        Overrides the shape of the result. If order='K' and the number of
+        dimensions is unchanged, will try to keep order, otherwise,
+        order='C' is implied.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of ones with the same shape and type as `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    empty_like : Return an empty array with shape and type of input.
+    zeros_like : Return an array of zeros with shape and type of input.
+    full_like : Return a new array with shape of input filled with value.
+    ones : Return a new array setting values to one.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6)
+    >>> x = x.reshape((2, 3))
+    >>> x
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 4, 5]])
+    >>> np.ones_like(x)
+    array([[1, 1, 1],
+           [1, 1, 1]])
+
+    >>> y = np.arange(3, dtype=float)
+    >>> y
+    array([0., 1., 2.])
+    >>> np.ones_like(y)
+    array([1.,  1.,  1.])
+
+    """
+    res = empty_like(a, dtype=dtype, order=order, subok=subok, shape=shape)
+    multiarray.copyto(res, 1, casting='unsafe')
+    return res
+
+
+def _full_dispatcher(shape, fill_value, dtype=None, order=None, *, like=None):
+    return(like,)
+
+
+@set_array_function_like_doc
+@set_module('numpy')
+def full(shape, fill_value, dtype=None, order='C', *, like=None):
+    """
+    Return a new array of given shape and type, filled with `fill_value`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    shape : int or sequence of ints
+        Shape of the new array, e.g., ``(2, 3)`` or ``2``.
+    fill_value : scalar or array_like
+        Fill value.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        The desired data-type for the array  The default, None, means
+         ``np.array(fill_value).dtype``.
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
+        Whether to store multidimensional data in C- or Fortran-contiguous
+        (row- or column-wise) order in memory.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of `fill_value` with the given shape, dtype, and order.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    full_like : Return a new array with shape of input filled with value.
+    empty : Return a new uninitialized array.
+    ones : Return a new array setting values to one.
+    zeros : Return a new array setting values to zero.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.full((2, 2), np.inf)
+    array([[inf, inf],
+           [inf, inf]])
+    >>> np.full((2, 2), 10)
+    array([[10, 10],
+           [10, 10]])
+
+    >>> np.full((2, 2), [1, 2])
+    array([[1, 2],
+           [1, 2]])
+
+    """
+    if like is not None:
+        return _full_with_like(
+                like, shape, fill_value, dtype=dtype, order=order)
+
+    if dtype is None:
+        fill_value = asarray(fill_value)
+        dtype = fill_value.dtype
+    a = empty(shape, dtype, order)
+    multiarray.copyto(a, fill_value, casting='unsafe')
+    return a
+
+
+_full_with_like = array_function_dispatch()(full)
+
+
+def _full_like_dispatcher(a, fill_value, dtype=None, order=None, subok=None, shape=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_full_like_dispatcher)
+def full_like(a, fill_value, dtype=None, order='K', subok=True, shape=None):
+    """
+    Return a full array with the same shape and type as a given array.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        The shape and data-type of `a` define these same attributes of
+        the returned array.
+    fill_value : array_like
+        Fill value.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Overrides the data type of the result.
+    order : {'C', 'F', 'A', or 'K'}, optional
+        Overrides the memory layout of the result. 'C' means C-order,
+        'F' means F-order, 'A' means 'F' if `a` is Fortran contiguous,
+        'C' otherwise. 'K' means match the layout of `a` as closely
+        as possible.
+    subok : bool, optional.
+        If True, then the newly created array will use the sub-class
+        type of `a`, otherwise it will be a base-class array. Defaults
+        to True.
+    shape : int or sequence of ints, optional.
+        Overrides the shape of the result. If order='K' and the number of
+        dimensions is unchanged, will try to keep order, otherwise,
+        order='C' is implied.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Array of `fill_value` with the same shape and type as `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    empty_like : Return an empty array with shape and type of input.
+    ones_like : Return an array of ones with shape and type of input.
+    zeros_like : Return an array of zeros with shape and type of input.
+    full : Return a new array of given shape filled with value.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6, dtype=int)
+    >>> np.full_like(x, 1)
+    array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+    >>> np.full_like(x, 0.1)
+    array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+    >>> np.full_like(x, 0.1, dtype=np.double)
+    array([0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1])
+    >>> np.full_like(x, np.nan, dtype=np.double)
+    array([nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan])
+
+    >>> y = np.arange(6, dtype=np.double)
+    >>> np.full_like(y, 0.1)
+    array([0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1])
+
+    >>> y = np.zeros([2, 2, 3], dtype=int)
+    >>> np.full_like(y, [0, 0, 255])
+    array([[[  0,   0, 255],
+            [  0,   0, 255]],
+           [[  0,   0, 255],
+            [  0,   0, 255]]])
+    """
+    res = empty_like(a, dtype=dtype, order=order, subok=subok, shape=shape)
+    multiarray.copyto(res, fill_value, casting='unsafe')
+    return res
+
+
+def _count_nonzero_dispatcher(a, axis=None, *, keepdims=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_count_nonzero_dispatcher)
+def count_nonzero(a, axis=None, *, keepdims=False):
+    """
+    Counts the number of non-zero values in the array ``a``.
+
+    The word "non-zero" is in reference to the Python 2.x
+    built-in method ``__nonzero__()`` (renamed ``__bool__()``
+    in Python 3.x) of Python objects that tests an object's
+    "truthfulness". For example, any number is considered
+    truthful if it is nonzero, whereas any string is considered
+    truthful if it is not the empty string. Thus, this function
+    (recursively) counts how many elements in ``a`` (and in
+    sub-arrays thereof) have their ``__nonzero__()`` or ``__bool__()``
+    method evaluated to ``True``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        The array for which to count non-zeros.
+    axis : int or tuple, optional
+        Axis or tuple of axes along which to count non-zeros.
+        Default is None, meaning that non-zeros will be counted
+        along a flattened version of ``a``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.12.0
+
+    keepdims : bool, optional
+        If this is set to True, the axes that are counted are left
+        in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
+        the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.19.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    count : int or array of int
+        Number of non-zero values in the array along a given axis.
+        Otherwise, the total number of non-zero values in the array
+        is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    nonzero : Return the coordinates of all the non-zero values.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.count_nonzero(np.eye(4))
+    4
+    >>> a = np.array([[0, 1, 7, 0],
+    ...               [3, 0, 2, 19]])
+    >>> np.count_nonzero(a)
+    5
+    >>> np.count_nonzero(a, axis=0)
+    array([1, 1, 2, 1])
+    >>> np.count_nonzero(a, axis=1)
+    array([2, 3])
+    >>> np.count_nonzero(a, axis=1, keepdims=True)
+    array([[2],
+           [3]])
+    """
+    if axis is None and not keepdims:
+        return multiarray.count_nonzero(a)
+
+    a = asanyarray(a)
+
+    # TODO: this works around .astype(bool) not working properly (gh-9847)
+    if np.issubdtype(a.dtype, np.character):
+        a_bool = a != a.dtype.type()
+    else:
+        a_bool = a.astype(np.bool_, copy=False)
+
+    return a_bool.sum(axis=axis, dtype=np.intp, keepdims=keepdims)
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def isfortran(a):
+    """
+    Check if the array is Fortran contiguous but *not* C contiguous.
+
+    This function is obsolete and, because of changes due to relaxed stride
+    checking, its return value for the same array may differ for versions
+    of NumPy >= 1.10.0 and previous versions. If you only want to check if an
+    array is Fortran contiguous use ``a.flags.f_contiguous`` instead.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : ndarray
+        Input array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    isfortran : bool
+        Returns True if the array is Fortran contiguous but *not* C contiguous.
+
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+
+    np.array allows to specify whether the array is written in C-contiguous
+    order (last index varies the fastest), or FORTRAN-contiguous order in
+    memory (first index varies the fastest).
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], order='C')
+    >>> a
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+    >>> np.isfortran(a)
+    False
+
+    >>> b = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], order='F')
+    >>> b
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+    >>> np.isfortran(b)
+    True
+
+
+    The transpose of a C-ordered array is a FORTRAN-ordered array.
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], order='C')
+    >>> a
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+    >>> np.isfortran(a)
+    False
+    >>> b = a.T
+    >>> b
+    array([[1, 4],
+           [2, 5],
+           [3, 6]])
+    >>> np.isfortran(b)
+    True
+
+    C-ordered arrays evaluate as False even if they are also FORTRAN-ordered.
+
+    >>> np.isfortran(np.array([1, 2], order='F'))
+    False
+
+    """
+    return a.flags.fnc
+
+
+def _argwhere_dispatcher(a):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_argwhere_dispatcher)
+def argwhere(a):
+    """
+    Find the indices of array elements that are non-zero, grouped by element.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    index_array : (N, a.ndim) ndarray
+        Indices of elements that are non-zero. Indices are grouped by element.
+        This array will have shape ``(N, a.ndim)`` where ``N`` is the number of
+        non-zero items.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    where, nonzero
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    ``np.argwhere(a)`` is almost the same as ``np.transpose(np.nonzero(a))``,
+    but produces a result of the correct shape for a 0D array.
+
+    The output of ``argwhere`` is not suitable for indexing arrays.
+    For this purpose use ``nonzero(a)`` instead.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
+    >>> x
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [3, 4, 5]])
+    >>> np.argwhere(x>1)
+    array([[0, 2],
+           [1, 0],
+           [1, 1],
+           [1, 2]])
+
+    """
+    # nonzero does not behave well on 0d, so promote to 1d
+    if np.ndim(a) == 0:
+        a = shape_base.atleast_1d(a)
+        # then remove the added dimension
+        return argwhere(a)[:,:0]
+    return transpose(nonzero(a))
+
+
+def _flatnonzero_dispatcher(a):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_flatnonzero_dispatcher)
+def flatnonzero(a):
+    """
+    Return indices that are non-zero in the flattened version of a.
+
+    This is equivalent to ``np.nonzero(np.ravel(a))[0]``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input data.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : ndarray
+        Output array, containing the indices of the elements of ``a.ravel()``
+        that are non-zero.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    nonzero : Return the indices of the non-zero elements of the input array.
+    ravel : Return a 1-D array containing the elements of the input array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(-2, 3)
+    >>> x
+    array([-2, -1,  0,  1,  2])
+    >>> np.flatnonzero(x)
+    array([0, 1, 3, 4])
+
+    Use the indices of the non-zero elements as an index array to extract
+    these elements:
+
+    >>> x.ravel()[np.flatnonzero(x)]
+    array([-2, -1,  1,  2])
+
+    """
+    return np.nonzero(np.ravel(a))[0]
+
+
+def _correlate_dispatcher(a, v, mode=None):
+    return (a, v)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_correlate_dispatcher)
+def correlate(a, v, mode='valid'):
+    r"""
+    Cross-correlation of two 1-dimensional sequences.
+
+    This function computes the correlation as generally defined in signal
+    processing texts:
+
+    .. math:: c_k = \sum_n a_{n+k} \cdot \overline{v}_n
+
+    with a and v sequences being zero-padded where necessary and
+    :math:`\overline x` denoting complex conjugation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a, v : array_like
+        Input sequences.
+    mode : {'valid', 'same', 'full'}, optional
+        Refer to the `convolve` docstring.  Note that the default
+        is 'valid', unlike `convolve`, which uses 'full'.
+    old_behavior : bool
+        `old_behavior` was removed in NumPy 1.10. If you need the old
+        behavior, use `multiarray.correlate`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Discrete cross-correlation of `a` and `v`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    convolve : Discrete, linear convolution of two one-dimensional sequences.
+    multiarray.correlate : Old, no conjugate, version of correlate.
+    scipy.signal.correlate : uses FFT which has superior performance on large arrays.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The definition of correlation above is not unique and sometimes correlation
+    may be defined differently. Another common definition is:
+
+    .. math:: c'_k = \sum_n a_{n} \cdot \overline{v_{n+k}}
+
+    which is related to :math:`c_k` by :math:`c'_k = c_{-k}`.
+
+    `numpy.correlate` may perform slowly in large arrays (i.e. n = 1e5) because it does
+    not use the FFT to compute the convolution; in that case, `scipy.signal.correlate` might
+    be preferable.
+
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.correlate([1, 2, 3], [0, 1, 0.5])
+    array([3.5])
+    >>> np.correlate([1, 2, 3], [0, 1, 0.5], "same")
+    array([2. ,  3.5,  3. ])
+    >>> np.correlate([1, 2, 3], [0, 1, 0.5], "full")
+    array([0.5,  2. ,  3.5,  3. ,  0. ])
+
+    Using complex sequences:
+
+    >>> np.correlate([1+1j, 2, 3-1j], [0, 1, 0.5j], 'full')
+    array([ 0.5-0.5j,  1.0+0.j ,  1.5-1.5j,  3.0-1.j ,  0.0+0.j ])
+
+    Note that you get the time reversed, complex conjugated result
+    (:math:`\overline{c_{-k}}`) when the two input sequences a and v change
+    places:
+
+    >>> np.correlate([0, 1, 0.5j], [1+1j, 2, 3-1j], 'full')
+    array([ 0.0+0.j ,  3.0+1.j ,  1.5+1.5j,  1.0+0.j ,  0.5+0.5j])
+
+    """
+    return multiarray.correlate2(a, v, mode)
+
+
+def _convolve_dispatcher(a, v, mode=None):
+    return (a, v)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_convolve_dispatcher)
+def convolve(a, v, mode='full'):
+    """
+    Returns the discrete, linear convolution of two one-dimensional sequences.
+
+    The convolution operator is often seen in signal processing, where it
+    models the effect of a linear time-invariant system on a signal [1]_.  In
+    probability theory, the sum of two independent random variables is
+    distributed according to the convolution of their individual
+    distributions.
+
+    If `v` is longer than `a`, the arrays are swapped before computation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : (N,) array_like
+        First one-dimensional input array.
+    v : (M,) array_like
+        Second one-dimensional input array.
+    mode : {'full', 'valid', 'same'}, optional
+        'full':
+          By default, mode is 'full'.  This returns the convolution
+          at each point of overlap, with an output shape of (N+M-1,). At
+          the end-points of the convolution, the signals do not overlap
+          completely, and boundary effects may be seen.
+
+        'same':
+          Mode 'same' returns output of length ``max(M, N)``.  Boundary
+          effects are still visible.
+
+        'valid':
+          Mode 'valid' returns output of length
+          ``max(M, N) - min(M, N) + 1``.  The convolution product is only given
+          for points where the signals overlap completely.  Values outside
+          the signal boundary have no effect.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        Discrete, linear convolution of `a` and `v`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    scipy.signal.fftconvolve : Convolve two arrays using the Fast Fourier
+                               Transform.
+    scipy.linalg.toeplitz : Used to construct the convolution operator.
+    polymul : Polynomial multiplication. Same output as convolve, but also
+              accepts poly1d objects as input.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The discrete convolution operation is defined as
+
+    .. math:: (a * v)_n = \\sum_{m = -\\infty}^{\\infty} a_m v_{n - m}
+
+    It can be shown that a convolution :math:`x(t) * y(t)` in time/space
+    is equivalent to the multiplication :math:`X(f) Y(f)` in the Fourier
+    domain, after appropriate padding (padding is necessary to prevent
+    circular convolution).  Since multiplication is more efficient (faster)
+    than convolution, the function `scipy.signal.fftconvolve` exploits the
+    FFT to calculate the convolution of large data-sets.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Wikipedia, "Convolution",
+        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Note how the convolution operator flips the second array
+    before "sliding" the two across one another:
+
+    >>> np.convolve([1, 2, 3], [0, 1, 0.5])
+    array([0. , 1. , 2.5, 4. , 1.5])
+
+    Only return the middle values of the convolution.
+    Contains boundary effects, where zeros are taken
+    into account:
+
+    >>> np.convolve([1,2,3],[0,1,0.5], 'same')
+    array([1. ,  2.5,  4. ])
+
+    The two arrays are of the same length, so there
+    is only one position where they completely overlap:
+
+    >>> np.convolve([1,2,3],[0,1,0.5], 'valid')
+    array([2.5])
+
+    """
+    a, v = array(a, copy=False, ndmin=1), array(v, copy=False, ndmin=1)
+    if (len(v) > len(a)):
+        a, v = v, a
+    if len(a) == 0:
+        raise ValueError('a cannot be empty')
+    if len(v) == 0:
+        raise ValueError('v cannot be empty')
+    return multiarray.correlate(a, v[::-1], mode)
+
+
+def _outer_dispatcher(a, b, out=None):
+    return (a, b, out)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_outer_dispatcher)
+def outer(a, b, out=None):
+    """
+    Compute the outer product of two vectors.
+
+    Given two vectors `a` and `b` of length ``M`` and ``N``, repsectively,
+    the outer product [1]_ is::
+
+      [[a_0*b_0  a_0*b_1 ... a_0*b_{N-1} ]
+       [a_1*b_0    .
+       [ ...          .
+       [a_{M-1}*b_0            a_{M-1}*b_{N-1} ]]
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : (M,) array_like
+        First input vector.  Input is flattened if
+        not already 1-dimensional.
+    b : (N,) array_like
+        Second input vector.  Input is flattened if
+        not already 1-dimensional.
+    out : (M, N) ndarray, optional
+        A location where the result is stored
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.9.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : (M, N) ndarray
+        ``out[i, j] = a[i] * b[j]``
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    inner
+    einsum : ``einsum('i,j->ij', a.ravel(), b.ravel())`` is the equivalent.
+    ufunc.outer : A generalization to dimensions other than 1D and other
+                  operations. ``np.multiply.outer(a.ravel(), b.ravel())``
+                  is the equivalent.
+    tensordot : ``np.tensordot(a.ravel(), b.ravel(), axes=((), ()))``
+                is the equivalent.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] G. H. Golub and C. F. Van Loan, *Matrix Computations*, 3rd
+           ed., Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996,
+           pg. 8.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Make a (*very* coarse) grid for computing a Mandelbrot set:
+
+    >>> rl = np.outer(np.ones((5,)), np.linspace(-2, 2, 5))
+    >>> rl
+    array([[-2., -1.,  0.,  1.,  2.],
+           [-2., -1.,  0.,  1.,  2.],
+           [-2., -1.,  0.,  1.,  2.],
+           [-2., -1.,  0.,  1.,  2.],
+           [-2., -1.,  0.,  1.,  2.]])
+    >>> im = np.outer(1j*np.linspace(2, -2, 5), np.ones((5,)))
+    >>> im
+    array([[0.+2.j, 0.+2.j, 0.+2.j, 0.+2.j, 0.+2.j],
+           [0.+1.j, 0.+1.j, 0.+1.j, 0.+1.j, 0.+1.j],
+           [0.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j],
+           [0.-1.j, 0.-1.j, 0.-1.j, 0.-1.j, 0.-1.j],
+           [0.-2.j, 0.-2.j, 0.-2.j, 0.-2.j, 0.-2.j]])
+    >>> grid = rl + im
+    >>> grid
+    array([[-2.+2.j, -1.+2.j,  0.+2.j,  1.+2.j,  2.+2.j],
+           [-2.+1.j, -1.+1.j,  0.+1.j,  1.+1.j,  2.+1.j],
+           [-2.+0.j, -1.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  1.+0.j,  2.+0.j],
+           [-2.-1.j, -1.-1.j,  0.-1.j,  1.-1.j,  2.-1.j],
+           [-2.-2.j, -1.-2.j,  0.-2.j,  1.-2.j,  2.-2.j]])
+
+    An example using a "vector" of letters:
+
+    >>> x = np.array(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype=object)
+    >>> np.outer(x, [1, 2, 3])
+    array([['a', 'aa', 'aaa'],
+           ['b', 'bb', 'bbb'],
+           ['c', 'cc', 'ccc']], dtype=object)
+
+    """
+    a = asarray(a)
+    b = asarray(b)
+    return multiply(a.ravel()[:, newaxis], b.ravel()[newaxis, :], out)
+
+
+def _tensordot_dispatcher(a, b, axes=None):
+    return (a, b)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_tensordot_dispatcher)
+def tensordot(a, b, axes=2):
+    """
+    Compute tensor dot product along specified axes.
+
+    Given two tensors, `a` and `b`, and an array_like object containing
+    two array_like objects, ``(a_axes, b_axes)``, sum the products of
+    `a`'s and `b`'s elements (components) over the axes specified by
+    ``a_axes`` and ``b_axes``. The third argument can be a single non-negative
+    integer_like scalar, ``N``; if it is such, then the last ``N`` dimensions
+    of `a` and the first ``N`` dimensions of `b` are summed over.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a, b : array_like
+        Tensors to "dot".
+
+    axes : int or (2,) array_like
+        * integer_like
+          If an int N, sum over the last N axes of `a` and the first N axes
+          of `b` in order. The sizes of the corresponding axes must match.
+        * (2,) array_like
+          Or, a list of axes to be summed over, first sequence applying to `a`,
+          second to `b`. Both elements array_like must be of the same length.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    output : ndarray
+        The tensor dot product of the input.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    dot, einsum
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Three common use cases are:
+        * ``axes = 0`` : tensor product :math:`a\\otimes b`
+        * ``axes = 1`` : tensor dot product :math:`a\\cdot b`
+        * ``axes = 2`` : (default) tensor double contraction :math:`a:b`
+
+    When `axes` is integer_like, the sequence for evaluation will be: first
+    the -Nth axis in `a` and 0th axis in `b`, and the -1th axis in `a` and
+    Nth axis in `b` last.
+
+    When there is more than one axis to sum over - and they are not the last
+    (first) axes of `a` (`b`) - the argument `axes` should consist of
+    two sequences of the same length, with the first axis to sum over given
+    first in both sequences, the second axis second, and so forth.
+
+    The shape of the result consists of the non-contracted axes of the
+    first tensor, followed by the non-contracted axes of the second.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    A "traditional" example:
+
+    >>> a = np.arange(60.).reshape(3,4,5)
+    >>> b = np.arange(24.).reshape(4,3,2)
+    >>> c = np.tensordot(a,b, axes=([1,0],[0,1]))
+    >>> c.shape
+    (5, 2)
+    >>> c
+    array([[4400., 4730.],
+           [4532., 4874.],
+           [4664., 5018.],
+           [4796., 5162.],
+           [4928., 5306.]])
+    >>> # A slower but equivalent way of computing the same...
+    >>> d = np.zeros((5,2))
+    >>> for i in range(5):
+    ...   for j in range(2):
+    ...     for k in range(3):
+    ...       for n in range(4):
+    ...         d[i,j] += a[k,n,i] * b[n,k,j]
+    >>> c == d
+    array([[ True,  True],
+           [ True,  True],
+           [ True,  True],
+           [ True,  True],
+           [ True,  True]])
+
+    An extended example taking advantage of the overloading of + and \\*:
+
+    >>> a = np.array(range(1, 9))
+    >>> a.shape = (2, 2, 2)
+    >>> A = np.array(('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'), dtype=object)
+    >>> A.shape = (2, 2)
+    >>> a; A
+    array([[[1, 2],
+            [3, 4]],
+           [[5, 6],
+            [7, 8]]])
+    array([['a', 'b'],
+           ['c', 'd']], dtype=object)
+
+    >>> np.tensordot(a, A) # third argument default is 2 for double-contraction
+    array(['abbcccdddd', 'aaaaabbbbbbcccccccdddddddd'], dtype=object)
+
+    >>> np.tensordot(a, A, 1)
+    array([[['acc', 'bdd'],
+            ['aaacccc', 'bbbdddd']],
+           [['aaaaacccccc', 'bbbbbdddddd'],
+            ['aaaaaaacccccccc', 'bbbbbbbdddddddd']]], dtype=object)
+
+    >>> np.tensordot(a, A, 0) # tensor product (result too long to incl.)
+    array([[[[['a', 'b'],
+              ['c', 'd']],
+              ...
+
+    >>> np.tensordot(a, A, (0, 1))
+    array([[['abbbbb', 'cddddd'],
+            ['aabbbbbb', 'ccdddddd']],
+           [['aaabbbbbbb', 'cccddddddd'],
+            ['aaaabbbbbbbb', 'ccccdddddddd']]], dtype=object)
+
+    >>> np.tensordot(a, A, (2, 1))
+    array([[['abb', 'cdd'],
+            ['aaabbbb', 'cccdddd']],
+           [['aaaaabbbbbb', 'cccccdddddd'],
+            ['aaaaaaabbbbbbbb', 'cccccccdddddddd']]], dtype=object)
+
+    >>> np.tensordot(a, A, ((0, 1), (0, 1)))
+    array(['abbbcccccddddddd', 'aabbbbccccccdddddddd'], dtype=object)
+
+    >>> np.tensordot(a, A, ((2, 1), (1, 0)))
+    array(['acccbbdddd', 'aaaaacccccccbbbbbbdddddddd'], dtype=object)
+
+    """
+    try:
+        iter(axes)
+    except Exception:
+        axes_a = list(range(-axes, 0))
+        axes_b = list(range(0, axes))
+    else:
+        axes_a, axes_b = axes
+    try:
+        na = len(axes_a)
+        axes_a = list(axes_a)
+    except TypeError:
+        axes_a = [axes_a]
+        na = 1
+    try:
+        nb = len(axes_b)
+        axes_b = list(axes_b)
+    except TypeError:
+        axes_b = [axes_b]
+        nb = 1
+
+    a, b = asarray(a), asarray(b)
+    as_ = a.shape
+    nda = a.ndim
+    bs = b.shape
+    ndb = b.ndim
+    equal = True
+    if na != nb:
+        equal = False
+    else:
+        for k in range(na):
+            if as_[axes_a[k]] != bs[axes_b[k]]:
+                equal = False
+                break
+            if axes_a[k] < 0:
+                axes_a[k] += nda
+            if axes_b[k] < 0:
+                axes_b[k] += ndb
+    if not equal:
+        raise ValueError("shape-mismatch for sum")
+
+    # Move the axes to sum over to the end of "a"
+    # and to the front of "b"
+    notin = [k for k in range(nda) if k not in axes_a]
+    newaxes_a = notin + axes_a
+    N2 = 1
+    for axis in axes_a:
+        N2 *= as_[axis]
+    newshape_a = (int(multiply.reduce([as_[ax] for ax in notin])), N2)
+    olda = [as_[axis] for axis in notin]
+
+    notin = [k for k in range(ndb) if k not in axes_b]
+    newaxes_b = axes_b + notin
+    N2 = 1
+    for axis in axes_b:
+        N2 *= bs[axis]
+    newshape_b = (N2, int(multiply.reduce([bs[ax] for ax in notin])))
+    oldb = [bs[axis] for axis in notin]
+
+    at = a.transpose(newaxes_a).reshape(newshape_a)
+    bt = b.transpose(newaxes_b).reshape(newshape_b)
+    res = dot(at, bt)
+    return res.reshape(olda + oldb)
+
+
+def _roll_dispatcher(a, shift, axis=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_roll_dispatcher)
+def roll(a, shift, axis=None):
+    """
+    Roll array elements along a given axis.
+
+    Elements that roll beyond the last position are re-introduced at
+    the first.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Input array.
+    shift : int or tuple of ints
+        The number of places by which elements are shifted.  If a tuple,
+        then `axis` must be a tuple of the same size, and each of the
+        given axes is shifted by the corresponding number.  If an int
+        while `axis` is a tuple of ints, then the same value is used for
+        all given axes.
+    axis : int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Axis or axes along which elements are shifted.  By default, the
+        array is flattened before shifting, after which the original
+        shape is restored.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : ndarray
+        Output array, with the same shape as `a`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    rollaxis : Roll the specified axis backwards, until it lies in a
+               given position.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionadded:: 1.12.0
+
+    Supports rolling over multiple dimensions simultaneously.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.arange(10)
+    >>> np.roll(x, 2)
+    array([8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
+    >>> np.roll(x, -2)
+    array([2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1])
+
+    >>> x2 = np.reshape(x, (2, 5))
+    >>> x2
+    array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+           [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]])
+    >>> np.roll(x2, 1)
+    array([[9, 0, 1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]])
+    >>> np.roll(x2, -1)
+    array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+           [6, 7, 8, 9, 0]])
+    >>> np.roll(x2, 1, axis=0)
+    array([[5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
+           [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]])
+    >>> np.roll(x2, -1, axis=0)
+    array([[5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
+           [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]])
+    >>> np.roll(x2, 1, axis=1)
+    array([[4, 0, 1, 2, 3],
+           [9, 5, 6, 7, 8]])
+    >>> np.roll(x2, -1, axis=1)
+    array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 0],
+           [6, 7, 8, 9, 5]])
+    >>> np.roll(x2, (1, 1), axis=(1, 0))
+    array([[9, 5, 6, 7, 8],
+           [4, 0, 1, 2, 3]])
+    >>> np.roll(x2, (2, 1), axis=(1, 0))
+    array([[8, 9, 5, 6, 7],
+           [3, 4, 0, 1, 2]])
+
+    """
+    a = asanyarray(a)
+    if axis is None:
+        return roll(a.ravel(), shift, 0).reshape(a.shape)
+
+    else:
+        axis = normalize_axis_tuple(axis, a.ndim, allow_duplicate=True)
+        broadcasted = broadcast(shift, axis)
+        if broadcasted.ndim > 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "'shift' and 'axis' should be scalars or 1D sequences")
+        shifts = {ax: 0 for ax in range(a.ndim)}
+        for sh, ax in broadcasted:
+            shifts[ax] += sh
+
+        rolls = [((slice(None), slice(None)),)] * a.ndim
+        for ax, offset in shifts.items():
+            offset %= a.shape[ax] or 1  # If `a` is empty, nothing matters.
+            if offset:
+                # (original, result), (original, result)
+                rolls[ax] = ((slice(None, -offset), slice(offset, None)),
+                             (slice(-offset, None), slice(None, offset)))
+
+        result = empty_like(a)
+        for indices in itertools.product(*rolls):
+            arr_index, res_index = zip(*indices)
+            result[res_index] = a[arr_index]
+
+        return result
+
+
+def _rollaxis_dispatcher(a, axis, start=None):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_rollaxis_dispatcher)
+def rollaxis(a, axis, start=0):
+    """
+    Roll the specified axis backwards, until it lies in a given position.
+
+    This function continues to be supported for backward compatibility, but you
+    should prefer `moveaxis`. The `moveaxis` function was added in NumPy
+    1.11.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : ndarray
+        Input array.
+    axis : int
+        The axis to be rolled. The positions of the other axes do not
+        change relative to one another.
+    start : int, optional
+        When ``start <= axis``, the axis is rolled back until it lies in
+        this position. When ``start > axis``, the axis is rolled until it
+        lies before this position. The default, 0, results in a "complete"
+        roll. The following table describes how negative values of ``start``
+        are interpreted:
+
+        .. table::
+           :align: left
+
+           +-------------------+----------------------+
+           |     ``start``     | Normalized ``start`` |
+           +===================+======================+
+           | ``-(arr.ndim+1)`` | raise ``AxisError``  |
+           +-------------------+----------------------+
+           | ``-arr.ndim``     | 0                    |
+           +-------------------+----------------------+
+           | |vdots|           | |vdots|              |
+           +-------------------+----------------------+
+           | ``-1``            | ``arr.ndim-1``       |
+           +-------------------+----------------------+
+           | ``0``             | ``0``                |
+           +-------------------+----------------------+
+           | |vdots|           | |vdots|              |
+           +-------------------+----------------------+
+           | ``arr.ndim``      | ``arr.ndim``         |
+           +-------------------+----------------------+
+           | ``arr.ndim + 1``  | raise ``AxisError``  |
+           +-------------------+----------------------+
+
+        .. |vdots|   unicode:: U+22EE .. Vertical Ellipsis
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res : ndarray
+        For NumPy >= 1.10.0 a view of `a` is always returned. For earlier
+        NumPy versions a view of `a` is returned only if the order of the
+        axes is changed, otherwise the input array is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    moveaxis : Move array axes to new positions.
+    roll : Roll the elements of an array by a number of positions along a
+        given axis.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.ones((3,4,5,6))
+    >>> np.rollaxis(a, 3, 1).shape
+    (3, 6, 4, 5)
+    >>> np.rollaxis(a, 2).shape
+    (5, 3, 4, 6)
+    >>> np.rollaxis(a, 1, 4).shape
+    (3, 5, 6, 4)
+
+    """
+    n = a.ndim
+    axis = normalize_axis_index(axis, n)
+    if start < 0:
+        start += n
+    msg = "'%s' arg requires %d <= %s < %d, but %d was passed in"
+    if not (0 <= start < n + 1):
+        raise AxisError(msg % ('start', -n, 'start', n + 1, start))
+    if axis < start:
+        # it's been removed
+        start -= 1
+    if axis == start:
+        return a[...]
+    axes = list(range(0, n))
+    axes.remove(axis)
+    axes.insert(start, axis)
+    return a.transpose(axes)
+
+
+def normalize_axis_tuple(axis, ndim, argname=None, allow_duplicate=False):
+    """
+    Normalizes an axis argument into a tuple of non-negative integer axes.
+
+    This handles shorthands such as ``1`` and converts them to ``(1,)``,
+    as well as performing the handling of negative indices covered by
+    `normalize_axis_index`.
+
+    By default, this forbids axes from being specified multiple times.
+
+    Used internally by multi-axis-checking logic.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.13.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    axis : int, iterable of int
+        The un-normalized index or indices of the axis.
+    ndim : int
+        The number of dimensions of the array that `axis` should be normalized
+        against.
+    argname : str, optional
+        A prefix to put before the error message, typically the name of the
+        argument.
+    allow_duplicate : bool, optional
+        If False, the default, disallow an axis from being specified twice.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    normalized_axes : tuple of int
+        The normalized axis index, such that `0 <= normalized_axis < ndim`
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    AxisError
+        If any axis provided is out of range
+    ValueError
+        If an axis is repeated
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    normalize_axis_index : normalizing a single scalar axis
+    """
+    # Optimization to speed-up the most common cases.
+    if type(axis) not in (tuple, list):
+        try:
+            axis = [operator.index(axis)]
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+    # Going via an iterator directly is slower than via list comprehension.
+    axis = tuple([normalize_axis_index(ax, ndim, argname) for ax in axis])
+    if not allow_duplicate and len(set(axis)) != len(axis):
+        if argname:
+            raise ValueError('repeated axis in `{}` argument'.format(argname))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('repeated axis')
+    return axis
+
+
+def _moveaxis_dispatcher(a, source, destination):
+    return (a,)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_moveaxis_dispatcher)
+def moveaxis(a, source, destination):
+    """
+    Move axes of an array to new positions.
+
+    Other axes remain in their original order.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.11.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : np.ndarray
+        The array whose axes should be reordered.
+    source : int or sequence of int
+        Original positions of the axes to move. These must be unique.
+    destination : int or sequence of int
+        Destination positions for each of the original axes. These must also be
+        unique.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    result : np.ndarray
+        Array with moved axes. This array is a view of the input array.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    transpose : Permute the dimensions of an array.
+    swapaxes : Interchange two axes of an array.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x = np.zeros((3, 4, 5))
+    >>> np.moveaxis(x, 0, -1).shape
+    (4, 5, 3)
+    >>> np.moveaxis(x, -1, 0).shape
+    (5, 3, 4)
+
+    These all achieve the same result:
+
+    >>> np.transpose(x).shape
+    (5, 4, 3)
+    >>> np.swapaxes(x, 0, -1).shape
+    (5, 4, 3)
+    >>> np.moveaxis(x, [0, 1], [-1, -2]).shape
+    (5, 4, 3)
+    >>> np.moveaxis(x, [0, 1, 2], [-1, -2, -3]).shape
+    (5, 4, 3)
+
+    """
+    try:
+        # allow duck-array types if they define transpose
+        transpose = a.transpose
+    except AttributeError:
+        a = asarray(a)
+        transpose = a.transpose
+
+    source = normalize_axis_tuple(source, a.ndim, 'source')
+    destination = normalize_axis_tuple(destination, a.ndim, 'destination')
+    if len(source) != len(destination):
+        raise ValueError('`source` and `destination` arguments must have '
+                         'the same number of elements')
+
+    order = [n for n in range(a.ndim) if n not in source]
+
+    for dest, src in sorted(zip(destination, source)):
+        order.insert(dest, src)
+
+    result = transpose(order)
+    return result
+
+
+def _cross_dispatcher(a, b, axisa=None, axisb=None, axisc=None, axis=None):
+    return (a, b)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_cross_dispatcher)
+def cross(a, b, axisa=-1, axisb=-1, axisc=-1, axis=None):
+    """
+    Return the cross product of two (arrays of) vectors.
+
+    The cross product of `a` and `b` in :math:`R^3` is a vector perpendicular
+    to both `a` and `b`.  If `a` and `b` are arrays of vectors, the vectors
+    are defined by the last axis of `a` and `b` by default, and these axes
+    can have dimensions 2 or 3.  Where the dimension of either `a` or `b` is
+    2, the third component of the input vector is assumed to be zero and the
+    cross product calculated accordingly.  In cases where both input vectors
+    have dimension 2, the z-component of the cross product is returned.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : array_like
+        Components of the first vector(s).
+    b : array_like
+        Components of the second vector(s).
+    axisa : int, optional
+        Axis of `a` that defines the vector(s).  By default, the last axis.
+    axisb : int, optional
+        Axis of `b` that defines the vector(s).  By default, the last axis.
+    axisc : int, optional
+        Axis of `c` containing the cross product vector(s).  Ignored if
+        both input vectors have dimension 2, as the return is scalar.
+        By default, the last axis.
+    axis : int, optional
+        If defined, the axis of `a`, `b` and `c` that defines the vector(s)
+        and cross product(s).  Overrides `axisa`, `axisb` and `axisc`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    c : ndarray
+        Vector cross product(s).
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        When the dimension of the vector(s) in `a` and/or `b` does not
+        equal 2 or 3.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    inner : Inner product
+    outer : Outer product.
+    ix_ : Construct index arrays.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionadded:: 1.9.0
+
+    Supports full broadcasting of the inputs.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Vector cross-product.
+
+    >>> x = [1, 2, 3]
+    >>> y = [4, 5, 6]
+    >>> np.cross(x, y)
+    array([-3,  6, -3])
+
+    One vector with dimension 2.
+
+    >>> x = [1, 2]
+    >>> y = [4, 5, 6]
+    >>> np.cross(x, y)
+    array([12, -6, -3])
+
+    Equivalently:
+
+    >>> x = [1, 2, 0]
+    >>> y = [4, 5, 6]
+    >>> np.cross(x, y)
+    array([12, -6, -3])
+
+    Both vectors with dimension 2.
+
+    >>> x = [1,2]
+    >>> y = [4,5]
+    >>> np.cross(x, y)
+    array(-3)
+
+    Multiple vector cross-products. Note that the direction of the cross
+    product vector is defined by the *right-hand rule*.
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
+    >>> y = np.array([[4,5,6], [1,2,3]])
+    >>> np.cross(x, y)
+    array([[-3,  6, -3],
+           [ 3, -6,  3]])
+
+    The orientation of `c` can be changed using the `axisc` keyword.
+
+    >>> np.cross(x, y, axisc=0)
+    array([[-3,  3],
+           [ 6, -6],
+           [-3,  3]])
+
+    Change the vector definition of `x` and `y` using `axisa` and `axisb`.
+
+    >>> x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7, 8, 9]])
+    >>> y = np.array([[7, 8, 9], [4,5,6], [1,2,3]])
+    >>> np.cross(x, y)
+    array([[ -6,  12,  -6],
+           [  0,   0,   0],
+           [  6, -12,   6]])
+    >>> np.cross(x, y, axisa=0, axisb=0)
+    array([[-24,  48, -24],
+           [-30,  60, -30],
+           [-36,  72, -36]])
+
+    """
+    if axis is not None:
+        axisa, axisb, axisc = (axis,) * 3
+    a = asarray(a)
+    b = asarray(b)
+    # Check axisa and axisb are within bounds
+    axisa = normalize_axis_index(axisa, a.ndim, msg_prefix='axisa')
+    axisb = normalize_axis_index(axisb, b.ndim, msg_prefix='axisb')
+
+    # Move working axis to the end of the shape
+    a = moveaxis(a, axisa, -1)
+    b = moveaxis(b, axisb, -1)
+    msg = ("incompatible dimensions for cross product\n"
+           "(dimension must be 2 or 3)")
+    if a.shape[-1] not in (2, 3) or b.shape[-1] not in (2, 3):
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    # Create the output array
+    shape = broadcast(a[..., 0], b[..., 0]).shape
+    if a.shape[-1] == 3 or b.shape[-1] == 3:
+        shape += (3,)
+        # Check axisc is within bounds
+        axisc = normalize_axis_index(axisc, len(shape), msg_prefix='axisc')
+    dtype = promote_types(a.dtype, b.dtype)
+    cp = empty(shape, dtype)
+
+    # recast arrays as dtype
+    a = a.astype(dtype)
+    b = b.astype(dtype)
+
+    # create local aliases for readability
+    a0 = a[..., 0]
+    a1 = a[..., 1]
+    if a.shape[-1] == 3:
+        a2 = a[..., 2]
+    b0 = b[..., 0]
+    b1 = b[..., 1]
+    if b.shape[-1] == 3:
+        b2 = b[..., 2]
+    if cp.ndim != 0 and cp.shape[-1] == 3:
+        cp0 = cp[..., 0]
+        cp1 = cp[..., 1]
+        cp2 = cp[..., 2]
+
+    if a.shape[-1] == 2:
+        if b.shape[-1] == 2:
+            # a0 * b1 - a1 * b0
+            multiply(a0, b1, out=cp)
+            cp -= a1 * b0
+            return cp
+        else:
+            assert b.shape[-1] == 3
+            # cp0 = a1 * b2 - 0  (a2 = 0)
+            # cp1 = 0 - a0 * b2  (a2 = 0)
+            # cp2 = a0 * b1 - a1 * b0
+            multiply(a1, b2, out=cp0)
+            multiply(a0, b2, out=cp1)
+            negative(cp1, out=cp1)
+            multiply(a0, b1, out=cp2)
+            cp2 -= a1 * b0
+    else:
+        assert a.shape[-1] == 3
+        if b.shape[-1] == 3:
+            # cp0 = a1 * b2 - a2 * b1
+            # cp1 = a2 * b0 - a0 * b2
+            # cp2 = a0 * b1 - a1 * b0
+            multiply(a1, b2, out=cp0)
+            tmp = array(a2 * b1)
+            cp0 -= tmp
+            multiply(a2, b0, out=cp1)
+            multiply(a0, b2, out=tmp)
+            cp1 -= tmp
+            multiply(a0, b1, out=cp2)
+            multiply(a1, b0, out=tmp)
+            cp2 -= tmp
+        else:
+            assert b.shape[-1] == 2
+            # cp0 = 0 - a2 * b1  (b2 = 0)
+            # cp1 = a2 * b0 - 0  (b2 = 0)
+            # cp2 = a0 * b1 - a1 * b0
+            multiply(a2, b1, out=cp0)
+            negative(cp0, out=cp0)
+            multiply(a2, b0, out=cp1)
+            multiply(a0, b1, out=cp2)
+            cp2 -= a1 * b0
+
+    return moveaxis(cp, -1, axisc)
+
+
+little_endian = (sys.byteorder == 'little')
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def indices(dimensions, dtype=int, sparse=False):
+    """
+    Return an array representing the indices of a grid.
+
+    Compute an array where the subarrays contain index values 0, 1, ...
+    varying only along the corresponding axis.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dimensions : sequence of ints
+        The shape of the grid.
+    dtype : dtype, optional
+        Data type of the result.
+    sparse : boolean, optional
+        Return a sparse representation of the grid instead of a dense
+        representation. Default is False.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.17
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    grid : one ndarray or tuple of ndarrays
+        If sparse is False:
+            Returns one array of grid indices,
+            ``grid.shape = (len(dimensions),) + tuple(dimensions)``.
+        If sparse is True:
+            Returns a tuple of arrays, with
+            ``grid[i].shape = (1, ..., 1, dimensions[i], 1, ..., 1)`` with
+            dimensions[i] in the ith place
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    mgrid, ogrid, meshgrid
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The output shape in the dense case is obtained by prepending the number
+    of dimensions in front of the tuple of dimensions, i.e. if `dimensions`
+    is a tuple ``(r0, ..., rN-1)`` of length ``N``, the output shape is
+    ``(N, r0, ..., rN-1)``.
+
+    The subarrays ``grid[k]`` contains the N-D array of indices along the
+    ``k-th`` axis. Explicitly::
+
+        grid[k, i0, i1, ..., iN-1] = ik
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> grid = np.indices((2, 3))
+    >>> grid.shape
+    (2, 2, 3)
+    >>> grid[0]        # row indices
+    array([[0, 0, 0],
+           [1, 1, 1]])
+    >>> grid[1]        # column indices
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [0, 1, 2]])
+
+    The indices can be used as an index into an array.
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(20).reshape(5, 4)
+    >>> row, col = np.indices((2, 3))
+    >>> x[row, col]
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+
+    Note that it would be more straightforward in the above example to
+    extract the required elements directly with ``x[:2, :3]``.
+
+    If sparse is set to true, the grid will be returned in a sparse
+    representation.
+
+    >>> i, j = np.indices((2, 3), sparse=True)
+    >>> i.shape
+    (2, 1)
+    >>> j.shape
+    (1, 3)
+    >>> i        # row indices
+    array([[0],
+           [1]])
+    >>> j        # column indices
+    array([[0, 1, 2]])
+
+    """
+    dimensions = tuple(dimensions)
+    N = len(dimensions)
+    shape = (1,)*N
+    if sparse:
+        res = tuple()
+    else:
+        res = empty((N,)+dimensions, dtype=dtype)
+    for i, dim in enumerate(dimensions):
+        idx = arange(dim, dtype=dtype).reshape(
+            shape[:i] + (dim,) + shape[i+1:]
+        )
+        if sparse:
+            res = res + (idx,)
+        else:
+            res[i] = idx
+    return res
+
+
+@set_array_function_like_doc
+@set_module('numpy')
+def fromfunction(function, shape, *, dtype=float, like=None, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Construct an array by executing a function over each coordinate.
+
+    The resulting array therefore has a value ``fn(x, y, z)`` at
+    coordinate ``(x, y, z)``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    function : callable
+        The function is called with N parameters, where N is the rank of
+        `shape`.  Each parameter represents the coordinates of the array
+        varying along a specific axis.  For example, if `shape`
+        were ``(2, 2)``, then the parameters would be
+        ``array([[0, 0], [1, 1]])`` and ``array([[0, 1], [0, 1]])``
+    shape : (N,) tuple of ints
+        Shape of the output array, which also determines the shape of
+        the coordinate arrays passed to `function`.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Data-type of the coordinate arrays passed to `function`.
+        By default, `dtype` is float.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fromfunction : any
+        The result of the call to `function` is passed back directly.
+        Therefore the shape of `fromfunction` is completely determined by
+        `function`.  If `function` returns a scalar value, the shape of
+        `fromfunction` would not match the `shape` parameter.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    indices, meshgrid
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Keywords other than `dtype` and `like` are passed to `function`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.fromfunction(lambda i, j: i, (2, 2), dtype=float)
+    array([[0., 0.],
+           [1., 1.]])
+
+    >>> np.fromfunction(lambda i, j: j, (2, 2), dtype=float)
+    array([[0., 1.],
+           [0., 1.]])
+
+    >>> np.fromfunction(lambda i, j: i == j, (3, 3), dtype=int)
+    array([[ True, False, False],
+           [False,  True, False],
+           [False, False,  True]])
+
+    >>> np.fromfunction(lambda i, j: i + j, (3, 3), dtype=int)
+    array([[0, 1, 2],
+           [1, 2, 3],
+           [2, 3, 4]])
+
+    """
+    if like is not None:
+        return _fromfunction_with_like(
+                like, function, shape, dtype=dtype, **kwargs)
+
+    args = indices(shape, dtype=dtype)
+    return function(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+_fromfunction_with_like = array_function_dispatch()(fromfunction)
+
+
+def _frombuffer(buf, dtype, shape, order):
+    return frombuffer(buf, dtype=dtype).reshape(shape, order=order)
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def isscalar(element):
+    """
+    Returns True if the type of `element` is a scalar type.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    element : any
+        Input argument, can be of any type and shape.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    val : bool
+        True if `element` is a scalar type, False if it is not.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    ndim : Get the number of dimensions of an array
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If you need a stricter way to identify a *numerical* scalar, use
+    ``isinstance(x, numbers.Number)``, as that returns ``False`` for most
+    non-numerical elements such as strings.
+
+    In most cases ``np.ndim(x) == 0`` should be used instead of this function,
+    as that will also return true for 0d arrays. This is how numpy overloads
+    functions in the style of the ``dx`` arguments to `gradient` and the ``bins``
+    argument to `histogram`. Some key differences:
+
+    +--------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
+    | x                                    |``isscalar(x)``|``np.ndim(x) == 0``|
+    +======================================+===============+===================+
+    | PEP 3141 numeric objects (including  | ``True``      | ``True``          |
+    | builtins)                            |               |                   |
+    +--------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
+    | builtin string and buffer objects    | ``True``      | ``True``          |
+    +--------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
+    | other builtin objects, like          | ``False``     | ``True``          |
+    | `pathlib.Path`, `Exception`,         |               |                   |
+    | the result of `re.compile`           |               |                   |
+    +--------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
+    | third-party objects like             | ``False``     | ``True``          |
+    | `matplotlib.figure.Figure`           |               |                   |
+    +--------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
+    | zero-dimensional numpy arrays        | ``False``     | ``True``          |
+    +--------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
+    | other numpy arrays                   | ``False``     | ``False``         |
+    +--------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
+    | `list`, `tuple`, and other sequence  | ``False``     | ``False``         |
+    | objects                              |               |                   |
+    +--------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.isscalar(3.1)
+    True
+    >>> np.isscalar(np.array(3.1))
+    False
+    >>> np.isscalar([3.1])
+    False
+    >>> np.isscalar(False)
+    True
+    >>> np.isscalar('numpy')
+    True
+
+    NumPy supports PEP 3141 numbers:
+
+    >>> from fractions import Fraction
+    >>> np.isscalar(Fraction(5, 17))
+    True
+    >>> from numbers import Number
+    >>> np.isscalar(Number())
+    True
+
+    """
+    return (isinstance(element, generic)
+            or type(element) in ScalarType
+            or isinstance(element, numbers.Number))
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def binary_repr(num, width=None):
+    """
+    Return the binary representation of the input number as a string.
+
+    For negative numbers, if width is not given, a minus sign is added to the
+    front. If width is given, the two's complement of the number is
+    returned, with respect to that width.
+
+    In a two's-complement system negative numbers are represented by the two's
+    complement of the absolute value. This is the most common method of
+    representing signed integers on computers [1]_. A N-bit two's-complement
+    system can represent every integer in the range
+    :math:`-2^{N-1}` to :math:`+2^{N-1}-1`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    num : int
+        Only an integer decimal number can be used.
+    width : int, optional
+        The length of the returned string if `num` is positive, or the length
+        of the two's complement if `num` is negative, provided that `width` is
+        at least a sufficient number of bits for `num` to be represented in the
+        designated form.
+
+        If the `width` value is insufficient, it will be ignored, and `num` will
+        be returned in binary (`num` > 0) or two's complement (`num` < 0) form
+        with its width equal to the minimum number of bits needed to represent
+        the number in the designated form. This behavior is deprecated and will
+        later raise an error.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.12.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    bin : str
+        Binary representation of `num` or two's complement of `num`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    base_repr: Return a string representation of a number in the given base
+               system.
+    bin: Python's built-in binary representation generator of an integer.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `binary_repr` is equivalent to using `base_repr` with base 2, but about 25x
+    faster.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] Wikipedia, "Two's complement",
+        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.binary_repr(3)
+    '11'
+    >>> np.binary_repr(-3)
+    '-11'
+    >>> np.binary_repr(3, width=4)
+    '0011'
+
+    The two's complement is returned when the input number is negative and
+    width is specified:
+
+    >>> np.binary_repr(-3, width=3)
+    '101'
+    >>> np.binary_repr(-3, width=5)
+    '11101'
+
+    """
+    def warn_if_insufficient(width, binwidth):
+        if width is not None and width < binwidth:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Insufficient bit width provided. This behavior "
+                "will raise an error in the future.", DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=3)
+
+    # Ensure that num is a Python integer to avoid overflow or unwanted
+    # casts to floating point.
+    num = operator.index(num)
+
+    if num == 0:
+        return '0' * (width or 1)
+
+    elif num > 0:
+        binary = bin(num)[2:]
+        binwidth = len(binary)
+        outwidth = (binwidth if width is None
+                    else builtins.max(binwidth, width))
+        warn_if_insufficient(width, binwidth)
+        return binary.zfill(outwidth)
+
+    else:
+        if width is None:
+            return '-' + bin(-num)[2:]
+
+        else:
+            poswidth = len(bin(-num)[2:])
+
+            # See gh-8679: remove extra digit
+            # for numbers at boundaries.
+            if 2**(poswidth - 1) == -num:
+                poswidth -= 1
+
+            twocomp = 2**(poswidth + 1) + num
+            binary = bin(twocomp)[2:]
+            binwidth = len(binary)
+
+            outwidth = builtins.max(binwidth, width)
+            warn_if_insufficient(width, binwidth)
+            return '1' * (outwidth - binwidth) + binary
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def base_repr(number, base=2, padding=0):
+    """
+    Return a string representation of a number in the given base system.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    number : int
+        The value to convert. Positive and negative values are handled.
+    base : int, optional
+        Convert `number` to the `base` number system. The valid range is 2-36,
+        the default value is 2.
+    padding : int, optional
+        Number of zeros padded on the left. Default is 0 (no padding).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : str
+        String representation of `number` in `base` system.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    binary_repr : Faster version of `base_repr` for base 2.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.base_repr(5)
+    '101'
+    >>> np.base_repr(6, 5)
+    '11'
+    >>> np.base_repr(7, base=5, padding=3)
+    '00012'
+
+    >>> np.base_repr(10, base=16)
+    'A'
+    >>> np.base_repr(32, base=16)
+    '20'
+
+    """
+    digits = '0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
+    if base > len(digits):
+        raise ValueError("Bases greater than 36 not handled in base_repr.")
+    elif base < 2:
+        raise ValueError("Bases less than 2 not handled in base_repr.")
+
+    num = abs(number)
+    res = []
+    while num:
+        res.append(digits[num % base])
+        num //= base
+    if padding:
+        res.append('0' * padding)
+    if number < 0:
+        res.append('-')
+    return ''.join(reversed(res or '0'))
+
+
+# These are all essentially abbreviations
+# These might wind up in a special abbreviations module
+
+
+def _maketup(descr, val):
+    dt = dtype(descr)
+    # Place val in all scalar tuples:
+    fields = dt.fields
+    if fields is None:
+        return val
+    else:
+        res = [_maketup(fields[name][0], val) for name in dt.names]
+        return tuple(res)
+
+
+@set_array_function_like_doc
+@set_module('numpy')
+def identity(n, dtype=None, *, like=None):
+    """
+    Return the identity array.
+
+    The identity array is a square array with ones on
+    the main diagonal.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    n : int
+        Number of rows (and columns) in `n` x `n` output.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Data-type of the output.  Defaults to ``float``.
+    ${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : ndarray
+        `n` x `n` array with its main diagonal set to one,
+        and all other elements 0.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.identity(3)
+    array([[1.,  0.,  0.],
+           [0.,  1.,  0.],
+           [0.,  0.,  1.]])
+
+    """
+    if like is not None:
+        return _identity_with_like(like, n, dtype=dtype)
+
+    from numpy import eye
+    return eye(n, dtype=dtype, like=like)
+
+
+_identity_with_like = array_function_dispatch()(identity)
+
+
+def _allclose_dispatcher(a, b, rtol=None, atol=None, equal_nan=None):
+    return (a, b)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_allclose_dispatcher)
+def allclose(a, b, rtol=1.e-5, atol=1.e-8, equal_nan=False):
+    """
+    Returns True if two arrays are element-wise equal within a tolerance.
+
+    The tolerance values are positive, typically very small numbers.  The
+    relative difference (`rtol` * abs(`b`)) and the absolute difference
+    `atol` are added together to compare against the absolute difference
+    between `a` and `b`.
+
+    NaNs are treated as equal if they are in the same place and if
+    ``equal_nan=True``.  Infs are treated as equal if they are in the same
+    place and of the same sign in both arrays.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a, b : array_like
+        Input arrays to compare.
+    rtol : float
+        The relative tolerance parameter (see Notes).
+    atol : float
+        The absolute tolerance parameter (see Notes).
+    equal_nan : bool
+        Whether to compare NaN's as equal.  If True, NaN's in `a` will be
+        considered equal to NaN's in `b` in the output array.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.10.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    allclose : bool
+        Returns True if the two arrays are equal within the given
+        tolerance; False otherwise.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    isclose, all, any, equal
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If the following equation is element-wise True, then allclose returns
+    True.
+
+     absolute(`a` - `b`) <= (`atol` + `rtol` * absolute(`b`))
+
+    The above equation is not symmetric in `a` and `b`, so that
+    ``allclose(a, b)`` might be different from ``allclose(b, a)`` in
+    some rare cases.
+
+    The comparison of `a` and `b` uses standard broadcasting, which
+    means that `a` and `b` need not have the same shape in order for
+    ``allclose(a, b)`` to evaluate to True.  The same is true for
+    `equal` but not `array_equal`.
+
+    `allclose` is not defined for non-numeric data types.
+    `bool` is considered a numeric data-type for this purpose.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.allclose([1e10,1e-7], [1.00001e10,1e-8])
+    False
+    >>> np.allclose([1e10,1e-8], [1.00001e10,1e-9])
+    True
+    >>> np.allclose([1e10,1e-8], [1.0001e10,1e-9])
+    False
+    >>> np.allclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan])
+    False
+    >>> np.allclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan], equal_nan=True)
+    True
+
+    """
+    res = all(isclose(a, b, rtol=rtol, atol=atol, equal_nan=equal_nan))
+    return bool(res)
+
+
+def _isclose_dispatcher(a, b, rtol=None, atol=None, equal_nan=None):
+    return (a, b)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_isclose_dispatcher)
+def isclose(a, b, rtol=1.e-5, atol=1.e-8, equal_nan=False):
+    """
+    Returns a boolean array where two arrays are element-wise equal within a
+    tolerance.
+
+    The tolerance values are positive, typically very small numbers.  The
+    relative difference (`rtol` * abs(`b`)) and the absolute difference
+    `atol` are added together to compare against the absolute difference
+    between `a` and `b`.
+
+    .. warning:: The default `atol` is not appropriate for comparing numbers
+                 that are much smaller than one (see Notes).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a, b : array_like
+        Input arrays to compare.
+    rtol : float
+        The relative tolerance parameter (see Notes).
+    atol : float
+        The absolute tolerance parameter (see Notes).
+    equal_nan : bool
+        Whether to compare NaN's as equal.  If True, NaN's in `a` will be
+        considered equal to NaN's in `b` in the output array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    y : array_like
+        Returns a boolean array of where `a` and `b` are equal within the
+        given tolerance. If both `a` and `b` are scalars, returns a single
+        boolean value.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    allclose
+    math.isclose
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    .. versionadded:: 1.7.0
+
+    For finite values, isclose uses the following equation to test whether
+    two floating point values are equivalent.
+
+     absolute(`a` - `b`) <= (`atol` + `rtol` * absolute(`b`))
+
+    Unlike the built-in `math.isclose`, the above equation is not symmetric
+    in `a` and `b` -- it assumes `b` is the reference value -- so that
+    `isclose(a, b)` might be different from `isclose(b, a)`. Furthermore,
+    the default value of atol is not zero, and is used to determine what
+    small values should be considered close to zero. The default value is
+    appropriate for expected values of order unity: if the expected values
+    are significantly smaller than one, it can result in false positives.
+    `atol` should be carefully selected for the use case at hand. A zero value
+    for `atol` will result in `False` if either `a` or `b` is zero.
+
+    `isclose` is not defined for non-numeric data types.
+    `bool` is considered a numeric data-type for this purpose.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.isclose([1e10,1e-7], [1.00001e10,1e-8])
+    array([ True, False])
+    >>> np.isclose([1e10,1e-8], [1.00001e10,1e-9])
+    array([ True, True])
+    >>> np.isclose([1e10,1e-8], [1.0001e10,1e-9])
+    array([False,  True])
+    >>> np.isclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan])
+    array([ True, False])
+    >>> np.isclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan], equal_nan=True)
+    array([ True, True])
+    >>> np.isclose([1e-8, 1e-7], [0.0, 0.0])
+    array([ True, False])
+    >>> np.isclose([1e-100, 1e-7], [0.0, 0.0], atol=0.0)
+    array([False, False])
+    >>> np.isclose([1e-10, 1e-10], [1e-20, 0.0])
+    array([ True,  True])
+    >>> np.isclose([1e-10, 1e-10], [1e-20, 0.999999e-10], atol=0.0)
+    array([False,  True])
+    """
+    def within_tol(x, y, atol, rtol):
+        with errstate(invalid='ignore'), _no_nep50_warning():
+            return less_equal(abs(x-y), atol + rtol * abs(y))
+
+    x = asanyarray(a)
+    y = asanyarray(b)
+
+    # Make sure y is an inexact type to avoid bad behavior on abs(MIN_INT).
+    # This will cause casting of x later. Also, make sure to allow subclasses
+    # (e.g., for numpy.ma).
+    # NOTE: We explicitly allow timedelta, which used to work. This could
+    #       possibly be deprecated. See also gh-18286.
+    #       timedelta works if `atol` is an integer or also a timedelta.
+    #       Although, the default tolerances are unlikely to be useful
+    if y.dtype.kind != "m":
+        dt = multiarray.result_type(y, 1.)
+        y = asanyarray(y, dtype=dt)
+
+    xfin = isfinite(x)
+    yfin = isfinite(y)
+    if all(xfin) and all(yfin):
+        return within_tol(x, y, atol, rtol)
+    else:
+        finite = xfin & yfin
+        cond = zeros_like(finite, subok=True)
+        # Because we're using boolean indexing, x & y must be the same shape.
+        # Ideally, we'd just do x, y = broadcast_arrays(x, y). It's in
+        # lib.stride_tricks, though, so we can't import it here.
+        x = x * ones_like(cond)
+        y = y * ones_like(cond)
+        # Avoid subtraction with infinite/nan values...
+        cond[finite] = within_tol(x[finite], y[finite], atol, rtol)
+        # Check for equality of infinite values...
+        cond[~finite] = (x[~finite] == y[~finite])
+        if equal_nan:
+            # Make NaN == NaN
+            both_nan = isnan(x) & isnan(y)
+
+            # Needed to treat masked arrays correctly. = True would not work.
+            cond[both_nan] = both_nan[both_nan]
+
+        return cond[()]  # Flatten 0d arrays to scalars
+
+
+def _array_equal_dispatcher(a1, a2, equal_nan=None):
+    return (a1, a2)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_array_equal_dispatcher)
+def array_equal(a1, a2, equal_nan=False):
+    """
+    True if two arrays have the same shape and elements, False otherwise.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a1, a2 : array_like
+        Input arrays.
+    equal_nan : bool
+        Whether to compare NaN's as equal. If the dtype of a1 and a2 is
+        complex, values will be considered equal if either the real or the
+        imaginary component of a given value is ``nan``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.19.0
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    b : bool
+        Returns True if the arrays are equal.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    allclose: Returns True if two arrays are element-wise equal within a
+              tolerance.
+    array_equiv: Returns True if input arrays are shape consistent and all
+                 elements equal.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.array_equal([1, 2], [1, 2])
+    True
+    >>> np.array_equal(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([1, 2]))
+    True
+    >>> np.array_equal([1, 2], [1, 2, 3])
+    False
+    >>> np.array_equal([1, 2], [1, 4])
+    False
+    >>> a = np.array([1, np.nan])
+    >>> np.array_equal(a, a)
+    False
+    >>> np.array_equal(a, a, equal_nan=True)
+    True
+
+    When ``equal_nan`` is True, complex values with nan components are
+    considered equal if either the real *or* the imaginary components are nan.
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1 + 1j])
+    >>> b = a.copy()
+    >>> a.real = np.nan
+    >>> b.imag = np.nan
+    >>> np.array_equal(a, b, equal_nan=True)
+    True
+    """
+    try:
+        a1, a2 = asarray(a1), asarray(a2)
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+    if a1.shape != a2.shape:
+        return False
+    if not equal_nan:
+        return bool(asarray(a1 == a2).all())
+    # Handling NaN values if equal_nan is True
+    a1nan, a2nan = isnan(a1), isnan(a2)
+    # NaN's occur at different locations
+    if not (a1nan == a2nan).all():
+        return False
+    # Shapes of a1, a2 and masks are guaranteed to be consistent by this point
+    return bool(asarray(a1[~a1nan] == a2[~a1nan]).all())
+
+
+def _array_equiv_dispatcher(a1, a2):
+    return (a1, a2)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_array_equiv_dispatcher)
+def array_equiv(a1, a2):
+    """
+    Returns True if input arrays are shape consistent and all elements equal.
+
+    Shape consistent means they are either the same shape, or one input array
+    can be broadcasted to create the same shape as the other one.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a1, a2 : array_like
+        Input arrays.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : bool
+        True if equivalent, False otherwise.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.array_equiv([1, 2], [1, 2])
+    True
+    >>> np.array_equiv([1, 2], [1, 3])
+    False
+
+    Showing the shape equivalence:
+
+    >>> np.array_equiv([1, 2], [[1, 2], [1, 2]])
+    True
+    >>> np.array_equiv([1, 2], [[1, 2, 1, 2], [1, 2, 1, 2]])
+    False
+
+    >>> np.array_equiv([1, 2], [[1, 2], [1, 3]])
+    False
+
+    """
+    try:
+        a1, a2 = asarray(a1), asarray(a2)
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+    try:
+        multiarray.broadcast(a1, a2)
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+    return bool(asarray(a1 == a2).all())
+
+
+Inf = inf = infty = Infinity = PINF
+nan = NaN = NAN
+False_ = bool_(False)
+True_ = bool_(True)
+
+
+def extend_all(module):
+    existing = set(__all__)
+    mall = getattr(module, '__all__')
+    for a in mall:
+        if a not in existing:
+            __all__.append(a)
+
+
+from .umath import *
+from .numerictypes import *
+from . import fromnumeric
+from .fromnumeric import *
+from . import arrayprint
+from .arrayprint import *
+from . import _asarray
+from ._asarray import *
+from . import _ufunc_config
+from ._ufunc_config import *
+extend_all(fromnumeric)
+extend_all(umath)
+extend_all(numerictypes)
+extend_all(arrayprint)
+extend_all(_asarray)
+extend_all(_ufunc_config)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc10bb88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numeric.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,660 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    overload,
+    TypeVar,
+    Literal,
+    SupportsAbs,
+    SupportsIndex,
+    NoReturn,
+)
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import TypeGuard
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
+
+from numpy import (
+    ComplexWarning as ComplexWarning,
+    generic,
+    unsignedinteger,
+    signedinteger,
+    floating,
+    complexfloating,
+    bool_,
+    int_,
+    intp,
+    float64,
+    timedelta64,
+    object_,
+    _OrderKACF,
+    _OrderCF,
+)
+
+from numpy._typing import (
+    ArrayLike,
+    NDArray,
+    DTypeLike,
+    _ShapeLike,
+    _DTypeLike,
+    _ArrayLike,
+    _SupportsArrayFunc,
+    _ScalarLike_co,
+    _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+)
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_SCT = TypeVar("_SCT", bound=generic)
+_ArrayType = TypeVar("_ArrayType", bound=NDArray[Any])
+
+_CorrelateMode = Literal["valid", "same", "full"]
+
+__all__: list[str]
+
+@overload
+def zeros_like(
+    a: _ArrayType,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: Literal[True] = ...,
+    shape: None = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def zeros_like(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def zeros_like(
+    a: object,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike= ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def zeros_like(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike= ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def zeros_like(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike= ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def ones(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[float64]: ...
+@overload
+def ones(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def ones(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def ones_like(
+    a: _ArrayType,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: Literal[True] = ...,
+    shape: None = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def ones_like(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def ones_like(
+    a: object,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike= ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def ones_like(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike= ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def ones_like(
+    a: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike= ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def full(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    fill_value: Any,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def full(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    fill_value: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def full(
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    fill_value: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderCF = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def full_like(
+    a: _ArrayType,
+    fill_value: Any,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: Literal[True] = ...,
+    shape: None = ...,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+@overload
+def full_like(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    fill_value: Any,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def full_like(
+    a: object,
+    fill_value: Any,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike= ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def full_like(
+    a: Any,
+    fill_value: Any,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike= ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def full_like(
+    a: Any,
+    fill_value: Any,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    order: _OrderKACF = ...,
+    subok: bool = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike= ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def count_nonzero(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: None = ...,
+    *,
+    keepdims: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> int: ...
+@overload
+def count_nonzero(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    axis: _ShapeLike = ...,
+    *,
+    keepdims: bool = ...,
+) -> Any: ...  # TODO: np.intp or ndarray[np.intp]
+
+def isfortran(a: NDArray[Any] | generic) -> bool: ...
+
+def argwhere(a: ArrayLike) -> NDArray[intp]: ...
+
+def flatnonzero(a: ArrayLike) -> NDArray[intp]: ...
+
+@overload
+def correlate(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    v: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def correlate(
+    a: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def correlate(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[unsignedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def correlate(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[signedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def correlate(
+    a: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def correlate(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def correlate(
+    a: _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[timedelta64]: ...
+@overload
+def correlate(
+    a: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def convolve(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    v: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def convolve(
+    a: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def convolve(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[unsignedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def convolve(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[signedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def convolve(
+    a: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def convolve(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def convolve(
+    a: _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[timedelta64]: ...
+@overload
+def convolve(
+    a: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    v: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    mode: _CorrelateMode = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def outer(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    b: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def outer(
+    a: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def outer(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[unsignedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def outer(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[signedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def outer(
+    a: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def outer(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def outer(
+    a: _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[timedelta64]: ...
+@overload
+def outer(
+    a: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    out: None = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+@overload
+def outer(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeTD64_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeComplex_co | _ArrayLikeTD64_co | _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    out: _ArrayType,
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def tensordot(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    b: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    axes: int | tuple[_ShapeLike, _ShapeLike] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def tensordot(
+    a: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    axes: int | tuple[_ShapeLike, _ShapeLike] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+@overload
+def tensordot(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    axes: int | tuple[_ShapeLike, _ShapeLike] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[unsignedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def tensordot(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axes: int | tuple[_ShapeLike, _ShapeLike] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[signedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def tensordot(
+    a: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    axes: int | tuple[_ShapeLike, _ShapeLike] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def tensordot(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    axes: int | tuple[_ShapeLike, _ShapeLike] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def tensordot(
+    a: _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeTD64_co,
+    axes: int | tuple[_ShapeLike, _ShapeLike] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[timedelta64]: ...
+@overload
+def tensordot(
+    a: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axes: int | tuple[_ShapeLike, _ShapeLike] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def roll(
+    a: _ArrayLike[_SCT],
+    shift: _ShapeLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def roll(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    shift: _ShapeLike,
+    axis: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+def rollaxis(
+    a: NDArray[_SCT],
+    axis: int,
+    start: int = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+
+def moveaxis(
+    a: NDArray[_SCT],
+    source: _ShapeLike,
+    destination: _ShapeLike,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+
+@overload
+def cross(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    b: _ArrayLikeUnknown,
+    axisa: int = ...,
+    axisb: int = ...,
+    axisc: int = ...,
+    axis: None | int = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def cross(
+    a: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeBool_co,
+    axisa: int = ...,
+    axisb: int = ...,
+    axisc: int = ...,
+    axis: None | int = ...,
+) -> NoReturn: ...
+@overload
+def cross(
+    a: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeUInt_co,
+    axisa: int = ...,
+    axisb: int = ...,
+    axisc: int = ...,
+    axis: None | int = ...,
+) -> NDArray[unsignedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def cross(
+    a: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeInt_co,
+    axisa: int = ...,
+    axisb: int = ...,
+    axisc: int = ...,
+    axis: None | int = ...,
+) -> NDArray[signedinteger[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def cross(
+    a: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeFloat_co,
+    axisa: int = ...,
+    axisb: int = ...,
+    axisc: int = ...,
+    axis: None | int = ...,
+) -> NDArray[floating[Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def cross(
+    a: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeComplex_co,
+    axisa: int = ...,
+    axisb: int = ...,
+    axisc: int = ...,
+    axis: None | int = ...,
+) -> NDArray[complexfloating[Any, Any]]: ...
+@overload
+def cross(
+    a: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    b: _ArrayLikeObject_co,
+    axisa: int = ...,
+    axisb: int = ...,
+    axisc: int = ...,
+    axis: None | int = ...,
+) -> NDArray[object_]: ...
+
+@overload
+def indices(
+    dimensions: Sequence[int],
+    dtype: type[int] = ...,
+    sparse: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[int_]: ...
+@overload
+def indices(
+    dimensions: Sequence[int],
+    dtype: type[int] = ...,
+    sparse: Literal[True] = ...,
+) -> tuple[NDArray[int_], ...]: ...
+@overload
+def indices(
+    dimensions: Sequence[int],
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    sparse: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def indices(
+    dimensions: Sequence[int],
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    sparse: Literal[True],
+) -> tuple[NDArray[_SCT], ...]: ...
+@overload
+def indices(
+    dimensions: Sequence[int],
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    sparse: Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def indices(
+    dimensions: Sequence[int],
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    sparse: Literal[True],
+) -> tuple[NDArray[Any], ...]: ...
+
+def fromfunction(
+    function: Callable[..., _T],
+    shape: Sequence[int],
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> _T: ...
+
+def isscalar(element: object) -> TypeGuard[
+    generic | bool | int | float | complex | str | bytes | memoryview
+]: ...
+
+def binary_repr(num: SupportsIndex, width: None | int = ...) -> str: ...
+
+def base_repr(
+    number: SupportsAbs[float],
+    base: float = ...,
+    padding: SupportsIndex = ...,
+) -> str: ...
+
+@overload
+def identity(
+    n: int,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[float64]: ...
+@overload
+def identity(
+    n: int,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def identity(
+    n: int,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    *,
+    like: _SupportsArrayFunc = ...,
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+def allclose(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    b: ArrayLike,
+    rtol: float = ...,
+    atol: float = ...,
+    equal_nan: bool = ...,
+) -> bool: ...
+
+@overload
+def isclose(
+    a: _ScalarLike_co,
+    b: _ScalarLike_co,
+    rtol: float = ...,
+    atol: float = ...,
+    equal_nan: bool = ...,
+) -> bool_: ...
+@overload
+def isclose(
+    a: ArrayLike,
+    b: ArrayLike,
+    rtol: float = ...,
+    atol: float = ...,
+    equal_nan: bool = ...,
+) -> NDArray[bool_]: ...
+
+def array_equal(a1: ArrayLike, a2: ArrayLike, equal_nan: bool = ...) -> bool: ...
+
+def array_equiv(a1: ArrayLike, a2: ArrayLike) -> bool: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numerictypes.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numerictypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aea41bc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numerictypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+"""
+numerictypes: Define the numeric type objects
+
+This module is designed so "from numerictypes import \\*" is safe.
+Exported symbols include:
+
+  Dictionary with all registered number types (including aliases):
+    sctypeDict
+
+  Type objects (not all will be available, depends on platform):
+      see variable sctypes for which ones you have
+
+    Bit-width names
+
+    int8 int16 int32 int64 int128
+    uint8 uint16 uint32 uint64 uint128
+    float16 float32 float64 float96 float128 float256
+    complex32 complex64 complex128 complex192 complex256 complex512
+    datetime64 timedelta64
+
+    c-based names
+
+    bool_
+
+    object_
+
+    void, str_, unicode_
+
+    byte, ubyte,
+    short, ushort
+    intc, uintc,
+    intp, uintp,
+    int_, uint,
+    longlong, ulonglong,
+
+    single, csingle,
+    float_, complex_,
+    longfloat, clongfloat,
+
+   As part of the type-hierarchy:    xx -- is bit-width
+
+   generic
+     +-> bool_                                  (kind=b)
+     +-> number
+     |   +-> integer
+     |   |   +-> signedinteger     (intxx)      (kind=i)
+     |   |   |     byte
+     |   |   |     short
+     |   |   |     intc
+     |   |   |     intp
+     |   |   |     int_
+     |   |   |     longlong
+     |   |   \\-> unsignedinteger  (uintxx)     (kind=u)
+     |   |         ubyte
+     |   |         ushort
+     |   |         uintc
+     |   |         uintp
+     |   |         uint_
+     |   |         ulonglong
+     |   +-> inexact
+     |       +-> floating          (floatxx)    (kind=f)
+     |       |     half
+     |       |     single
+     |       |     float_          (double)
+     |       |     longfloat
+     |       \\-> complexfloating  (complexxx)  (kind=c)
+     |             csingle         (singlecomplex)
+     |             complex_        (cfloat, cdouble)
+     |             clongfloat      (longcomplex)
+     +-> flexible
+     |   +-> character
+     |   |     str_     (string_, bytes_)       (kind=S)    [Python 2]
+     |   |     unicode_                         (kind=U)    [Python 2]
+     |   |
+     |   |     bytes_   (string_)               (kind=S)    [Python 3]
+     |   |     str_     (unicode_)              (kind=U)    [Python 3]
+     |   |
+     |   \\-> void                              (kind=V)
+     \\-> object_ (not used much)               (kind=O)
+
+"""
+import numbers
+import warnings
+
+from .multiarray import (
+        ndarray, array, dtype, datetime_data, datetime_as_string,
+        busday_offset, busday_count, is_busday, busdaycalendar
+        )
+from .._utils import set_module
+
+# we add more at the bottom
+__all__ = ['sctypeDict', 'sctypes',
+           'ScalarType', 'obj2sctype', 'cast', 'nbytes', 'sctype2char',
+           'maximum_sctype', 'issctype', 'typecodes', 'find_common_type',
+           'issubdtype', 'datetime_data', 'datetime_as_string',
+           'busday_offset', 'busday_count', 'is_busday', 'busdaycalendar',
+           ]
+
+# we don't need all these imports, but we need to keep them for compatibility
+# for users using np.core.numerictypes.UPPER_TABLE
+from ._string_helpers import (
+    english_lower, english_upper, english_capitalize, LOWER_TABLE, UPPER_TABLE
+)
+
+from ._type_aliases import (
+    sctypeDict,
+    allTypes,
+    bitname,
+    sctypes,
+    _concrete_types,
+    _concrete_typeinfo,
+    _bits_of,
+)
+from ._dtype import _kind_name
+
+# we don't export these for import *, but we do want them accessible
+# as numerictypes.bool, etc.
+from builtins import bool, int, float, complex, object, str, bytes
+from numpy.compat import long, unicode
+
+
+# We use this later
+generic = allTypes['generic']
+
+genericTypeRank = ['bool', 'int8', 'uint8', 'int16', 'uint16',
+                   'int32', 'uint32', 'int64', 'uint64', 'int128',
+                   'uint128', 'float16',
+                   'float32', 'float64', 'float80', 'float96', 'float128',
+                   'float256',
+                   'complex32', 'complex64', 'complex128', 'complex160',
+                   'complex192', 'complex256', 'complex512', 'object']
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def maximum_sctype(t):
+    """
+    Return the scalar type of highest precision of the same kind as the input.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    t : dtype or dtype specifier
+        The input data type. This can be a `dtype` object or an object that
+        is convertible to a `dtype`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : dtype
+        The highest precision data type of the same kind (`dtype.kind`) as `t`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    obj2sctype, mintypecode, sctype2char
+    dtype
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.maximum_sctype(int)
+    <class 'numpy.int64'>
+    >>> np.maximum_sctype(np.uint8)
+    <class 'numpy.uint64'>
+    >>> np.maximum_sctype(complex)
+    <class 'numpy.complex256'> # may vary
+
+    >>> np.maximum_sctype(str)
+    <class 'numpy.str_'>
+
+    >>> np.maximum_sctype('i2')
+    <class 'numpy.int64'>
+    >>> np.maximum_sctype('f4')
+    <class 'numpy.float128'> # may vary
+
+    """
+    g = obj2sctype(t)
+    if g is None:
+        return t
+    t = g
+    base = _kind_name(dtype(t))
+    if base in sctypes:
+        return sctypes[base][-1]
+    else:
+        return t
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def issctype(rep):
+    """
+    Determines whether the given object represents a scalar data-type.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    rep : any
+        If `rep` is an instance of a scalar dtype, True is returned. If not,
+        False is returned.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : bool
+        Boolean result of check whether `rep` is a scalar dtype.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    issubsctype, issubdtype, obj2sctype, sctype2char
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.issctype(np.int32)
+    True
+    >>> np.issctype(list)
+    False
+    >>> np.issctype(1.1)
+    False
+
+    Strings are also a scalar type:
+
+    >>> np.issctype(np.dtype('str'))
+    True
+
+    """
+    if not isinstance(rep, (type, dtype)):
+        return False
+    try:
+        res = obj2sctype(rep)
+        if res and res != object_:
+            return True
+        return False
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def obj2sctype(rep, default=None):
+    """
+    Return the scalar dtype or NumPy equivalent of Python type of an object.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    rep : any
+        The object of which the type is returned.
+    default : any, optional
+        If given, this is returned for objects whose types can not be
+        determined. If not given, None is returned for those objects.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dtype : dtype or Python type
+        The data type of `rep`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    sctype2char, issctype, issubsctype, issubdtype, maximum_sctype
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.obj2sctype(np.int32)
+    <class 'numpy.int32'>
+    >>> np.obj2sctype(np.array([1., 2.]))
+    <class 'numpy.float64'>
+    >>> np.obj2sctype(np.array([1.j]))
+    <class 'numpy.complex128'>
+
+    >>> np.obj2sctype(dict)
+    <class 'numpy.object_'>
+    >>> np.obj2sctype('string')
+
+    >>> np.obj2sctype(1, default=list)
+    <class 'list'>
+
+    """
+    # prevent abstract classes being upcast
+    if isinstance(rep, type) and issubclass(rep, generic):
+        return rep
+    # extract dtype from arrays
+    if isinstance(rep, ndarray):
+        return rep.dtype.type
+    # fall back on dtype to convert
+    try:
+        res = dtype(rep)
+    except Exception:
+        return default
+    else:
+        return res.type
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def issubclass_(arg1, arg2):
+    """
+    Determine if a class is a subclass of a second class.
+
+    `issubclass_` is equivalent to the Python built-in ``issubclass``,
+    except that it returns False instead of raising a TypeError if one
+    of the arguments is not a class.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arg1 : class
+        Input class. True is returned if `arg1` is a subclass of `arg2`.
+    arg2 : class or tuple of classes.
+        Input class. If a tuple of classes, True is returned if `arg1` is a
+        subclass of any of the tuple elements.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : bool
+        Whether `arg1` is a subclass of `arg2` or not.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    issubsctype, issubdtype, issctype
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.issubclass_(np.int32, int)
+    False
+    >>> np.issubclass_(np.int32, float)
+    False
+    >>> np.issubclass_(np.float64, float)
+    True
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return issubclass(arg1, arg2)
+    except TypeError:
+        return False
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def issubsctype(arg1, arg2):
+    """
+    Determine if the first argument is a subclass of the second argument.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arg1, arg2 : dtype or dtype specifier
+        Data-types.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : bool
+        The result.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    issctype, issubdtype, obj2sctype
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.issubsctype('S8', str)
+    False
+    >>> np.issubsctype(np.array([1]), int)
+    True
+    >>> np.issubsctype(np.array([1]), float)
+    False
+
+    """
+    return issubclass(obj2sctype(arg1), obj2sctype(arg2))
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def issubdtype(arg1, arg2):
+    r"""
+    Returns True if first argument is a typecode lower/equal in type hierarchy.
+
+    This is like the builtin :func:`issubclass`, but for `dtype`\ s.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arg1, arg2 : dtype_like
+        `dtype` or object coercible to one
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out : bool
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :ref:`arrays.scalars` : Overview of the numpy type hierarchy.
+    issubsctype, issubclass_
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    `issubdtype` can be used to check the type of arrays:
+
+    >>> ints = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int32)
+    >>> np.issubdtype(ints.dtype, np.integer)
+    True
+    >>> np.issubdtype(ints.dtype, np.floating)
+    False
+
+    >>> floats = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.float32)
+    >>> np.issubdtype(floats.dtype, np.integer)
+    False
+    >>> np.issubdtype(floats.dtype, np.floating)
+    True
+
+    Similar types of different sizes are not subdtypes of each other:
+
+    >>> np.issubdtype(np.float64, np.float32)
+    False
+    >>> np.issubdtype(np.float32, np.float64)
+    False
+
+    but both are subtypes of `floating`:
+
+    >>> np.issubdtype(np.float64, np.floating)
+    True
+    >>> np.issubdtype(np.float32, np.floating)
+    True
+
+    For convenience, dtype-like objects are allowed too:
+
+    >>> np.issubdtype('S1', np.string_)
+    True
+    >>> np.issubdtype('i4', np.signedinteger)
+    True
+
+    """
+    if not issubclass_(arg1, generic):
+        arg1 = dtype(arg1).type
+    if not issubclass_(arg2, generic):
+        arg2 = dtype(arg2).type
+
+    return issubclass(arg1, arg2)
+
+
+# This dictionary allows look up based on any alias for an array data-type
+class _typedict(dict):
+    """
+    Base object for a dictionary for look-up with any alias for an array dtype.
+
+    Instances of `_typedict` can not be used as dictionaries directly,
+    first they have to be populated.
+
+    """
+
+    def __getitem__(self, obj):
+        return dict.__getitem__(self, obj2sctype(obj))
+
+nbytes = _typedict()
+_alignment = _typedict()
+_maxvals = _typedict()
+_minvals = _typedict()
+def _construct_lookups():
+    for name, info in _concrete_typeinfo.items():
+        obj = info.type
+        nbytes[obj] = info.bits // 8
+        _alignment[obj] = info.alignment
+        if len(info) > 5:
+            _maxvals[obj] = info.max
+            _minvals[obj] = info.min
+        else:
+            _maxvals[obj] = None
+            _minvals[obj] = None
+
+_construct_lookups()
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def sctype2char(sctype):
+    """
+    Return the string representation of a scalar dtype.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    sctype : scalar dtype or object
+        If a scalar dtype, the corresponding string character is
+        returned. If an object, `sctype2char` tries to infer its scalar type
+        and then return the corresponding string character.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    typechar : str
+        The string character corresponding to the scalar type.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If `sctype` is an object for which the type can not be inferred.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    obj2sctype, issctype, issubsctype, mintypecode
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> for sctype in [np.int32, np.double, np.complex_, np.string_, np.ndarray]:
+    ...     print(np.sctype2char(sctype))
+    l # may vary
+    d
+    D
+    S
+    O
+
+    >>> x = np.array([1., 2-1.j])
+    >>> np.sctype2char(x)
+    'D'
+    >>> np.sctype2char(list)
+    'O'
+
+    """
+    sctype = obj2sctype(sctype)
+    if sctype is None:
+        raise ValueError("unrecognized type")
+    if sctype not in _concrete_types:
+        # for compatibility
+        raise KeyError(sctype)
+    return dtype(sctype).char
+
+# Create dictionary of casting functions that wrap sequences
+# indexed by type or type character
+cast = _typedict()
+for key in _concrete_types:
+    cast[key] = lambda x, k=key: array(x, copy=False).astype(k)
+
+
+def _scalar_type_key(typ):
+    """A ``key`` function for `sorted`."""
+    dt = dtype(typ)
+    return (dt.kind.lower(), dt.itemsize)
+
+
+ScalarType = [int, float, complex, bool, bytes, str, memoryview]
+ScalarType += sorted(_concrete_types, key=_scalar_type_key)
+ScalarType = tuple(ScalarType)
+
+
+# Now add the types we've determined to this module
+for key in allTypes:
+    globals()[key] = allTypes[key]
+    __all__.append(key)
+
+del key
+
+typecodes = {'Character':'c',
+             'Integer':'bhilqp',
+             'UnsignedInteger':'BHILQP',
+             'Float':'efdg',
+             'Complex':'FDG',
+             'AllInteger':'bBhHiIlLqQpP',
+             'AllFloat':'efdgFDG',
+             'Datetime': 'Mm',
+             'All':'?bhilqpBHILQPefdgFDGSUVOMm'}
+
+# backwards compatibility --- deprecated name
+# Formal deprecation: Numpy 1.20.0, 2020-10-19 (see numpy/__init__.py)
+typeDict = sctypeDict
+
+# b -> boolean
+# u -> unsigned integer
+# i -> signed integer
+# f -> floating point
+# c -> complex
+# M -> datetime
+# m -> timedelta
+# S -> string
+# U -> Unicode string
+# V -> record
+# O -> Python object
+_kind_list = ['b', 'u', 'i', 'f', 'c', 'S', 'U', 'V', 'O', 'M', 'm']
+
+__test_types = '?'+typecodes['AllInteger'][:-2]+typecodes['AllFloat']+'O'
+__len_test_types = len(__test_types)
+
+# Keep incrementing until a common type both can be coerced to
+#  is found.  Otherwise, return None
+def _find_common_coerce(a, b):
+    if a > b:
+        return a
+    try:
+        thisind = __test_types.index(a.char)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+    return _can_coerce_all([a, b], start=thisind)
+
+# Find a data-type that all data-types in a list can be coerced to
+def _can_coerce_all(dtypelist, start=0):
+    N = len(dtypelist)
+    if N == 0:
+        return None
+    if N == 1:
+        return dtypelist[0]
+    thisind = start
+    while thisind < __len_test_types:
+        newdtype = dtype(__test_types[thisind])
+        numcoerce = len([x for x in dtypelist if newdtype >= x])
+        if numcoerce == N:
+            return newdtype
+        thisind += 1
+    return None
+
+def _register_types():
+    numbers.Integral.register(integer)
+    numbers.Complex.register(inexact)
+    numbers.Real.register(floating)
+    numbers.Number.register(number)
+
+_register_types()
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+def find_common_type(array_types, scalar_types):
+    """
+    Determine common type following standard coercion rules.
+
+    .. deprecated:: NumPy 1.25
+
+        This function is deprecated, use `numpy.promote_types` or
+        `numpy.result_type` instead.  To achieve semantics for the
+        `scalar_types` argument, use `numpy.result_type` and pass the Python
+        values `0`, `0.0`, or `0j`.
+        This will give the same results in almost all cases.
+        More information and rare exception can be found in the
+        `NumPy 1.25 release notes <https://numpy.org/devdocs/release/1.25.0-notes.html>`_.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    array_types : sequence
+        A list of dtypes or dtype convertible objects representing arrays.
+    scalar_types : sequence
+        A list of dtypes or dtype convertible objects representing scalars.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    datatype : dtype
+        The common data type, which is the maximum of `array_types` ignoring
+        `scalar_types`, unless the maximum of `scalar_types` is of a
+        different kind (`dtype.kind`). If the kind is not understood, then
+        None is returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    dtype, common_type, can_cast, mintypecode
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.find_common_type([], [np.int64, np.float32, complex])
+    dtype('complex128')
+    >>> np.find_common_type([np.int64, np.float32], [])
+    dtype('float64')
+
+    The standard casting rules ensure that a scalar cannot up-cast an
+    array unless the scalar is of a fundamentally different kind of data
+    (i.e. under a different hierarchy in the data type hierarchy) then
+    the array:
+
+    >>> np.find_common_type([np.float32], [np.int64, np.float64])
+    dtype('float32')
+
+    Complex is of a different type, so it up-casts the float in the
+    `array_types` argument:
+
+    >>> np.find_common_type([np.float32], [complex])
+    dtype('complex128')
+
+    Type specifier strings are convertible to dtypes and can therefore
+    be used instead of dtypes:
+
+    >>> np.find_common_type(['f4', 'f4', 'i4'], ['c8'])
+    dtype('complex128')
+
+    """
+    # Deprecated 2022-11-07, NumPy 1.25
+    warnings.warn(
+            "np.find_common_type is deprecated.  Please use `np.result_type` "
+            "or `np.promote_types`.\n"
+            "See https://numpy.org/devdocs/release/1.25.0-notes.html and the "
+            "docs for more information.  (Deprecated NumPy 1.25)",
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    array_types = [dtype(x) for x in array_types]
+    scalar_types = [dtype(x) for x in scalar_types]
+
+    maxa = _can_coerce_all(array_types)
+    maxsc = _can_coerce_all(scalar_types)
+
+    if maxa is None:
+        return maxsc
+
+    if maxsc is None:
+        return maxa
+
+    try:
+        index_a = _kind_list.index(maxa.kind)
+        index_sc = _kind_list.index(maxsc.kind)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+    if index_sc > index_a:
+        return _find_common_coerce(maxsc, maxa)
+    else:
+        return maxa
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numerictypes.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numerictypes.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d05861b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/numerictypes.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+import sys
+import types
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from typing import (
+    Literal as L,
+    Union,
+    overload,
+    Any,
+    TypeVar,
+    Protocol,
+    TypedDict,
+)
+
+from numpy import (
+    ndarray,
+    dtype,
+    generic,
+    bool_,
+    ubyte,
+    ushort,
+    uintc,
+    uint,
+    ulonglong,
+    byte,
+    short,
+    intc,
+    int_,
+    longlong,
+    half,
+    single,
+    double,
+    longdouble,
+    csingle,
+    cdouble,
+    clongdouble,
+    datetime64,
+    timedelta64,
+    object_,
+    str_,
+    bytes_,
+    void,
+)
+
+from numpy.core._type_aliases import (
+    sctypeDict as sctypeDict,
+    sctypes as sctypes,
+)
+
+from numpy._typing import DTypeLike, ArrayLike, _DTypeLike
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_SCT = TypeVar("_SCT", bound=generic)
+
+class _CastFunc(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self, x: ArrayLike, k: DTypeLike = ...
+    ) -> ndarray[Any, dtype[Any]]: ...
+
+class _TypeCodes(TypedDict):
+    Character: L['c']
+    Integer: L['bhilqp']
+    UnsignedInteger: L['BHILQP']
+    Float: L['efdg']
+    Complex: L['FDG']
+    AllInteger: L['bBhHiIlLqQpP']
+    AllFloat: L['efdgFDG']
+    Datetime: L['Mm']
+    All: L['?bhilqpBHILQPefdgFDGSUVOMm']
+
+class _typedict(dict[type[generic], _T]):
+    def __getitem__(self, key: DTypeLike) -> _T: ...
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    _TypeTuple = Union[
+        type[Any],
+        types.UnionType,
+        tuple[Union[type[Any], types.UnionType, tuple[Any, ...]], ...],
+    ]
+else:
+    _TypeTuple = Union[
+        type[Any],
+        tuple[Union[type[Any], tuple[Any, ...]], ...],
+    ]
+
+__all__: list[str]
+
+@overload
+def maximum_sctype(t: _DTypeLike[_SCT]) -> type[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def maximum_sctype(t: DTypeLike) -> type[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def issctype(rep: dtype[Any] | type[Any]) -> bool: ...
+@overload
+def issctype(rep: object) -> L[False]: ...
+
+@overload
+def obj2sctype(rep: _DTypeLike[_SCT], default: None = ...) -> None | type[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def obj2sctype(rep: _DTypeLike[_SCT], default: _T) -> _T | type[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def obj2sctype(rep: DTypeLike, default: None = ...) -> None | type[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def obj2sctype(rep: DTypeLike, default: _T) -> _T | type[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def obj2sctype(rep: object, default: None = ...) -> None: ...
+@overload
+def obj2sctype(rep: object, default: _T) -> _T: ...
+
+@overload
+def issubclass_(arg1: type[Any], arg2: _TypeTuple) -> bool: ...
+@overload
+def issubclass_(arg1: object, arg2: object) -> L[False]: ...
+
+def issubsctype(arg1: DTypeLike, arg2: DTypeLike) -> bool: ...
+
+def issubdtype(arg1: DTypeLike, arg2: DTypeLike) -> bool: ...
+
+def sctype2char(sctype: DTypeLike) -> str: ...
+
+cast: _typedict[_CastFunc]
+nbytes: _typedict[int]
+typecodes: _TypeCodes
+ScalarType: tuple[
+    type[int],
+    type[float],
+    type[complex],
+    type[bool],
+    type[bytes],
+    type[str],
+    type[memoryview],
+    type[bool_],
+    type[csingle],
+    type[cdouble],
+    type[clongdouble],
+    type[half],
+    type[single],
+    type[double],
+    type[longdouble],
+    type[byte],
+    type[short],
+    type[intc],
+    type[int_],
+    type[longlong],
+    type[timedelta64],
+    type[datetime64],
+    type[object_],
+    type[bytes_],
+    type[str_],
+    type[ubyte],
+    type[ushort],
+    type[uintc],
+    type[uint],
+    type[ulonglong],
+    type[void],
+]
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/overrides.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/overrides.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6403e65b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/overrides.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+"""Implementation of __array_function__ overrides from NEP-18."""
+import collections
+import functools
+import os
+
+from .._utils import set_module
+from .._utils._inspect import getargspec
+from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import (
+    add_docstring,  _get_implementing_args, _ArrayFunctionDispatcher)
+
+
+ARRAY_FUNCTIONS = set()
+
+array_function_like_doc = (
+    """like : array_like, optional
+        Reference object to allow the creation of arrays which are not
+        NumPy arrays. If an array-like passed in as ``like`` supports
+        the ``__array_function__`` protocol, the result will be defined
+        by it. In this case, it ensures the creation of an array object
+        compatible with that passed in via this argument."""
+)
+
+def set_array_function_like_doc(public_api):
+    if public_api.__doc__ is not None:
+        public_api.__doc__ = public_api.__doc__.replace(
+            "${ARRAY_FUNCTION_LIKE}",
+            array_function_like_doc,
+        )
+    return public_api
+
+
+add_docstring(
+    _ArrayFunctionDispatcher,
+    """
+    Class to wrap functions with checks for __array_function__ overrides.
+
+    All arguments are required, and can only be passed by position.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dispatcher : function or None
+        The dispatcher function that returns a single sequence-like object
+        of all arguments relevant.  It must have the same signature (except
+        the default values) as the actual implementation.
+        If ``None``, this is a ``like=`` dispatcher and the
+        ``_ArrayFunctionDispatcher`` must be called with ``like`` as the
+        first (additional and positional) argument.
+    implementation : function
+        Function that implements the operation on NumPy arrays without
+        overrides.  Arguments passed calling the ``_ArrayFunctionDispatcher``
+        will be forwarded to this (and the ``dispatcher``) as if using
+        ``*args, **kwargs``.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    _implementation : function
+        The original implementation passed in.
+    """)
+
+
+# exposed for testing purposes; used internally by _ArrayFunctionDispatcher
+add_docstring(
+    _get_implementing_args,
+    """
+    Collect arguments on which to call __array_function__.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    relevant_args : iterable of array-like
+        Iterable of possibly array-like arguments to check for
+        __array_function__ methods.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Sequence of arguments with __array_function__ methods, in the order in
+    which they should be called.
+    """)
+
+
+ArgSpec = collections.namedtuple('ArgSpec', 'args varargs keywords defaults')
+
+
+def verify_matching_signatures(implementation, dispatcher):
+    """Verify that a dispatcher function has the right signature."""
+    implementation_spec = ArgSpec(*getargspec(implementation))
+    dispatcher_spec = ArgSpec(*getargspec(dispatcher))
+
+    if (implementation_spec.args != dispatcher_spec.args or
+            implementation_spec.varargs != dispatcher_spec.varargs or
+            implementation_spec.keywords != dispatcher_spec.keywords or
+            (bool(implementation_spec.defaults) !=
+             bool(dispatcher_spec.defaults)) or
+            (implementation_spec.defaults is not None and
+             len(implementation_spec.defaults) !=
+             len(dispatcher_spec.defaults))):
+        raise RuntimeError('implementation and dispatcher for %s have '
+                           'different function signatures' % implementation)
+
+    if implementation_spec.defaults is not None:
+        if dispatcher_spec.defaults != (None,) * len(dispatcher_spec.defaults):
+            raise RuntimeError('dispatcher functions can only use None for '
+                               'default argument values')
+
+
+def array_function_dispatch(dispatcher=None, module=None, verify=True,
+                            docs_from_dispatcher=False):
+    """Decorator for adding dispatch with the __array_function__ protocol.
+
+    See NEP-18 for example usage.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dispatcher : callable or None
+        Function that when called like ``dispatcher(*args, **kwargs)`` with
+        arguments from the NumPy function call returns an iterable of
+        array-like arguments to check for ``__array_function__``.
+
+        If `None`, the first argument is used as the single `like=` argument
+        and not passed on.  A function implementing `like=` must call its
+        dispatcher with `like` as the first non-keyword argument.
+    module : str, optional
+        __module__ attribute to set on new function, e.g., ``module='numpy'``.
+        By default, module is copied from the decorated function.
+    verify : bool, optional
+        If True, verify the that the signature of the dispatcher and decorated
+        function signatures match exactly: all required and optional arguments
+        should appear in order with the same names, but the default values for
+        all optional arguments should be ``None``. Only disable verification
+        if the dispatcher's signature needs to deviate for some particular
+        reason, e.g., because the function has a signature like
+        ``func(*args, **kwargs)``.
+    docs_from_dispatcher : bool, optional
+        If True, copy docs from the dispatcher function onto the dispatched
+        function, rather than from the implementation. This is useful for
+        functions defined in C, which otherwise don't have docstrings.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Function suitable for decorating the implementation of a NumPy function.
+
+    """
+    def decorator(implementation):
+        if verify:
+            if dispatcher is not None:
+                verify_matching_signatures(implementation, dispatcher)
+            else:
+                # Using __code__ directly similar to verify_matching_signature
+                co = implementation.__code__
+                last_arg = co.co_argcount + co.co_kwonlyargcount - 1
+                last_arg = co.co_varnames[last_arg]
+                if last_arg != "like" or co.co_kwonlyargcount == 0:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "__array_function__ expects `like=` to be the last "
+                        "argument and a keyword-only argument. "
+                        f"{implementation} does not seem to comply.")
+
+        if docs_from_dispatcher:
+            add_docstring(implementation, dispatcher.__doc__)
+
+        public_api = _ArrayFunctionDispatcher(dispatcher, implementation)
+        public_api = functools.wraps(implementation)(public_api)
+
+        if module is not None:
+            public_api.__module__ = module
+
+        ARRAY_FUNCTIONS.add(public_api)
+
+        return public_api
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def array_function_from_dispatcher(
+        implementation, module=None, verify=True, docs_from_dispatcher=True):
+    """Like array_function_dispatcher, but with function arguments flipped."""
+
+    def decorator(dispatcher):
+        return array_function_dispatch(
+            dispatcher, module, verify=verify,
+            docs_from_dispatcher=docs_from_dispatcher)(implementation)
+    return decorator
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/records.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/records.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0fb49e8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/records.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@
+"""
+Record Arrays
+=============
+Record arrays expose the fields of structured arrays as properties.
+
+Most commonly, ndarrays contain elements of a single type, e.g. floats,
+integers, bools etc.  However, it is possible for elements to be combinations
+of these using structured types, such as::
+
+  >>> a = np.array([(1, 2.0), (1, 2.0)], dtype=[('x', np.int64), ('y', np.float64)])
+  >>> a
+  array([(1, 2.), (1, 2.)], dtype=[('x', '<i8'), ('y', '<f8')])
+
+Here, each element consists of two fields: x (and int), and y (a float).
+This is known as a structured array.  The different fields are analogous
+to columns in a spread-sheet.  The different fields can be accessed as
+one would a dictionary::
+
+  >>> a['x']
+  array([1, 1])
+
+  >>> a['y']
+  array([2., 2.])
+
+Record arrays allow us to access fields as properties::
+
+  >>> ar = np.rec.array(a)
+
+  >>> ar.x
+  array([1, 1])
+
+  >>> ar.y
+  array([2., 2.])
+
+"""
+import warnings
+from collections import Counter
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+
+from .._utils import set_module
+from . import numeric as sb
+from . import numerictypes as nt
+from numpy.compat import os_fspath
+from .arrayprint import _get_legacy_print_mode
+
+# All of the functions allow formats to be a dtype
+__all__ = [
+    'record', 'recarray', 'format_parser',
+    'fromarrays', 'fromrecords', 'fromstring', 'fromfile', 'array',
+]
+
+
+ndarray = sb.ndarray
+
+_byteorderconv = {'b':'>',
+                  'l':'<',
+                  'n':'=',
+                  'B':'>',
+                  'L':'<',
+                  'N':'=',
+                  'S':'s',
+                  's':'s',
+                  '>':'>',
+                  '<':'<',
+                  '=':'=',
+                  '|':'|',
+                  'I':'|',
+                  'i':'|'}
+
+# formats regular expression
+# allows multidimensional spec with a tuple syntax in front
+# of the letter code '(2,3)f4' and ' (  2 ,  3  )  f4  '
+# are equally allowed
+
+numfmt = nt.sctypeDict
+
+
+def find_duplicate(list):
+    """Find duplication in a list, return a list of duplicated elements"""
+    return [
+        item
+        for item, counts in Counter(list).items()
+        if counts > 1
+    ]
+
+
+@set_module('numpy')
+class format_parser:
+    """
+    Class to convert formats, names, titles description to a dtype.
+
+    After constructing the format_parser object, the dtype attribute is
+    the converted data-type:
+    ``dtype = format_parser(formats, names, titles).dtype``
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    dtype : dtype
+        The converted data-type.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    formats : str or list of str
+        The format description, either specified as a string with
+        comma-separated format descriptions in the form ``'f8, i4, a5'``, or
+        a list of format description strings  in the form
+        ``['f8', 'i4', 'a5']``.
+    names : str or list/tuple of str
+        The field names, either specified as a comma-separated string in the
+        form ``'col1, col2, col3'``, or as a list or tuple of strings in the
+        form ``['col1', 'col2', 'col3']``.
+        An empty list can be used, in that case default field names
+        ('f0', 'f1', ...) are used.
+    titles : sequence
+        Sequence of title strings. An empty list can be used to leave titles
+        out.
+    aligned : bool, optional
+        If True, align the fields by padding as the C-compiler would.
+        Default is False.
+    byteorder : str, optional
+        If specified, all the fields will be changed to the
+        provided byte-order.  Otherwise, the default byte-order is
+        used. For all available string specifiers, see `dtype.newbyteorder`.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    dtype, typename, sctype2char
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.format_parser(['<f8', '<i4', '<a5'], ['col1', 'col2', 'col3'],
+    ...                  ['T1', 'T2', 'T3']).dtype
+    dtype([(('T1', 'col1'), '<f8'), (('T2', 'col2'), '<i4'), (('T3', 'col3'), 'S5')])
+
+    `names` and/or `titles` can be empty lists. If `titles` is an empty list,
+    titles will simply not appear. If `names` is empty, default field names
+    will be used.
+
+    >>> np.format_parser(['f8', 'i4', 'a5'], ['col1', 'col2', 'col3'],
+    ...                  []).dtype
+    dtype([('col1', '<f8'), ('col2', '<i4'), ('col3', '<S5')])
+    >>> np.format_parser(['<f8', '<i4', '<a5'], [], []).dtype
+    dtype([('f0', '<f8'), ('f1', '<i4'), ('f2', 'S5')])
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, formats, names, titles, aligned=False, byteorder=None):
+        self._parseFormats(formats, aligned)
+        self._setfieldnames(names, titles)
+        self._createdtype(byteorder)
+
+    def _parseFormats(self, formats, aligned=False):
+        """ Parse the field formats """
+
+        if formats is None:
+            raise ValueError("Need formats argument")
+        if isinstance(formats, list):
+            dtype = sb.dtype(
+                [('f{}'.format(i), format_) for i, format_ in enumerate(formats)],
+                aligned,
+            )
+        else:
+            dtype = sb.dtype(formats, aligned)
+        fields = dtype.fields
+        if fields is None:
+            dtype = sb.dtype([('f1', dtype)], aligned)
+            fields = dtype.fields
+        keys = dtype.names
+        self._f_formats = [fields[key][0] for key in keys]
+        self._offsets = [fields[key][1] for key in keys]
+        self._nfields = len(keys)
+
+    def _setfieldnames(self, names, titles):
+        """convert input field names into a list and assign to the _names
+        attribute """
+
+        if names:
+            if type(names) in [list, tuple]:
+                pass
+            elif isinstance(names, str):
+                names = names.split(',')
+            else:
+                raise NameError("illegal input names %s" % repr(names))
+
+            self._names = [n.strip() for n in names[:self._nfields]]
+        else:
+            self._names = []
+
+        # if the names are not specified, they will be assigned as
+        #  "f0, f1, f2,..."
+        # if not enough names are specified, they will be assigned as "f[n],
+        # f[n+1],..." etc. where n is the number of specified names..."
+        self._names += ['f%d' % i for i in range(len(self._names),
+                                                 self._nfields)]
+        # check for redundant names
+        _dup = find_duplicate(self._names)
+        if _dup:
+            raise ValueError("Duplicate field names: %s" % _dup)
+
+        if titles:
+            self._titles = [n.strip() for n in titles[:self._nfields]]
+        else:
+            self._titles = []
+            titles = []
+
+        if self._nfields > len(titles):
+            self._titles += [None] * (self._nfields - len(titles))
+
+    def _createdtype(self, byteorder):
+        dtype = sb.dtype({
+            'names': self._names,
+            'formats': self._f_formats,
+            'offsets': self._offsets,
+            'titles': self._titles,
+        })
+        if byteorder is not None:
+            byteorder = _byteorderconv[byteorder[0]]
+            dtype = dtype.newbyteorder(byteorder)
+
+        self.dtype = dtype
+
+
+class record(nt.void):
+    """A data-type scalar that allows field access as attribute lookup.
+    """
+
+    # manually set name and module so that this class's type shows up
+    # as numpy.record when printed
+    __name__ = 'record'
+    __module__ = 'numpy'
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if _get_legacy_print_mode() <= 113:
+            return self.__str__()
+        return super().__repr__()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if _get_legacy_print_mode() <= 113:
+            return str(self.item())
+        return super().__str__()
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, attr):
+        if attr in ('setfield', 'getfield', 'dtype'):
+            return nt.void.__getattribute__(self, attr)
+        try:
+            return nt.void.__getattribute__(self, attr)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        fielddict = nt.void.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').fields
+        res = fielddict.get(attr, None)
+        if res:
+            obj = self.getfield(*res[:2])
+            # if it has fields return a record,
+            # otherwise return the object
+            try:
+                dt = obj.dtype
+            except AttributeError:
+                #happens if field is Object type
+                return obj
+            if dt.names is not None:
+                return obj.view((self.__class__, obj.dtype))
+            return obj
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError("'record' object has no "
+                    "attribute '%s'" % attr)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
+        if attr in ('setfield', 'getfield', 'dtype'):
+            raise AttributeError("Cannot set '%s' attribute" % attr)
+        fielddict = nt.void.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').fields
+        res = fielddict.get(attr, None)
+        if res:
+            return self.setfield(val, *res[:2])
+        else:
+            if getattr(self, attr, None):
+                return nt.void.__setattr__(self, attr, val)
+            else:
+                raise AttributeError("'record' object has no "
+                        "attribute '%s'" % attr)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, indx):
+        obj = nt.void.__getitem__(self, indx)
+
+        # copy behavior of record.__getattribute__,
+        if isinstance(obj, nt.void) and obj.dtype.names is not None:
+            return obj.view((self.__class__, obj.dtype))
+        else:
+            # return a single element
+            return obj
+
+    def pprint(self):
+        """Pretty-print all fields."""
+        # pretty-print all fields
+        names = self.dtype.names
+        maxlen = max(len(name) for name in names)
+        fmt = '%% %ds: %%s' % maxlen
+        rows = [fmt % (name, getattr(self, name)) for name in names]
+        return "\n".join(rows)
+
+# The recarray is almost identical to a standard array (which supports
+#   named fields already)  The biggest difference is that it can use
+#   attribute-lookup to find the fields and it is constructed using
+#   a record.
+
+# If byteorder is given it forces a particular byteorder on all
+#  the fields (and any subfields)
+
+class recarray(ndarray):
+    """Construct an ndarray that allows field access using attributes.
+
+    Arrays may have a data-types containing fields, analogous
+    to columns in a spread sheet.  An example is ``[(x, int), (y, float)]``,
+    where each entry in the array is a pair of ``(int, float)``.  Normally,
+    these attributes are accessed using dictionary lookups such as ``arr['x']``
+    and ``arr['y']``.  Record arrays allow the fields to be accessed as members
+    of the array, using ``arr.x`` and ``arr.y``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    shape : tuple
+        Shape of output array.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        The desired data-type.  By default, the data-type is determined
+        from `formats`, `names`, `titles`, `aligned` and `byteorder`.
+    formats : list of data-types, optional
+        A list containing the data-types for the different columns, e.g.
+        ``['i4', 'f8', 'i4']``.  `formats` does *not* support the new
+        convention of using types directly, i.e. ``(int, float, int)``.
+        Note that `formats` must be a list, not a tuple.
+        Given that `formats` is somewhat limited, we recommend specifying
+        `dtype` instead.
+    names : tuple of str, optional
+        The name of each column, e.g. ``('x', 'y', 'z')``.
+    buf : buffer, optional
+        By default, a new array is created of the given shape and data-type.
+        If `buf` is specified and is an object exposing the buffer interface,
+        the array will use the memory from the existing buffer.  In this case,
+        the `offset` and `strides` keywords are available.
+
+    Other Parameters
+    ----------------
+    titles : tuple of str, optional
+        Aliases for column names.  For example, if `names` were
+        ``('x', 'y', 'z')`` and `titles` is
+        ``('x_coordinate', 'y_coordinate', 'z_coordinate')``, then
+        ``arr['x']`` is equivalent to both ``arr.x`` and ``arr.x_coordinate``.
+    byteorder : {'<', '>', '='}, optional
+        Byte-order for all fields.
+    aligned : bool, optional
+        Align the fields in memory as the C-compiler would.
+    strides : tuple of ints, optional
+        Buffer (`buf`) is interpreted according to these strides (strides
+        define how many bytes each array element, row, column, etc.
+        occupy in memory).
+    offset : int, optional
+        Start reading buffer (`buf`) from this offset onwards.
+    order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
+        Row-major (C-style) or column-major (Fortran-style) order.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    rec : recarray
+        Empty array of the given shape and type.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    core.records.fromrecords : Construct a record array from data.
+    record : fundamental data-type for `recarray`.
+    format_parser : determine a data-type from formats, names, titles.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This constructor can be compared to ``empty``: it creates a new record
+    array but does not fill it with data.  To create a record array from data,
+    use one of the following methods:
+
+    1. Create a standard ndarray and convert it to a record array,
+       using ``arr.view(np.recarray)``
+    2. Use the `buf` keyword.
+    3. Use `np.rec.fromrecords`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Create an array with two fields, ``x`` and ``y``:
+
+    >>> x = np.array([(1.0, 2), (3.0, 4)], dtype=[('x', '<f8'), ('y', '<i8')])
+    >>> x
+    array([(1., 2), (3., 4)], dtype=[('x', '<f8'), ('y', '<i8')])
+
+    >>> x['x']
+    array([1., 3.])
+
+    View the array as a record array:
+
+    >>> x = x.view(np.recarray)
+
+    >>> x.x
+    array([1., 3.])
+
+    >>> x.y
+    array([2, 4])
+
+    Create a new, empty record array:
+
+    >>> np.recarray((2,),
+    ... dtype=[('x', int), ('y', float), ('z', int)]) #doctest: +SKIP
+    rec.array([(-1073741821, 1.2249118382103472e-301, 24547520),
+           (3471280, 1.2134086255804012e-316, 0)],
+          dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<f8'), ('z', '<i4')])
+
+    """
+
+    # manually set name and module so that this class's type shows
+    # up as "numpy.recarray" when printed
+    __name__ = 'recarray'
+    __module__ = 'numpy'
+
+    def __new__(subtype, shape, dtype=None, buf=None, offset=0, strides=None,
+                formats=None, names=None, titles=None,
+                byteorder=None, aligned=False, order='C'):
+
+        if dtype is not None:
+            descr = sb.dtype(dtype)
+        else:
+            descr = format_parser(formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder).dtype
+
+        if buf is None:
+            self = ndarray.__new__(subtype, shape, (record, descr), order=order)
+        else:
+            self = ndarray.__new__(subtype, shape, (record, descr),
+                                      buffer=buf, offset=offset,
+                                      strides=strides, order=order)
+        return self
+
+    def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+        if self.dtype.type is not record and self.dtype.names is not None:
+            # if self.dtype is not np.record, invoke __setattr__ which will
+            # convert it to a record if it is a void dtype.
+            self.dtype = self.dtype
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, attr):
+        # See if ndarray has this attr, and return it if so. (note that this
+        # means a field with the same name as an ndarray attr cannot be
+        # accessed by attribute).
+        try:
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, attr)
+        except AttributeError:  # attr must be a fieldname
+            pass
+
+        # look for a field with this name
+        fielddict = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').fields
+        try:
+            res = fielddict[attr][:2]
+        except (TypeError, KeyError) as e:
+            raise AttributeError("recarray has no attribute %s" % attr) from e
+        obj = self.getfield(*res)
+
+        # At this point obj will always be a recarray, since (see
+        # PyArray_GetField) the type of obj is inherited. Next, if obj.dtype is
+        # non-structured, convert it to an ndarray. Then if obj is structured
+        # with void type convert it to the same dtype.type (eg to preserve
+        # numpy.record type if present), since nested structured fields do not
+        # inherit type. Don't do this for non-void structures though.
+        if obj.dtype.names is not None:
+            if issubclass(obj.dtype.type, nt.void):
+                return obj.view(dtype=(self.dtype.type, obj.dtype))
+            return obj
+        else:
+            return obj.view(ndarray)
+
+    # Save the dictionary.
+    # If the attr is a field name and not in the saved dictionary
+    # Undo any "setting" of the attribute and do a setfield
+    # Thus, you can't create attributes on-the-fly that are field names.
+    def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
+
+        # Automatically convert (void) structured types to records
+        # (but not non-void structures, subarrays, or non-structured voids)
+        if attr == 'dtype' and issubclass(val.type, nt.void) and val.names is not None:
+            val = sb.dtype((record, val))
+
+        newattr = attr not in self.__dict__
+        try:
+            ret = object.__setattr__(self, attr, val)
+        except Exception:
+            fielddict = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').fields or {}
+            if attr not in fielddict:
+                raise
+        else:
+            fielddict = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').fields or {}
+            if attr not in fielddict:
+                return ret
+            if newattr:
+                # We just added this one or this setattr worked on an
+                # internal attribute.
+                try:
+                    object.__delattr__(self, attr)
+                except Exception:
+                    return ret
+        try:
+            res = fielddict[attr][:2]
+        except (TypeError, KeyError) as e:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "record array has no attribute %s" % attr
+            ) from e
+        return self.setfield(val, *res)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, indx):
+        obj = super().__getitem__(indx)
+
+        # copy behavior of getattr, except that here
+        # we might also be returning a single element
+        if isinstance(obj, ndarray):
+            if obj.dtype.names is not None:
+                obj = obj.view(type(self))
+                if issubclass(obj.dtype.type, nt.void):
+                    return obj.view(dtype=(self.dtype.type, obj.dtype))
+                return obj
+            else:
+                return obj.view(type=ndarray)
+        else:
+            # return a single element
+            return obj
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+
+        repr_dtype = self.dtype
+        if self.dtype.type is record or not issubclass(self.dtype.type, nt.void):
+            # If this is a full record array (has numpy.record dtype),
+            # or if it has a scalar (non-void) dtype with no records,
+            # represent it using the rec.array function. Since rec.array
+            # converts dtype to a numpy.record for us, convert back
+            # to non-record before printing
+            if repr_dtype.type is record:
+                repr_dtype = sb.dtype((nt.void, repr_dtype))
+            prefix = "rec.array("
+            fmt = 'rec.array(%s,%sdtype=%s)'
+        else:
+            # otherwise represent it using np.array plus a view
+            # This should only happen if the user is playing
+            # strange games with dtypes.
+            prefix = "array("
+            fmt = 'array(%s,%sdtype=%s).view(numpy.recarray)'
+
+        # get data/shape string. logic taken from numeric.array_repr
+        if self.size > 0 or self.shape == (0,):
+            lst = sb.array2string(
+                self, separator=', ', prefix=prefix, suffix=',')
+        else:
+            # show zero-length shape unless it is (0,)
+            lst = "[], shape=%s" % (repr(self.shape),)
+
+        lf = '\n'+' '*len(prefix)
+        if _get_legacy_print_mode() <= 113:
+            lf = ' ' + lf  # trailing space
+        return fmt % (lst, lf, repr_dtype)
+
+    def field(self, attr, val=None):
+        if isinstance(attr, int):
+            names = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').names
+            attr = names[attr]
+
+        fielddict = ndarray.__getattribute__(self, 'dtype').fields
+
+        res = fielddict[attr][:2]
+
+        if val is None:
+            obj = self.getfield(*res)
+            if obj.dtype.names is not None:
+                return obj
+            return obj.view(ndarray)
+        else:
+            return self.setfield(val, *res)
+
+
+def _deprecate_shape_0_as_None(shape):
+    if shape == 0:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Passing `shape=0` to have the shape be inferred is deprecated, "
+            "and in future will be equivalent to `shape=(0,)`. To infer "
+            "the shape and suppress this warning, pass `shape=None` instead.",
+            FutureWarning, stacklevel=3)
+        return None
+    else:
+        return shape
+
+
+@set_module("numpy.rec")
+def fromarrays(arrayList, dtype=None, shape=None, formats=None,
+               names=None, titles=None, aligned=False, byteorder=None):
+    """Create a record array from a (flat) list of arrays
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arrayList : list or tuple
+        List of array-like objects (such as lists, tuples,
+        and ndarrays).
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        valid dtype for all arrays
+    shape : int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Shape of the resulting array. If not provided, inferred from
+        ``arrayList[0]``.
+    formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder :
+        If `dtype` is ``None``, these arguments are passed to
+        `numpy.format_parser` to construct a dtype. See that function for
+        detailed documentation.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    np.recarray
+        Record array consisting of given arrayList columns.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> x1=np.array([1,2,3,4])
+    >>> x2=np.array(['a','dd','xyz','12'])
+    >>> x3=np.array([1.1,2,3,4])
+    >>> r = np.core.records.fromarrays([x1,x2,x3],names='a,b,c')
+    >>> print(r[1])
+    (2, 'dd', 2.0) # may vary
+    >>> x1[1]=34
+    >>> r.a
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+    >>> x1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    >>> x2 = np.array(['a', 'dd', 'xyz', '12'])
+    >>> x3 = np.array([1.1, 2, 3,4])
+    >>> r = np.core.records.fromarrays(
+    ...     [x1, x2, x3],
+    ...     dtype=np.dtype([('a', np.int32), ('b', 'S3'), ('c', np.float32)]))
+    >>> r
+    rec.array([(1, b'a', 1.1), (2, b'dd', 2. ), (3, b'xyz', 3. ),
+               (4, b'12', 4. )],
+              dtype=[('a', '<i4'), ('b', 'S3'), ('c', '<f4')])
+    """
+
+    arrayList = [sb.asarray(x) for x in arrayList]
+
+    # NumPy 1.19.0, 2020-01-01
+    shape = _deprecate_shape_0_as_None(shape)
+
+    if shape is None:
+        shape = arrayList[0].shape
+    elif isinstance(shape, int):
+        shape = (shape,)
+
+    if formats is None and dtype is None:
+        # go through each object in the list to see if it is an ndarray
+        # and determine the formats.
+        formats = [obj.dtype for obj in arrayList]
+
+    if dtype is not None:
+        descr = sb.dtype(dtype)
+    else:
+        descr = format_parser(formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder).dtype
+    _names = descr.names
+
+    # Determine shape from data-type.
+    if len(descr) != len(arrayList):
+        raise ValueError("mismatch between the number of fields "
+                "and the number of arrays")
+
+    d0 = descr[0].shape
+    nn = len(d0)
+    if nn > 0:
+        shape = shape[:-nn]
+
+    _array = recarray(shape, descr)
+
+    # populate the record array (makes a copy)
+    for k, obj in enumerate(arrayList):
+        nn = descr[k].ndim
+        testshape = obj.shape[:obj.ndim - nn]
+        name = _names[k]
+        if testshape != shape:
+            raise ValueError(f'array-shape mismatch in array {k} ("{name}")')
+
+        _array[name] = obj
+
+    return _array
+
+
+@set_module("numpy.rec")
+def fromrecords(recList, dtype=None, shape=None, formats=None, names=None,
+                titles=None, aligned=False, byteorder=None):
+    """Create a recarray from a list of records in text form.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    recList : sequence
+        data in the same field may be heterogeneous - they will be promoted
+        to the highest data type.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        valid dtype for all arrays
+    shape : int or tuple of ints, optional
+        shape of each array.
+    formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder :
+        If `dtype` is ``None``, these arguments are passed to
+        `numpy.format_parser` to construct a dtype. See that function for
+        detailed documentation.
+
+        If both `formats` and `dtype` are None, then this will auto-detect
+        formats. Use list of tuples rather than list of lists for faster
+        processing.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    np.recarray
+        record array consisting of given recList rows.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> r=np.core.records.fromrecords([(456,'dbe',1.2),(2,'de',1.3)],
+    ... names='col1,col2,col3')
+    >>> print(r[0])
+    (456, 'dbe', 1.2)
+    >>> r.col1
+    array([456,   2])
+    >>> r.col2
+    array(['dbe', 'de'], dtype='<U3')
+    >>> import pickle
+    >>> pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(r))
+    rec.array([(456, 'dbe', 1.2), (  2, 'de', 1.3)],
+              dtype=[('col1', '<i8'), ('col2', '<U3'), ('col3', '<f8')])
+    """
+
+    if formats is None and dtype is None:  # slower
+        obj = sb.array(recList, dtype=object)
+        arrlist = [sb.array(obj[..., i].tolist()) for i in range(obj.shape[-1])]
+        return fromarrays(arrlist, formats=formats, shape=shape, names=names,
+                          titles=titles, aligned=aligned, byteorder=byteorder)
+
+    if dtype is not None:
+        descr = sb.dtype((record, dtype))
+    else:
+        descr = format_parser(formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder).dtype
+
+    try:
+        retval = sb.array(recList, dtype=descr)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        # NumPy 1.19.0, 2020-01-01
+        shape = _deprecate_shape_0_as_None(shape)
+        if shape is None:
+            shape = len(recList)
+        if isinstance(shape, int):
+            shape = (shape,)
+        if len(shape) > 1:
+            raise ValueError("Can only deal with 1-d array.")
+        _array = recarray(shape, descr)
+        for k in range(_array.size):
+            _array[k] = tuple(recList[k])
+        # list of lists instead of list of tuples ?
+        # 2018-02-07, 1.14.1
+        warnings.warn(
+            "fromrecords expected a list of tuples, may have received a list "
+            "of lists instead. In the future that will raise an error",
+            FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return _array
+    else:
+        if shape is not None and retval.shape != shape:
+            retval.shape = shape
+
+    res = retval.view(recarray)
+
+    return res
+
+
+@set_module("numpy.rec")
+def fromstring(datastring, dtype=None, shape=None, offset=0, formats=None,
+               names=None, titles=None, aligned=False, byteorder=None):
+    r"""Create a record array from binary data
+
+    Note that despite the name of this function it does not accept `str`
+    instances.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    datastring : bytes-like
+        Buffer of binary data
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Valid dtype for all arrays
+    shape : int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Shape of each array.
+    offset : int, optional
+        Position in the buffer to start reading from.
+    formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder :
+        If `dtype` is ``None``, these arguments are passed to
+        `numpy.format_parser` to construct a dtype. See that function for
+        detailed documentation.
+
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    np.recarray
+        Record array view into the data in datastring. This will be readonly
+        if `datastring` is readonly.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    numpy.frombuffer
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = b'\x01\x02\x03abc'
+    >>> np.core.records.fromstring(a, dtype='u1,u1,u1,S3')
+    rec.array([(1, 2, 3, b'abc')],
+            dtype=[('f0', 'u1'), ('f1', 'u1'), ('f2', 'u1'), ('f3', 'S3')])
+
+    >>> grades_dtype = [('Name', (np.str_, 10)), ('Marks', np.float64),
+    ...                 ('GradeLevel', np.int32)]
+    >>> grades_array = np.array([('Sam', 33.3, 3), ('Mike', 44.4, 5),
+    ...                         ('Aadi', 66.6, 6)], dtype=grades_dtype)
+    >>> np.core.records.fromstring(grades_array.tobytes(), dtype=grades_dtype)
+    rec.array([('Sam', 33.3, 3), ('Mike', 44.4, 5), ('Aadi', 66.6, 6)],
+            dtype=[('Name', '<U10'), ('Marks', '<f8'), ('GradeLevel', '<i4')])
+
+    >>> s = '\x01\x02\x03abc'
+    >>> np.core.records.fromstring(s, dtype='u1,u1,u1,S3')
+    Traceback (most recent call last)
+       ...
+    TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'
+    """
+
+    if dtype is None and formats is None:
+        raise TypeError("fromstring() needs a 'dtype' or 'formats' argument")
+
+    if dtype is not None:
+        descr = sb.dtype(dtype)
+    else:
+        descr = format_parser(formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder).dtype
+
+    itemsize = descr.itemsize
+
+    # NumPy 1.19.0, 2020-01-01
+    shape = _deprecate_shape_0_as_None(shape)
+
+    if shape in (None, -1):
+        shape = (len(datastring) - offset) // itemsize
+
+    _array = recarray(shape, descr, buf=datastring, offset=offset)
+    return _array
+
+def get_remaining_size(fd):
+    pos = fd.tell()
+    try:
+        fd.seek(0, 2)
+        return fd.tell() - pos
+    finally:
+        fd.seek(pos, 0)
+
+
+@set_module("numpy.rec")
+def fromfile(fd, dtype=None, shape=None, offset=0, formats=None,
+             names=None, titles=None, aligned=False, byteorder=None):
+    """Create an array from binary file data
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fd : str or file type
+        If file is a string or a path-like object then that file is opened,
+        else it is assumed to be a file object. The file object must
+        support random access (i.e. it must have tell and seek methods).
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        valid dtype for all arrays
+    shape : int or tuple of ints, optional
+        shape of each array.
+    offset : int, optional
+        Position in the file to start reading from.
+    formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder :
+        If `dtype` is ``None``, these arguments are passed to
+        `numpy.format_parser` to construct a dtype. See that function for
+        detailed documentation
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    np.recarray
+        record array consisting of data enclosed in file.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from tempfile import TemporaryFile
+    >>> a = np.empty(10,dtype='f8,i4,a5')
+    >>> a[5] = (0.5,10,'abcde')
+    >>>
+    >>> fd=TemporaryFile()
+    >>> a = a.newbyteorder('<')
+    >>> a.tofile(fd)
+    >>>
+    >>> _ = fd.seek(0)
+    >>> r=np.core.records.fromfile(fd, formats='f8,i4,a5', shape=10,
+    ... byteorder='<')
+    >>> print(r[5])
+    (0.5, 10, 'abcde')
+    >>> r.shape
+    (10,)
+    """
+
+    if dtype is None and formats is None:
+        raise TypeError("fromfile() needs a 'dtype' or 'formats' argument")
+
+    # NumPy 1.19.0, 2020-01-01
+    shape = _deprecate_shape_0_as_None(shape)
+
+    if shape is None:
+        shape = (-1,)
+    elif isinstance(shape, int):
+        shape = (shape,)
+
+    if hasattr(fd, 'readinto'):
+        # GH issue 2504. fd supports io.RawIOBase or io.BufferedIOBase interface.
+        # Example of fd: gzip, BytesIO, BufferedReader
+        # file already opened
+        ctx = nullcontext(fd)
+    else:
+        # open file
+        ctx = open(os_fspath(fd), 'rb')
+
+    with ctx as fd:
+        if offset > 0:
+            fd.seek(offset, 1)
+        size = get_remaining_size(fd)
+
+        if dtype is not None:
+            descr = sb.dtype(dtype)
+        else:
+            descr = format_parser(formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder).dtype
+
+        itemsize = descr.itemsize
+
+        shapeprod = sb.array(shape).prod(dtype=nt.intp)
+        shapesize = shapeprod * itemsize
+        if shapesize < 0:
+            shape = list(shape)
+            shape[shape.index(-1)] = size // -shapesize
+            shape = tuple(shape)
+            shapeprod = sb.array(shape).prod(dtype=nt.intp)
+
+        nbytes = shapeprod * itemsize
+
+        if nbytes > size:
+            raise ValueError(
+                    "Not enough bytes left in file for specified shape and type")
+
+        # create the array
+        _array = recarray(shape, descr)
+        nbytesread = fd.readinto(_array.data)
+        if nbytesread != nbytes:
+            raise OSError("Didn't read as many bytes as expected")
+
+    return _array
+
+
+@set_module("numpy.rec")
+def array(obj, dtype=None, shape=None, offset=0, strides=None, formats=None,
+          names=None, titles=None, aligned=False, byteorder=None, copy=True):
+    """
+    Construct a record array from a wide-variety of objects.
+
+    A general-purpose record array constructor that dispatches to the
+    appropriate `recarray` creation function based on the inputs (see Notes).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    obj : any
+        Input object. See Notes for details on how various input types are
+        treated.
+    dtype : data-type, optional
+        Valid dtype for array.
+    shape : int or tuple of ints, optional
+        Shape of each array.
+    offset : int, optional
+        Position in the file or buffer to start reading from.
+    strides : tuple of ints, optional
+        Buffer (`buf`) is interpreted according to these strides (strides
+        define how many bytes each array element, row, column, etc.
+        occupy in memory).
+    formats, names, titles, aligned, byteorder :
+        If `dtype` is ``None``, these arguments are passed to
+        `numpy.format_parser` to construct a dtype. See that function for
+        detailed documentation.
+    copy : bool, optional
+        Whether to copy the input object (True), or to use a reference instead.
+        This option only applies when the input is an ndarray or recarray.
+        Defaults to True.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    np.recarray
+        Record array created from the specified object.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    If `obj` is ``None``, then call the `~numpy.recarray` constructor. If
+    `obj` is a string, then call the `fromstring` constructor. If `obj` is a
+    list or a tuple, then if the first object is an `~numpy.ndarray`, call
+    `fromarrays`, otherwise call `fromrecords`. If `obj` is a
+    `~numpy.recarray`, then make a copy of the data in the recarray
+    (if ``copy=True``) and use the new formats, names, and titles. If `obj`
+    is a file, then call `fromfile`. Finally, if obj is an `ndarray`, then
+    return ``obj.view(recarray)``, making a copy of the data if ``copy=True``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6],
+           [7, 8, 9]])
+
+    >>> np.core.records.array(a)
+    rec.array([[1, 2, 3],
+               [4, 5, 6],
+               [7, 8, 9]],
+        dtype=int32)
+
+    >>> b = [(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9)]
+    >>> c = np.core.records.array(b, formats = ['i2', 'f2'], names = ('x', 'y'))
+    >>> c
+    rec.array([(1, 1.0), (2, 4.0), (3, 9.0)],
+              dtype=[('x', '<i2'), ('y', '<f2')])
+
+    >>> c.x
+    rec.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int16)
+
+    >>> c.y
+    rec.array([ 1.0,  4.0,  9.0], dtype=float16)
+
+    >>> r = np.rec.array(['abc','def'], names=['col1','col2'])
+    >>> print(r.col1)
+    abc
+
+    >>> r.col1
+    array('abc', dtype='<U3')
+
+    >>> r.col2
+    array('def', dtype='<U3')
+    """
+
+    if ((isinstance(obj, (type(None), str)) or hasattr(obj, 'readinto')) and
+           formats is None and dtype is None):
+        raise ValueError("Must define formats (or dtype) if object is "
+                         "None, string, or an open file")
+
+    kwds = {}
+    if dtype is not None:
+        dtype = sb.dtype(dtype)
+    elif formats is not None:
+        dtype = format_parser(formats, names, titles,
+                              aligned, byteorder).dtype
+    else:
+        kwds = {'formats': formats,
+                'names': names,
+                'titles': titles,
+                'aligned': aligned,
+                'byteorder': byteorder
+                }
+
+    if obj is None:
+        if shape is None:
+            raise ValueError("Must define a shape if obj is None")
+        return recarray(shape, dtype, buf=obj, offset=offset, strides=strides)
+
+    elif isinstance(obj, bytes):
+        return fromstring(obj, dtype, shape=shape, offset=offset, **kwds)
+
+    elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)):
+        if isinstance(obj[0], (tuple, list)):
+            return fromrecords(obj, dtype=dtype, shape=shape, **kwds)
+        else:
+            return fromarrays(obj, dtype=dtype, shape=shape, **kwds)
+
+    elif isinstance(obj, recarray):
+        if dtype is not None and (obj.dtype != dtype):
+            new = obj.view(dtype)
+        else:
+            new = obj
+        if copy:
+            new = new.copy()
+        return new
+
+    elif hasattr(obj, 'readinto'):
+        return fromfile(obj, dtype=dtype, shape=shape, offset=offset)
+
+    elif isinstance(obj, ndarray):
+        if dtype is not None and (obj.dtype != dtype):
+            new = obj.view(dtype)
+        else:
+            new = obj
+        if copy:
+            new = new.copy()
+        return new.view(recarray)
+
+    else:
+        interface = getattr(obj, "__array_interface__", None)
+        if interface is None or not isinstance(interface, dict):
+            raise ValueError("Unknown input type")
+        obj = sb.array(obj)
+        if dtype is not None and (obj.dtype != dtype):
+            obj = obj.view(dtype)
+        return obj.view(recarray)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/records.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/records.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3bbe0e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/records.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+import os
+from collections.abc import Sequence, Iterable
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    TypeVar,
+    overload,
+    Protocol,
+)
+
+from numpy import (
+    format_parser as format_parser,
+    record as record,
+    recarray as recarray,
+    dtype,
+    generic,
+    void,
+    _ByteOrder,
+    _SupportsBuffer,
+)
+
+from numpy._typing import (
+    ArrayLike,
+    DTypeLike,
+    NDArray,
+    _ShapeLike,
+    _ArrayLikeVoid_co,
+    _NestedSequence,
+)
+
+_SCT = TypeVar("_SCT", bound=generic)
+
+_RecArray = recarray[Any, dtype[_SCT]]
+
+class _SupportsReadInto(Protocol):
+    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int, /) -> object: ...
+    def tell(self, /) -> int: ...
+    def readinto(self, buffer: memoryview, /) -> int: ...
+
+__all__: list[str]
+
+@overload
+def fromarrays(
+    arrayList: Iterable[ArrayLike],
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    formats: None = ...,
+    names: None = ...,
+    titles: None = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def fromarrays(
+    arrayList: Iterable[ArrayLike],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    *,
+    formats: DTypeLike,
+    names: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    titles: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None | _ByteOrder = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[record]: ...
+
+@overload
+def fromrecords(
+    recList: _ArrayLikeVoid_co | tuple[Any, ...] | _NestedSequence[tuple[Any, ...]],
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    formats: None = ...,
+    names: None = ...,
+    titles: None = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[record]: ...
+@overload
+def fromrecords(
+    recList: _ArrayLikeVoid_co | tuple[Any, ...] | _NestedSequence[tuple[Any, ...]],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    *,
+    formats: DTypeLike,
+    names: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    titles: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None | _ByteOrder = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[record]: ...
+
+@overload
+def fromstring(
+    datastring: _SupportsBuffer,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    formats: None = ...,
+    names: None = ...,
+    titles: None = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[record]: ...
+@overload
+def fromstring(
+    datastring: _SupportsBuffer,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    *,
+    formats: DTypeLike,
+    names: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    titles: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None | _ByteOrder = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[record]: ...
+
+@overload
+def fromfile(
+    fd: str | bytes | os.PathLike[str] | os.PathLike[bytes] | _SupportsReadInto,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    formats: None = ...,
+    names: None = ...,
+    titles: None = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def fromfile(
+    fd: str | bytes | os.PathLike[str] | os.PathLike[bytes] | _SupportsReadInto,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    *,
+    formats: DTypeLike,
+    names: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    titles: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None | _ByteOrder = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[record]: ...
+
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: _SCT | NDArray[_SCT],
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    formats: None = ...,
+    names: None = ...,
+    titles: None = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: ArrayLike,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    formats: None = ...,
+    names: None = ...,
+    titles: None = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: ArrayLike,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    *,
+    formats: DTypeLike,
+    names: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    titles: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None | _ByteOrder = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[record]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: None,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    formats: None = ...,
+    names: None = ...,
+    titles: None = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: None,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    *,
+    shape: _ShapeLike,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    formats: DTypeLike,
+    names: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    titles: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None | _ByteOrder = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[record]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: _SupportsReadInto,
+    dtype: DTypeLike,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    formats: None = ...,
+    names: None = ...,
+    titles: None = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def array(
+    obj: _SupportsReadInto,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    shape: None | _ShapeLike = ...,
+    offset: int = ...,
+    *,
+    formats: DTypeLike,
+    names: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    titles: None | str | Sequence[str] = ...,
+    aligned: bool = ...,
+    byteorder: None | _ByteOrder = ...,
+    copy: bool = ...,
+) -> _RecArray[record]: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/shape_base.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/shape_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..250fffd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/shape_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+__all__ = ['atleast_1d', 'atleast_2d', 'atleast_3d', 'block', 'hstack',
+           'stack', 'vstack']
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import warnings
+
+from . import numeric as _nx
+from . import overrides
+from .multiarray import array, asanyarray, normalize_axis_index
+from . import fromnumeric as _from_nx
+
+
+array_function_dispatch = functools.partial(
+    overrides.array_function_dispatch, module='numpy')
+
+
+def _atleast_1d_dispatcher(*arys):
+    return arys
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_atleast_1d_dispatcher)
+def atleast_1d(*arys):
+    """
+    Convert inputs to arrays with at least one dimension.
+
+    Scalar inputs are converted to 1-dimensional arrays, whilst
+    higher-dimensional inputs are preserved.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arys1, arys2, ... : array_like
+        One or more input arrays.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    ret : ndarray
+        An array, or list of arrays, each with ``a.ndim >= 1``.
+        Copies are made only if necessary.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    atleast_2d, atleast_3d
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.atleast_1d(1.0)
+    array([1.])
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(9.0).reshape(3,3)
+    >>> np.atleast_1d(x)
+    array([[0., 1., 2.],
+           [3., 4., 5.],
+           [6., 7., 8.]])
+    >>> np.atleast_1d(x) is x
+    True
+
+    >>> np.atleast_1d(1, [3, 4])
+    [array([1]), array([3, 4])]
+
+    """
+    res = []
+    for ary in arys:
+        ary = asanyarray(ary)
+        if ary.ndim == 0:
+            result = ary.reshape(1)
+        else:
+            result = ary
+        res.append(result)
+    if len(res) == 1:
+        return res[0]
+    else:
+        return res
+
+
+def _atleast_2d_dispatcher(*arys):
+    return arys
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_atleast_2d_dispatcher)
+def atleast_2d(*arys):
+    """
+    View inputs as arrays with at least two dimensions.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arys1, arys2, ... : array_like
+        One or more array-like sequences.  Non-array inputs are converted
+        to arrays.  Arrays that already have two or more dimensions are
+        preserved.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res, res2, ... : ndarray
+        An array, or list of arrays, each with ``a.ndim >= 2``.
+        Copies are avoided where possible, and views with two or more
+        dimensions are returned.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    atleast_1d, atleast_3d
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.atleast_2d(3.0)
+    array([[3.]])
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(3.0)
+    >>> np.atleast_2d(x)
+    array([[0., 1., 2.]])
+    >>> np.atleast_2d(x).base is x
+    True
+
+    >>> np.atleast_2d(1, [1, 2], [[1, 2]])
+    [array([[1]]), array([[1, 2]]), array([[1, 2]])]
+
+    """
+    res = []
+    for ary in arys:
+        ary = asanyarray(ary)
+        if ary.ndim == 0:
+            result = ary.reshape(1, 1)
+        elif ary.ndim == 1:
+            result = ary[_nx.newaxis, :]
+        else:
+            result = ary
+        res.append(result)
+    if len(res) == 1:
+        return res[0]
+    else:
+        return res
+
+
+def _atleast_3d_dispatcher(*arys):
+    return arys
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_atleast_3d_dispatcher)
+def atleast_3d(*arys):
+    """
+    View inputs as arrays with at least three dimensions.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arys1, arys2, ... : array_like
+        One or more array-like sequences.  Non-array inputs are converted to
+        arrays.  Arrays that already have three or more dimensions are
+        preserved.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    res1, res2, ... : ndarray
+        An array, or list of arrays, each with ``a.ndim >= 3``.  Copies are
+        avoided where possible, and views with three or more dimensions are
+        returned.  For example, a 1-D array of shape ``(N,)`` becomes a view
+        of shape ``(1, N, 1)``, and a 2-D array of shape ``(M, N)`` becomes a
+        view of shape ``(M, N, 1)``.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    atleast_1d, atleast_2d
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> np.atleast_3d(3.0)
+    array([[[3.]]])
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(3.0)
+    >>> np.atleast_3d(x).shape
+    (1, 3, 1)
+
+    >>> x = np.arange(12.0).reshape(4,3)
+    >>> np.atleast_3d(x).shape
+    (4, 3, 1)
+    >>> np.atleast_3d(x).base is x.base  # x is a reshape, so not base itself
+    True
+
+    >>> for arr in np.atleast_3d([1, 2], [[1, 2]], [[[1, 2]]]):
+    ...     print(arr, arr.shape) # doctest: +SKIP
+    ...
+    [[[1]
+      [2]]] (1, 2, 1)
+    [[[1]
+      [2]]] (1, 2, 1)
+    [[[1 2]]] (1, 1, 2)
+
+    """
+    res = []
+    for ary in arys:
+        ary = asanyarray(ary)
+        if ary.ndim == 0:
+            result = ary.reshape(1, 1, 1)
+        elif ary.ndim == 1:
+            result = ary[_nx.newaxis, :, _nx.newaxis]
+        elif ary.ndim == 2:
+            result = ary[:, :, _nx.newaxis]
+        else:
+            result = ary
+        res.append(result)
+    if len(res) == 1:
+        return res[0]
+    else:
+        return res
+
+
+def _arrays_for_stack_dispatcher(arrays):
+    if not hasattr(arrays, "__getitem__"):
+        raise TypeError('arrays to stack must be passed as a "sequence" type '
+                        'such as list or tuple.')
+
+    return tuple(arrays)
+
+
+def _vhstack_dispatcher(tup, *, dtype=None, casting=None):
+    return _arrays_for_stack_dispatcher(tup)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_vhstack_dispatcher)
+def vstack(tup, *, dtype=None, casting="same_kind"):
+    """
+    Stack arrays in sequence vertically (row wise).
+
+    This is equivalent to concatenation along the first axis after 1-D arrays
+    of shape `(N,)` have been reshaped to `(1,N)`. Rebuilds arrays divided by
+    `vsplit`.
+
+    This function makes most sense for arrays with up to 3 dimensions. For
+    instance, for pixel-data with a height (first axis), width (second axis),
+    and r/g/b channels (third axis). The functions `concatenate`, `stack` and
+    `block` provide more general stacking and concatenation operations.
+
+    ``np.row_stack`` is an alias for `vstack`. They are the same function.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tup : sequence of ndarrays
+        The arrays must have the same shape along all but the first axis.
+        1-D arrays must have the same length.
+
+    dtype : str or dtype
+        If provided, the destination array will have this dtype. Cannot be
+        provided together with `out`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.24
+
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur. Defaults to 'same_kind'.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.24
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    stacked : ndarray
+        The array formed by stacking the given arrays, will be at least 2-D.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    concatenate : Join a sequence of arrays along an existing axis.
+    stack : Join a sequence of arrays along a new axis.
+    block : Assemble an nd-array from nested lists of blocks.
+    hstack : Stack arrays in sequence horizontally (column wise).
+    dstack : Stack arrays in sequence depth wise (along third axis).
+    column_stack : Stack 1-D arrays as columns into a 2-D array.
+    vsplit : Split an array into multiple sub-arrays vertically (row-wise).
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
+    >>> np.vstack((a,b))
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+
+    >>> a = np.array([[1], [2], [3]])
+    >>> b = np.array([[4], [5], [6]])
+    >>> np.vstack((a,b))
+    array([[1],
+           [2],
+           [3],
+           [4],
+           [5],
+           [6]])
+
+    """
+    arrs = atleast_2d(*tup)
+    if not isinstance(arrs, list):
+        arrs = [arrs]
+    return _nx.concatenate(arrs, 0, dtype=dtype, casting=casting)
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_vhstack_dispatcher)
+def hstack(tup, *, dtype=None, casting="same_kind"):
+    """
+    Stack arrays in sequence horizontally (column wise).
+
+    This is equivalent to concatenation along the second axis, except for 1-D
+    arrays where it concatenates along the first axis. Rebuilds arrays divided
+    by `hsplit`.
+
+    This function makes most sense for arrays with up to 3 dimensions. For
+    instance, for pixel-data with a height (first axis), width (second axis),
+    and r/g/b channels (third axis). The functions `concatenate`, `stack` and
+    `block` provide more general stacking and concatenation operations.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tup : sequence of ndarrays
+        The arrays must have the same shape along all but the second axis,
+        except 1-D arrays which can be any length.
+
+    dtype : str or dtype
+        If provided, the destination array will have this dtype. Cannot be
+        provided together with `out`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.24
+
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur. Defaults to 'same_kind'.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.24
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    stacked : ndarray
+        The array formed by stacking the given arrays.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    concatenate : Join a sequence of arrays along an existing axis.
+    stack : Join a sequence of arrays along a new axis.
+    block : Assemble an nd-array from nested lists of blocks.
+    vstack : Stack arrays in sequence vertically (row wise).
+    dstack : Stack arrays in sequence depth wise (along third axis).
+    column_stack : Stack 1-D arrays as columns into a 2-D array.
+    hsplit : Split an array into multiple sub-arrays horizontally (column-wise).
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> a = np.array((1,2,3))
+    >>> b = np.array((4,5,6))
+    >>> np.hstack((a,b))
+    array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+    >>> a = np.array([[1],[2],[3]])
+    >>> b = np.array([[4],[5],[6]])
+    >>> np.hstack((a,b))
+    array([[1, 4],
+           [2, 5],
+           [3, 6]])
+
+    """
+    arrs = atleast_1d(*tup)
+    if not isinstance(arrs, list):
+        arrs = [arrs]
+    # As a special case, dimension 0 of 1-dimensional arrays is "horizontal"
+    if arrs and arrs[0].ndim == 1:
+        return _nx.concatenate(arrs, 0, dtype=dtype, casting=casting)
+    else:
+        return _nx.concatenate(arrs, 1, dtype=dtype, casting=casting)
+
+
+def _stack_dispatcher(arrays, axis=None, out=None, *,
+                      dtype=None, casting=None):
+    arrays = _arrays_for_stack_dispatcher(arrays)
+    if out is not None:
+        # optimize for the typical case where only arrays is provided
+        arrays = list(arrays)
+        arrays.append(out)
+    return arrays
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_stack_dispatcher)
+def stack(arrays, axis=0, out=None, *, dtype=None, casting="same_kind"):
+    """
+    Join a sequence of arrays along a new axis.
+
+    The ``axis`` parameter specifies the index of the new axis in the
+    dimensions of the result. For example, if ``axis=0`` it will be the first
+    dimension and if ``axis=-1`` it will be the last dimension.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.10.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arrays : sequence of array_like
+        Each array must have the same shape.
+
+    axis : int, optional
+        The axis in the result array along which the input arrays are stacked.
+
+    out : ndarray, optional
+        If provided, the destination to place the result. The shape must be
+        correct, matching that of what stack would have returned if no
+        out argument were specified.
+
+    dtype : str or dtype
+        If provided, the destination array will have this dtype. Cannot be
+        provided together with `out`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.24
+
+    casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
+        Controls what kind of data casting may occur. Defaults to 'same_kind'.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.24
+
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    stacked : ndarray
+        The stacked array has one more dimension than the input arrays.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    concatenate : Join a sequence of arrays along an existing axis.
+    block : Assemble an nd-array from nested lists of blocks.
+    split : Split array into a list of multiple sub-arrays of equal size.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> arrays = [np.random.randn(3, 4) for _ in range(10)]
+    >>> np.stack(arrays, axis=0).shape
+    (10, 3, 4)
+
+    >>> np.stack(arrays, axis=1).shape
+    (3, 10, 4)
+
+    >>> np.stack(arrays, axis=2).shape
+    (3, 4, 10)
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
+    >>> np.stack((a, b))
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+
+    >>> np.stack((a, b), axis=-1)
+    array([[1, 4],
+           [2, 5],
+           [3, 6]])
+
+    """
+    arrays = [asanyarray(arr) for arr in arrays]
+    if not arrays:
+        raise ValueError('need at least one array to stack')
+
+    shapes = {arr.shape for arr in arrays}
+    if len(shapes) != 1:
+        raise ValueError('all input arrays must have the same shape')
+
+    result_ndim = arrays[0].ndim + 1
+    axis = normalize_axis_index(axis, result_ndim)
+
+    sl = (slice(None),) * axis + (_nx.newaxis,)
+    expanded_arrays = [arr[sl] for arr in arrays]
+    return _nx.concatenate(expanded_arrays, axis=axis, out=out,
+                           dtype=dtype, casting=casting)
+
+
+# Internal functions to eliminate the overhead of repeated dispatch in one of
+# the two possible paths inside np.block.
+# Use getattr to protect against __array_function__ being disabled.
+_size = getattr(_from_nx.size, '__wrapped__', _from_nx.size)
+_ndim = getattr(_from_nx.ndim, '__wrapped__', _from_nx.ndim)
+_concatenate = getattr(_from_nx.concatenate,
+                       '__wrapped__', _from_nx.concatenate)
+
+
+def _block_format_index(index):
+    """
+    Convert a list of indices ``[0, 1, 2]`` into ``"arrays[0][1][2]"``.
+    """
+    idx_str = ''.join('[{}]'.format(i) for i in index if i is not None)
+    return 'arrays' + idx_str
+
+
+def _block_check_depths_match(arrays, parent_index=[]):
+    """
+    Recursive function checking that the depths of nested lists in `arrays`
+    all match. Mismatch raises a ValueError as described in the block
+    docstring below.
+
+    The entire index (rather than just the depth) needs to be calculated
+    for each innermost list, in case an error needs to be raised, so that
+    the index of the offending list can be printed as part of the error.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arrays : nested list of arrays
+        The arrays to check
+    parent_index : list of int
+        The full index of `arrays` within the nested lists passed to
+        `_block_check_depths_match` at the top of the recursion.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    first_index : list of int
+        The full index of an element from the bottom of the nesting in
+        `arrays`. If any element at the bottom is an empty list, this will
+        refer to it, and the last index along the empty axis will be None.
+    max_arr_ndim : int
+        The maximum of the ndims of the arrays nested in `arrays`.
+    final_size: int
+        The number of elements in the final array. This is used the motivate
+        the choice of algorithm used using benchmarking wisdom.
+
+    """
+    if type(arrays) is tuple:
+        # not strictly necessary, but saves us from:
+        #  - more than one way to do things - no point treating tuples like
+        #    lists
+        #  - horribly confusing behaviour that results when tuples are
+        #    treated like ndarray
+        raise TypeError(
+            '{} is a tuple. '
+            'Only lists can be used to arrange blocks, and np.block does '
+            'not allow implicit conversion from tuple to ndarray.'.format(
+                _block_format_index(parent_index)
+            )
+        )
+    elif type(arrays) is list and len(arrays) > 0:
+        idxs_ndims = (_block_check_depths_match(arr, parent_index + [i])
+                      for i, arr in enumerate(arrays))
+
+        first_index, max_arr_ndim, final_size = next(idxs_ndims)
+        for index, ndim, size in idxs_ndims:
+            final_size += size
+            if ndim > max_arr_ndim:
+                max_arr_ndim = ndim
+            if len(index) != len(first_index):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "List depths are mismatched. First element was at depth "
+                    "{}, but there is an element at depth {} ({})".format(
+                        len(first_index),
+                        len(index),
+                        _block_format_index(index)
+                    )
+                )
+            # propagate our flag that indicates an empty list at the bottom
+            if index[-1] is None:
+                first_index = index
+
+        return first_index, max_arr_ndim, final_size
+    elif type(arrays) is list and len(arrays) == 0:
+        # We've 'bottomed out' on an empty list
+        return parent_index + [None], 0, 0
+    else:
+        # We've 'bottomed out' - arrays is either a scalar or an array
+        size = _size(arrays)
+        return parent_index, _ndim(arrays), size
+
+
+def _atleast_nd(a, ndim):
+    # Ensures `a` has at least `ndim` dimensions by prepending
+    # ones to `a.shape` as necessary
+    return array(a, ndmin=ndim, copy=False, subok=True)
+
+
+def _accumulate(values):
+    return list(itertools.accumulate(values))
+
+
+def _concatenate_shapes(shapes, axis):
+    """Given array shapes, return the resulting shape and slices prefixes.
+
+    These help in nested concatenation.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    shape: tuple of int
+        This tuple satisfies::
+
+            shape, _ = _concatenate_shapes([arr.shape for shape in arrs], axis)
+            shape == concatenate(arrs, axis).shape
+
+    slice_prefixes: tuple of (slice(start, end), )
+        For a list of arrays being concatenated, this returns the slice
+        in the larger array at axis that needs to be sliced into.
+
+        For example, the following holds::
+
+            ret = concatenate([a, b, c], axis)
+            _, (sl_a, sl_b, sl_c) = concatenate_slices([a, b, c], axis)
+
+            ret[(slice(None),) * axis + sl_a] == a
+            ret[(slice(None),) * axis + sl_b] == b
+            ret[(slice(None),) * axis + sl_c] == c
+
+        These are called slice prefixes since they are used in the recursive
+        blocking algorithm to compute the left-most slices during the
+        recursion. Therefore, they must be prepended to rest of the slice
+        that was computed deeper in the recursion.
+
+        These are returned as tuples to ensure that they can quickly be added
+        to existing slice tuple without creating a new tuple every time.
+
+    """
+    # Cache a result that will be reused.
+    shape_at_axis = [shape[axis] for shape in shapes]
+
+    # Take a shape, any shape
+    first_shape = shapes[0]
+    first_shape_pre = first_shape[:axis]
+    first_shape_post = first_shape[axis+1:]
+
+    if any(shape[:axis] != first_shape_pre or
+           shape[axis+1:] != first_shape_post for shape in shapes):
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Mismatched array shapes in block along axis {}.'.format(axis))
+
+    shape = (first_shape_pre + (sum(shape_at_axis),) + first_shape[axis+1:])
+
+    offsets_at_axis = _accumulate(shape_at_axis)
+    slice_prefixes = [(slice(start, end),)
+                      for start, end in zip([0] + offsets_at_axis,
+                                            offsets_at_axis)]
+    return shape, slice_prefixes
+
+
+def _block_info_recursion(arrays, max_depth, result_ndim, depth=0):
+    """
+    Returns the shape of the final array, along with a list
+    of slices and a list of arrays that can be used for assignment inside the
+    new array
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arrays : nested list of arrays
+        The arrays to check
+    max_depth : list of int
+        The number of nested lists
+    result_ndim : int
+        The number of dimensions in thefinal array.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    shape : tuple of int
+        The shape that the final array will take on.
+    slices: list of tuple of slices
+        The slices into the full array required for assignment. These are
+        required to be prepended with ``(Ellipsis, )`` to obtain to correct
+        final index.
+    arrays: list of ndarray
+        The data to assign to each slice of the full array
+
+    """
+    if depth < max_depth:
+        shapes, slices, arrays = zip(
+            *[_block_info_recursion(arr, max_depth, result_ndim, depth+1)
+              for arr in arrays])
+
+        axis = result_ndim - max_depth + depth
+        shape, slice_prefixes = _concatenate_shapes(shapes, axis)
+
+        # Prepend the slice prefix and flatten the slices
+        slices = [slice_prefix + the_slice
+                  for slice_prefix, inner_slices in zip(slice_prefixes, slices)
+                  for the_slice in inner_slices]
+
+        # Flatten the array list
+        arrays = functools.reduce(operator.add, arrays)
+
+        return shape, slices, arrays
+    else:
+        # We've 'bottomed out' - arrays is either a scalar or an array
+        # type(arrays) is not list
+        # Return the slice and the array inside a list to be consistent with
+        # the recursive case.
+        arr = _atleast_nd(arrays, result_ndim)
+        return arr.shape, [()], [arr]
+
+
+def _block(arrays, max_depth, result_ndim, depth=0):
+    """
+    Internal implementation of block based on repeated concatenation.
+    `arrays` is the argument passed to
+    block. `max_depth` is the depth of nested lists within `arrays` and
+    `result_ndim` is the greatest of the dimensions of the arrays in
+    `arrays` and the depth of the lists in `arrays` (see block docstring
+    for details).
+    """
+    if depth < max_depth:
+        arrs = [_block(arr, max_depth, result_ndim, depth+1)
+                for arr in arrays]
+        return _concatenate(arrs, axis=-(max_depth-depth))
+    else:
+        # We've 'bottomed out' - arrays is either a scalar or an array
+        # type(arrays) is not list
+        return _atleast_nd(arrays, result_ndim)
+
+
+def _block_dispatcher(arrays):
+    # Use type(...) is list to match the behavior of np.block(), which special
+    # cases list specifically rather than allowing for generic iterables or
+    # tuple. Also, we know that list.__array_function__ will never exist.
+    if type(arrays) is list:
+        for subarrays in arrays:
+            yield from _block_dispatcher(subarrays)
+    else:
+        yield arrays
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(_block_dispatcher)
+def block(arrays):
+    """
+    Assemble an nd-array from nested lists of blocks.
+
+    Blocks in the innermost lists are concatenated (see `concatenate`) along
+    the last dimension (-1), then these are concatenated along the
+    second-last dimension (-2), and so on until the outermost list is reached.
+
+    Blocks can be of any dimension, but will not be broadcasted using the normal
+    rules. Instead, leading axes of size 1 are inserted, to make ``block.ndim``
+    the same for all blocks. This is primarily useful for working with scalars,
+    and means that code like ``np.block([v, 1])`` is valid, where
+    ``v.ndim == 1``.
+
+    When the nested list is two levels deep, this allows block matrices to be
+    constructed from their components.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.13.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    arrays : nested list of array_like or scalars (but not tuples)
+        If passed a single ndarray or scalar (a nested list of depth 0), this
+        is returned unmodified (and not copied).
+
+        Elements shapes must match along the appropriate axes (without
+        broadcasting), but leading 1s will be prepended to the shape as
+        necessary to make the dimensions match.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    block_array : ndarray
+        The array assembled from the given blocks.
+
+        The dimensionality of the output is equal to the greatest of:
+        * the dimensionality of all the inputs
+        * the depth to which the input list is nested
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        * If list depths are mismatched - for instance, ``[[a, b], c]`` is
+          illegal, and should be spelt ``[[a, b], [c]]``
+        * If lists are empty - for instance, ``[[a, b], []]``
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    concatenate : Join a sequence of arrays along an existing axis.
+    stack : Join a sequence of arrays along a new axis.
+    vstack : Stack arrays in sequence vertically (row wise).
+    hstack : Stack arrays in sequence horizontally (column wise).
+    dstack : Stack arrays in sequence depth wise (along third axis).
+    column_stack : Stack 1-D arrays as columns into a 2-D array.
+    vsplit : Split an array into multiple sub-arrays vertically (row-wise).
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+
+    When called with only scalars, ``np.block`` is equivalent to an ndarray
+    call. So ``np.block([[1, 2], [3, 4]])`` is equivalent to
+    ``np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])``.
+
+    This function does not enforce that the blocks lie on a fixed grid.
+    ``np.block([[a, b], [c, d]])`` is not restricted to arrays of the form::
+
+        AAAbb
+        AAAbb
+        cccDD
+
+    But is also allowed to produce, for some ``a, b, c, d``::
+
+        AAAbb
+        AAAbb
+        cDDDD
+
+    Since concatenation happens along the last axis first, `block` is _not_
+    capable of producing the following directly::
+
+        AAAbb
+        cccbb
+        cccDD
+
+    Matlab's "square bracket stacking", ``[A, B, ...; p, q, ...]``, is
+    equivalent to ``np.block([[A, B, ...], [p, q, ...]])``.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    The most common use of this function is to build a block matrix
+
+    >>> A = np.eye(2) * 2
+    >>> B = np.eye(3) * 3
+    >>> np.block([
+    ...     [A,               np.zeros((2, 3))],
+    ...     [np.ones((3, 2)), B               ]
+    ... ])
+    array([[2., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
+           [0., 2., 0., 0., 0.],
+           [1., 1., 3., 0., 0.],
+           [1., 1., 0., 3., 0.],
+           [1., 1., 0., 0., 3.]])
+
+    With a list of depth 1, `block` can be used as `hstack`
+
+    >>> np.block([1, 2, 3])              # hstack([1, 2, 3])
+    array([1, 2, 3])
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
+    >>> np.block([a, b, 10])             # hstack([a, b, 10])
+    array([ 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6, 10])
+
+    >>> A = np.ones((2, 2), int)
+    >>> B = 2 * A
+    >>> np.block([A, B])                 # hstack([A, B])
+    array([[1, 1, 2, 2],
+           [1, 1, 2, 2]])
+
+    With a list of depth 2, `block` can be used in place of `vstack`:
+
+    >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
+    >>> np.block([[a], [b]])             # vstack([a, b])
+    array([[1, 2, 3],
+           [4, 5, 6]])
+
+    >>> A = np.ones((2, 2), int)
+    >>> B = 2 * A
+    >>> np.block([[A], [B]])             # vstack([A, B])
+    array([[1, 1],
+           [1, 1],
+           [2, 2],
+           [2, 2]])
+
+    It can also be used in places of `atleast_1d` and `atleast_2d`
+
+    >>> a = np.array(0)
+    >>> b = np.array([1])
+    >>> np.block([a])                    # atleast_1d(a)
+    array([0])
+    >>> np.block([b])                    # atleast_1d(b)
+    array([1])
+
+    >>> np.block([[a]])                  # atleast_2d(a)
+    array([[0]])
+    >>> np.block([[b]])                  # atleast_2d(b)
+    array([[1]])
+
+
+    """
+    arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim, final_size = _block_setup(arrays)
+
+    # It was found through benchmarking that making an array of final size
+    # around 256x256 was faster by straight concatenation on a
+    # i7-7700HQ processor and dual channel ram 2400MHz.
+    # It didn't seem to matter heavily on the dtype used.
+    #
+    # A 2D array using repeated concatenation requires 2 copies of the array.
+    #
+    # The fastest algorithm will depend on the ratio of CPU power to memory
+    # speed.
+    # One can monitor the results of the benchmark
+    # https://pv.github.io/numpy-bench/#bench_shape_base.Block2D.time_block2d
+    # to tune this parameter until a C version of the `_block_info_recursion`
+    # algorithm is implemented which would likely be faster than the python
+    # version.
+    if list_ndim * final_size > (2 * 512 * 512):
+        return _block_slicing(arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim)
+    else:
+        return _block_concatenate(arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim)
+
+
+# These helper functions are mostly used for testing.
+# They allow us to write tests that directly call `_block_slicing`
+# or `_block_concatenate` without blocking large arrays to force the wisdom
+# to trigger the desired path.
+def _block_setup(arrays):
+    """
+    Returns
+    (`arrays`, list_ndim, result_ndim, final_size)
+    """
+    bottom_index, arr_ndim, final_size = _block_check_depths_match(arrays)
+    list_ndim = len(bottom_index)
+    if bottom_index and bottom_index[-1] is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'List at {} cannot be empty'.format(
+                _block_format_index(bottom_index)
+            )
+        )
+    result_ndim = max(arr_ndim, list_ndim)
+    return arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim, final_size
+
+
+def _block_slicing(arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim):
+    shape, slices, arrays = _block_info_recursion(
+        arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim)
+    dtype = _nx.result_type(*[arr.dtype for arr in arrays])
+
+    # Test preferring F only in the case that all input arrays are F
+    F_order = all(arr.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS'] for arr in arrays)
+    C_order = all(arr.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS'] for arr in arrays)
+    order = 'F' if F_order and not C_order else 'C'
+    result = _nx.empty(shape=shape, dtype=dtype, order=order)
+    # Note: In a c implementation, the function
+    # PyArray_CreateMultiSortedStridePerm could be used for more advanced
+    # guessing of the desired order.
+
+    for the_slice, arr in zip(slices, arrays):
+        result[(Ellipsis,) + the_slice] = arr
+    return result
+
+
+def _block_concatenate(arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim):
+    result = _block(arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim)
+    if list_ndim == 0:
+        # Catch an edge case where _block returns a view because
+        # `arrays` is a single numpy array and not a list of numpy arrays.
+        # This might copy scalars or lists twice, but this isn't a likely
+        # usecase for those interested in performance
+        result = result.copy()
+    return result
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/shape_base.pyi b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/shape_base.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10116f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/shape_base.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import TypeVar, overload, Any, SupportsIndex
+
+from numpy import generic, _CastingKind
+from numpy._typing import (
+    NDArray,
+    ArrayLike,
+    DTypeLike,
+    _ArrayLike,
+    _DTypeLike,
+)
+
+_SCT = TypeVar("_SCT", bound=generic)
+_ArrayType = TypeVar("_ArrayType", bound=NDArray[Any])
+
+__all__: list[str]
+
+@overload
+def atleast_1d(arys: _ArrayLike[_SCT], /) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def atleast_1d(arys: ArrayLike, /) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def atleast_1d(*arys: ArrayLike) -> list[NDArray[Any]]: ...
+
+@overload
+def atleast_2d(arys: _ArrayLike[_SCT], /) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def atleast_2d(arys: ArrayLike, /) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def atleast_2d(*arys: ArrayLike) -> list[NDArray[Any]]: ...
+
+@overload
+def atleast_3d(arys: _ArrayLike[_SCT], /) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def atleast_3d(arys: ArrayLike, /) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def atleast_3d(*arys: ArrayLike) -> list[NDArray[Any]]: ...
+
+@overload
+def vstack(
+    tup: Sequence[_ArrayLike[_SCT]],
+    *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def vstack(
+    tup: Sequence[ArrayLike],
+    *,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def vstack(
+    tup: Sequence[ArrayLike],
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def hstack(
+    tup: Sequence[_ArrayLike[_SCT]],
+    *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def hstack(
+    tup: Sequence[ArrayLike],
+    *,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def hstack(
+    tup: Sequence[ArrayLike],
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+
+@overload
+def stack(
+    arrays: Sequence[_ArrayLike[_SCT]],
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: None = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def stack(
+    arrays: Sequence[ArrayLike],
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: _DTypeLike[_SCT],
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def stack(
+    arrays: Sequence[ArrayLike],
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: None = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
+@overload
+def stack(
+    arrays: Sequence[ArrayLike],
+    axis: SupportsIndex = ...,
+    out: _ArrayType = ...,
+    *,
+    dtype: DTypeLike = ...,
+    casting: _CastingKind = ...
+) -> _ArrayType: ...
+
+@overload
+def block(arrays: _ArrayLike[_SCT]) -> NDArray[_SCT]: ...
+@overload
+def block(arrays: ArrayLike) -> NDArray[Any]: ...
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/__init__.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/__init__.py
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/_locales.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/_locales.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1dc55a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/_locales.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+"""Provide class for testing in French locale
+
+"""
+import sys
+import locale
+
+import pytest
+
+__ALL__ = ['CommaDecimalPointLocale']
+
+
+def find_comma_decimal_point_locale():
+    """See if platform has a decimal point as comma locale.
+
+    Find a locale that uses a comma instead of a period as the
+    decimal point.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    old_locale: str
+        Locale when the function was called.
+    new_locale: {str, None)
+        First French locale found, None if none found.
+
+    """
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        locales = ['FRENCH']
+    else:
+        locales = ['fr_FR', 'fr_FR.UTF-8', 'fi_FI', 'fi_FI.UTF-8']
+
+    old_locale = locale.getlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC)
+    new_locale = None
+    try:
+        for loc in locales:
+            try:
+                locale.setlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC, loc)
+                new_locale = loc
+                break
+            except locale.Error:
+                pass
+    finally:
+        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC, locale=old_locale)
+    return old_locale, new_locale
+
+
+class CommaDecimalPointLocale:
+    """Sets LC_NUMERIC to a locale with comma as decimal point.
+
+    Classes derived from this class have setup and teardown methods that run
+    tests with locale.LC_NUMERIC set to a locale where commas (',') are used as
+    the decimal point instead of periods ('.'). On exit the locale is restored
+    to the initial locale. It also serves as context manager with the same
+    effect. If no such locale is available, the test is skipped.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.15.0
+
+    """
+    (cur_locale, tst_locale) = find_comma_decimal_point_locale()
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        if self.tst_locale is None:
+            pytest.skip("No French locale available")
+        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC, locale=self.tst_locale)
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC, locale=self.cur_locale)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if self.tst_locale is None:
+            pytest.skip("No French locale available")
+        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC, locale=self.tst_locale)
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC, locale=self.cur_locale)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/astype_copy.pkl b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/astype_copy.pkl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7397c978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/astype_copy.pkl
Binary files differdiff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/generate_umath_validation_data.cpp b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/generate_umath_validation_data.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..575eec11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/generate_umath_validation_data.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <random>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <vector>
+
+struct ufunc {
+    std::string name;
+    double (*f32func)(double);
+    long double (*f64func)(long double);
+    float f32ulp;
+    float f64ulp;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+T
+RandomFloat(T a, T b)
+{
+    T random = ((T)rand()) / (T)RAND_MAX;
+    T diff = b - a;
+    T r = random * diff;
+    return a + r;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void
+append_random_array(std::vector<T> &arr, T min, T max, size_t N)
+{
+    for (size_t ii = 0; ii < N; ++ii)
+        arr.emplace_back(RandomFloat<T>(min, max));
+}
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+std::vector<T1>
+computeTrueVal(const std::vector<T1> &in, T2 (*mathfunc)(T2))
+{
+    std::vector<T1> out;
+    for (T1 elem : in) {
+        T2 elem_d = (T2)elem;
+        T1 out_elem = (T1)mathfunc(elem_d);
+        out.emplace_back(out_elem);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+/*
+ * FP range:
+ * [-inf, -maxflt, -1., -minflt, -minden, 0., minden, minflt, 1., maxflt, inf]
+ */
+
+#define MINDEN std::numeric_limits<T>::denorm_min()
+#define MINFLT std::numeric_limits<T>::min()
+#define MAXFLT std::numeric_limits<T>::max()
+#define INF std::numeric_limits<T>::infinity()
+#define qNAN std::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN()
+#define sNAN std::numeric_limits<T>::signaling_NaN()
+
+template <typename T>
+std::vector<T>
+generate_input_vector(std::string func)
+{
+    std::vector<T> input = {MINDEN,  -MINDEN, MINFLT, -MINFLT, MAXFLT,
+                            -MAXFLT, INF,     -INF,   qNAN,    sNAN,
+                            -1.0,    1.0,     0.0,    -0.0};
+
+    // [-1.0, 1.0]
+    if ((func == "arcsin") || (func == "arccos") || (func == "arctanh")) {
+        append_random_array<T>(input, -1.0, 1.0, 700);
+    }
+    // (0.0, INF]
+    else if ((func == "log2") || (func == "log10")) {
+        append_random_array<T>(input, 0.0, 1.0, 200);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, MINDEN, MINFLT, 200);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, MINFLT, 1.0, 200);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, 1.0, MAXFLT, 200);
+    }
+    // (-1.0, INF]
+    else if (func == "log1p") {
+        append_random_array<T>(input, -1.0, 1.0, 200);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, -MINFLT, -MINDEN, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, -1.0, -MINFLT, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, MINDEN, MINFLT, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, MINFLT, 1.0, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, 1.0, MAXFLT, 100);
+    }
+    // [1.0, INF]
+    else if (func == "arccosh") {
+        append_random_array<T>(input, 1.0, 2.0, 400);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, 2.0, MAXFLT, 300);
+    }
+    // [-INF, INF]
+    else {
+        append_random_array<T>(input, -1.0, 1.0, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, MINDEN, MINFLT, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, -MINFLT, -MINDEN, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, MINFLT, 1.0, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, -1.0, -MINFLT, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, 1.0, MAXFLT, 100);
+        append_random_array<T>(input, -MAXFLT, -100.0, 100);
+    }
+
+    std::random_shuffle(input.begin(), input.end());
+    return input;
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+    srand(42);
+    std::vector<struct ufunc> umathfunc = {
+            {"sin", sin, sin, 1.49, 1.00},
+            {"cos", cos, cos, 1.49, 1.00},
+            {"tan", tan, tan, 3.91, 3.93},
+            {"arcsin", asin, asin, 3.12, 2.55},
+            {"arccos", acos, acos, 2.1, 1.67},
+            {"arctan", atan, atan, 2.3, 2.52},
+            {"sinh", sinh, sinh, 1.55, 1.89},
+            {"cosh", cosh, cosh, 2.48, 1.97},
+            {"tanh", tanh, tanh, 1.38, 1.19},
+            {"arcsinh", asinh, asinh, 1.01, 1.48},
+            {"arccosh", acosh, acosh, 1.16, 1.05},
+            {"arctanh", atanh, atanh, 1.45, 1.46},
+            {"cbrt", cbrt, cbrt, 1.94, 1.82},
+            //{"exp",exp,exp,3.76,1.53},
+            {"exp2", exp2, exp2, 1.01, 1.04},
+            {"expm1", expm1, expm1, 2.62, 2.1},
+            //{"log",log,log,1.84,1.67},
+            {"log10", log10, log10, 3.5, 1.92},
+            {"log1p", log1p, log1p, 1.96, 1.93},
+            {"log2", log2, log2, 2.12, 1.84},
+    };
+
+    for (int ii = 0; ii < umathfunc.size(); ++ii) {
+        // ignore sin/cos
+        if ((umathfunc[ii].name != "sin") && (umathfunc[ii].name != "cos")) {
+            std::string fileName =
+                    "umath-validation-set-" + umathfunc[ii].name + ".csv";
+            std::ofstream txtOut;
+            txtOut.open(fileName, std::ofstream::trunc);
+            txtOut << "dtype,input,output,ulperrortol" << std::endl;
+
+            // Single Precision
+            auto f32in = generate_input_vector<float>(umathfunc[ii].name);
+            auto f32out = computeTrueVal<float, double>(f32in,
+                                                        umathfunc[ii].f32func);
+            for (int jj = 0; jj < f32in.size(); ++jj) {
+                txtOut << "np.float32" << std::hex << ",0x"
+                       << *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t *>(&f32in[jj]) << ",0x"
+                       << *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t *>(&f32out[jj]) << ","
+                       << ceil(umathfunc[ii].f32ulp) << std::endl;
+            }
+
+            // Double Precision
+            auto f64in = generate_input_vector<double>(umathfunc[ii].name);
+            auto f64out = computeTrueVal<double, long double>(
+                    f64in, umathfunc[ii].f64func);
+            for (int jj = 0; jj < f64in.size(); ++jj) {
+                txtOut << "np.float64" << std::hex << ",0x"
+                       << *reinterpret_cast<uint64_t *>(&f64in[jj]) << ",0x"
+                       << *reinterpret_cast<uint64_t *>(&f64out[jj]) << ","
+                       << ceil(umathfunc[ii].f64ulp) << std::endl;
+            }
+            txtOut.close();
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/numpy_2_0_array.pkl b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/numpy_2_0_array.pkl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..958eee50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/numpy_2_0_array.pkl
Binary files differdiff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/recarray_from_file.fits b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/recarray_from_file.fits
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca48ee85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/recarray_from_file.fits
Binary files differdiff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-README.txt b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfc9e414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Steps to validate transcendental functions:
+1) Add a file 'umath-validation-set-<ufuncname>.txt', where ufuncname is name of
+   the function in NumPy you want to validate
+2) The file should contain 4 columns: dtype,input,expected output,ulperror
+    a. dtype: one of np.float16, np.float32, np.float64
+    b. input: floating point input to ufunc in hex. Example: 0x414570a4
+       represents 12.340000152587890625
+    c. expected output: floating point output for the corresponding input in hex.
+       This should be computed using a high(er) precision library and then rounded to
+       same format as the input.
+    d. ulperror: expected maximum ulp error of the function. This
+       should be same across all rows of the same dtype. Otherwise, the function is
+       tested for the maximum ulp error among all entries of that dtype.
+3) Add file umath-validation-set-<ufuncname>.txt to the test file test_umath_accuracy.py
+   which will then validate your ufunc.
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arccos.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arccos.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6697ae95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arccos.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,1429 @@
+dtype,input,output,ulperrortol
+np.float32,0xbddd7f50,0x3fd6eec2,3
+np.float32,0xbe32a20c,0x3fdf8182,3
+np.float32,0xbf607c09,0x4028f84f,3
+np.float32,0x3f25d906,0x3f5db544,3
+np.float32,0x3f01cec8,0x3f84febf,3
+np.float32,0x3f1d5c6e,0x3f68a735,3
+np.float32,0xbf0cab89,0x4009c36d,3
+np.float32,0xbf176b40,0x400d0941,3
+np.float32,0x3f3248b2,0x3f4ce6d4,3
+np.float32,0x3f390b48,0x3f434e0d,3
+np.float32,0xbe261698,0x3fddea43,3
+np.float32,0x3f0e1154,0x3f7b848b,3
+np.float32,0xbf379a3c,0x4017b764,3
+np.float32,0xbeda6f2c,0x4000bd62,3
+np.float32,0xbf6a0c3f,0x402e5d5a,3
+np.float32,0x3ef1d700,0x3f8a17b7,3
+np.float32,0xbf6f4f65,0x4031d30d,3
+np.float32,0x3f2c9eee,0x3f54adfd,3
+np.float32,0x3f3cfb18,0x3f3d8a1e,3
+np.float32,0x3ba80800,0x3fc867d2,3
+np.float32,0x3e723b08,0x3faa7e4d,3
+np.float32,0xbf65820f,0x402bb054,3
+np.float32,0xbee64e7a,0x40026410,3
+np.float32,0x3cb15140,0x3fc64a87,3
+np.float32,0x3f193660,0x3f6ddf2a,3
+np.float32,0xbf0e5b52,0x400a44f7,3
+np.float32,0x3ed55f14,0x3f920a4b,3
+np.float32,0x3dd11a80,0x3fbbf85c,3
+np.float32,0xbf4f5c4b,0x4020f4f9,3
+np.float32,0x3f787532,0x3e792e87,3
+np.float32,0x3f40e6ac,0x3f37a74f,3
+np.float32,0x3f1c1318,0x3f6a47b6,3
+np.float32,0xbe3c48d8,0x3fe0bb70,3
+np.float32,0xbe94d4bc,0x3feed08e,3
+np.float32,0xbe5c3688,0x3fe4ce26,3
+np.float32,0xbf6fe026,0x403239cb,3
+np.float32,0x3ea5983c,0x3f9ee7bf,3
+np.float32,0x3f1471e6,0x3f73c5bb,3
+np.float32,0x3f0e2622,0x3f7b6b87,3
+np.float32,0xbf597180,0x40257ad1,3
+np.float32,0xbeb5321c,0x3ff75d34,3
+np.float32,0x3f5afcd2,0x3f0b6012,3
+np.float32,0xbef2ff88,0x40042e14,3
+np.float32,0xbedc747e,0x400104f5,3
+np.float32,0xbee0c2f4,0x40019dfc,3
+np.float32,0xbf152cd8,0x400c57dc,3
+np.float32,0xbf6cf9e2,0x40303bbe,3
+np.float32,0x3ed9cd74,0x3f90d1a1,3
+np.float32,0xbf754406,0x4036767f,3
+np.float32,0x3f59c5c2,0x3f0db42f,3
+np.float32,0x3f2eefd8,0x3f518684,3
+np.float32,0xbf156bf9,0x400c6b49,3
+np.float32,0xbd550790,0x3fcfb8dc,3
+np.float32,0x3ede58fc,0x3f8f8f77,3
+np.float32,0xbf00ac19,0x40063c4b,3
+np.float32,0x3f4d25ba,0x3f24280e,3
+np.float32,0xbe9568be,0x3feef73c,3
+np.float32,0x3f67d154,0x3ee05547,3
+np.float32,0x3f617226,0x3efcb4f4,3
+np.float32,0xbf3ab41a,0x4018d6cc,3
+np.float32,0xbf3186fe,0x401592cd,3
+np.float32,0x3de3ba50,0x3fbacca9,3
+np.float32,0x3e789f98,0x3fa9ab97,3
+np.float32,0x3f016e08,0x3f8536d8,3
+np.float32,0x3e8b618c,0x3fa5c571,3
+np.float32,0x3eff97bc,0x3f8628a9,3
+np.float32,0xbf6729f0,0x402ca32f,3
+np.float32,0xbebec146,0x3ff9eddc,3
+np.float32,0x3ddb2e60,0x3fbb563a,3
+np.float32,0x3caa8e40,0x3fc66595,3
+np.float32,0xbf5973f2,0x40257bfa,3
+np.float32,0xbdd82c70,0x3fd69916,3
+np.float32,0xbedf4c82,0x400169ef,3
+np.float32,0x3ef8f22c,0x3f881184,3
+np.float32,0xbf1d74d4,0x400eedc9,3
+np.float32,0x3f2e10a6,0x3f52b790,3
+np.float32,0xbf08ecc0,0x4008a628,3
+np.float32,0x3ecb7db4,0x3f94be9f,3
+np.float32,0xbf052ded,0x40078bfc,3
+np.float32,0x3f2ee78a,0x3f5191e4,3
+np.float32,0xbf56f4e1,0x40245194,3
+np.float32,0x3f600a3e,0x3f014a25,3
+np.float32,0x3f3836f8,0x3f44808b,3
+np.float32,0x3ecabfbc,0x3f94f25c,3
+np.float32,0x3c70f500,0x3fc72dec,3
+np.float32,0x3f17c444,0x3f6fabf0,3
+np.float32,0xbf4c22a5,0x401f9a09,3
+np.float32,0xbe4205dc,0x3fe1765a,3
+np.float32,0x3ea49138,0x3f9f2d36,3
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+np.float32,0xbe9dadb2,0x3ff12204,3
+np.float32,0xbf56b3f2,0x402433bb,3
+np.float32,0xbdf9b4d8,0x3fd8b51f,3
+np.float32,0x3f58a596,0x3f0fd4b4,3
+np.float32,0xbedf5748,0x40016b6e,3
+np.float32,0x3f446442,0x3f32476f,3
+np.float32,0x3f5be886,0x3f099658,3
+np.float32,0x3ea1e44c,0x3f9fe1de,3
+np.float32,0xbf11e9b8,0x400b585f,3
+np.float32,0xbf231f8f,0x4010befb,3
+np.float32,0xbf4395ea,0x401c2dd0,3
+np.float32,0x3e9e7784,0x3fa0c8a6,3
+np.float32,0xbe255184,0x3fddd14c,3
+np.float32,0x3f70d25e,0x3eb13148,3
+np.float32,0x3f220cdc,0x3f62a722,3
+np.float32,0xbd027bf0,0x3fcd23e7,3
+np.float32,0x3e4ef8b8,0x3faf02d2,3
+np.float32,0xbf76fc6b,0x40380728,3
+np.float32,0xbf57e761,0x4024c1cd,3
+np.float32,0x3ed4fc20,0x3f922580,3
+np.float32,0xbf09b64a,0x4008e1db,3
+np.float32,0x3f21ca62,0x3f62fcf5,3
+np.float32,0xbe55f610,0x3fe40170,3
+np.float32,0xbc0def80,0x3fca2bbb,3
+np.float32,0xbebc8764,0x3ff9547b,3
+np.float32,0x3ec1b200,0x3f9766d1,3
+np.float32,0xbf4ee44e,0x4020c1ee,3
+np.float32,0xbea85852,0x3ff3f22a,3
+np.float32,0xbf195c0c,0x400da3d3,3
+np.float32,0xbf754b5d,0x40367ce8,3
+np.float32,0xbdcbfe50,0x3fd5d52b,3
+np.float32,0xbf1adb87,0x400e1be3,3
+np.float32,0xbf6f8491,0x4031f898,3
+np.float32,0xbf6f9ae7,0x4032086e,3
+np.float32,0xbf52b3f0,0x40226790,3
+np.float32,0xbf698452,0x402e09f4,3
+np.float32,0xbf43dc9a,0x401c493a,3
+np.float32,0xbf165f7f,0x400cb664,3
+np.float32,0x3e635468,0x3fac682f,3
+np.float32,0xbe8cf2b6,0x3fecc28a,3
+np.float32,0x7f7fffff,0x7fc00000,3
+np.float32,0xbf4c6513,0x401fb597,3
+np.float32,0xbf02b8f8,0x4006d47e,3
+np.float32,0x3ed3759c,0x3f9290c8,3
+np.float32,0xbf2a7a5f,0x40132b98,3
+np.float32,0xbae65000,0x3fc9496f,3
+np.float32,0x3f65f5ea,0x3ee8ef07,3
+np.float32,0xbe7712fc,0x3fe84106,3
+np.float32,0xbb9ff700,0x3fc9afd2,3
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+np.float32,0xbee9b0f4,0x4002dd90,3
+np.float32,0x3f4041f8,0x3f38a14a,3
+np.float32,0x3f54ea96,0x3f16b02d,3
+np.float32,0x3ea50ef8,0x3f9f0c01,3
+np.float32,0xbeaad2dc,0x3ff49a4a,3
+np.float32,0xbec428c8,0x3ffb636f,3
+np.float32,0xbda46178,0x3fd358c7,3
+np.float32,0xbefacfc4,0x40054b7f,3
+np.float32,0xbf7068f9,0x40329c85,3
+np.float32,0x3f70b850,0x3eb1caa7,3
+np.float32,0x7fa00000,0x7fe00000,3
+np.float32,0x80000000,0x3fc90fdb,3
+np.float32,0x3f68d5c8,0x3edb7cf3,3
+np.float32,0x3d9443d0,0x3fbfc98a,3
+np.float32,0xff7fffff,0x7fc00000,3
+np.float32,0xbeee7ba8,0x40038a5e,3
+np.float32,0xbf0aaaba,0x40092a73,3
+np.float32,0x3f36a4e8,0x3f46c0ee,3
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+np.float32,0xbe8f2752,0x3fed5576,3
+np.float32,0x3f525912,0x3f1b40e0,3
+np.float32,0xbe8e151e,0x3fed0e16,3
+np.float32,0x1,0x3fc90fdb,3
+np.float32,0x3ee23b84,0x3f8e7ae1,3
+np.float32,0xbf5961ca,0x40257361,3
+np.float32,0x3f6bbca0,0x3ecd14cd,3
+np.float32,0x3e27b230,0x3fb4014d,3
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arccosh.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arccosh.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0defe50b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arccosh.csv
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arcsinh.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arcsinh.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1da29c82
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arctan.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arctan.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e92073d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arctan.csv
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arctanh.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arctanh.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a655269d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-arctanh.csv
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-cbrt.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-cbrt.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad141cb4
--- /dev/null
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+np.float64,0x3fec05584af80ab0,0x3fee9d502a7bf54d,2
+np.float64,0xffda8871dcb510e4,0xd53e10105f0365b5,2
+np.float64,0xbfc279c31824f388,0xbfe0c9354d871484,2
+np.float64,0x1cbed61e397dc,0x2a937364712cd518,2
+np.float64,0x800787d198af0fa4,0xaa9f5c847affa1d2,2
+np.float64,0x80079f6d65af3edc,0xaa9f7d2863368bbd,2
+np.float64,0xb942f1e97285e,0x2aa2193e0c513b7f,2
+np.float64,0x7fe9078263320f04,0x554292d85dee2c18,2
+np.float64,0xbfe4de0761a9bc0f,0xbfebbfe04116b829,2
+np.float64,0xbfdbe6f3fc37cde8,0xbfe843aea59a0749,2
+np.float64,0xffcb6c0de136d81c,0xd5381fd9c525b813,2
+np.float64,0x9b6bda9336d7c,0x2aa111c924c35386,2
+np.float64,0x3fe17eece422fdda,0x3fea2a9bacd78607,2
+np.float64,0xd8011c49b0024,0x2aa30c87574fc0c6,2
+np.float64,0xbfc0a08b3f214118,0xbfe034d48f0d8dc0,2
+np.float64,0x3fd60adb1eac15b8,0x3fe66e42e4e7e6b5,2
+np.float64,0x80011d68ea023ad3,0xaa909733befbb962,2
+np.float64,0xffb35ac32426b588,0xd5310c4be1c37270,2
+np.float64,0x3fee8b56c9bd16ae,0x3fef81d8d15f6939,2
+np.float64,0x3fdc10a45e382149,0x3fe84fbe4cf11e68,2
+np.float64,0xbfc85dc45e30bb88,0xbfe2687b5518abde,2
+np.float64,0x3fd53b85212a770a,0x3fe6270d6d920d0f,2
+np.float64,0x800fc158927f82b1,0xaaa40e303239586f,2
+np.float64,0x11af5e98235ed,0x2a908b04a790083f,2
+np.float64,0xbfe2a097afe54130,0xbfeab80269eece99,2
+np.float64,0xbfd74ac588ae958c,0xbfe6d8ca3828d0b8,2
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+np.float64,0xffeb3a64c5b674c9,0xd5431a30a41f0905,2
+np.float64,0x3fe5a7ee212b4fdc,0x3fec1844af9076fc,2
+np.float64,0x80080fdb52301fb7,0xaaa00a8b4274db67,2
+np.float64,0x800b3e7e47d67cfd,0xaaa1ec2876959852,2
+np.float64,0x80063fb8ee2c7f73,0xaa9d7875c9f20d6f,2
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+np.float64,0xbfcc0e5f85381cc0,0xbfe34b44b0deefe9,2
+np.float64,0x3fe858f1c470b1e4,0x3fed36ab90557d89,2
+np.float64,0x800e857278fd0ae5,0xaaa3847d13220545,2
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+np.float64,0x7fd3fde1b127fbc2,0x553b5b186a49b968,2
+np.float64,0x3fd3dabb8b27b577,0x3fe5a99b446bed26,2
+np.float64,0xffeb4500f1768a01,0xd5431cab828e254a,2
+np.float64,0xffccca8fc6399520,0xd53884f8b505e79e,2
+np.float64,0xffeee9406b7dd280,0xd543ed6d27a1a899,2
+np.float64,0xffecdde0f0f9bbc1,0xd5437a6258b14092,2
+np.float64,0xe6b54005cd6a8,0x2aa378c25938dfda,2
+np.float64,0x7fe610f1022c21e1,0x5541cf460b972925,2
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-cos.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-cos.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..258ae48c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-cos.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,1375 @@
+dtype,input,output,ulperrortol
+## +ve denormals ##
+np.float32,0x004b4716,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x007b2490,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x007c99fa,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x00734a0c,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x0070de24,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x007fffff,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x00000001,0x3f800000,2
+## -ve denormals ##
+np.float32,0x80495d65,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x806894f6,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x80555a76,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x804e1fb8,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x80687de9,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x807fffff,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x80000001,0x3f800000,2
+## +/-0.0f, +/-FLT_MIN +/-FLT_MAX ##
+np.float32,0x00000000,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x80000000,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x00800000,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x80800000,0x3f800000,2
+## 1.00f + 0x00000001 ##
+np.float32,0x3f800000,0x3f0a5140,2
+np.float32,0x3f800001,0x3f0a513f,2
+np.float32,0x3f800002,0x3f0a513d,2
+np.float32,0xc090a8b0,0xbe4332ce,2
+np.float32,0x41ce3184,0x3f4d1de1,2
+np.float32,0xc1d85848,0xbeaa8980,2
+np.float32,0x402b8820,0xbf653aa3,2
+np.float32,0x42b4e454,0xbf4a338b,2
+np.float32,0x42a67a60,0x3c58202e,2
+np.float32,0x41d92388,0xbed987c7,2
+np.float32,0x422dd66c,0x3f5dcab3,2
+np.float32,0xc28f5be6,0xbf5688d8,2
+np.float32,0x41ab2674,0xbf53aa3b,2
+np.float32,0x3f490fdb,0x3f3504f3,2
+np.float32,0xbf490fdb,0x3f3504f3,2
+np.float32,0x3fc90fdb,0xb33bbd2e,2
+np.float32,0xbfc90fdb,0xb33bbd2e,2
+np.float32,0x40490fdb,0xbf800000,2
+np.float32,0xc0490fdb,0xbf800000,2
+np.float32,0x3fc90fdb,0xb33bbd2e,2
+np.float32,0xbfc90fdb,0xb33bbd2e,2
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+np.float32,0xc0490fdb,0xbf800000,2
+np.float32,0x40c90fdb,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0xc0c90fdb,0x3f800000,2
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+np.float32,0x40490fdb,0xbf800000,2
+np.float32,0xc0490fdb,0xbf800000,2
+np.float32,0x40c90fdb,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0xc0c90fdb,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x41490fdb,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0xc1490fdb,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x407b53d2,0xbf3504f1,2
+np.float32,0xc07b53d2,0xbf3504f1,2
+np.float32,0x40fb53d2,0xb4b5563d,2
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+np.float32,0x417b53d2,0xbf800000,2
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+np.float32,0xc116cbe4,0xbf800000,2
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-cosh.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-cosh.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9e446c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-cosh.csv
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+np.float64,0x800703a73fee074f,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xbfccf96a6639f2d4,0x3ff0696330a60832,2
+np.float64,0x7feb408442368108,0x7ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fedc87a46fb90f5,0x3ff771e3635649a9,2
+np.float64,0x3fd8297b773052f7,0x3ff12762bc0cea76,2
+np.float64,0x3fee41bb03fc8376,0x3ff7b37b2da48ab4,2
+np.float64,0xbfe2b05a226560b4,0x3ff2cea17ae7c528,2
+np.float64,0xbfd2e92cf2a5d25a,0x3ff0b41d605ced61,2
+np.float64,0x4817f03a902ff,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x8c9d4f0d193aa,0x3ff0000000000000,2
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-exp.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-exp.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..071fb312
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-exp.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+dtype,input,output,ulperrortol
+## +ve denormals ##
+np.float32,0x004b4716,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x007b2490,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x007c99fa,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x00734a0c,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x0070de24,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x00495d65,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x006894f6,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x00555a76,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x004e1fb8,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x00687de9,0x3f800000,3
+## -ve denormals ##
+np.float32,0x805b59af,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x807ed8ed,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x807142ad,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x80772002,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x8062abcb,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x8045e31c,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x805f01c2,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x80506432,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x8060089d,0x3f800000,3
+np.float32,0x8071292f,0x3f800000,3
+## floats that output a denormal ##
+np.float32,0xc2cf3fc1,0x00000001,3
+np.float32,0xc2c79726,0x00000021,3
+np.float32,0xc2cb295d,0x00000005,3
+np.float32,0xc2b49e6b,0x00068c4c,3
+np.float32,0xc2ca8116,0x00000008,3
+np.float32,0xc2c23f82,0x000001d7,3
+np.float32,0xc2cb69c0,0x00000005,3
+np.float32,0xc2cc1f4d,0x00000003,3
+np.float32,0xc2ae094e,0x00affc4c,3
+np.float32,0xc2c86c44,0x00000015,3
+## random floats between -87.0f and 88.0f ##
+np.float32,0x4030d7e0,0x417d9a05,3
+np.float32,0x426f60e8,0x6aa1be2c,3
+np.float32,0x41a1b220,0x4e0efc11,3
+np.float32,0xc20cc722,0x26159da7,3
+np.float32,0x41c492bc,0x512ec79d,3
+np.float32,0x40980210,0x42e73a0e,3
+np.float32,0xbf1f7b80,0x3f094de3,3
+np.float32,0x42a678a4,0x7b87a383,3
+np.float32,0xc20f3cfd,0x25a1c304,3
+np.float32,0x423ff34c,0x6216467f,3
+np.float32,0x00000000,0x3f800000,3
+## floats that cause an overflow ##
+np.float32,0x7f06d8c1,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x7f451912,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x7ecceac3,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x7f643b45,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x7e910ea0,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x7eb4756b,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x7f4ec708,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x7f6b4551,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x7d8edbda,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x7f730718,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x42b17217,0x7f7fff84,3
+np.float32,0x42b17218,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0x42b17219,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0xfef2b0bc,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xff69f83e,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xff4ecb12,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xfeac6d86,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xfde0cdb8,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xff26aef4,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xff6f9277,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xff7adfc4,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xff0ad40e,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xff6fd8f3,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xc2cff1b4,0x00000001,3
+np.float32,0xc2cff1b5,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0xc2cff1b6,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0x7f800000,0x7f800000,3
+np.float32,0xff800000,0x00000000,3
+np.float32,0x4292f27c,0x7480000a,3
+np.float32,0x42a920be,0x7c7fff94,3
+np.float32,0x41c214c9,0x50ffffd9,3
+np.float32,0x41abe686,0x4effffd9,3
+np.float32,0x4287db5a,0x707fffd3,3
+np.float32,0x41902cbb,0x4c800078,3
+np.float32,0x42609466,0x67ffffeb,3
+np.float32,0x41a65af5,0x4e7fffd1,3
+np.float32,0x417f13ff,0x4affffc9,3
+np.float32,0x426d0e6c,0x6a3504f2,3
+np.float32,0x41bc8934,0x507fff51,3
+np.float32,0x42a7bdde,0x7c0000d6,3
+np.float32,0x4120cf66,0x46b504f6,3
+np.float32,0x4244da8f,0x62ffff1a,3
+np.float32,0x41a0cf69,0x4e000034,3
+np.float32,0x41cd2bec,0x52000005,3
+np.float32,0x42893e41,0x7100009e,3
+np.float32,0x41b437e1,0x4fb50502,3
+np.float32,0x41d8430f,0x5300001d,3
+np.float32,0x4244da92,0x62ffffda,3
+np.float32,0x41a0cf63,0x4dffffa9,3
+np.float32,0x3eb17218,0x3fb504f3,3
+np.float32,0x428729e8,0x703504dc,3
+np.float32,0x41a0cf67,0x4e000014,3
+np.float32,0x4252b77d,0x65800011,3
+np.float32,0x41902cb9,0x4c800058,3
+np.float32,0x42a0cf67,0x79800052,3
+np.float32,0x4152b77b,0x48ffffe9,3
+np.float32,0x41265af3,0x46ffffc8,3
+np.float32,0x42187e0b,0x5affff9a,3
+np.float32,0xc0d2b77c,0x3ab504f6,3
+np.float32,0xc283b2ac,0x10000072,3
+np.float32,0xc1cff1b4,0x2cb504f5,3
+np.float32,0xc05dce9e,0x3d000000,3
+np.float32,0xc28ec9d2,0x0bfffea5,3
+np.float32,0xc23c893a,0x1d7fffde,3
+np.float32,0xc2a920c0,0x027fff6c,3
+np.float32,0xc1f9886f,0x2900002b,3
+np.float32,0xc2c42920,0x000000b5,3
+np.float32,0xc2893e41,0x0dfffec5,3
+np.float32,0xc2c4da93,0x00000080,3
+np.float32,0xc17f1401,0x3400000c,3
+np.float32,0xc1902cb6,0x327fffaf,3
+np.float32,0xc27c4e3b,0x11ffffc5,3
+np.float32,0xc268e5c5,0x157ffe9d,3
+np.float32,0xc2b4e953,0x0005a826,3
+np.float32,0xc287db5a,0x0e800016,3
+np.float32,0xc207db5a,0x2700000b,3
+np.float32,0xc2b2d4fe,0x000ffff1,3
+np.float32,0xc268e5c0,0x157fffdd,3
+np.float32,0xc22920bd,0x2100003b,3
+np.float32,0xc2902caf,0x0b80011e,3
+np.float32,0xc1902cba,0x327fff2f,3
+np.float32,0xc2ca6625,0x00000008,3
+np.float32,0xc280ece8,0x10fffeb5,3
+np.float32,0xc2918f94,0x0b0000ea,3
+np.float32,0xc29b43d5,0x077ffffc,3
+np.float32,0xc1e61ff7,0x2ab504f5,3
+np.float32,0xc2867878,0x0effff15,3
+np.float32,0xc2a2324a,0x04fffff4,3
+#float64
+## near zero ##
+np.float64,0x8000000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x8010000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x8000000000000001,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x8360000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x9a70000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xb9b0000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xb810000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xbc30000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xb6a0000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x0000000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x0010000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x0000000000000001,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x0360000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x1a70000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3c30000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x36a0000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x39b0000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3810000000000000,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+## underflow ##
+np.float64,0xc0c6276800000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0c62d918ce2421d,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0c62d918ce2421e,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0c62d91a0000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0c62d9180000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0c62dea45ee3e06,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0c62dea45ee3e07,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0c62dea40000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0c62dea60000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0875f1120000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0875f113c30b1c8,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc0875f1140000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc093480000000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xffefffffffffffff,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xc7efffffe0000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+## overflow ##
+np.float64,0x40862e52fefa39ef,0x7ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x40872e42fefa39ef,0x7ff0000000000000,2
+## +/- INF, +/- NAN ##
+np.float64,0x7ff0000000000000,0x7ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xfff0000000000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x7ff8000000000000,0x7ff8000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xfff8000000000000,0xfff8000000000000,2
+## output denormal ##
+np.float64,0xc087438520000000,0x0000000000000001,2
+np.float64,0xc08743853f2f4461,0x0000000000000001,2
+np.float64,0xc08743853f2f4460,0x0000000000000001,2
+np.float64,0xc087438540000000,0x0000000000000001,2
+## between -745.13321910 and 709.78271289 ##
+np.float64,0xbff760cd14774bd9,0x3fcdb14ced00ceb6,2
+np.float64,0xbff760cd20000000,0x3fcdb14cd7993879,2
+np.float64,0xbff760cd00000000,0x3fcdb14d12fbd264,2
+np.float64,0xc07f1cf360000000,0x130c1b369af14fda,2
+np.float64,0xbeb0000000000000,0x3feffffe00001000,2
+np.float64,0xbd70000000000000,0x3fefffffffffe000,2
+np.float64,0xc084fd46e5c84952,0x0360000000000139,2
+np.float64,0xc084fd46e5c84953,0x035ffffffffffe71,2
+np.float64,0xc084fd46e0000000,0x0360000b9096d32c,2
+np.float64,0xc084fd4700000000,0x035fff9721d12104,2
+np.float64,0xc086232bc0000000,0x0010003af5e64635,2
+np.float64,0xc086232bdd7abcd2,0x001000000000007c,2
+np.float64,0xc086232bdd7abcd3,0x000ffffffffffe7c,2
+np.float64,0xc086232be0000000,0x000ffffaf57a6fc9,2
+np.float64,0xc086233920000000,0x000fe590e3b45eb0,2
+np.float64,0xc086233938000000,0x000fe56133493c57,2
+np.float64,0xc086233940000000,0x000fe5514deffbbc,2
+np.float64,0xc086234c98000000,0x000fbf1024c32ccb,2
+np.float64,0xc086234ca0000000,0x000fbf0065bae78d,2
+np.float64,0xc086234c80000000,0x000fbf3f623a7724,2
+np.float64,0xc086234ec0000000,0x000fbad237c846f9,2
+np.float64,0xc086234ec8000000,0x000fbac27cfdec97,2
+np.float64,0xc086234ee0000000,0x000fba934cfd3dc2,2
+np.float64,0xc086234ef0000000,0x000fba73d7f618d9,2
+np.float64,0xc086234f00000000,0x000fba54632dddc0,2
+np.float64,0xc0862356e0000000,0x000faae0945b761a,2
+np.float64,0xc0862356f0000000,0x000faac13eb9a310,2
+np.float64,0xc086235700000000,0x000faaa1e9567b0a,2
+np.float64,0xc086236020000000,0x000f98cd75c11ed7,2
+np.float64,0xc086236ca0000000,0x000f8081b4d93f89,2
+np.float64,0xc086236cb0000000,0x000f8062b3f4d6c5,2
+np.float64,0xc086236cc0000000,0x000f8043b34e6f8c,2
+np.float64,0xc086238d98000000,0x000f41220d9b0d2c,2
+np.float64,0xc086238da0000000,0x000f4112cc80a01f,2
+np.float64,0xc086238d80000000,0x000f414fd145db5b,2
+np.float64,0xc08624fd00000000,0x000cbfce8ea1e6c4,2
+np.float64,0xc086256080000000,0x000c250747fcd46e,2
+np.float64,0xc08626c480000000,0x000a34f4bd975193,2
+np.float64,0xbf50000000000000,0x3feff800ffeaac00,2
+np.float64,0xbe10000000000000,0x3fefffffff800000,2
+np.float64,0xbcd0000000000000,0x3feffffffffffff8,2
+np.float64,0xc055d589e0000000,0x38100004bf94f63e,2
+np.float64,0xc055d58a00000000,0x380ffff97f292ce8,2
+np.float64,0xbfd962d900000000,0x3fe585a4b00110e1,2
+np.float64,0x3ff4bed280000000,0x400d411e7a58a303,2
+np.float64,0x3fff0b3620000000,0x401bd7737ffffcf3,2
+np.float64,0x3ff0000000000000,0x4005bf0a8b145769,2
+np.float64,0x3eb0000000000000,0x3ff0000100000800,2
+np.float64,0x3d70000000000000,0x3ff0000000001000,2
+np.float64,0x40862e42e0000000,0x7fefff841808287f,2
+np.float64,0x40862e42fefa39ef,0x7fefffffffffff2a,2
+np.float64,0x40862e0000000000,0x7feef85a11e73f2d,2
+np.float64,0x4000000000000000,0x401d8e64b8d4ddae,2
+np.float64,0x4009242920000000,0x40372a52c383a488,2
+np.float64,0x4049000000000000,0x44719103e4080b45,2
+np.float64,0x4008000000000000,0x403415e5bf6fb106,2
+np.float64,0x3f50000000000000,0x3ff00400800aab55,2
+np.float64,0x3e10000000000000,0x3ff0000000400000,2
+np.float64,0x3cd0000000000000,0x3ff0000000000004,2
+np.float64,0x40562e40a0000000,0x47effed088821c3f,2
+np.float64,0x40562e42e0000000,0x47effff082e6c7ff,2
+np.float64,0x40562e4300000000,0x47f00000417184b8,2
+np.float64,0x3fe8000000000000,0x4000ef9db467dcf8,2
+np.float64,0x402b12e8d4f33589,0x412718f68c71a6fe,2
+np.float64,0x402b12e8d4f3358a,0x412718f68c71a70a,2
+np.float64,0x402b12e8c0000000,0x412718f59a7f472e,2
+np.float64,0x402b12e8e0000000,0x412718f70c0eac62,2
+##use 1th entry
+np.float64,0x40631659AE147CB4,0x4db3a95025a4890f,2
+np.float64,0xC061B87D2E85A4E2,0x332640c8e2de2c51,2
+np.float64,0x405A4A50BE243AF4,0x496a45e4b7f0339a,2
+np.float64,0xC0839898B98EC5C6,0x0764027828830df4,2
+#use 2th entry
+np.float64,0xC072428C44B6537C,0x2596ade838b96f3e,2
+np.float64,0xC053057C5E1AE9BF,0x3912c8fad18fdadf,2
+np.float64,0x407E89C78328BAA3,0x6bfe35d5b9a1a194,2
+np.float64,0x4083501B6DD87112,0x77a855503a38924e,2
+#use 3th entry
+np.float64,0x40832C6195F24540,0x7741e73c80e5eb2f,2
+np.float64,0xC083D4CD557C2EC9,0x06b61727c2d2508e,2
+np.float64,0x400C48F5F67C99BD,0x404128820f02b92e,2
+np.float64,0x4056E36D9B2DF26A,0x4830f52ff34a8242,2
+#use 4th entry
+np.float64,0x4080FF700D8CBD06,0x70fa70df9bc30f20,2
+np.float64,0x406C276D39E53328,0x543eb8e20a8f4741,2
+np.float64,0xC070D6159BBD8716,0x27a4a0548c904a75,2
+np.float64,0xC052EBCF8ED61F83,0x391c0e92368d15e4,2
+#use 5th entry
+np.float64,0xC061F892A8AC5FBE,0x32f807a89efd3869,2
+np.float64,0x4021D885D2DBA085,0x40bd4dc86d3e3270,2
+np.float64,0x40767AEEEE7D4FCF,0x605e22851ee2afb7,2
+np.float64,0xC0757C5D75D08C80,0x20f0751599b992a2,2
+#use 6th entry
+np.float64,0x405ACF7A284C4CE3,0x499a4e0b7a27027c,2
+np.float64,0xC085A6C9E80D7AF5,0x0175914009d62ec2,2
+np.float64,0xC07E4C02F86F1DAE,0x1439269b29a9231e,2
+np.float64,0x4080D80F9691CC87,0x7088a6cdafb041de,2
+#use 7th entry
+np.float64,0x407FDFD84FBA0AC1,0x6deb1ae6f9bc4767,2
+np.float64,0x40630C06A1A2213D,0x4dac7a9d51a838b7,2
+np.float64,0x40685FDB30BB8B4F,0x5183f5cc2cac9e79,2
+np.float64,0x408045A2208F77F4,0x6ee299e08e2aa2f0,2
+#use 8th entry
+np.float64,0xC08104E391F5078B,0x0ed397b7cbfbd230,2
+np.float64,0xC031501CAEFAE395,0x3e6040fd1ea35085,2
+np.float64,0xC079229124F6247C,0x1babf4f923306b1e,2
+np.float64,0x407FB65F44600435,0x6db03beaf2512b8a,2
+#use 9th entry
+np.float64,0xC07EDEE8E8E8A5AC,0x136536cec9cbef48,2
+np.float64,0x4072BB4086099A14,0x5af4d3c3008b56cc,2
+np.float64,0x4050442A2EC42CB4,0x45cd393bd8fad357,2
+np.float64,0xC06AC28FB3D419B4,0x2ca1b9d3437df85f,2
+#use 10th entry
+np.float64,0x40567FC6F0A68076,0x480c977fd5f3122e,2
+np.float64,0x40620A2F7EDA59BB,0x4cf278e96f4ce4d7,2
+np.float64,0xC085044707CD557C,0x034aad6c968a045a,2
+np.float64,0xC07374EA5AC516AA,0x23dd6afdc03e83d5,2
+#use 11th entry
+np.float64,0x4073CC95332619C1,0x5c804b1498bbaa54,2
+np.float64,0xC0799FEBBE257F31,0x1af6a954c43b87d2,2
+np.float64,0x408159F19EA424F6,0x7200858efcbfc84d,2
+np.float64,0x404A81F6F24C0792,0x44b664a07ce5bbfa,2
+#use 12th entry
+np.float64,0x40295FF1EFB9A741,0x4113c0e74c52d7b0,2
+np.float64,0x4073975F4CC411DA,0x5c32be40b4fec2c1,2
+np.float64,0x406E9DE52E82A77E,0x56049c9a3f1ae089,2
+np.float64,0x40748C2F52560ED9,0x5d93bc14fd4cd23b,2
+#use 13th entry
+np.float64,0x4062A553CDC4D04C,0x4d6266bfde301318,2
+np.float64,0xC079EC1D63598AB7,0x1a88cb184dab224c,2
+np.float64,0xC0725C1CB3167427,0x25725b46f8a081f6,2
+np.float64,0x407888771D9B45F9,0x6353b1ec6bd7ce80,2
+#use 14th entry
+np.float64,0xC082CBA03AA89807,0x09b383723831ce56,2
+np.float64,0xC083A8961BB67DD7,0x0735b118d5275552,2
+np.float64,0xC076BC6ECA12E7E3,0x1f2222679eaef615,2
+np.float64,0xC072752503AA1A5B,0x254eb832242c77e1,2
+#use 15th entry
+np.float64,0xC058800792125DEC,0x371882372a0b48d4,2
+np.float64,0x4082909FD863E81C,0x7580d5f386920142,2
+np.float64,0xC071616F8FB534F9,0x26dbe20ef64a412b,2
+np.float64,0x406D1AB571CAA747,0x54ee0d55cb38ac20,2
+#use 16th entry
+np.float64,0x406956428B7DAD09,0x52358682c271237f,2
+np.float64,0xC07EFC2D9D17B621,0x133b3e77c27a4d45,2
+np.float64,0xC08469BAC5BA3CCA,0x050863e5f42cc52f,2
+np.float64,0x407189D9626386A5,0x593cb1c0b3b5c1d3,2
+#use 17th entry
+np.float64,0x4077E652E3DEB8C6,0x6269a10dcbd3c752,2
+np.float64,0x407674C97DB06878,0x605485dcc2426ec2,2
+np.float64,0xC07CE9969CF4268D,0x16386cf8996669f2,2
+np.float64,0x40780EE32D5847C4,0x62a436bd1abe108d,2
+#use 18th entry
+np.float64,0x4076C3AA5E1E8DA1,0x60c62f56a5e72e24,2
+np.float64,0xC0730AFC7239B9BE,0x24758ead095cec1e,2
+np.float64,0xC085CC2B9C420DDB,0x0109cdaa2e5694c1,2
+np.float64,0x406D0765CB6D7AA4,0x54e06f8dd91bd945,2
+#use 19th entry
+np.float64,0xC082D011F3B495E7,0x09a6647661d279c2,2
+np.float64,0xC072826AF8F6AFBC,0x253acd3cd224507e,2
+np.float64,0x404EB9C4810CEA09,0x457933dbf07e8133,2
+np.float64,0x408284FBC97C58CE,0x755f6eb234aa4b98,2
+#use 20th entry
+np.float64,0x40856008CF6EDC63,0x7d9c0b3c03f4f73c,2
+np.float64,0xC077CB2E9F013B17,0x1d9b3d3a166a55db,2
+np.float64,0xC0479CA3C20AD057,0x3bad40e081555b99,2
+np.float64,0x40844CD31107332A,0x7a821d70aea478e2,2
+#use 21th entry
+np.float64,0xC07C8FCC0BFCC844,0x16ba1cc8c539d19b,2
+np.float64,0xC085C4E9A3ABA488,0x011ff675ba1a2217,2
+np.float64,0x4074D538B32966E5,0x5dfd9d78043c6ad9,2
+np.float64,0xC0630CA16902AD46,0x3231a446074cede6,2
+#use 22th entry
+np.float64,0xC06C826733D7D0B7,0x2b5f1078314d41e1,2
+np.float64,0xC0520DF55B2B907F,0x396c13a6ce8e833e,2
+np.float64,0xC080712072B0F437,0x107eae02d11d98ea,2
+np.float64,0x40528A6150E19EFB,0x469fdabda02228c5,2
+#use 23th entry
+np.float64,0xC07B1D74B6586451,0x18d1253883ae3b48,2
+np.float64,0x4045AFD7867DAEC0,0x43d7d634fc4c5d98,2
+np.float64,0xC07A08B91F9ED3E2,0x1a60973e6397fc37,2
+np.float64,0x407B3ECF0AE21C8C,0x673e03e9d98d7235,2
+#use 24th entry
+np.float64,0xC078AEB6F30CEABF,0x1c530b93ab54a1b3,2
+np.float64,0x4084495006A41672,0x7a775b6dc7e63064,2
+np.float64,0x40830B1C0EBF95DD,0x76e1e6eed77cfb89,2
+np.float64,0x407D93E8F33D8470,0x6a9adbc9e1e4f1e5,2
+#use 25th entry
+np.float64,0x4066B11A09EFD9E8,0x504dd528065c28a7,2
+np.float64,0x408545823723AEEB,0x7d504a9b1844f594,2
+np.float64,0xC068C711F2CA3362,0x2e104f3496ea118e,2
+np.float64,0x407F317FCC3CA873,0x6cf0732c9948ebf4,2
+#use 26th entry
+np.float64,0x407AFB3EBA2ED50F,0x66dc28a129c868d5,2
+np.float64,0xC075377037708ADE,0x21531a329f3d793e,2
+np.float64,0xC07C30066A1F3246,0x174448baa16ded2b,2
+np.float64,0xC06689A75DE2ABD3,0x2fad70662fae230b,2
+#use 27th entry
+np.float64,0x4081514E9FCCF1E0,0x71e673b9efd15f44,2
+np.float64,0xC0762C710AF68460,0x1ff1ed7d8947fe43,2
+np.float64,0xC0468102FF70D9C4,0x3be0c3a8ff3419a3,2
+np.float64,0xC07EA4CEEF02A83E,0x13b908f085102c61,2
+#use 28th entry
+np.float64,0xC06290B04AE823C4,0x328a83da3c2e3351,2
+np.float64,0xC0770EB1D1C395FB,0x1eab281c1f1db5fe,2
+np.float64,0xC06F5D4D838A5BAE,0x29500ea32fb474ea,2
+np.float64,0x40723B3133B54C5D,0x5a3c82c7c3a2b848,2
+#use 29th entry
+np.float64,0x4085E6454CE3B4AA,0x7f20319b9638d06a,2
+np.float64,0x408389F2A0585D4B,0x7850667c58aab3d0,2
+np.float64,0xC0382798F9C8AE69,0x3dc1c79fe8739d6d,2
+np.float64,0xC08299D827608418,0x0a4335f76cdbaeb5,2
+#use 30th entry
+np.float64,0xC06F3DED43301BF1,0x2965670ae46750a8,2
+np.float64,0xC070CAF6BDD577D9,0x27b4aa4ffdd29981,2
+np.float64,0x4078529AD4B2D9F2,0x6305c12755d5e0a6,2
+np.float64,0xC055B14E75A31B96,0x381c2eda6d111e5d,2
+#use 31th entry
+np.float64,0x407B13EE414FA931,0x6700772c7544564d,2
+np.float64,0x407EAFDE9DE3EC54,0x6c346a0e49724a3c,2
+np.float64,0xC08362F398B9530D,0x07ffeddbadf980cb,2
+np.float64,0x407E865CDD9EEB86,0x6bf866cac5e0d126,2
+#use 32th entry
+np.float64,0x407FB62DBC794C86,0x6db009f708ac62cb,2
+np.float64,0xC063D0BAA68CDDDE,0x31a3b2a51ce50430,2
+np.float64,0xC05E7706A2231394,0x34f24bead6fab5c9,2
+np.float64,0x4083E3A06FDE444E,0x79527b7a386d1937,2
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-exp2.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-exp2.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e19e9ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-exp2.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,1429 @@
+dtype,input,output,ulperrortol
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+np.float32,0x3f20f8f8,0x3fc5ec69,2
+np.float32,0x7040b5,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x30ec5,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x3eb63070,0x3fa3ce29,2
+np.float32,0xff4dda3d,0x0,2
+np.float32,0x805b832f,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x3e883fb7,0x3f99ed8c,2
+np.float32,0x3f14d71f,0x3fbf8708,2
+np.float32,0xff7b1e55,0x0,2
+np.float32,0xbf691ac6,0x3f082fa2,2
+np.float32,0x7ee3e6ab,0x7f800000,2
+np.float32,0xbec6e2b4,0x3f439248,2
+np.float32,0xbf5f5ec2,0x3f0bd2c0,2
+np.float32,0x8025cc2c,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x7e0d7672,0x7f800000,2
+np.float32,0xff4bbc5c,0x0,2
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+np.float32,0x6cc079,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x803cf080,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x71d418,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0xbf24a442,0x3f23ec1e,2
+np.float32,0xbe6c9510,0x3f5a1e1d,2
+np.float32,0xbe8fb284,0x3f52be38,2
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+np.float32,0xbf776cf2,0x3f0301a6,2
+np.float32,0x8021fc60,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0xbdb75280,0x3f70995c,2
+np.float32,0x7e9363a6,0x7f800000,2
+np.float32,0x7e728422,0x7f800000,2
+np.float32,0xfe91edc2,0x0,2
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+np.float32,0xbef8e766,0x3f36c448,2
+np.float32,0xba522c00,0x3f7fdb97,2
+np.float32,0xff18ee8c,0x0,2
+np.float32,0xbee8c5f4,0x3f3acd44,2
+np.float32,0x3e790448,0x3f97802c,2
+np.float32,0x3e8c9541,0x3f9ad571,2
+np.float32,0xbf03fa9f,0x3f331460,2
+np.float32,0x801ee053,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0xbf773230,0x3f03167f,2
+np.float32,0x356fd9,0x3f800000,2
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+np.float32,0x7f2bac51,0x7f800000,2
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+np.float32,0x3133,0x3f800000,2
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+np.float32,0xbf5e6523,0x3f0c3161,2
+np.float32,0x3f19182e,0x3fc1bf10,2
+np.float32,0x7e1248bb,0x7f800000,2
+np.float32,0xff5f7aae,0x0,2
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+np.float32,0x26fc7f,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x80397d61,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x3cb1825d,0x3f81efe0,2
+np.float32,0x3ed808d0,0x3fab7c45,2
+np.float32,0xbf6f668a,0x3f05e259,2
+np.float32,0x3e3c7802,0x3f916abd,2
+np.float32,0xbd5ac5a0,0x3f76b21b,2
+np.float32,0x805aa6c9,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0xbe4d6f68,0x3f5ec3e1,2
+np.float32,0x3f3108b2,0x3fceb87f,2
+np.float32,0x3ec385cc,0x3fa6c9fb,2
+np.float32,0xbe9fc1ce,0x3f4e35e8,2
+np.float32,0x43b68,0x3f800000,2
+np.float32,0x3ef0cdcc,0x3fb15557,2
+np.float32,0x3e3f729b,0x3f91b5e1,2
+np.float32,0x7f52a4df,0x7f800000,2
+np.float32,0xbf56da96,0x3f0f15b9,2
+np.float32,0xbf161d2b,0x3f2a7faf,2
+np.float32,0x3e8df763,0x3f9b1fbe,2
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+np.float32,0x3ec6dbcc,0x3fa78b3f,2
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+np.float32,0x3f61b574,0x3febd77a,2
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+np.float32,0xbe164e20,0x3f673c3a,2
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+np.float32,0x68d547,0x3f800000,2
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+np.float32,0x3f3ecdfe,0x3fd692ea,2
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-expm1.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-expm1.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..732ae865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-expm1.csv
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+np.float64,0xbfd070860ea0e10c,0xbfccfeec2828efef,3
+np.float64,0x80015c8b3e82b917,0x80015c8b3e82b917,3
+np.float64,0xffef9956d9ff32ad,0xbff0000000000000,3
+np.float64,0x7fe7f087dd2fe10f,0x7ff0000000000000,3
+np.float64,0x8002e7718665cee4,0x8002e7718665cee4,3
+np.float64,0x3fdfb9adb2bf735c,0x3fe4887a86214c1e,3
+np.float64,0xffc7747dfb2ee8fc,0xbff0000000000000,3
+np.float64,0x3fec309bb5386137,0x3ff69c44e1738547,3
+np.float64,0xffdbe2bf9ab7c580,0xbff0000000000000,3
+np.float64,0xbfe6a274daed44ea,0xbfe039aff2be9d48,3
+np.float64,0x7fd5a4e4efab49c9,0x7ff0000000000000,3
+np.float64,0xffbe6aaeb03cd560,0xbff0000000000000,3
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7717745d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+dtype,input,output,ulperrortol
+## +ve denormals ##
+np.float32,0x004b4716,0xc2afbc1b,4
+np.float32,0x007b2490,0xc2aec01e,4
+np.float32,0x007c99fa,0xc2aeba17,4
+np.float32,0x00734a0c,0xc2aee1dc,4
+np.float32,0x0070de24,0xc2aeecba,4
+np.float32,0x007fffff,0xc2aeac50,4
+np.float32,0x00000001,0xc2ce8ed0,4
+## -ve denormals ##
+np.float32,0x80495d65,0xffc00000,4
+np.float32,0x806894f6,0xffc00000,4
+np.float32,0x80555a76,0xffc00000,4
+np.float32,0x804e1fb8,0xffc00000,4
+np.float32,0x80687de9,0xffc00000,4
+np.float32,0x807fffff,0xffc00000,4
+np.float32,0x80000001,0xffc00000,4
+## +/-0.0f, +/-FLT_MIN +/-FLT_MAX ##
+np.float32,0x00000000,0xff800000,4
+np.float32,0x80000000,0xff800000,4
+np.float32,0x7f7fffff,0x42b17218,4
+np.float32,0x80800000,0xffc00000,4
+np.float32,0xff7fffff,0xffc00000,4
+## 1.00f + 0x00000001 ##
+np.float32,0x3f800000,0x00000000,4
+np.float32,0x3f800001,0x33ffffff,4
+np.float32,0x3f800002,0x347ffffe,4
+np.float32,0x3f7fffff,0xb3800000,4
+np.float32,0x3f7ffffe,0xb4000000,4
+np.float32,0x3f7ffffd,0xb4400001,4
+np.float32,0x402df853,0x3f7ffffe,4
+np.float32,0x402df854,0x3f7fffff,4
+np.float32,0x402df855,0x3f800000,4
+np.float32,0x402df856,0x3f800001,4
+np.float32,0x3ebc5ab0,0xbf800001,4
+np.float32,0x3ebc5ab1,0xbf800000,4
+np.float32,0x3ebc5ab2,0xbf800000,4
+np.float32,0x3ebc5ab3,0xbf7ffffe,4
+np.float32,0x423ef575,0x407768ab,4
+np.float32,0x427b8c61,0x408485dd,4
+np.float32,0x4211e9ee,0x406630b0,4
+np.float32,0x424d5c41,0x407c0fed,4
+np.float32,0x42be722a,0x4091cc91,4
+np.float32,0x42b73d30,0x4090908b,4
+np.float32,0x427e48e2,0x4084de7f,4
+np.float32,0x428f759b,0x4088bba3,4
+np.float32,0x41629069,0x4029a0cc,4
+np.float32,0x4272c99d,0x40836379,4
+np.float32,0x4d1b7458,0x4197463d,4
+np.float32,0x4f10c594,0x41ace2b2,4
+np.float32,0x4ea397c2,0x41a85171,4
+np.float32,0x4fefa9d1,0x41b6769c,4
+np.float32,0x4ebac6ab,0x41a960dc,4
+np.float32,0x4f6efb42,0x41b0e535,4
+np.float32,0x4e9ab8e7,0x41a7df44,4
+np.float32,0x4e81b5d1,0x41a67625,4
+np.float32,0x5014d9f2,0x41b832bd,4
+np.float32,0x4f02175c,0x41ac07b8,4
+np.float32,0x7f034f89,0x42b01c47,4
+np.float32,0x7f56d00e,0x42b11849,4
+np.float32,0x7f1cd5f6,0x42b0773a,4
+np.float32,0x7e979174,0x42af02d7,4
+np.float32,0x7f23369f,0x42b08ba2,4
+np.float32,0x7f0637ae,0x42b0277d,4
+np.float32,0x7efcb6e8,0x42b00897,4
+np.float32,0x7f7907c8,0x42b163f6,4
+np.float32,0x7e95c4c2,0x42aefcba,4
+np.float32,0x7f4577b2,0x42b0ed2d,4
+np.float32,0x3f49c92e,0xbe73ae84,4
+np.float32,0x3f4a23d1,0xbe71e2f8,4
+np.float32,0x3f4abb67,0xbe6ee430,4
+np.float32,0x3f48169a,0xbe7c5532,4
+np.float32,0x3f47f5fa,0xbe7cfc37,4
+np.float32,0x3f488309,0xbe7a2ad8,4
+np.float32,0x3f479df4,0xbe7ebf5f,4
+np.float32,0x3f47cfff,0xbe7dbec9,4
+np.float32,0x3f496704,0xbe75a125,4
+np.float32,0x3f478ee8,0xbe7f0c92,4
+np.float32,0x3f4a763b,0xbe7041ce,4
+np.float32,0x3f47a108,0xbe7eaf94,4
+np.float32,0x3f48136c,0xbe7c6578,4
+np.float32,0x3f481c17,0xbe7c391c,4
+np.float32,0x3f47cd28,0xbe7dcd56,4
+np.float32,0x3f478be8,0xbe7f1bf7,4
+np.float32,0x3f4c1f8e,0xbe67e367,4
+np.float32,0x3f489b0c,0xbe79b03f,4
+np.float32,0x3f4934cf,0xbe76a08a,4
+np.float32,0x3f4954df,0xbe75fd6a,4
+np.float32,0x3f47a3f5,0xbe7ea093,4
+np.float32,0x3f4ba4fc,0xbe6a4b02,4
+np.float32,0x3f47a0e1,0xbe7eb05c,4
+np.float32,0x3f48c30a,0xbe78e42f,4
+np.float32,0x3f48cab8,0xbe78bd05,4
+np.float32,0x3f4b0569,0xbe6d6ea4,4
+np.float32,0x3f47de32,0xbe7d7607,4
+np.float32,0x3f477328,0xbe7f9b00,4
+np.float32,0x3f496dab,0xbe757f52,4
+np.float32,0x3f47662c,0xbe7fddac,4
+np.float32,0x3f48ddd8,0xbe785b80,4
+np.float32,0x3f481866,0xbe7c4bff,4
+np.float32,0x3f48b119,0xbe793fb6,4
+np.float32,0x3f48c7e8,0xbe78cb5c,4
+np.float32,0x3f4985f6,0xbe7503da,4
+np.float32,0x3f483fdf,0xbe7b8212,4
+np.float32,0x3f4b1c76,0xbe6cfa67,4
+np.float32,0x3f480b2e,0xbe7c8fa8,4
+np.float32,0x3f48745f,0xbe7a75bf,4
+np.float32,0x3f485bda,0xbe7af308,4
+np.float32,0x3f47a660,0xbe7e942c,4
+np.float32,0x3f47d4d5,0xbe7da600,4
+np.float32,0x3f4b0a26,0xbe6d56be,4
+np.float32,0x3f4a4883,0xbe712924,4
+np.float32,0x3f4769e7,0xbe7fca84,4
+np.float32,0x3f499702,0xbe74ad3f,4
+np.float32,0x3f494ab1,0xbe763131,4
+np.float32,0x3f476b69,0xbe7fc2c6,4
+np.float32,0x3f4884e8,0xbe7a214a,4
+np.float32,0x3f486945,0xbe7aae76,4
+#float64
+## +ve denormal ##
+np.float64,0x0000000000000001,0xc0874385446d71c3,2
+np.float64,0x0001000000000000,0xc086395a2079b70c,2
+np.float64,0x000fffffffffffff,0xc086232bdd7abcd2,2
+np.float64,0x0007ad63e2168cb6,0xc086290bc0b2980f,2
+## -ve denormal ##
+np.float64,0x8000000000000001,0xfff8000000000001,2
+np.float64,0x8001000000000000,0xfff8000000000001,2
+np.float64,0x800fffffffffffff,0xfff8000000000001,2
+np.float64,0x8007ad63e2168cb6,0xfff8000000000001,2
+## +/-0.0f, MAX, MIN##
+np.float64,0x0000000000000000,0xfff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x8000000000000000,0xfff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x7fefffffffffffff,0x40862e42fefa39ef,2
+np.float64,0xffefffffffffffff,0xfff8000000000001,2
+## near 1.0f ##
+np.float64,0x3ff0000000000000,0x0000000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fe8000000000000,0xbfd269621134db92,2
+np.float64,0x3ff0000000000001,0x3cafffffffffffff,2
+np.float64,0x3ff0000020000000,0x3e7fffffe000002b,2
+np.float64,0x3ff0000000000001,0x3cafffffffffffff,2
+np.float64,0x3fefffffe0000000,0xbe70000008000005,2
+np.float64,0x3fefffffffffffff,0xbca0000000000000,2
+## random numbers ##
+np.float64,0x02500186f3d9da56,0xc0855b8abf135773,2
+np.float64,0x09200815a3951173,0xc082ff1ad7131bdc,2
+np.float64,0x0da029623b0243d4,0xc0816fc994695bb5,2
+np.float64,0x48703b8ac483a382,0x40579213a313490b,2
+np.float64,0x09207b74c87c9860,0xc082fee20ff349ef,2
+np.float64,0x62c077698e8df947,0x407821c996d110f0,2
+np.float64,0x2350b45e87c3cfb0,0xc073d6b16b51d072,2
+np.float64,0x3990a23f9ff2b623,0xc051aa60eadd8c61,2
+np.float64,0x0d011386a116c348,0xc081a6cc7ea3b8fb,2
+np.float64,0x1fe0f0303ebe273a,0xc0763870b78a81ca,2
+np.float64,0x0cd1260121d387da,0xc081b7668d61a9d1,2
+np.float64,0x1e6135a8f581d422,0xc077425ac10f08c2,2
+np.float64,0x622168db5fe52d30,0x4077b3c669b9fadb,2
+np.float64,0x69f188e1ec6d1718,0x407d1e2f18c63889,2
+np.float64,0x3aa1bf1d9c4dd1a3,0xc04d682e24bde479,2
+np.float64,0x6c81c4011ce4f683,0x407ee5190e8a8e6a,2
+np.float64,0x2191fa55aa5a5095,0xc0750c0c318b5e2d,2
+np.float64,0x32a1f602a32bf360,0xc06270caa493fc17,2
+np.float64,0x16023c90ba93249b,0xc07d0f88e0801638,2
+np.float64,0x1c525fe6d71fa9ff,0xc078af49c66a5d63,2
+np.float64,0x1a927675815d65b7,0xc079e5bdd7fe376e,2
+np.float64,0x41227b8fe70da028,0x402aa0c9f9a84c71,2
+np.float64,0x4962bb6e853fe87d,0x405a34aa04c83747,2
+np.float64,0x23d2cda00b26b5a4,0xc0737c13a06d00ea,2
+np.float64,0x2d13083fd62987fa,0xc06a25055aeb474e,2
+np.float64,0x10e31e4c9b4579a1,0xc0804e181929418e,2
+np.float64,0x26d3247d556a86a9,0xc0716774171da7e8,2
+np.float64,0x6603379398d0d4ac,0x407a64f51f8a887b,2
+np.float64,0x02d38af17d9442ba,0xc0852d955ac9dd68,2
+np.float64,0x6a2382b4818dd967,0x407d4129d688e5d4,2
+np.float64,0x2ee3c403c79b3934,0xc067a091fefaf8b6,2
+np.float64,0x6493a699acdbf1a4,0x4079663c8602bfc5,2
+np.float64,0x1c8413c4f0de3100,0xc0788c99697059b6,2
+np.float64,0x4573f1ed350d9622,0x404e9bd1e4c08920,2
+np.float64,0x2f34265c9200b69c,0xc067310cfea4e986,2
+np.float64,0x19b43e65fa22029b,0xc07a7f8877de22d6,2
+np.float64,0x0af48ab7925ed6bc,0xc0825c4fbc0e5ade,2
+np.float64,0x4fa49699cad82542,0x4065c76d2a318235,2
+np.float64,0x7204a15e56ade492,0x40815bb87484dffb,2
+np.float64,0x4734aa08a230982d,0x40542a4bf7a361a9,2
+np.float64,0x1ae4ed296c2fd749,0xc079ac4921f20abb,2
+np.float64,0x472514ea4370289c,0x4053ff372bd8f18f,2
+np.float64,0x53a54b3f73820430,0x406b5411fc5f2e33,2
+np.float64,0x64754de5a15684fa,0x407951592e99a5ab,2
+np.float64,0x69358e279868a7c3,0x407c9c671a882c31,2
+np.float64,0x284579ec61215945,0xc0706688e55f0927,2
+np.float64,0x68b5c58806447adc,0x407c43d6f4eff760,2
+np.float64,0x1945a83f98b0e65d,0xc07acc15eeb032cc,2
+np.float64,0x0fc5eb98a16578bf,0xc080b0d02eddca0e,2
+np.float64,0x6a75e208f5784250,0x407d7a7383bf8f05,2
+np.float64,0x0fe63a029c47645d,0xc080a59ca1e98866,2
+np.float64,0x37963ac53f065510,0xc057236281f7bdb6,2
+np.float64,0x135661bb07067ff7,0xc07ee924930c21e4,2
+np.float64,0x4b4699469d458422,0x405f73843756e887,2
+np.float64,0x1a66d73e4bf4881b,0xc07a039ba1c63adf,2
+np.float64,0x12a6b9b119a7da59,0xc07f62e49c6431f3,2
+np.float64,0x24c719aa8fd1bdb5,0xc072d26da4bf84d3,2
+np.float64,0x0fa6ff524ffef314,0xc080bb8514662e77,2
+np.float64,0x1db751d66fdd4a9a,0xc077b77cb50d7c92,2
+np.float64,0x4947374c516da82c,0x4059e9acfc7105bf,2
+np.float64,0x1b1771ab98f3afc8,0xc07989326b8e1f66,2
+np.float64,0x25e78805baac8070,0xc0720a818e6ef080,2
+np.float64,0x4bd7a148225d3687,0x406082d004ea3ee7,2
+np.float64,0x53d7d6b2bbbda00a,0x406b9a398967cbd5,2
+np.float64,0x6997fb9f4e1c685f,0x407ce0a703413eba,2
+np.float64,0x069802c2ff71b951,0xc083df39bf7acddc,2
+np.float64,0x4d683ac9890f66d8,0x4062ae21d8c2acf0,2
+np.float64,0x5a2825863ec14f4c,0x40722d718d549552,2
+np.float64,0x0398799a88f4db80,0xc084e93dab8e2158,2
+np.float64,0x5ed87a8b77e135a5,0x40756d7051777b33,2
+np.float64,0x5828cd6d79b9bede,0x4070cafb22fc6ca1,2
+np.float64,0x7b18ba2a5ec6f068,0x408481386b3ed6fe,2
+np.float64,0x4938fd60922198fe,0x4059c206b762ea7e,2
+np.float64,0x31b8f44fcdd1a46e,0xc063b2faa8b6434e,2
+np.float64,0x5729341c0d918464,0x407019cac0c4a7d7,2
+np.float64,0x13595e9228ee878e,0xc07ee7235a7d8088,2
+np.float64,0x17698b0dc9dd4135,0xc07c1627e3a5ad5f,2
+np.float64,0x63b977c283abb0cc,0x4078cf1ec6ed65be,2
+np.float64,0x7349cc0d4dc16943,0x4081cc697ce4cb53,2
+np.float64,0x4e49a80b732fb28d,0x4063e67e3c5cbe90,2
+np.float64,0x07ba14b848a8ae02,0xc0837ac032a094e0,2
+np.float64,0x3da9f17b691bfddc,0xc03929c25366acda,2
+np.float64,0x02ea39aa6c3ac007,0xc08525af6f21e1c4,2
+np.float64,0x3a6a42f04ed9563d,0xc04e98e825dca46b,2
+np.float64,0x1afa877cd7900be7,0xc0799d6648cb34a9,2
+np.float64,0x58ea986649e052c6,0x4071512e939ad790,2
+np.float64,0x691abbc04647f536,0x407c89aaae0fcb83,2
+np.float64,0x43aabc5063e6f284,0x4044b45d18106fd2,2
+np.float64,0x488b003c893e0bea,0x4057df012a2dafbe,2
+np.float64,0x77eb076ed67caee5,0x40836720de94769e,2
+np.float64,0x5c1b46974aba46f4,0x40738731ba256007,2
+np.float64,0x1a5b29ecb5d3c261,0xc07a0becc77040d6,2
+np.float64,0x5d8b6ccf868c6032,0x4074865c1865e2db,2
+np.float64,0x4cfb6690b4aaf5af,0x406216cd8c7e8ddb,2
+np.float64,0x76cbd8eb5c5fc39e,0x4083038dc66d682b,2
+np.float64,0x28bbd1fec5012814,0xc07014c2dd1b9711,2
+np.float64,0x33dc1b3a4fd6bf7a,0xc060bd0756e07d8a,2
+np.float64,0x52bbe89b37de99f3,0x406a10041aa7d343,2
+np.float64,0x07bc479d15eb2dd3,0xc0837a1a6e3a3b61,2
+np.float64,0x18fc5275711a901d,0xc07aff3e9d62bc93,2
+np.float64,0x114c9758e247dc71,0xc080299a7cf15b05,2
+np.float64,0x25ac8f6d60755148,0xc07233c4c0c511d4,2
+np.float64,0x260cae2bb9e9fd7e,0xc071f128c7e82eac,2
+np.float64,0x572ccdfe0241de82,0x40701bedc84bb504,2
+np.float64,0x0ddcef6c8d41f5ee,0xc0815a7e16d07084,2
+np.float64,0x6dad1d59c988af68,0x407fb4a0bc0142b1,2
+np.float64,0x025d200580d8b6d1,0xc08556c0bc32b1b2,2
+np.float64,0x7aad344b6aa74c18,0x40845bbc453f22be,2
+np.float64,0x5b5d9d6ad9d14429,0x4073036d2d21f382,2
+np.float64,0x49cd8d8dcdf19954,0x405b5c034f5c7353,2
+np.float64,0x63edb9483335c1e6,0x4078f2dd21378786,2
+np.float64,0x7b1dd64c9d2c26bd,0x408482b922017bc9,2
+np.float64,0x782e13e0b574be5f,0x40837e2a0090a5ad,2
+np.float64,0x592dfe18b9d6db2f,0x40717f777fbcb1ec,2
+np.float64,0x654e3232ac60d72c,0x4079e71a95a70446,2
+np.float64,0x7b8e42ad22091456,0x4084a9a6f1e61722,2
+np.float64,0x570e88dfd5860ae6,0x407006ae6c0d137a,2
+np.float64,0x294e98346cb98ef1,0xc06f5edaac12bd44,2
+np.float64,0x1adeaa4ab792e642,0xc079b1431d5e2633,2
+np.float64,0x7b6ead3377529ac8,0x40849eabc8c7683c,2
+np.float64,0x2b8eedae8a9b2928,0xc06c400054deef11,2
+np.float64,0x65defb45b2dcf660,0x407a4b53f181c05a,2
+np.float64,0x1baf582d475e7701,0xc07920bcad4a502c,2
+np.float64,0x461f39cf05a0f15a,0x405126368f984fa1,2
+np.float64,0x7e5f6f5dcfff005b,0x4085a37d610439b4,2
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log10.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log10.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f5241a2
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log1p.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log1p.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e4f88b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log1p.csv
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log2.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-log2.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..179c6519
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-sin.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-sin.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03e76ffc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-sin.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,1370 @@
+dtype,input,output,ulperrortol
+## +ve denormals ##
+np.float32,0x004b4716,0x004b4716,2
+np.float32,0x007b2490,0x007b2490,2
+np.float32,0x007c99fa,0x007c99fa,2
+np.float32,0x00734a0c,0x00734a0c,2
+np.float32,0x0070de24,0x0070de24,2
+np.float32,0x007fffff,0x007fffff,2
+np.float32,0x00000001,0x00000001,2
+## -ve denormals ##
+np.float32,0x80495d65,0x80495d65,2
+np.float32,0x806894f6,0x806894f6,2
+np.float32,0x80555a76,0x80555a76,2
+np.float32,0x804e1fb8,0x804e1fb8,2
+np.float32,0x80687de9,0x80687de9,2
+np.float32,0x807fffff,0x807fffff,2
+np.float32,0x80000001,0x80000001,2
+## +/-0.0f, +/-FLT_MIN +/-FLT_MAX ##
+np.float32,0x00000000,0x00000000,2
+np.float32,0x80000000,0x80000000,2
+np.float32,0x00800000,0x00800000,2
+np.float32,0x80800000,0x80800000,2
+## 1.00f ##
+np.float32,0x3f800000,0x3f576aa4,2
+np.float32,0x3f800001,0x3f576aa6,2
+np.float32,0x3f800002,0x3f576aa7,2
+np.float32,0xc090a8b0,0x3f7b4e48,2
+np.float32,0x41ce3184,0x3f192d43,2
+np.float32,0xc1d85848,0xbf7161cb,2
+np.float32,0x402b8820,0x3ee3f29f,2
+np.float32,0x42b4e454,0x3f1d0151,2
+np.float32,0x42a67a60,0x3f7ffa4c,2
+np.float32,0x41d92388,0x3f67beef,2
+np.float32,0x422dd66c,0xbeffb0c1,2
+np.float32,0xc28f5be6,0xbf0bae79,2
+np.float32,0x41ab2674,0x3f0ffe2b,2
+np.float32,0x3f490fdb,0x3f3504f3,2
+np.float32,0xbf490fdb,0xbf3504f3,2
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-sinh.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-sinh.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5888c91c
--- /dev/null
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..083cdb2f
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-tanh.csv b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-tanh.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e3ddc60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/data/umath-validation-set-tanh.csv
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+np.float64,0xffd5e11ae9abc236,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xffe092a08b612540,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fe1f27e1ca3e4fc,0x3fe04685b5131207,2
+np.float64,0xbfe71ce1bdee39c4,0xbfe3c940809a7081,2
+np.float64,0xffe8c3aa68318754,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x800d4e2919da9c52,0x800d4e2919da9c52,2
+np.float64,0x7fe6c8bca76d9178,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x7fced8751e3db0e9,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xd61d0c8bac3a2,0xd61d0c8bac3a2,2
+np.float64,0x3fec57732938aee6,0x3fe6b22f15f38352,2
+np.float64,0xff9251cc7024a3a0,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xf4a68cb9e94d2,0xf4a68cb9e94d2,2
+np.float64,0x3feed76703bdaece,0x3fe7def0fc9a080c,2
+np.float64,0xbfe8971ff7712e40,0xbfe4ac3eb8ebff07,2
+np.float64,0x3fe4825f682904bf,0x3fe218c1952fe67d,2
+np.float64,0xbfd60f7698ac1eee,0xbfd539f0979b4b0c,2
+np.float64,0x3fcf0845993e1088,0x3fce7032f7180144,2
+np.float64,0x7fc83443f3306887,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fe93123ae726247,0x3fe504e4fc437e89,2
+np.float64,0x3fbf9eb8363f3d70,0x3fbf75cdfa6828d5,2
+np.float64,0xbf8b45e5d0368bc0,0xbf8b457c29dfe1a9,2
+np.float64,0x8006c2853d0d850b,0x8006c2853d0d850b,2
+np.float64,0xffef26e25ffe4dc4,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x7fefffffffffffff,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xbfde98f2c2bd31e6,0xbfdc761bfab1c4cb,2
+np.float64,0xffb725e6222e4bd0,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x800c63ead5d8c7d6,0x800c63ead5d8c7d6,2
+np.float64,0x3fea087e95f410fd,0x3fe57d3ab440706c,2
+np.float64,0xbfdf9f8a603f3f14,0xbfdd4742d77dfa57,2
+np.float64,0xfff0000000000000,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xbfcdc0841d3b8108,0xbfcd3a401debba9a,2
+np.float64,0x800f0c8f4f7e191f,0x800f0c8f4f7e191f,2
+np.float64,0x800ba6e75fd74dcf,0x800ba6e75fd74dcf,2
+np.float64,0x7fee4927e8bc924f,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fadf141903be283,0x3fade8878d9d3551,2
+np.float64,0x3efb1a267df64,0x3efb1a267df64,2
+np.float64,0xffebf55f22b7eabe,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x7fbe8045663d008a,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fefc0129f7f8026,0x3fe843f8b7d6cf38,2
+np.float64,0xbfe846b420f08d68,0xbfe47d1709e43937,2
+np.float64,0x7fe8e87043f1d0e0,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fcfb718453f6e31,0x3fcf14ecee7b32b4,2
+np.float64,0x7fe4306b71a860d6,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x7fee08459f7c108a,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fed705165fae0a3,0x3fe73a66369c5700,2
+np.float64,0x7fd0e63f4da1cc7e,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xffd1a40c2ea34818,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xbfa369795c26d2f0,0xbfa36718218d46b3,2
+np.float64,0xef70b9f5dee17,0xef70b9f5dee17,2
+np.float64,0x3fb50a0a6e2a1410,0x3fb4fdf27724560a,2
+np.float64,0x7fe30a0f6166141e,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xbfd7b3ca7daf6794,0xbfd6accb81032b2d,2
+np.float64,0x3fc21dceb3243b9d,0x3fc1ff15d5d277a3,2
+np.float64,0x3fe483e445a907c9,0x3fe219ca0e269552,2
+np.float64,0x3fb2b1e2a22563c0,0x3fb2a96554900eaf,2
+np.float64,0x4b1ff6409641,0x4b1ff6409641,2
+np.float64,0xbfd92eabc9b25d58,0xbfd7f55d7776d64e,2
+np.float64,0x8003b8604c8770c1,0x8003b8604c8770c1,2
+np.float64,0x800d20a9df1a4154,0x800d20a9df1a4154,2
+np.float64,0xecf8a535d9f15,0xecf8a535d9f15,2
+np.float64,0x3fe92d15bab25a2b,0x3fe50296aa15ae85,2
+np.float64,0x800239c205a47385,0x800239c205a47385,2
+np.float64,0x3fc48664a9290cc8,0x3fc459d126320ef6,2
+np.float64,0x3fe7620625eec40c,0x3fe3f3bcbee3e8c6,2
+np.float64,0x3fd242ff4ca48600,0x3fd1c81ed7a971c8,2
+np.float64,0xbfe39bafcfa73760,0xbfe17959c7a279db,2
+np.float64,0x7fdcd2567239a4ac,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fe5f2f292ebe5e6,0x3fe30d12f05e2752,2
+np.float64,0x7fda3819d1347033,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xffca5b4d4334b69c,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xb8a2b7cd71457,0xb8a2b7cd71457,2
+np.float64,0x3fee689603fcd12c,0x3fe7ad4ace26d6dd,2
+np.float64,0x7fe26541a564ca82,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fe6912ee66d225e,0x3fe3720d242c4d82,2
+np.float64,0xffe6580c75ecb018,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x7fe01a3370603466,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0xffe84e3f84b09c7e,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3ff0000000000000,0x3fe85efab514f394,2
+np.float64,0x3fe214d4266429a8,0x3fe05fec03a3c247,2
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+np.float64,0xffef8cb8e1ff1971,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x8001daf8aa63b5f2,0x8001daf8aa63b5f2,2
+np.float64,0x3fdddcc339bbb986,0x3fdbde5f3783538b,2
+np.float64,0xdd8c92c3bb193,0xdd8c92c3bb193,2
+np.float64,0xbfe861a148f0c342,0xbfe48cf1d228a336,2
+np.float64,0xffe260a32e24c146,0xbff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x1f7474b43ee8f,0x1f7474b43ee8f,2
+np.float64,0x3fe81dbd89703b7c,0x3fe464d78df92b7b,2
+np.float64,0x7fed0101177a0201,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x7fd8b419a8316832,0x3ff0000000000000,2
+np.float64,0x3fe93debccf27bd8,0x3fe50c27727917f0,2
+np.float64,0xe5ead05bcbd5a,0xe5ead05bcbd5a,2
+np.float64,0xbfebbbc4cff7778a,0xbfe663c4ca003bbf,2
+np.float64,0xbfea343eb474687e,0xbfe59529f73ea151,2
+np.float64,0x3fbe74a5963ce94b,0x3fbe50123ed05d8d,2
+np.float64,0x3fd31d3a5d263a75,0x3fd290c026cb38a5,2
+np.float64,0xbfd79908acaf3212,0xbfd695620e31c3c6,2
+np.float64,0xbfc26a350324d46c,0xbfc249f335f3e465,2
+np.float64,0xbfac38d5583871b0,0xbfac31866d12a45e,2
+np.float64,0x3fe40cea672819d5,0x3fe1c83754e72c92,2
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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/cython/checks.pyx b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/cython/checks.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5529ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/cython/checks.pyx
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#cython: language_level=3
+
+"""
+Functions in this module give python-space wrappers for cython functions
+exposed in numpy/__init__.pxd, so they can be tested in test_cython.py
+"""
+cimport numpy as cnp
+cnp.import_array()
+
+
+def is_td64(obj):
+    return cnp.is_timedelta64_object(obj)
+
+
+def is_dt64(obj):
+    return cnp.is_datetime64_object(obj)
+
+
+def get_dt64_value(obj):
+    return cnp.get_datetime64_value(obj)
+
+
+def get_td64_value(obj):
+    return cnp.get_timedelta64_value(obj)
+
+
+def get_dt64_unit(obj):
+    return cnp.get_datetime64_unit(obj)
+
+
+def is_integer(obj):
+    return isinstance(obj, (cnp.integer, int))
+
+def conv_intp(cnp.intp_t val):
+    return val
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/cython/meson.build b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/cython/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..836b74ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/cython/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+project('checks', 'c', 'cython')
+
+py = import('python').find_installation(pure: false)
+
+cc = meson.get_compiler('c')
+cy = meson.get_compiler('cython')
+
+if not cy.version().version_compare('>=0.29.35')
+  error('tests requires Cython >= 0.29.35')
+endif
+
+npy_include_path = run_command(py, [
+    '-c',
+    'import os; os.chdir(".."); import numpy; print(os.path.abspath(numpy.get_include()))'
+    ], check: true).stdout().strip()
+
+npy_path = run_command(py, [
+    '-c',
+    'import os; os.chdir(".."); import numpy; print(os.path.dirname(numpy.__file__).removesuffix("numpy"))'
+    ], check: true).stdout().strip()
+
+# TODO: This is a hack due to gh-25135, where cython may not find the right
+#       __init__.pyd file.
+add_project_arguments('-I', npy_path, language : 'cython')
+
+py.extension_module(
+    'checks',
+    'checks.pyx',
+    install: false,
+    c_args: [
+      '-DNPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API=0',  # Cython still uses old NumPy C API
+      # Require 1.25+ to test datetime additions
+      '-DNPY_TARGET_VERSION=NPY_2_0_API_VERSION',
+    ],
+    include_directories: [npy_include_path],
+)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/cython/setup.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/cython/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e34aa77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/cython/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""
+Provide python-space access to the functions exposed in numpy/__init__.pxd
+for testing.
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+from distutils.core import setup
+from Cython.Build import cythonize
+from setuptools.extension import Extension
+import os
+
+macros = [("NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API", 0)]
+
+checks = Extension(
+    "checks",
+    sources=[os.path.join('.', "checks.pyx")],
+    include_dirs=[np.get_include()],
+    define_macros=macros,
+)
+
+extensions = [checks]
+
+setup(
+    ext_modules=cythonize(extensions)
+)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/limited_api/limited_api.c b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/limited_api/limited_api.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..698c54c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/limited_api/limited_api.c
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#define Py_LIMITED_API 0x03060000
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+#include <numpy/ufuncobject.h>
+
+static PyModuleDef moduledef = {
+    .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    .m_name = "limited_api"
+};
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_limited_api(void)
+{
+    import_array();
+    import_umath();
+    return PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+}
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/limited_api/setup.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/limited_api/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18747dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/examples/limited_api/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""
+Build an example package using the limited Python C API.
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+from setuptools import setup, Extension
+import os
+
+macros = [("NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API", 0), ("Py_LIMITED_API", "0x03060000")]
+
+limited_api = Extension(
+    "limited_api",
+    sources=[os.path.join('.', "limited_api.c")],
+    include_dirs=[np.get_include()],
+    define_macros=macros,
+)
+
+extensions = [limited_api]
+
+setup(
+    ext_modules=extensions
+)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test__exceptions.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test__exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10b87e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test__exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""
+Tests of the ._exceptions module. Primarily for exercising the __str__ methods.
+"""
+
+import pickle
+
+import pytest
+import numpy as np
+
+_ArrayMemoryError = np.core._exceptions._ArrayMemoryError
+_UFuncNoLoopError = np.core._exceptions._UFuncNoLoopError
+
+class TestArrayMemoryError:
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        """ Test that _ArrayMemoryError can be pickled """
+        error = _ArrayMemoryError((1023,), np.dtype(np.uint8))
+        res = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(error))
+        assert res._total_size == error._total_size
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        e = _ArrayMemoryError((1023,), np.dtype(np.uint8))
+        str(e)  # not crashing is enough
+
+    # testing these properties is easier than testing the full string repr
+    def test__size_to_string(self):
+        """ Test e._size_to_string """
+        f = _ArrayMemoryError._size_to_string
+        Ki = 1024
+        assert f(0) == '0 bytes'
+        assert f(1) == '1 bytes'
+        assert f(1023) == '1023 bytes'
+        assert f(Ki) == '1.00 KiB'
+        assert f(Ki+1) == '1.00 KiB'
+        assert f(10*Ki) == '10.0 KiB'
+        assert f(int(999.4*Ki)) == '999. KiB'
+        assert f(int(1023.4*Ki)) == '1023. KiB'
+        assert f(int(1023.5*Ki)) == '1.00 MiB'
+        assert f(Ki*Ki) == '1.00 MiB'
+
+        # 1023.9999 Mib should round to 1 GiB
+        assert f(int(Ki*Ki*Ki*0.9999)) == '1.00 GiB'
+        assert f(Ki*Ki*Ki*Ki*Ki*Ki) == '1.00 EiB'
+        # larger than sys.maxsize, adding larger prefixes isn't going to help
+        # anyway.
+        assert f(Ki*Ki*Ki*Ki*Ki*Ki*123456) == '123456. EiB'
+
+    def test__total_size(self):
+        """ Test e._total_size """
+        e = _ArrayMemoryError((1,), np.dtype(np.uint8))
+        assert e._total_size == 1
+
+        e = _ArrayMemoryError((2, 4), np.dtype((np.uint64, 16)))
+        assert e._total_size == 1024
+
+
+class TestUFuncNoLoopError:
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        """ Test that _UFuncNoLoopError can be pickled """
+        assert isinstance(pickle.dumps(_UFuncNoLoopError), bytes)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("args", [
+    (2, 1, None),
+    (2, 1, "test_prefix"),
+    ("test message",),
+])
+class TestAxisError:
+    def test_attr(self, args):
+        """Validate attribute types."""
+        exc = np.AxisError(*args)
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            assert exc.axis is None
+            assert exc.ndim is None
+        else:
+            axis, ndim, *_ = args
+            assert exc.axis == axis
+            assert exc.ndim == ndim
+
+    def test_pickling(self, args):
+        """Test that `AxisError` can be pickled."""
+        exc = np.AxisError(*args)
+        exc2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(exc))
+
+        assert type(exc) is type(exc2)
+        for name in ("axis", "ndim", "args"):
+            attr1 = getattr(exc, name)
+            attr2 = getattr(exc2, name)
+            assert attr1 == attr2, name
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_abc.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_abc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b12d07a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_abc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from numpy.testing import assert_
+
+import numbers
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core.numerictypes import sctypes
+
+class TestABC:
+    def test_abstract(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(np.number, numbers.Number))
+
+        assert_(issubclass(np.inexact, numbers.Complex))
+        assert_(issubclass(np.complexfloating, numbers.Complex))
+        assert_(issubclass(np.floating, numbers.Real))
+
+        assert_(issubclass(np.integer, numbers.Integral))
+        assert_(issubclass(np.signedinteger, numbers.Integral))
+        assert_(issubclass(np.unsignedinteger, numbers.Integral))
+
+    def test_floats(self):
+        for t in sctypes['float']:
+            assert_(isinstance(t(), numbers.Real),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is not instance of Real")
+            assert_(issubclass(t, numbers.Real),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is not subclass of Real")
+            assert_(not isinstance(t(), numbers.Rational),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is instance of Rational")
+            assert_(not issubclass(t, numbers.Rational),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is subclass of Rational")
+
+    def test_complex(self):
+        for t in sctypes['complex']:
+            assert_(isinstance(t(), numbers.Complex),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is not instance of Complex")
+            assert_(issubclass(t, numbers.Complex),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is not subclass of Complex")
+            assert_(not isinstance(t(), numbers.Real),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is instance of Real")
+            assert_(not issubclass(t, numbers.Real),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is subclass of Real")
+
+    def test_int(self):
+        for t in sctypes['int']:
+            assert_(isinstance(t(), numbers.Integral),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is not instance of Integral")
+            assert_(issubclass(t, numbers.Integral),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is not subclass of Integral")
+
+    def test_uint(self):
+        for t in sctypes['uint']:
+            assert_(isinstance(t(), numbers.Integral),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is not instance of Integral")
+            assert_(issubclass(t, numbers.Integral),
+                    f"{t.__name__} is not subclass of Integral")
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_api.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d922869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+import sys
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core._rational_tests import rational
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import (
+     assert_, assert_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_raises, assert_warns,
+     HAS_REFCOUNT
+    )
+
+
+def test_array_array():
+    tobj = type(object)
+    ones11 = np.ones((1, 1), np.float64)
+    tndarray = type(ones11)
+    # Test is_ndarray
+    assert_equal(np.array(ones11, dtype=np.float64), ones11)
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        old_refcount = sys.getrefcount(tndarray)
+        np.array(ones11)
+        assert_equal(old_refcount, sys.getrefcount(tndarray))
+
+    # test None
+    assert_equal(np.array(None, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.array(np.nan, dtype=np.float64))
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        old_refcount = sys.getrefcount(tobj)
+        np.array(None, dtype=np.float64)
+        assert_equal(old_refcount, sys.getrefcount(tobj))
+
+    # test scalar
+    assert_equal(np.array(1.0, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((), dtype=np.float64))
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        old_refcount = sys.getrefcount(np.float64)
+        np.array(np.array(1.0, dtype=np.float64), dtype=np.float64)
+        assert_equal(old_refcount, sys.getrefcount(np.float64))
+
+    # test string
+    S2 = np.dtype((bytes, 2))
+    S3 = np.dtype((bytes, 3))
+    S5 = np.dtype((bytes, 5))
+    assert_equal(np.array(b"1.0", dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((), dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array(b"1.0").dtype, S3)
+    assert_equal(np.array(b"1.0", dtype=bytes).dtype, S3)
+    assert_equal(np.array(b"1.0", dtype=S2), np.array(b"1."))
+    assert_equal(np.array(b"1", dtype=S5), np.ones((), dtype=S5))
+
+    # test string
+    U2 = np.dtype((str, 2))
+    U3 = np.dtype((str, 3))
+    U5 = np.dtype((str, 5))
+    assert_equal(np.array("1.0", dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((), dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array("1.0").dtype, U3)
+    assert_equal(np.array("1.0", dtype=str).dtype, U3)
+    assert_equal(np.array("1.0", dtype=U2), np.array(str("1.")))
+    assert_equal(np.array("1", dtype=U5), np.ones((), dtype=U5))
+
+    builtins = getattr(__builtins__, '__dict__', __builtins__)
+    assert_(hasattr(builtins, 'get'))
+
+    # test memoryview
+    dat = np.array(memoryview(b'1.0'), dtype=np.float64)
+    assert_equal(dat, [49.0, 46.0, 48.0])
+    assert_(dat.dtype.type is np.float64)
+
+    dat = np.array(memoryview(b'1.0'))
+    assert_equal(dat, [49, 46, 48])
+    assert_(dat.dtype.type is np.uint8)
+
+    # test array interface
+    a = np.array(100.0, dtype=np.float64)
+    o = type("o", (object,),
+             dict(__array_interface__=a.__array_interface__))
+    assert_equal(np.array(o, dtype=np.float64), a)
+
+    # test array_struct interface
+    a = np.array([(1, 4.0, 'Hello'), (2, 6.0, 'World')],
+                 dtype=[('f0', int), ('f1', float), ('f2', str)])
+    o = type("o", (object,),
+             dict(__array_struct__=a.__array_struct__))
+    ## wasn't what I expected... is np.array(o) supposed to equal a ?
+    ## instead we get a array([...], dtype=">V18")
+    assert_equal(bytes(np.array(o).data), bytes(a.data))
+
+    # test array
+    o = type("o", (object,),
+             dict(__array__=lambda *x: np.array(100.0, dtype=np.float64)))()
+    assert_equal(np.array(o, dtype=np.float64), np.array(100.0, np.float64))
+
+    # test recursion
+    nested = 1.5
+    for i in range(np.MAXDIMS):
+        nested = [nested]
+
+    # no error
+    np.array(nested)
+
+    # Exceeds recursion limit
+    assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, [nested], dtype=np.float64)
+
+    # Try with lists...
+    # float32
+    assert_equal(np.array([None] * 10, dtype=np.float32),
+                 np.full((10,), np.nan, dtype=np.float32))
+    assert_equal(np.array([[None]] * 10, dtype=np.float32),
+                 np.full((10, 1), np.nan, dtype=np.float32))
+    assert_equal(np.array([[None] * 10], dtype=np.float32),
+                 np.full((1, 10), np.nan, dtype=np.float32))
+    assert_equal(np.array([[None] * 10] * 10, dtype=np.float32),
+                 np.full((10, 10), np.nan, dtype=np.float32))
+    # float64
+    assert_equal(np.array([None] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.full((10,), np.nan, dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([[None]] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.full((10, 1), np.nan, dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([[None] * 10], dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.full((1, 10), np.nan, dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([[None] * 10] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.full((10, 10), np.nan, dtype=np.float64))
+
+    assert_equal(np.array([1.0] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((10,), dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([[1.0]] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((10, 1), dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([[1.0] * 10], dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((1, 10), dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([[1.0] * 10] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((10, 10), dtype=np.float64))
+
+    # Try with tuples
+    assert_equal(np.array((None,) * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.full((10,), np.nan, dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([(None,)] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.full((10, 1), np.nan, dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([(None,) * 10], dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.full((1, 10), np.nan, dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([(None,) * 10] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.full((10, 10), np.nan, dtype=np.float64))
+
+    assert_equal(np.array((1.0,) * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((10,), dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([(1.0,)] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((10, 1), dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([(1.0,) * 10], dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((1, 10), dtype=np.float64))
+    assert_equal(np.array([(1.0,) * 10] * 10, dtype=np.float64),
+                 np.ones((10, 10), dtype=np.float64))
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("array", [True, False])
+def test_array_impossible_casts(array):
+    # All builtin types can be forcibly cast, at least theoretically,
+    # but user dtypes cannot necessarily.
+    rt = rational(1, 2)
+    if array:
+        rt = np.array(rt)
+    with assert_raises(TypeError):
+        np.array(rt, dtype="M8")
+
+
+# TODO: remove when fastCopyAndTranspose deprecation expires
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("a",
+    (
+        np.array(2),  # 0D array
+        np.array([3, 2, 7, 0]),  # 1D array
+        np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)  # 2D array
+    ),
+)
+def test_fastCopyAndTranspose(a):
+    with pytest.deprecated_call():
+        b = np.fastCopyAndTranspose(a)
+        assert_equal(b, a.T)
+        assert b.flags.owndata
+
+
+def test_array_astype():
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+    # Default behavior: allows unsafe casts, keeps memory layout,
+    #                   always copies.
+    b = a.astype('i4')
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(a.strides, b.strides)
+    b = a.T.astype('i4')
+    assert_equal(a.T, b)
+    assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(a.T.strides, b.strides)
+    b = a.astype('f4')
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_(not (a is b))
+
+    # copy=False parameter can sometimes skip a copy
+    b = a.astype('f4', copy=False)
+    assert_(a is b)
+
+    # order parameter allows overriding of the memory layout,
+    # forcing a copy if the layout is wrong
+    b = a.astype('f4', order='F', copy=False)
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_(not (a is b))
+    assert_(b.flags.f_contiguous)
+
+    b = a.astype('f4', order='C', copy=False)
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_(a is b)
+    assert_(b.flags.c_contiguous)
+
+    # casting parameter allows catching bad casts
+    b = a.astype('c8', casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('c8'))
+
+    assert_raises(TypeError, a.astype, 'i4', casting='safe')
+
+    # subok=False passes through a non-subclassed array
+    b = a.astype('f4', subok=0, copy=False)
+    assert_(a is b)
+
+    class MyNDArray(np.ndarray):
+        pass
+
+    a = np.array([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]], dtype='f4').view(MyNDArray)
+
+    # subok=True passes through a subclass
+    b = a.astype('f4', subok=True, copy=False)
+    assert_(a is b)
+
+    # subok=True is default, and creates a subtype on a cast
+    b = a.astype('i4', copy=False)
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_equal(type(b), MyNDArray)
+
+    # subok=False never returns a subclass
+    b = a.astype('f4', subok=False, copy=False)
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_(not (a is b))
+    assert_(type(b) is not MyNDArray)
+
+    # Make sure converting from string object to fixed length string
+    # does not truncate.
+    a = np.array([b'a'*100], dtype='O')
+    b = a.astype('S')
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('S100'))
+    a = np.array(['a'*100], dtype='O')
+    b = a.astype('U')
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('U100'))
+
+    # Same test as above but for strings shorter than 64 characters
+    a = np.array([b'a'*10], dtype='O')
+    b = a.astype('S')
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('S10'))
+    a = np.array(['a'*10], dtype='O')
+    b = a.astype('U')
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('U10'))
+
+    a = np.array(123456789012345678901234567890, dtype='O').astype('S')
+    assert_array_equal(a, np.array(b'1234567890' * 3, dtype='S30'))
+    a = np.array(123456789012345678901234567890, dtype='O').astype('U')
+    assert_array_equal(a, np.array('1234567890' * 3, dtype='U30'))
+
+    a = np.array([123456789012345678901234567890], dtype='O').astype('S')
+    assert_array_equal(a, np.array(b'1234567890' * 3, dtype='S30'))
+    a = np.array([123456789012345678901234567890], dtype='O').astype('U')
+    assert_array_equal(a, np.array('1234567890' * 3, dtype='U30'))
+
+    a = np.array(123456789012345678901234567890, dtype='S')
+    assert_array_equal(a, np.array(b'1234567890' * 3, dtype='S30'))
+    a = np.array(123456789012345678901234567890, dtype='U')
+    assert_array_equal(a, np.array('1234567890' * 3, dtype='U30'))
+
+    a = np.array('a\u0140', dtype='U')
+    b = np.ndarray(buffer=a, dtype='uint32', shape=2)
+    assert_(b.size == 2)
+
+    a = np.array([1000], dtype='i4')
+    assert_raises(TypeError, a.astype, 'S1', casting='safe')
+
+    a = np.array(1000, dtype='i4')
+    assert_raises(TypeError, a.astype, 'U1', casting='safe')
+
+    # gh-24023
+    assert_raises(TypeError, a.astype)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dt", ["S", "U"])
+def test_array_astype_to_string_discovery_empty(dt):
+    # See also gh-19085
+    arr = np.array([""], dtype=object)
+    # Note, the itemsize is the `0 -> 1` logic, which should change.
+    # The important part the test is rather that it does not error.
+    assert arr.astype(dt).dtype.itemsize == np.dtype(f"{dt}1").itemsize
+
+    # check the same thing for `np.can_cast` (since it accepts arrays)
+    assert np.can_cast(arr, dt, casting="unsafe")
+    assert not np.can_cast(arr, dt, casting="same_kind")
+    # as well as for the object as a descriptor:
+    assert np.can_cast("O", dt, casting="unsafe")
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dt", ["d", "f", "S13", "U32"])
+def test_array_astype_to_void(dt):
+    dt = np.dtype(dt)
+    arr = np.array([], dtype=dt)
+    assert arr.astype("V").dtype.itemsize == dt.itemsize
+
+def test_object_array_astype_to_void():
+    # This is different to `test_array_astype_to_void` as object arrays
+    # are inspected.  The default void is "V8" (8 is the length of double)
+    arr = np.array([], dtype="O").astype("V")
+    assert arr.dtype == "V8"
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("t",
+    np.sctypes['uint'] + np.sctypes['int'] + np.sctypes['float']
+)
+def test_array_astype_warning(t):
+    # test ComplexWarning when casting from complex to float or int
+    a = np.array(10, dtype=np.complex_)
+    assert_warns(np.ComplexWarning, a.astype, t)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["dtype", "out_dtype"],
+        [(np.bytes_, np.bool_),
+         (np.str_, np.bool_),
+         (np.dtype("S10,S9"), np.dtype("?,?"))])
+def test_string_to_boolean_cast(dtype, out_dtype):
+    """
+    Currently, for `astype` strings are cast to booleans effectively by
+    calling `bool(int(string)`. This is not consistent (see gh-9875) and
+    will eventually be deprecated.
+    """
+    arr = np.array(["10", "10\0\0\0", "0\0\0", "0"], dtype=dtype)
+    expected = np.array([True, True, False, False], dtype=out_dtype)
+    assert_array_equal(arr.astype(out_dtype), expected)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["dtype", "out_dtype"],
+        [(np.bytes_, np.bool_),
+         (np.str_, np.bool_),
+         (np.dtype("S10,S9"), np.dtype("?,?"))])
+def test_string_to_boolean_cast_errors(dtype, out_dtype):
+    """
+    These currently error out, since cast to integers fails, but should not
+    error out in the future.
+    """
+    for invalid in ["False", "True", "", "\0", "non-empty"]:
+        arr = np.array([invalid], dtype=dtype)
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            arr.astype(out_dtype)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("str_type", [str, bytes, np.str_, np.unicode_])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("scalar_type",
+        [np.complex64, np.complex128, np.clongdouble])
+def test_string_to_complex_cast(str_type, scalar_type):
+    value = scalar_type(b"1+3j")
+    assert scalar_type(value) == 1+3j
+    assert np.array([value], dtype=object).astype(scalar_type)[()] == 1+3j
+    assert np.array(value).astype(scalar_type)[()] == 1+3j
+    arr = np.zeros(1, dtype=scalar_type)
+    arr[0] = value
+    assert arr[0] == 1+3j
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllFloat"])
+def test_none_to_nan_cast(dtype):
+    # Note that at the time of writing this test, the scalar constructors
+    # reject None
+    arr = np.zeros(1, dtype=dtype)
+    arr[0] = None
+    assert np.isnan(arr)[0]
+    assert np.isnan(np.array(None, dtype=dtype))[()]
+    assert np.isnan(np.array([None], dtype=dtype))[0]
+    assert np.isnan(np.array(None).astype(dtype))[()]
+
+def test_copyto_fromscalar():
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+
+    # Simple copy
+    np.copyto(a, 1.5)
+    assert_equal(a, 1.5)
+    np.copyto(a.T, 2.5)
+    assert_equal(a, 2.5)
+
+    # Where-masked copy
+    mask = np.array([[0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]], dtype='?')
+    np.copyto(a, 3.5, where=mask)
+    assert_equal(a, [[2.5, 3.5, 2.5], [2.5, 2.5, 3.5]])
+    mask = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 1], [1, 0]], dtype='?')
+    np.copyto(a.T, 4.5, where=mask)
+    assert_equal(a, [[2.5, 4.5, 4.5], [4.5, 4.5, 3.5]])
+
+def test_copyto():
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3)
+
+    # Simple copy
+    np.copyto(a, [[3, 1, 5], [6, 2, 1]])
+    assert_equal(a, [[3, 1, 5], [6, 2, 1]])
+
+    # Overlapping copy should work
+    np.copyto(a[:, :2], a[::-1, 1::-1])
+    assert_equal(a, [[2, 6, 5], [1, 3, 1]])
+
+    # Defaults to 'same_kind' casting
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.copyto, a, 1.5)
+
+    # Force a copy with 'unsafe' casting, truncating 1.5 to 1
+    np.copyto(a, 1.5, casting='unsafe')
+    assert_equal(a, 1)
+
+    # Copying with a mask
+    np.copyto(a, 3, where=[True, False, True])
+    assert_equal(a, [[3, 1, 3], [3, 1, 3]])
+
+    # Casting rule still applies with a mask
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.copyto, a, 3.5, where=[True, False, True])
+
+    # Lists of integer 0's and 1's is ok too
+    np.copyto(a, 4.0, casting='unsafe', where=[[0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 0]])
+    assert_equal(a, [[3, 4, 4], [4, 1, 3]])
+
+    # Overlapping copy with mask should work
+    np.copyto(a[:, :2], a[::-1, 1::-1], where=[[0, 1], [1, 1]])
+    assert_equal(a, [[3, 4, 4], [4, 3, 3]])
+
+    # 'dst' must be an array
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.copyto, [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4])
+
+def test_copyto_permut():
+    # test explicit overflow case
+    pad = 500
+    l = [True] * pad + [True, True, True, True]
+    r = np.zeros(len(l)-pad)
+    d = np.ones(len(l)-pad)
+    mask = np.array(l)[pad:]
+    np.copyto(r, d, where=mask[::-1])
+
+    # test all permutation of possible masks, 9 should be sufficient for
+    # current 4 byte unrolled code
+    power = 9
+    d = np.ones(power)
+    for i in range(2**power):
+        r = np.zeros(power)
+        l = [(i & x) != 0 for x in range(power)]
+        mask = np.array(l)
+        np.copyto(r, d, where=mask)
+        assert_array_equal(r == 1, l)
+        assert_equal(r.sum(), sum(l))
+
+        r = np.zeros(power)
+        np.copyto(r, d, where=mask[::-1])
+        assert_array_equal(r == 1, l[::-1])
+        assert_equal(r.sum(), sum(l))
+
+        r = np.zeros(power)
+        np.copyto(r[::2], d[::2], where=mask[::2])
+        assert_array_equal(r[::2] == 1, l[::2])
+        assert_equal(r[::2].sum(), sum(l[::2]))
+
+        r = np.zeros(power)
+        np.copyto(r[::2], d[::2], where=mask[::-2])
+        assert_array_equal(r[::2] == 1, l[::-2])
+        assert_equal(r[::2].sum(), sum(l[::-2]))
+
+        for c in [0xFF, 0x7F, 0x02, 0x10]:
+            r = np.zeros(power)
+            mask = np.array(l)
+            imask = np.array(l).view(np.uint8)
+            imask[mask != 0] = c
+            np.copyto(r, d, where=mask)
+            assert_array_equal(r == 1, l)
+            assert_equal(r.sum(), sum(l))
+
+    r = np.zeros(power)
+    np.copyto(r, d, where=True)
+    assert_equal(r.sum(), r.size)
+    r = np.ones(power)
+    d = np.zeros(power)
+    np.copyto(r, d, where=False)
+    assert_equal(r.sum(), r.size)
+
+def test_copy_order():
+    a = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 1, 3, 4)
+    b = a.copy(order='F')
+    c = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 1, 4, 3).swapaxes(2, 3)
+
+    def check_copy_result(x, y, ccontig, fcontig, strides=False):
+        assert_(not (x is y))
+        assert_equal(x, y)
+        assert_equal(res.flags.c_contiguous, ccontig)
+        assert_equal(res.flags.f_contiguous, fcontig)
+
+    # Validate the initial state of a, b, and c
+    assert_(a.flags.c_contiguous)
+    assert_(not a.flags.f_contiguous)
+    assert_(not b.flags.c_contiguous)
+    assert_(b.flags.f_contiguous)
+    assert_(not c.flags.c_contiguous)
+    assert_(not c.flags.f_contiguous)
+
+    # Copy with order='C'
+    res = a.copy(order='C')
+    check_copy_result(res, a, ccontig=True, fcontig=False, strides=True)
+    res = b.copy(order='C')
+    check_copy_result(res, b, ccontig=True, fcontig=False, strides=False)
+    res = c.copy(order='C')
+    check_copy_result(res, c, ccontig=True, fcontig=False, strides=False)
+    res = np.copy(a, order='C')
+    check_copy_result(res, a, ccontig=True, fcontig=False, strides=True)
+    res = np.copy(b, order='C')
+    check_copy_result(res, b, ccontig=True, fcontig=False, strides=False)
+    res = np.copy(c, order='C')
+    check_copy_result(res, c, ccontig=True, fcontig=False, strides=False)
+
+    # Copy with order='F'
+    res = a.copy(order='F')
+    check_copy_result(res, a, ccontig=False, fcontig=True, strides=False)
+    res = b.copy(order='F')
+    check_copy_result(res, b, ccontig=False, fcontig=True, strides=True)
+    res = c.copy(order='F')
+    check_copy_result(res, c, ccontig=False, fcontig=True, strides=False)
+    res = np.copy(a, order='F')
+    check_copy_result(res, a, ccontig=False, fcontig=True, strides=False)
+    res = np.copy(b, order='F')
+    check_copy_result(res, b, ccontig=False, fcontig=True, strides=True)
+    res = np.copy(c, order='F')
+    check_copy_result(res, c, ccontig=False, fcontig=True, strides=False)
+
+    # Copy with order='K'
+    res = a.copy(order='K')
+    check_copy_result(res, a, ccontig=True, fcontig=False, strides=True)
+    res = b.copy(order='K')
+    check_copy_result(res, b, ccontig=False, fcontig=True, strides=True)
+    res = c.copy(order='K')
+    check_copy_result(res, c, ccontig=False, fcontig=False, strides=True)
+    res = np.copy(a, order='K')
+    check_copy_result(res, a, ccontig=True, fcontig=False, strides=True)
+    res = np.copy(b, order='K')
+    check_copy_result(res, b, ccontig=False, fcontig=True, strides=True)
+    res = np.copy(c, order='K')
+    check_copy_result(res, c, ccontig=False, fcontig=False, strides=True)
+
+def test_contiguous_flags():
+    a = np.ones((4, 4, 1))[::2,:,:]
+    a.strides = a.strides[:2] + (-123,)
+    b = np.ones((2, 2, 1, 2, 2)).swapaxes(3, 4)
+
+    def check_contig(a, ccontig, fcontig):
+        assert_(a.flags.c_contiguous == ccontig)
+        assert_(a.flags.f_contiguous == fcontig)
+
+    # Check if new arrays are correct:
+    check_contig(a, False, False)
+    check_contig(b, False, False)
+    check_contig(np.empty((2, 2, 0, 2, 2)), True, True)
+    check_contig(np.array([[[1], [2]]], order='F'), True, True)
+    check_contig(np.empty((2, 2)), True, False)
+    check_contig(np.empty((2, 2), order='F'), False, True)
+
+    # Check that np.array creates correct contiguous flags:
+    check_contig(np.array(a, copy=False), False, False)
+    check_contig(np.array(a, copy=False, order='C'), True, False)
+    check_contig(np.array(a, ndmin=4, copy=False, order='F'), False, True)
+
+    # Check slicing update of flags and :
+    check_contig(a[0], True, True)
+    check_contig(a[None, ::4, ..., None], True, True)
+    check_contig(b[0, 0, ...], False, True)
+    check_contig(b[:, :, 0:0, :, :], True, True)
+
+    # Test ravel and squeeze.
+    check_contig(a.ravel(), True, True)
+    check_contig(np.ones((1, 3, 1)).squeeze(), True, True)
+
+def test_broadcast_arrays():
+    # Test user defined dtypes
+    a = np.array([(1, 2, 3)], dtype='u4,u4,u4')
+    b = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)], dtype='u4,u4,u4')
+    result = np.broadcast_arrays(a, b)
+    assert_equal(result[0], np.array([(1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 3)], dtype='u4,u4,u4'))
+    assert_equal(result[1], np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)], dtype='u4,u4,u4'))
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["shape", "fill_value", "expected_output"],
+        [((2, 2), [5.0,  6.0], np.array([[5.0, 6.0], [5.0, 6.0]])),
+         ((3, 2), [1.0,  2.0], np.array([[1.0, 2.0], [1.0, 2.0], [1.0,  2.0]]))])
+def test_full_from_list(shape, fill_value, expected_output):
+    output = np.full(shape, fill_value)
+    assert_equal(output, expected_output)
+
+def test_astype_copyflag():
+    # test the various copyflag options
+    arr = np.arange(10, dtype=np.intp)
+
+    res_true = arr.astype(np.intp, copy=True)
+    assert not np.may_share_memory(arr, res_true)
+    res_always = arr.astype(np.intp, copy=np._CopyMode.ALWAYS)
+    assert not np.may_share_memory(arr, res_always)
+
+    res_false = arr.astype(np.intp, copy=False)
+    # `res_false is arr` currently, but check `may_share_memory`.
+    assert np.may_share_memory(arr, res_false)
+    res_if_needed = arr.astype(np.intp, copy=np._CopyMode.IF_NEEDED)
+    # `res_if_needed is arr` currently, but check `may_share_memory`.
+    assert np.may_share_memory(arr, res_if_needed)
+
+    res_never = arr.astype(np.intp, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER)
+    assert np.may_share_memory(arr, res_never)
+
+    # Simple tests for when a copy is necessary:
+    res_false = arr.astype(np.float64, copy=False)
+    assert_array_equal(res_false, arr)
+    res_if_needed = arr.astype(np.float64, 
+                               copy=np._CopyMode.IF_NEEDED)
+    assert_array_equal(res_if_needed, arr)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, arr.astype, np.float64,
+                  copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_argparse.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_argparse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fae22702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_argparse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+"""
+Tests for the private NumPy argument parsing functionality.
+They mainly exists to ensure good test coverage without having to try the
+weirder cases on actual numpy functions but test them in one place.
+
+The test function is defined in C to be equivalent to (errors may not always
+match exactly, and could be adjusted):
+
+    def func(arg1, /, arg2, *, arg3):
+        i = integer(arg1)  # reproducing the 'i' parsing in Python.
+        return None
+"""
+
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import argparse_example_function as func
+
+
+def test_invalid_integers():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match="integer argument expected, got float"):
+        func(1.)
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+        func(2**100)
+
+
+def test_missing_arguments():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match="missing required positional argument 0"):
+        func()
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match="missing required positional argument 0"):
+        func(arg2=1, arg3=4)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match=r"missing required argument \'arg2\' \(pos 1\)"):
+        func(1, arg3=5)
+
+
+def test_too_many_positional():
+    # the second argument is positional but can be passed as keyword.
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match="takes from 2 to 3 positional arguments but 4 were given"):
+        func(1, 2, 3, 4)
+
+
+def test_multiple_values():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match=r"given by name \('arg2'\) and position \(position 1\)"):
+        func(1, 2, arg2=3)
+
+
+def test_string_fallbacks():
+    # We can (currently?) use numpy strings to test the "slow" fallbacks
+    # that should normally not be taken due to string interning.
+    arg2 = np.str_("arg2")
+    missing_arg = np.str_("missing_arg")
+    func(1, **{arg2: 3})
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match="got an unexpected keyword argument 'missing_arg'"):
+        func(2, **{missing_arg: 3})
+
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_array_coercion.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_array_coercion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..629bfce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_array_coercion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,898 @@
+"""
+Tests for array coercion, mainly through testing `np.array` results directly.
+Note that other such tests exist, e.g., in `test_api.py` and many corner-cases
+are tested (sometimes indirectly) elsewhere.
+"""
+
+from itertools import permutations, product
+
+import pytest
+from pytest import param
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core._rational_tests import rational
+from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import _discover_array_parameters
+
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_array_equal, assert_warns, IS_PYPY)
+
+
+def arraylikes():
+    """
+    Generator for functions converting an array into various array-likes.
+    If full is True (default) it includes array-likes not capable of handling
+    all dtypes.
+    """
+    # base array:
+    def ndarray(a):
+        return a
+
+    yield param(ndarray, id="ndarray")
+
+    # subclass:
+    class MyArr(np.ndarray):
+        pass
+
+    def subclass(a):
+        return a.view(MyArr)
+
+    yield subclass
+
+    class _SequenceLike():
+        # Older NumPy versions, sometimes cared whether a protocol array was
+        # also _SequenceLike.  This shouldn't matter, but keep it for now
+        # for __array__ and not the others.
+        def __len__(self):
+            raise TypeError
+
+        def __getitem__(self):
+            raise TypeError
+
+    # Array-interface
+    class ArrayDunder(_SequenceLike):
+        def __init__(self, a):
+            self.a = a
+
+        def __array__(self, dtype=None):
+            return self.a
+
+    yield param(ArrayDunder, id="__array__")
+
+    # memory-view
+    yield param(memoryview, id="memoryview")
+
+    # Array-interface
+    class ArrayInterface:
+        def __init__(self, a):
+            self.a = a  # need to hold on to keep interface valid
+            self.__array_interface__ = a.__array_interface__
+
+    yield param(ArrayInterface, id="__array_interface__")
+
+    # Array-Struct
+    class ArrayStruct:
+        def __init__(self, a):
+            self.a = a  # need to hold on to keep struct valid
+            self.__array_struct__ = a.__array_struct__
+
+    yield param(ArrayStruct, id="__array_struct__")
+
+
+def scalar_instances(times=True, extended_precision=True, user_dtype=True):
+    # Hard-coded list of scalar instances.
+    # Floats:
+    yield param(np.sqrt(np.float16(5)), id="float16")
+    yield param(np.sqrt(np.float32(5)), id="float32")
+    yield param(np.sqrt(np.float64(5)), id="float64")
+    if extended_precision:
+        yield param(np.sqrt(np.longdouble(5)), id="longdouble")
+
+    # Complex:
+    yield param(np.sqrt(np.complex64(2+3j)), id="complex64")
+    yield param(np.sqrt(np.complex128(2+3j)), id="complex128")
+    if extended_precision:
+        yield param(np.sqrt(np.longcomplex(2+3j)), id="clongdouble")
+
+    # Bool:
+    # XFAIL: Bool should be added, but has some bad properties when it
+    # comes to strings, see also gh-9875
+    # yield param(np.bool_(0), id="bool")
+
+    # Integers:
+    yield param(np.int8(2), id="int8")
+    yield param(np.int16(2), id="int16")
+    yield param(np.int32(2), id="int32")
+    yield param(np.int64(2), id="int64")
+
+    yield param(np.uint8(2), id="uint8")
+    yield param(np.uint16(2), id="uint16")
+    yield param(np.uint32(2), id="uint32")
+    yield param(np.uint64(2), id="uint64")
+
+    # Rational:
+    if user_dtype:
+        yield param(rational(1, 2), id="rational")
+
+    # Cannot create a structured void scalar directly:
+    structured = np.array([(1, 3)], "i,i")[0]
+    assert isinstance(structured, np.void)
+    assert structured.dtype == np.dtype("i,i")
+    yield param(structured, id="structured")
+
+    if times:
+        # Datetimes and timedelta
+        yield param(np.timedelta64(2), id="timedelta64[generic]")
+        yield param(np.timedelta64(23, "s"), id="timedelta64[s]")
+        yield param(np.timedelta64("NaT", "s"), id="timedelta64[s](NaT)")
+
+        yield param(np.datetime64("NaT"), id="datetime64[generic](NaT)")
+        yield param(np.datetime64("2020-06-07 12:43", "ms"), id="datetime64[ms]")
+
+    # Strings and unstructured void:
+    yield param(np.bytes_(b"1234"), id="bytes")
+    yield param(np.str_("2345"), id="unicode")
+    yield param(np.void(b"4321"), id="unstructured_void")
+
+
+def is_parametric_dtype(dtype):
+    """Returns True if the dtype is a parametric legacy dtype (itemsize
+    is 0, or a datetime without units)
+    """
+    if dtype.itemsize == 0:
+        return True
+    if issubclass(dtype.type, (np.datetime64, np.timedelta64)):
+        if dtype.name.endswith("64"):
+            # Generic time units
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+class TestStringDiscovery:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("obj",
+            [object(), 1.2, 10**43, None, "string"],
+            ids=["object", "1.2", "10**43", "None", "string"])
+    def test_basic_stringlength(self, obj):
+        length = len(str(obj))
+        expected = np.dtype(f"S{length}")
+
+        assert np.array(obj, dtype="S").dtype == expected
+        assert np.array([obj], dtype="S").dtype == expected
+
+        # A nested array is also discovered correctly
+        arr = np.array(obj, dtype="O")
+        assert np.array(arr, dtype="S").dtype == expected
+        # Also if we use the dtype class
+        assert np.array(arr, dtype=type(expected)).dtype == expected
+        # Check that .astype() behaves identical
+        assert arr.astype("S").dtype == expected
+        # The DType class is accepted by `.astype()`
+        assert arr.astype(type(np.dtype("S"))).dtype == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("obj",
+            [object(), 1.2, 10**43, None, "string"],
+            ids=["object", "1.2", "10**43", "None", "string"])
+    def test_nested_arrays_stringlength(self, obj):
+        length = len(str(obj))
+        expected = np.dtype(f"S{length}")
+        arr = np.array(obj, dtype="O")
+        assert np.array([arr, arr], dtype="S").dtype == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arraylike", arraylikes())
+    def test_unpack_first_level(self, arraylike):
+        # We unpack exactly one level of array likes
+        obj = np.array([None])
+        obj[0] = np.array(1.2)
+        # the length of the included item, not of the float dtype
+        length = len(str(obj[0]))
+        expected = np.dtype(f"S{length}")
+
+        obj = arraylike(obj)
+        # casting to string usually calls str(obj)
+        arr = np.array([obj], dtype="S")
+        assert arr.shape == (1, 1)
+        assert arr.dtype == expected
+
+
+class TestScalarDiscovery:
+    def test_void_special_case(self):
+        # Void dtypes with structures discover tuples as elements
+        arr = np.array((1, 2, 3), dtype="i,i,i")
+        assert arr.shape == ()
+        arr = np.array([(1, 2, 3)], dtype="i,i,i")
+        assert arr.shape == (1,)
+
+    def test_char_special_case(self):
+        arr = np.array("string", dtype="c")
+        assert arr.shape == (6,)
+        assert arr.dtype.char == "c"
+        arr = np.array(["string"], dtype="c")
+        assert arr.shape == (1, 6)
+        assert arr.dtype.char == "c"
+
+    def test_char_special_case_deep(self):
+        # Check that the character special case errors correctly if the
+        # array is too deep:
+        nested = ["string"]  # 2 dimensions (due to string being sequence)
+        for i in range(np.MAXDIMS - 2):
+            nested = [nested]
+
+        arr = np.array(nested, dtype='c')
+        assert arr.shape == (1,) * (np.MAXDIMS - 1) + (6,)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.array([nested], dtype="c")
+
+    def test_unknown_object(self):
+        arr = np.array(object())
+        assert arr.shape == ()
+        assert arr.dtype == np.dtype("O")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("scalar", scalar_instances())
+    def test_scalar(self, scalar):
+        arr = np.array(scalar)
+        assert arr.shape == ()
+        assert arr.dtype == scalar.dtype
+
+        arr = np.array([[scalar, scalar]])
+        assert arr.shape == (1, 2)
+        assert arr.dtype == scalar.dtype
+
+    # Additionally to string this test also runs into a corner case
+    # with datetime promotion (the difference is the promotion order).
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Promotion of numbers:FutureWarning")
+    def test_scalar_promotion(self):
+        for sc1, sc2 in product(scalar_instances(), scalar_instances()):
+            sc1, sc2 = sc1.values[0], sc2.values[0]
+            # test all combinations:
+            try:
+                arr = np.array([sc1, sc2])
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                # The promotion between two times can fail
+                # XFAIL (ValueError): Some object casts are currently undefined
+                continue
+            assert arr.shape == (2,)
+            try:
+                dt1, dt2 = sc1.dtype, sc2.dtype
+                expected_dtype = np.promote_types(dt1, dt2)
+                assert arr.dtype == expected_dtype
+            except TypeError as e:
+                # Will currently always go to object dtype
+                assert arr.dtype == np.dtype("O")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("scalar", scalar_instances())
+    def test_scalar_coercion(self, scalar):
+        # This tests various scalar coercion paths, mainly for the numerical
+        # types. It includes some paths not directly related to `np.array`.
+        if isinstance(scalar, np.inexact):
+            # Ensure we have a full-precision number if available
+            scalar = type(scalar)((scalar * 2)**0.5)
+
+        if type(scalar) is rational:
+            # Rational generally fails due to a missing cast. In the future
+            # object casts should automatically be defined based on `setitem`.
+            pytest.xfail("Rational to object cast is undefined currently.")
+
+        # Use casting from object:
+        arr = np.array(scalar, dtype=object).astype(scalar.dtype)
+
+        # Test various ways to create an array containing this scalar:
+        arr1 = np.array(scalar).reshape(1)
+        arr2 = np.array([scalar])
+        arr3 = np.empty(1, dtype=scalar.dtype)
+        arr3[0] = scalar
+        arr4 = np.empty(1, dtype=scalar.dtype)
+        arr4[:] = [scalar]
+        # All of these methods should yield the same results
+        assert_array_equal(arr, arr1)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, arr2)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, arr3)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, arr4)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_PYPY, reason="`int(np.complex128(3))` fails on PyPy")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::numpy.ComplexWarning")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("cast_to", scalar_instances())
+    def test_scalar_coercion_same_as_cast_and_assignment(self, cast_to):
+        """
+        Test that in most cases:
+           * `np.array(scalar, dtype=dtype)`
+           * `np.empty((), dtype=dtype)[()] = scalar`
+           * `np.array(scalar).astype(dtype)`
+        should behave the same.  The only exceptions are parametric dtypes
+        (mainly datetime/timedelta without unit) and void without fields.
+        """
+        dtype = cast_to.dtype  # use to parametrize only the target dtype
+
+        for scalar in scalar_instances(times=False):
+            scalar = scalar.values[0]
+
+            if dtype.type == np.void:
+               if scalar.dtype.fields is not None and dtype.fields is None:
+                    # Here, coercion to "V6" works, but the cast fails.
+                    # Since the types are identical, SETITEM takes care of
+                    # this, but has different rules than the cast.
+                    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                        np.array(scalar).astype(dtype)
+                    np.array(scalar, dtype=dtype)
+                    np.array([scalar], dtype=dtype)
+                    continue
+
+            # The main test, we first try to use casting and if it succeeds
+            # continue below testing that things are the same, otherwise
+            # test that the alternative paths at least also fail.
+            try:
+                cast = np.array(scalar).astype(dtype)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError, RuntimeError):
+                # coercion should also raise (error type may change)
+                with pytest.raises(Exception):
+                    np.array(scalar, dtype=dtype)
+
+                if (isinstance(scalar, rational) and
+                        np.issubdtype(dtype, np.signedinteger)):
+                    return
+
+                with pytest.raises(Exception):
+                    np.array([scalar], dtype=dtype)
+                # assignment should also raise
+                res = np.zeros((), dtype=dtype)
+                with pytest.raises(Exception):
+                    res[()] = scalar
+
+                return
+
+            # Non error path:
+            arr = np.array(scalar, dtype=dtype)
+            assert_array_equal(arr, cast)
+            # assignment behaves the same
+            ass = np.zeros((), dtype=dtype)
+            ass[()] = scalar
+            assert_array_equal(ass, cast)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("pyscalar", [10, 10.32, 10.14j, 10**100])
+    def test_pyscalar_subclasses(self, pyscalar):
+        """NumPy arrays are read/write which means that anything but invariant
+        behaviour is on thin ice.  However, we currently are happy to discover
+        subclasses of Python float, int, complex the same as the base classes.
+        This should potentially be deprecated.
+        """
+        class MyScalar(type(pyscalar)):
+            pass
+
+        res = np.array(MyScalar(pyscalar))
+        expected = np.array(pyscalar)
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype_char", np.typecodes["All"])
+    def test_default_dtype_instance(self, dtype_char):
+        if dtype_char in "SU":
+            dtype = np.dtype(dtype_char + "1")
+        elif dtype_char == "V":
+            # Legacy behaviour was to use V8. The reason was float64 being the
+            # default dtype and that having 8 bytes.
+            dtype = np.dtype("V8")
+        else:
+            dtype = np.dtype(dtype_char)
+
+        discovered_dtype, _ = _discover_array_parameters([], type(dtype))
+
+        assert discovered_dtype == dtype
+        assert discovered_dtype.itemsize == dtype.itemsize
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["Integer"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["scalar", "error"],
+            [(np.float64(np.nan), ValueError),
+             (np.array(-1).astype(np.ulonglong)[()], OverflowError)])
+    def test_scalar_to_int_coerce_does_not_cast(self, dtype, scalar, error):
+        """
+        Signed integers are currently different in that they do not cast other
+        NumPy scalar, but instead use scalar.__int__(). The hardcoded
+        exception to this rule is `np.array(scalar, dtype=integer)`.
+        """
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+
+        # This is a special case using casting logic. It warns for the NaN
+        # but allows the cast (giving undefined behaviour).
+        with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
+            coerced = np.array(scalar, dtype=dtype)
+            cast = np.array(scalar).astype(dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(coerced, cast)
+
+        # However these fail:
+        with pytest.raises(error):
+            np.array([scalar], dtype=dtype)
+        with pytest.raises(error):
+            cast[()] = scalar
+
+
+class TestTimeScalars:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [np.int64, np.float32])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("scalar",
+            [param(np.timedelta64("NaT", "s"), id="timedelta64[s](NaT)"),
+             param(np.timedelta64(123, "s"), id="timedelta64[s]"),
+             param(np.datetime64("NaT", "generic"), id="datetime64[generic](NaT)"),
+             param(np.datetime64(1, "D"), id="datetime64[D]")],)
+    def test_coercion_basic(self, dtype, scalar):
+        # Note the `[scalar]` is there because np.array(scalar) uses stricter
+        # `scalar.__int__()` rules for backward compatibility right now.
+        arr = np.array(scalar, dtype=dtype)
+        cast = np.array(scalar).astype(dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, cast)
+
+        ass = np.ones((), dtype=dtype)
+        if issubclass(dtype, np.integer):
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                # raises, as would np.array([scalar], dtype=dtype), this is
+                # conversion from times, but behaviour of integers.
+                ass[()] = scalar
+        else:
+            ass[()] = scalar
+            assert_array_equal(ass, cast)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [np.int64, np.float32])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("scalar",
+            [param(np.timedelta64(123, "ns"), id="timedelta64[ns]"),
+             param(np.timedelta64(12, "generic"), id="timedelta64[generic]")])
+    def test_coercion_timedelta_convert_to_number(self, dtype, scalar):
+        # Only "ns" and "generic" timedeltas can be converted to numbers
+        # so these are slightly special.
+        arr = np.array(scalar, dtype=dtype)
+        cast = np.array(scalar).astype(dtype)
+        ass = np.ones((), dtype=dtype)
+        ass[()] = scalar  # raises, as would np.array([scalar], dtype=dtype)
+
+        assert_array_equal(arr, cast)
+        assert_array_equal(cast, cast)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ["S6", "U6"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["val", "unit"],
+            [param(123, "s", id="[s]"), param(123, "D", id="[D]")])
+    def test_coercion_assignment_datetime(self, val, unit, dtype):
+        # String from datetime64 assignment is currently special cased to
+        # never use casting.  This is because casting will error in this
+        # case, and traditionally in most cases the behaviour is maintained
+        # like this.  (`np.array(scalar, dtype="U6")` would have failed before)
+        # TODO: This discrepancy _should_ be resolved, either by relaxing the
+        #       cast, or by deprecating the first part.
+        scalar = np.datetime64(val, unit)
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+        cut_string = dtype.type(str(scalar)[:6])
+
+        arr = np.array(scalar, dtype=dtype)
+        assert arr[()] == cut_string
+        ass = np.ones((), dtype=dtype)
+        ass[()] = scalar
+        assert ass[()] == cut_string
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            # However, unlike the above assignment using `str(scalar)[:6]`
+            # due to being handled by the string DType and not be casting
+            # the explicit cast fails:
+            np.array(scalar).astype(dtype)
+
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["val", "unit"],
+            [param(123, "s", id="[s]"), param(123, "D", id="[D]")])
+    def test_coercion_assignment_timedelta(self, val, unit):
+        scalar = np.timedelta64(val, unit)
+
+        # Unlike datetime64, timedelta allows the unsafe cast:
+        np.array(scalar, dtype="S6")
+        cast = np.array(scalar).astype("S6")
+        ass = np.ones((), dtype="S6")
+        ass[()] = scalar
+        expected = scalar.astype("S")[:6]
+        assert cast[()] == expected
+        assert ass[()] == expected
+
+class TestNested:
+    def test_nested_simple(self):
+        initial = [1.2]
+        nested = initial
+        for i in range(np.MAXDIMS - 1):
+            nested = [nested]
+
+        arr = np.array(nested, dtype="float64")
+        assert arr.shape == (1,) * np.MAXDIMS
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.array([nested], dtype="float64")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=".*would exceed the maximum"):
+            np.array([nested])  # user must ask for `object` explicitly
+
+        arr = np.array([nested], dtype=object)
+        assert arr.dtype == np.dtype("O")
+        assert arr.shape == (1,) * np.MAXDIMS
+        assert arr.item() is initial
+
+    def test_pathological_self_containing(self):
+        # Test that this also works for two nested sequences
+        l = []
+        l.append(l)
+        arr = np.array([l, l, l], dtype=object)
+        assert arr.shape == (3,) + (1,) * (np.MAXDIMS - 1)
+
+        # Also check a ragged case:
+        arr = np.array([l, [None], l], dtype=object)
+        assert arr.shape == (3, 1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arraylike", arraylikes())
+    def test_nested_arraylikes(self, arraylike):
+        # We try storing an array like into an array, but the array-like
+        # will have too many dimensions.  This means the shape discovery
+        # decides that the array-like must be treated as an object (a special
+        # case of ragged discovery).  The result will be an array with one
+        # dimension less than the maximum dimensions, and the array being
+        # assigned to it (which does work for object or if `float(arraylike)`
+        # works).
+        initial = arraylike(np.ones((1, 1)))
+
+        nested = initial
+        for i in range(np.MAXDIMS - 1):
+            nested = [nested]
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=".*would exceed the maximum"):
+            # It will refuse to assign the array into
+            np.array(nested, dtype="float64")
+
+        # If this is object, we end up assigning a (1, 1) array into (1,)
+        # (due to running out of dimensions), this is currently supported but
+        # a special case which is not ideal.
+        arr = np.array(nested, dtype=object)
+        assert arr.shape == (1,) * np.MAXDIMS
+        assert arr.item() == np.array(initial).item()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arraylike", arraylikes())
+    def test_uneven_depth_ragged(self, arraylike):
+        arr = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 2))
+        arr = arraylike(arr)
+
+        # Array is ragged in the second dimension already:
+        out = np.array([arr, [arr]], dtype=object)
+        assert out.shape == (2,)
+        assert out[0] is arr
+        assert type(out[1]) is list
+
+        # Array is ragged in the third dimension:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            # This is a broadcast error during assignment, because
+            # the array shape would be (2, 2, 2) but `arr[0, 0] = arr` fails.
+            np.array([arr, [arr, arr]], dtype=object)
+
+    def test_empty_sequence(self):
+        arr = np.array([[], [1], [[1]]], dtype=object)
+        assert arr.shape == (3,)
+
+        # The empty sequence stops further dimension discovery, so the
+        # result shape will be (0,) which leads to an error during:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.array([[], np.empty((0, 1))], dtype=object)
+
+    def test_array_of_different_depths(self):
+        # When multiple arrays (or array-likes) are included in a
+        # sequences and have different depth, we currently discover
+        # as many dimensions as they share. (see also gh-17224)
+        arr = np.zeros((3, 2))
+        mismatch_first_dim = np.zeros((1, 2))
+        mismatch_second_dim = np.zeros((3, 3))
+
+        dtype, shape = _discover_array_parameters(
+            [arr, mismatch_second_dim], dtype=np.dtype("O"))
+        assert shape == (2, 3)
+
+        dtype, shape = _discover_array_parameters(
+            [arr, mismatch_first_dim], dtype=np.dtype("O"))
+        assert shape == (2,)
+        # The second case is currently supported because the arrays
+        # can be stored as objects:
+        res = np.asarray([arr, mismatch_first_dim], dtype=np.dtype("O"))
+        assert res[0] is arr
+        assert res[1] is mismatch_first_dim
+
+
+class TestBadSequences:
+    # These are tests for bad objects passed into `np.array`, in general
+    # these have undefined behaviour.  In the old code they partially worked
+    # when now they will fail.  We could (and maybe should) create a copy
+    # of all sequences to be safe against bad-actors.
+
+    def test_growing_list(self):
+        # List to coerce, `mylist` will append to it during coercion
+        obj = []
+        class mylist(list):
+            def __len__(self):
+                obj.append([1, 2])
+                return super().__len__()
+
+        obj.append(mylist([1, 2]))
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            np.array(obj)
+
+    # Note: We do not test a shrinking list.  These do very evil things
+    #       and the only way to fix them would be to copy all sequences.
+    #       (which may be a real option in the future).
+
+    def test_mutated_list(self):
+        # List to coerce, `mylist` will mutate the first element
+        obj = []
+        class mylist(list):
+            def __len__(self):
+                obj[0] = [2, 3]  # replace with a different list.
+                return super().__len__()
+
+        obj.append([2, 3])
+        obj.append(mylist([1, 2]))
+        # Does not crash:
+        np.array(obj)
+
+    def test_replace_0d_array(self):
+        # List to coerce, `mylist` will mutate the first element
+        obj = []
+        class baditem:
+            def __len__(self):
+                obj[0][0] = 2  # replace with a different list.
+                raise ValueError("not actually a sequence!")
+
+            def __getitem__(self):
+                pass
+
+        # Runs into a corner case in the new code, the `array(2)` is cached
+        # so replacing it invalidates the cache.
+        obj.append([np.array(2), baditem()])
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            np.array(obj)
+
+
+class TestArrayLikes:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arraylike", arraylikes())
+    def test_0d_object_special_case(self, arraylike):
+        arr = np.array(0.)
+        obj = arraylike(arr)
+        # A single array-like is always converted:
+        res = np.array(obj, dtype=object)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, res)
+
+        # But a single 0-D nested array-like never:
+        res = np.array([obj], dtype=object)
+        assert res[0] is obj
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arraylike", arraylikes())
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arr", [np.array(0.), np.arange(4)])
+    def test_object_assignment_special_case(self, arraylike, arr):
+        obj = arraylike(arr)
+        empty = np.arange(1, dtype=object)
+        empty[:] = [obj]
+        assert empty[0] is obj
+
+    def test_0d_generic_special_case(self):
+        class ArraySubclass(np.ndarray):
+            def __float__(self):
+                raise TypeError("e.g. quantities raise on this")
+
+        arr = np.array(0.)
+        obj = arr.view(ArraySubclass)
+        res = np.array(obj)
+        # The subclass is simply cast:
+        assert_array_equal(arr, res)
+
+        # If the 0-D array-like is included, __float__ is currently
+        # guaranteed to be used.  We may want to change that, quantities
+        # and masked arrays half make use of this.
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.array([obj])
+
+        # The same holds for memoryview:
+        obj = memoryview(arr)
+        res = np.array(obj)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, res)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            # The error type does not matter much here.
+            np.array([obj])
+
+    def test_arraylike_classes(self):
+        # The classes of array-likes should generally be acceptable to be
+        # stored inside a numpy (object) array.  This tests all of the
+        # special attributes (since all are checked during coercion).
+        arr = np.array(np.int64)
+        assert arr[()] is np.int64
+        arr = np.array([np.int64])
+        assert arr[0] is np.int64
+
+        # This also works for properties/unbound methods:
+        class ArrayLike:
+            @property
+            def __array_interface__(self):
+                pass
+
+            @property
+            def __array_struct__(self):
+                pass
+
+            def __array__(self):
+                pass
+
+        arr = np.array(ArrayLike)
+        assert arr[()] is ArrayLike
+        arr = np.array([ArrayLike])
+        assert arr[0] is ArrayLike
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+            np.dtype(np.intp).itemsize < 8, reason="Needs 64bit platform")
+    def test_too_large_array_error_paths(self):
+        """Test the error paths, including for memory leaks"""
+        arr = np.array(0, dtype="uint8")
+        # Guarantees that a contiguous copy won't work:
+        arr = np.broadcast_to(arr, 2**62)
+
+        for i in range(5):
+            # repeat, to ensure caching cannot have an effect:
+            with pytest.raises(MemoryError):
+                np.array(arr)
+            with pytest.raises(MemoryError):
+                np.array([arr])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("attribute",
+        ["__array_interface__", "__array__", "__array_struct__"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("error", [RecursionError, MemoryError])
+    def test_bad_array_like_attributes(self, attribute, error):
+        # RecursionError and MemoryError are considered fatal. All errors
+        # (except AttributeError) should probably be raised in the future,
+        # but shapely made use of it, so it will require a deprecation.
+
+        class BadInterface:
+            def __getattr__(self, attr):
+                if attr == attribute:
+                    raise error
+                super().__getattr__(attr)
+
+        with pytest.raises(error):
+            np.array(BadInterface())
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("error", [RecursionError, MemoryError])
+    def test_bad_array_like_bad_length(self, error):
+        # RecursionError and MemoryError are considered "critical" in
+        # sequences. We could expand this more generally though. (NumPy 1.20)
+        class BadSequence:
+            def __len__(self):
+                raise error
+            def __getitem__(self):
+                # must have getitem to be a Sequence
+                return 1
+
+        with pytest.raises(error):
+            np.array(BadSequence())
+
+
+class TestAsArray:
+    """Test expected behaviors of ``asarray``."""
+
+    def test_dtype_identity(self):
+        """Confirm the intended behavior for *dtype* kwarg.
+
+        The result of ``asarray()`` should have the dtype provided through the
+        keyword argument, when used. This forces unique array handles to be
+        produced for unique np.dtype objects, but (for equivalent dtypes), the
+        underlying data (the base object) is shared with the original array
+        object.
+
+        Ref https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/1468
+        """
+        int_array = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='i')
+        assert np.asarray(int_array) is int_array
+
+        # The character code resolves to the singleton dtype object provided
+        # by the numpy package.
+        assert np.asarray(int_array, dtype='i') is int_array
+
+        # Derive a dtype from n.dtype('i'), but add a metadata object to force
+        # the dtype to be distinct.
+        unequal_type = np.dtype('i', metadata={'spam': True})
+        annotated_int_array = np.asarray(int_array, dtype=unequal_type)
+        assert annotated_int_array is not int_array
+        assert annotated_int_array.base is int_array
+        # Create an equivalent descriptor with a new and distinct dtype
+        # instance.
+        equivalent_requirement = np.dtype('i', metadata={'spam': True})
+        annotated_int_array_alt = np.asarray(annotated_int_array,
+                                             dtype=equivalent_requirement)
+        assert unequal_type == equivalent_requirement
+        assert unequal_type is not equivalent_requirement
+        assert annotated_int_array_alt is not annotated_int_array
+        assert annotated_int_array_alt.dtype is equivalent_requirement
+
+        # Check the same logic for a pair of C types whose equivalence may vary
+        # between computing environments.
+        # Find an equivalent pair.
+        integer_type_codes = ('i', 'l', 'q')
+        integer_dtypes = [np.dtype(code) for code in integer_type_codes]
+        typeA = None
+        typeB = None
+        for typeA, typeB in permutations(integer_dtypes, r=2):
+            if typeA == typeB:
+                assert typeA is not typeB
+                break
+        assert isinstance(typeA, np.dtype) and isinstance(typeB, np.dtype)
+
+        # These ``asarray()`` calls may produce a new view or a copy,
+        # but never the same object.
+        long_int_array = np.asarray(int_array, dtype='l')
+        long_long_int_array = np.asarray(int_array, dtype='q')
+        assert long_int_array is not int_array
+        assert long_long_int_array is not int_array
+        assert np.asarray(long_int_array, dtype='q') is not long_int_array
+        array_a = np.asarray(int_array, dtype=typeA)
+        assert typeA == typeB
+        assert typeA is not typeB
+        assert array_a.dtype is typeA
+        assert array_a is not np.asarray(array_a, dtype=typeB)
+        assert np.asarray(array_a, dtype=typeB).dtype is typeB
+        assert array_a is np.asarray(array_a, dtype=typeB).base
+
+
+class TestSpecialAttributeLookupFailure:
+    # An exception was raised while fetching the attribute
+
+    class WeirdArrayLike:
+        @property
+        def __array__(self):
+            raise RuntimeError("oops!")
+
+    class WeirdArrayInterface:
+        @property
+        def __array_interface__(self):
+            raise RuntimeError("oops!")
+
+    def test_deprecated(self):
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            np.array(self.WeirdArrayLike())
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            np.array(self.WeirdArrayInterface())
+
+
+def test_subarray_from_array_construction():
+    # Arrays are more complex, since they "broadcast" on success:
+    arr = np.array([1, 2])
+
+    res = arr.astype("(2)i,")
+    assert_array_equal(res, [[1, 1], [2, 2]])
+
+    res = np.array(arr, dtype="(2)i,")
+
+    assert_array_equal(res, [[1, 1], [2, 2]])
+
+    res = np.array([[(1,), (2,)], arr], dtype="(2)i,")
+    assert_array_equal(res, [[[1, 1], [2, 2]], [[1, 1], [2, 2]]])
+
+    # Also try a multi-dimensional example:
+    arr = np.arange(5 * 2).reshape(5, 2)
+    expected = np.broadcast_to(arr[:, :, np.newaxis, np.newaxis], (5, 2, 2, 2))
+
+    res = arr.astype("(2,2)f")
+    assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
+    res = np.array(arr, dtype="(2,2)f")
+    assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
+
+def test_empty_string():
+    # Empty strings are unfortunately often converted to S1 and we need to
+    # make sure we are filling the S1 and not the (possibly) detected S0
+    # result.  This should likely just return S0 and if not maybe the decision
+    # to return S1 should be moved.
+    res = np.array([""] * 10, dtype="S")
+    assert_array_equal(res, np.array("\0", "S1"))
+    assert res.dtype == "S1"
+
+    arr = np.array([""] * 10, dtype=object)
+
+    res = arr.astype("S")
+    assert_array_equal(res, b"")
+    assert res.dtype == "S1"
+
+    res = np.array(arr, dtype="S")
+    assert_array_equal(res, b"")
+    # TODO: This is arguably weird/wrong, but seems old:
+    assert res.dtype == f"S{np.dtype('O').itemsize}"
+
+    res = np.array([[""] * 10, arr], dtype="S")
+    assert_array_equal(res, b"")
+    assert res.shape == (2, 10)
+    assert res.dtype == "S1"
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_array_interface.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_array_interface.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16c719c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_array_interface.py
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+import sys
+import pytest
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import extbuild
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def get_module(tmp_path):
+    """ Some codes to generate data and manage temporary buffers use when
+    sharing with numpy via the array interface protocol.
+    """
+
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+        pytest.skip('link fails on cygwin')
+
+    prologue = '''
+        #include <Python.h>
+        #define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+        #include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+        #include <stdio.h>
+        #include <math.h>
+
+        NPY_NO_EXPORT
+        void delete_array_struct(PyObject *cap) {
+
+            /* get the array interface structure */
+            PyArrayInterface *inter = (PyArrayInterface*)
+                PyCapsule_GetPointer(cap, NULL);
+
+            /* get the buffer by which data was shared */
+            double *ptr = (double*)PyCapsule_GetContext(cap);
+
+            /* for the purposes of the regression test set the elements
+               to nan */
+            for (npy_intp i = 0; i < inter->shape[0]; ++i)
+                ptr[i] = nan("");
+
+            /* free the shared buffer */
+            free(ptr);
+
+            /* free the array interface structure */
+            free(inter->shape);
+            free(inter);
+
+            fprintf(stderr, "delete_array_struct\\ncap = %ld inter = %ld"
+                " ptr = %ld\\n", (long)cap, (long)inter, (long)ptr);
+        }
+        '''
+
+    functions = [
+        ("new_array_struct", "METH_VARARGS", """
+
+            long long n_elem = 0;
+            double value = 0.0;
+
+            if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "Ld", &n_elem, &value)) {
+                Py_RETURN_NONE;
+            }
+
+            /* allocate and initialize the data to share with numpy */
+            long long n_bytes = n_elem*sizeof(double);
+            double *data = (double*)malloc(n_bytes);
+
+            if (!data) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_MemoryError,
+                    "Failed to malloc %lld bytes", n_bytes);
+
+                Py_RETURN_NONE;
+            }
+
+            for (long long i = 0; i < n_elem; ++i) {
+                data[i] = value;
+            }
+
+            /* calculate the shape and stride */
+            int nd = 1;
+
+            npy_intp *ss = (npy_intp*)malloc(2*nd*sizeof(npy_intp));
+            npy_intp *shape = ss;
+            npy_intp *stride = ss + nd;
+
+            shape[0] = n_elem;
+            stride[0] = sizeof(double);
+
+            /* construct the array interface */
+            PyArrayInterface *inter = (PyArrayInterface*)
+                malloc(sizeof(PyArrayInterface));
+
+            memset(inter, 0, sizeof(PyArrayInterface));
+
+            inter->two = 2;
+            inter->nd = nd;
+            inter->typekind = 'f';
+            inter->itemsize = sizeof(double);
+            inter->shape = shape;
+            inter->strides = stride;
+            inter->data = data;
+            inter->flags = NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE | NPY_ARRAY_NOTSWAPPED |
+                           NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED | NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS;
+
+            /* package into a capsule */
+            PyObject *cap = PyCapsule_New(inter, NULL, delete_array_struct);
+
+            /* save the pointer to the data */
+            PyCapsule_SetContext(cap, data);
+
+            fprintf(stderr, "new_array_struct\\ncap = %ld inter = %ld"
+                " ptr = %ld\\n", (long)cap, (long)inter, (long)data);
+
+            return cap;
+        """)
+        ]
+
+    more_init = "import_array();"
+
+    try:
+        import array_interface_testing
+        return array_interface_testing
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    # if it does not exist, build and load it
+    return extbuild.build_and_import_extension('array_interface_testing',
+                                               functions,
+                                               prologue=prologue,
+                                               include_dirs=[np.get_include()],
+                                               build_dir=tmp_path,
+                                               more_init=more_init)
+
+
+# FIXME: numpy.testing.extbuild uses `numpy.distutils`, so this won't work on
+# Python 3.12 and up.
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info >= (3, 12), reason="no numpy.distutils")
+@pytest.mark.slow
+def test_cstruct(get_module):
+
+    class data_source:
+        """
+        This class is for testing the timing of the PyCapsule destructor
+        invoked when numpy release its reference to the shared data as part of
+        the numpy array interface protocol. If the PyCapsule destructor is
+        called early the shared data is freed and invalid memory accesses will
+        occur.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, size, value):
+            self.size = size
+            self.value = value
+
+        @property
+        def __array_struct__(self):
+            return get_module.new_array_struct(self.size, self.value)
+
+    # write to the same stream as the C code
+    stderr = sys.__stderr__
+
+    # used to validate the shared data.
+    expected_value = -3.1415
+    multiplier = -10000.0
+
+    # create some data to share with numpy via the array interface
+    # assign the data an expected value.
+    stderr.write(' ---- create an object to share data ---- \n')
+    buf = data_source(256, expected_value)
+    stderr.write(' ---- OK!\n\n')
+
+    # share the data
+    stderr.write(' ---- share data via the array interface protocol ---- \n')
+    arr = np.array(buf, copy=False)
+    stderr.write('arr.__array_interface___ = %s\n' % (
+                 str(arr.__array_interface__)))
+    stderr.write('arr.base = %s\n' % (str(arr.base)))
+    stderr.write(' ---- OK!\n\n')
+
+    # release the source of the shared data. this will not release the data
+    # that was shared with numpy, that is done in the PyCapsule destructor.
+    stderr.write(' ---- destroy the object that shared data ---- \n')
+    buf = None
+    stderr.write(' ---- OK!\n\n')
+
+    # check that we got the expected data. If the PyCapsule destructor we
+    # defined was prematurely called then this test will fail because our
+    # destructor sets the elements of the array to NaN before free'ing the
+    # buffer. Reading the values here may also cause a SEGV
+    assert np.allclose(arr, expected_value)
+
+    # read the data. If the PyCapsule destructor we defined was prematurely
+    # called then reading the values here may cause a SEGV and will be reported
+    # as invalid reads by valgrind
+    stderr.write(' ---- read shared data ---- \n')
+    stderr.write('arr = %s\n' % (str(arr)))
+    stderr.write(' ---- OK!\n\n')
+
+    # write to the shared buffer. If the shared data was prematurely deleted
+    # this will may cause a SEGV and valgrind will report invalid writes
+    stderr.write(' ---- modify shared data ---- \n')
+    arr *= multiplier
+    expected_value *= multiplier
+    stderr.write('arr.__array_interface___ = %s\n' % (
+                 str(arr.__array_interface__)))
+    stderr.write('arr.base = %s\n' % (str(arr.base)))
+    stderr.write(' ---- OK!\n\n')
+
+    # read the data. If the shared data was prematurely deleted this
+    # will may cause a SEGV and valgrind will report invalid reads
+    stderr.write(' ---- read modified shared data ---- \n')
+    stderr.write('arr = %s\n' % (str(arr)))
+    stderr.write(' ---- OK!\n\n')
+
+    # check that we got the expected data. If the PyCapsule destructor we
+    # defined was prematurely called then this test will fail because our
+    # destructor sets the elements of the array to NaN before free'ing the
+    # buffer. Reading the values here may also cause a SEGV
+    assert np.allclose(arr, expected_value)
+
+    # free the shared data, the PyCapsule destructor should run here
+    stderr.write(' ---- free shared data ---- \n')
+    arr = None
+    stderr.write(' ---- OK!\n\n')
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_arraymethod.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_arraymethod.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fd4d555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_arraymethod.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+"""
+This file tests the generic aspects of ArrayMethod.  At the time of writing
+this is private API, but when added, public API may be added here.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import types
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import _get_castingimpl as get_castingimpl
+
+
+class TestResolveDescriptors:
+    # Test mainly error paths of the resolve_descriptors function,
+    # note that the `casting_unittests` tests exercise this non-error paths.
+
+    # Casting implementations are the main/only current user:
+    method = get_castingimpl(type(np.dtype("d")), type(np.dtype("f")))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("args", [
+        (True,),  # Not a tuple.
+        ((None,)),  # Too few elements
+        ((None, None, None),),  # Too many
+        ((None, None),),  # Input dtype is None, which is invalid.
+        ((np.dtype("d"), True),),  # Output dtype is not a dtype
+        ((np.dtype("f"), None),),  # Input dtype does not match method
+    ])
+    def test_invalid_arguments(self, args):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            self.method._resolve_descriptors(*args)
+
+
+class TestSimpleStridedCall:
+    # Test mainly error paths of the resolve_descriptors function,
+    # note that the `casting_unittests` tests exercise this non-error paths.
+
+    # Casting implementations are the main/only current user:
+    method = get_castingimpl(type(np.dtype("d")), type(np.dtype("f")))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["args", "error"], [
+        ((True,), TypeError),  # Not a tuple
+        (((None,),), TypeError),  # Too few elements
+        ((None, None), TypeError),  # Inputs are not arrays.
+        (((None, None, None),), TypeError),  # Too many
+        (((np.arange(3), np.arange(3)),), TypeError),  # Incorrect dtypes
+        (((np.ones(3, dtype=">d"), np.ones(3, dtype="<f")),),
+         TypeError),  # Does not support byte-swapping
+        (((np.ones((2, 2), dtype="d"), np.ones((2, 2), dtype="f")),),
+         ValueError),  # not 1-D
+        (((np.ones(3, dtype="d"), np.ones(4, dtype="f")),),
+          ValueError),  # different length
+        (((np.frombuffer(b"\0x00"*3*2, dtype="d"),
+           np.frombuffer(b"\0x00"*3, dtype="f")),),
+         ValueError),  # output not writeable
+    ])
+    def test_invalid_arguments(self, args, error):
+        # This is private API, which may be modified freely
+        with pytest.raises(error):
+            self.method._simple_strided_call(*args)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "cls", [np.ndarray, np.recarray, np.chararray, np.matrix, np.memmap]
+)
+class TestClassGetItem:
+    def test_class_getitem(self, cls: type[np.ndarray]) -> None:
+        """Test `ndarray.__class_getitem__`."""
+        alias = cls[Any, Any]
+        assert isinstance(alias, types.GenericAlias)
+        assert alias.__origin__ is cls
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arg_len", range(4))
+    def test_subscript_tup(self, cls: type[np.ndarray], arg_len: int) -> None:
+        arg_tup = (Any,) * arg_len
+        if arg_len in (1, 2):
+            assert cls[arg_tup]
+        else:
+            match = f"Too {'few' if arg_len == 0 else 'many'} arguments"
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=match):
+                cls[arg_tup]
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_arrayprint.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_arrayprint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6796b407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_arrayprint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1047 @@
+import sys
+import gc
+from hypothesis import given
+from hypothesis.extra import numpy as hynp
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_warns, HAS_REFCOUNT,
+    assert_raises_regex,
+    )
+from numpy.core.arrayprint import _typelessdata
+import textwrap
+
+class TestArrayRepr:
+    def test_nan_inf(self):
+        x = np.array([np.nan, np.inf])
+        assert_equal(repr(x), 'array([nan, inf])')
+
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class sub(np.ndarray): pass
+
+        # one dimensional
+        x1d = np.array([1, 2]).view(sub)
+        assert_equal(repr(x1d), 'sub([1, 2])')
+
+        # two dimensional
+        x2d = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]).view(sub)
+        assert_equal(repr(x2d),
+            'sub([[1, 2],\n'
+            '     [3, 4]])')
+
+        # two dimensional with flexible dtype
+        xstruct = np.ones((2,2), dtype=[('a', '<i4')]).view(sub)
+        assert_equal(repr(xstruct),
+            "sub([[(1,), (1,)],\n"
+            "     [(1,), (1,)]], dtype=[('a', '<i4')])"
+        )
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="See gh-10544")
+    def test_object_subclass(self):
+        class sub(np.ndarray):
+            def __new__(cls, inp):
+                obj = np.asarray(inp).view(cls)
+                return obj
+
+            def __getitem__(self, ind):
+                ret = super().__getitem__(ind)
+                return sub(ret)
+
+        # test that object + subclass is OK:
+        x = sub([None, None])
+        assert_equal(repr(x), 'sub([None, None], dtype=object)')
+        assert_equal(str(x), '[None None]')
+
+        x = sub([None, sub([None, None])])
+        assert_equal(repr(x),
+            'sub([None, sub([None, None], dtype=object)], dtype=object)')
+        assert_equal(str(x), '[None sub([None, None], dtype=object)]')
+
+    def test_0d_object_subclass(self):
+        # make sure that subclasses which return 0ds instead
+        # of scalars don't cause infinite recursion in str
+        class sub(np.ndarray):
+            def __new__(cls, inp):
+                obj = np.asarray(inp).view(cls)
+                return obj
+
+            def __getitem__(self, ind):
+                ret = super().__getitem__(ind)
+                return sub(ret)
+
+        x = sub(1)
+        assert_equal(repr(x), 'sub(1)')
+        assert_equal(str(x), '1')
+
+        x = sub([1, 1])
+        assert_equal(repr(x), 'sub([1, 1])')
+        assert_equal(str(x), '[1 1]')
+
+        # check it works properly with object arrays too
+        x = sub(None)
+        assert_equal(repr(x), 'sub(None, dtype=object)')
+        assert_equal(str(x), 'None')
+
+        # plus recursive object arrays (even depth > 1)
+        y = sub(None)
+        x[()] = y
+        y[()] = x
+        assert_equal(repr(x),
+            'sub(sub(sub(..., dtype=object), dtype=object), dtype=object)')
+        assert_equal(str(x), '...')
+        x[()] = 0  # resolve circular references for garbage collector
+
+        # nested 0d-subclass-object
+        x = sub(None)
+        x[()] = sub(None)
+        assert_equal(repr(x), 'sub(sub(None, dtype=object), dtype=object)')
+        assert_equal(str(x), 'None')
+
+        # gh-10663
+        class DuckCounter(np.ndarray):
+            def __getitem__(self, item):
+                result = super().__getitem__(item)
+                if not isinstance(result, DuckCounter):
+                    result = result[...].view(DuckCounter)
+                return result
+
+            def to_string(self):
+                return {0: 'zero', 1: 'one', 2: 'two'}.get(self.item(), 'many')
+
+            def __str__(self):
+                if self.shape == ():
+                    return self.to_string()
+                else:
+                    fmt = {'all': lambda x: x.to_string()}
+                    return np.array2string(self, formatter=fmt)
+
+        dc = np.arange(5).view(DuckCounter)
+        assert_equal(str(dc), "[zero one two many many]")
+        assert_equal(str(dc[0]), "zero")
+
+    def test_self_containing(self):
+        arr0d = np.array(None)
+        arr0d[()] = arr0d
+        assert_equal(repr(arr0d),
+            'array(array(..., dtype=object), dtype=object)')
+        arr0d[()] = 0  # resolve recursion for garbage collector
+
+        arr1d = np.array([None, None])
+        arr1d[1] = arr1d
+        assert_equal(repr(arr1d),
+            'array([None, array(..., dtype=object)], dtype=object)')
+        arr1d[1] = 0  # resolve recursion for garbage collector
+
+        first = np.array(None)
+        second = np.array(None)
+        first[()] = second
+        second[()] = first
+        assert_equal(repr(first),
+            'array(array(array(..., dtype=object), dtype=object), dtype=object)')
+        first[()] = 0  # resolve circular references for garbage collector
+
+    def test_containing_list(self):
+        # printing square brackets directly would be ambiguuous
+        arr1d = np.array([None, None])
+        arr1d[0] = [1, 2]
+        arr1d[1] = [3]
+        assert_equal(repr(arr1d),
+            'array([list([1, 2]), list([3])], dtype=object)')
+
+    def test_void_scalar_recursion(self):
+        # gh-9345
+        repr(np.void(b'test'))  # RecursionError ?
+
+    def test_fieldless_structured(self):
+        # gh-10366
+        no_fields = np.dtype([])
+        arr_no_fields = np.empty(4, dtype=no_fields)
+        assert_equal(repr(arr_no_fields), 'array([(), (), (), ()], dtype=[])')
+
+
+class TestComplexArray:
+    def test_str(self):
+        rvals = [0, 1, -1, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]
+        cvals = [complex(rp, ip) for rp in rvals for ip in rvals]
+        dtypes = [np.complex64, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble]
+        actual = [str(np.array([c], dt)) for c in cvals for dt in dtypes]
+        wanted = [
+            '[0.+0.j]',    '[0.+0.j]',    '[0.+0.j]',
+            '[0.+1.j]',    '[0.+1.j]',    '[0.+1.j]',
+            '[0.-1.j]',    '[0.-1.j]',    '[0.-1.j]',
+            '[0.+infj]',   '[0.+infj]',   '[0.+infj]',
+            '[0.-infj]',   '[0.-infj]',   '[0.-infj]',
+            '[0.+nanj]',   '[0.+nanj]',   '[0.+nanj]',
+            '[1.+0.j]',    '[1.+0.j]',    '[1.+0.j]',
+            '[1.+1.j]',    '[1.+1.j]',    '[1.+1.j]',
+            '[1.-1.j]',    '[1.-1.j]',    '[1.-1.j]',
+            '[1.+infj]',   '[1.+infj]',   '[1.+infj]',
+            '[1.-infj]',   '[1.-infj]',   '[1.-infj]',
+            '[1.+nanj]',   '[1.+nanj]',   '[1.+nanj]',
+            '[-1.+0.j]',   '[-1.+0.j]',   '[-1.+0.j]',
+            '[-1.+1.j]',   '[-1.+1.j]',   '[-1.+1.j]',
+            '[-1.-1.j]',   '[-1.-1.j]',   '[-1.-1.j]',
+            '[-1.+infj]',  '[-1.+infj]',  '[-1.+infj]',
+            '[-1.-infj]',  '[-1.-infj]',  '[-1.-infj]',
+            '[-1.+nanj]',  '[-1.+nanj]',  '[-1.+nanj]',
+            '[inf+0.j]',   '[inf+0.j]',   '[inf+0.j]',
+            '[inf+1.j]',   '[inf+1.j]',   '[inf+1.j]',
+            '[inf-1.j]',   '[inf-1.j]',   '[inf-1.j]',
+            '[inf+infj]',  '[inf+infj]',  '[inf+infj]',
+            '[inf-infj]',  '[inf-infj]',  '[inf-infj]',
+            '[inf+nanj]',  '[inf+nanj]',  '[inf+nanj]',
+            '[-inf+0.j]',  '[-inf+0.j]',  '[-inf+0.j]',
+            '[-inf+1.j]',  '[-inf+1.j]',  '[-inf+1.j]',
+            '[-inf-1.j]',  '[-inf-1.j]',  '[-inf-1.j]',
+            '[-inf+infj]', '[-inf+infj]', '[-inf+infj]',
+            '[-inf-infj]', '[-inf-infj]', '[-inf-infj]',
+            '[-inf+nanj]', '[-inf+nanj]', '[-inf+nanj]',
+            '[nan+0.j]',   '[nan+0.j]',   '[nan+0.j]',
+            '[nan+1.j]',   '[nan+1.j]',   '[nan+1.j]',
+            '[nan-1.j]',   '[nan-1.j]',   '[nan-1.j]',
+            '[nan+infj]',  '[nan+infj]',  '[nan+infj]',
+            '[nan-infj]',  '[nan-infj]',  '[nan-infj]',
+            '[nan+nanj]',  '[nan+nanj]',  '[nan+nanj]']
+
+        for res, val in zip(actual, wanted):
+            assert_equal(res, val)
+
+class TestArray2String:
+    def test_basic(self):
+        """Basic test of array2string."""
+        a = np.arange(3)
+        assert_(np.array2string(a) == '[0 1 2]')
+        assert_(np.array2string(a, max_line_width=4, legacy='1.13') == '[0 1\n 2]')
+        assert_(np.array2string(a, max_line_width=4) == '[0\n 1\n 2]')
+
+    def test_unexpected_kwarg(self):
+        # ensure than an appropriate TypeError
+        # is raised when array2string receives
+        # an unexpected kwarg
+
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'nonsense'):
+            np.array2string(np.array([1, 2, 3]),
+                            nonsense=None)
+
+    def test_format_function(self):
+        """Test custom format function for each element in array."""
+        def _format_function(x):
+            if np.abs(x) < 1:
+                return '.'
+            elif np.abs(x) < 2:
+                return 'o'
+            else:
+                return 'O'
+
+        x = np.arange(3)
+        x_hex = "[0x0 0x1 0x2]"
+        x_oct = "[0o0 0o1 0o2]"
+        assert_(np.array2string(x, formatter={'all':_format_function}) ==
+                "[. o O]")
+        assert_(np.array2string(x, formatter={'int_kind':_format_function}) ==
+                "[. o O]")
+        assert_(np.array2string(x, formatter={'all':lambda x: "%.4f" % x}) ==
+                "[0.0000 1.0000 2.0000]")
+        assert_equal(np.array2string(x, formatter={'int':lambda x: hex(x)}),
+                x_hex)
+        assert_equal(np.array2string(x, formatter={'int':lambda x: oct(x)}),
+                x_oct)
+
+        x = np.arange(3.)
+        assert_(np.array2string(x, formatter={'float_kind':lambda x: "%.2f" % x}) ==
+                "[0.00 1.00 2.00]")
+        assert_(np.array2string(x, formatter={'float':lambda x: "%.2f" % x}) ==
+                "[0.00 1.00 2.00]")
+
+        s = np.array(['abc', 'def'])
+        assert_(np.array2string(s, formatter={'numpystr':lambda s: s*2}) ==
+                '[abcabc defdef]')
+
+    def test_structure_format_mixed(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('name', np.str_, 16), ('grades', np.float64, (2,))])
+        x = np.array([('Sarah', (8.0, 7.0)), ('John', (6.0, 7.0))], dtype=dt)
+        assert_equal(np.array2string(x),
+                "[('Sarah', [8., 7.]) ('John', [6., 7.])]")
+
+        np.set_printoptions(legacy='1.13')
+        try:
+            # for issue #5692
+            A = np.zeros(shape=10, dtype=[("A", "M8[s]")])
+            A[5:].fill(np.datetime64('NaT'))
+            assert_equal(
+                np.array2string(A),
+                textwrap.dedent("""\
+                [('1970-01-01T00:00:00',) ('1970-01-01T00:00:00',) ('1970-01-01T00:00:00',)
+                 ('1970-01-01T00:00:00',) ('1970-01-01T00:00:00',) ('NaT',) ('NaT',)
+                 ('NaT',) ('NaT',) ('NaT',)]""")
+            )
+        finally:
+            np.set_printoptions(legacy=False)
+
+        # same again, but with non-legacy behavior
+        assert_equal(
+            np.array2string(A),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            [('1970-01-01T00:00:00',) ('1970-01-01T00:00:00',)
+             ('1970-01-01T00:00:00',) ('1970-01-01T00:00:00',)
+             ('1970-01-01T00:00:00',) (                'NaT',)
+             (                'NaT',) (                'NaT',)
+             (                'NaT',) (                'NaT',)]""")
+        )
+
+        # and again, with timedeltas
+        A = np.full(10, 123456, dtype=[("A", "m8[s]")])
+        A[5:].fill(np.datetime64('NaT'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.array2string(A),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            [(123456,) (123456,) (123456,) (123456,) (123456,) ( 'NaT',) ( 'NaT',)
+             ( 'NaT',) ( 'NaT',) ( 'NaT',)]""")
+        )
+
+    def test_structure_format_int(self):
+        # See #8160
+        struct_int = np.array([([1, -1],), ([123, 1],)], dtype=[('B', 'i4', 2)])
+        assert_equal(np.array2string(struct_int),
+                "[([  1,  -1],) ([123,   1],)]")
+        struct_2dint = np.array([([[0, 1], [2, 3]],), ([[12, 0], [0, 0]],)],
+                dtype=[('B', 'i4', (2, 2))])
+        assert_equal(np.array2string(struct_2dint),
+                "[([[ 0,  1], [ 2,  3]],) ([[12,  0], [ 0,  0]],)]")
+
+    def test_structure_format_float(self):
+        # See #8172
+        array_scalar = np.array(
+                (1., 2.1234567890123456789, 3.), dtype=('f8,f8,f8'))
+        assert_equal(np.array2string(array_scalar), "(1., 2.12345679, 3.)")
+
+    def test_unstructured_void_repr(self):
+        a = np.array([27, 91, 50, 75,  7, 65, 10,  8,
+                      27, 91, 51, 49,109, 82,101,100], dtype='u1').view('V8')
+        assert_equal(repr(a[0]), r"void(b'\x1B\x5B\x32\x4B\x07\x41\x0A\x08')")
+        assert_equal(str(a[0]), r"b'\x1B\x5B\x32\x4B\x07\x41\x0A\x08'")
+        assert_equal(repr(a),
+            r"array([b'\x1B\x5B\x32\x4B\x07\x41\x0A\x08'," "\n"
+            r"       b'\x1B\x5B\x33\x31\x6D\x52\x65\x64'], dtype='|V8')")
+
+        assert_equal(eval(repr(a), vars(np)), a)
+        assert_equal(eval(repr(a[0]), vars(np)), a[0])
+
+    def test_edgeitems_kwarg(self):
+        # previously the global print options would be taken over the kwarg
+        arr = np.zeros(3, int)
+        assert_equal(
+            np.array2string(arr, edgeitems=1, threshold=0),
+            "[0 ... 0]"
+        )
+
+    def test_summarize_1d(self):
+        A = np.arange(1001)
+        strA = '[   0    1    2 ...  998  999 1000]'
+        assert_equal(str(A), strA)
+
+        reprA = 'array([   0,    1,    2, ...,  998,  999, 1000])'
+        assert_equal(repr(A), reprA)
+
+    def test_summarize_2d(self):
+        A = np.arange(1002).reshape(2, 501)
+        strA = '[[   0    1    2 ...  498  499  500]\n' \
+               ' [ 501  502  503 ...  999 1000 1001]]'
+        assert_equal(str(A), strA)
+
+        reprA = 'array([[   0,    1,    2, ...,  498,  499,  500],\n' \
+                '       [ 501,  502,  503, ...,  999, 1000, 1001]])'
+        assert_equal(repr(A), reprA)
+
+    def test_summarize_structure(self):
+        A = (np.arange(2002, dtype="<i8").reshape(2, 1001)
+             .view([('i', "<i8", (1001,))]))
+        strA = ("[[([   0,    1,    2, ...,  998,  999, 1000],)]\n"
+                " [([1001, 1002, 1003, ..., 1999, 2000, 2001],)]]")
+        assert_equal(str(A), strA)
+
+        reprA = ("array([[([   0,    1,    2, ...,  998,  999, 1000],)],\n"
+                 "       [([1001, 1002, 1003, ..., 1999, 2000, 2001],)]],\n"
+                 "      dtype=[('i', '<i8', (1001,))])")
+        assert_equal(repr(A), reprA)
+
+        B = np.ones(2002, dtype=">i8").view([('i', ">i8", (2, 1001))])
+        strB = "[([[1, 1, 1, ..., 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, ..., 1, 1, 1]],)]"
+        assert_equal(str(B), strB)
+
+        reprB = (
+            "array([([[1, 1, 1, ..., 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, ..., 1, 1, 1]],)],\n"
+            "      dtype=[('i', '>i8', (2, 1001))])"
+        )
+        assert_equal(repr(B), reprB)
+
+        C = (np.arange(22, dtype="<i8").reshape(2, 11)
+             .view([('i1', "<i8"), ('i10', "<i8", (10,))]))
+        strC = "[[( 0, [ 1, ..., 10])]\n [(11, [12, ..., 21])]]"
+        assert_equal(np.array2string(C, threshold=1, edgeitems=1), strC)
+
+    def test_linewidth(self):
+        a = np.full(6, 1)
+
+        def make_str(a, width, **kw):
+            return np.array2string(a, separator="", max_line_width=width, **kw)
+
+        assert_equal(make_str(a, 8, legacy='1.13'), '[111111]')
+        assert_equal(make_str(a, 7, legacy='1.13'), '[111111]')
+        assert_equal(make_str(a, 5, legacy='1.13'), '[1111\n'
+                                                    ' 11]')
+
+        assert_equal(make_str(a, 8), '[111111]')
+        assert_equal(make_str(a, 7), '[11111\n'
+                                     ' 1]')
+        assert_equal(make_str(a, 5), '[111\n'
+                                     ' 111]')
+
+        b = a[None,None,:]
+
+        assert_equal(make_str(b, 12, legacy='1.13'), '[[[111111]]]')
+        assert_equal(make_str(b,  9, legacy='1.13'), '[[[111111]]]')
+        assert_equal(make_str(b,  8, legacy='1.13'), '[[[11111\n'
+                                                     '   1]]]')
+
+        assert_equal(make_str(b, 12), '[[[111111]]]')
+        assert_equal(make_str(b,  9), '[[[111\n'
+                                      '   111]]]')
+        assert_equal(make_str(b,  8), '[[[11\n'
+                                      '   11\n'
+                                      '   11]]]')
+
+    def test_wide_element(self):
+        a = np.array(['xxxxx'])
+        assert_equal(
+            np.array2string(a, max_line_width=5),
+            "['xxxxx']"
+        )
+        assert_equal(
+            np.array2string(a, max_line_width=5, legacy='1.13'),
+            "[ 'xxxxx']"
+        )
+
+    def test_multiline_repr(self):
+        class MultiLine:
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return "Line 1\nLine 2"
+
+        a = np.array([[None, MultiLine()], [MultiLine(), None]])
+
+        assert_equal(
+            np.array2string(a),
+            '[[None Line 1\n'
+            '       Line 2]\n'
+            ' [Line 1\n'
+            '  Line 2 None]]'
+        )
+        assert_equal(
+            np.array2string(a, max_line_width=5),
+            '[[None\n'
+            '  Line 1\n'
+            '  Line 2]\n'
+            ' [Line 1\n'
+            '  Line 2\n'
+            '  None]]'
+        )
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            'array([[None, Line 1\n'
+            '              Line 2],\n'
+            '       [Line 1\n'
+            '        Line 2, None]], dtype=object)'
+        )
+
+        class MultiLineLong:
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return "Line 1\nLooooooooooongestLine2\nLongerLine 3"
+
+        a = np.array([[None, MultiLineLong()], [MultiLineLong(), None]])
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            'array([[None, Line 1\n'
+            '              LooooooooooongestLine2\n'
+            '              LongerLine 3          ],\n'
+            '       [Line 1\n'
+            '        LooooooooooongestLine2\n'
+            '        LongerLine 3          , None]], dtype=object)'
+        )
+        assert_equal(
+            np.array_repr(a, 20),
+            'array([[None,\n'
+            '        Line 1\n'
+            '        LooooooooooongestLine2\n'
+            '        LongerLine 3          ],\n'
+            '       [Line 1\n'
+            '        LooooooooooongestLine2\n'
+            '        LongerLine 3          ,\n'
+            '        None]],\n'
+            '      dtype=object)'
+        )
+
+    def test_nested_array_repr(self):
+        a = np.empty((2, 2), dtype=object)
+        a[0, 0] = np.eye(2)
+        a[0, 1] = np.eye(3)
+        a[1, 0] = None
+        a[1, 1] = np.ones((3, 1))
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            'array([[array([[1., 0.],\n'
+            '               [0., 1.]]), array([[1., 0., 0.],\n'
+            '                                  [0., 1., 0.],\n'
+            '                                  [0., 0., 1.]])],\n'
+            '       [None, array([[1.],\n'
+            '                     [1.],\n'
+            '                     [1.]])]], dtype=object)'
+        )
+
+    @given(hynp.from_dtype(np.dtype("U")))
+    def test_any_text(self, text):
+        # This test checks that, given any value that can be represented in an
+        # array of dtype("U") (i.e. unicode string), ...
+        a = np.array([text, text, text])
+        # casting a list of them to an array does not e.g. truncate the value
+        assert_equal(a[0], text)
+        # and that np.array2string puts a newline in the expected location
+        expected_repr = "[{0!r} {0!r}\n {0!r}]".format(text)
+        result = np.array2string(a, max_line_width=len(repr(text)) * 2 + 3)
+        assert_equal(result, expected_repr)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+    def test_refcount(self):
+        # make sure we do not hold references to the array due to a recursive
+        # closure (gh-10620)
+        gc.disable()
+        a = np.arange(2)
+        r1 = sys.getrefcount(a)
+        np.array2string(a)
+        np.array2string(a)
+        r2 = sys.getrefcount(a)
+        gc.collect()
+        gc.enable()
+        assert_(r1 == r2)
+
+class TestPrintOptions:
+    """Test getting and setting global print options."""
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.oldopts = np.get_printoptions()
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        np.set_printoptions(**self.oldopts)
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        x = np.array([1.5, 0, 1.234567890])
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([1.5       , 0.        , 1.23456789])")
+        np.set_printoptions(precision=4)
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([1.5   , 0.    , 1.2346])")
+
+    def test_precision_zero(self):
+        np.set_printoptions(precision=0)
+        for values, string in (
+                ([0.], "0."), ([.3], "0."), ([-.3], "-0."), ([.7], "1."),
+                ([1.5], "2."), ([-1.5], "-2."), ([-15.34], "-15."),
+                ([100.], "100."), ([.2, -1, 122.51], "  0.,  -1., 123."),
+                ([0], "0"), ([-12], "-12"), ([complex(.3, -.7)], "0.-1.j")):
+            x = np.array(values)
+            assert_equal(repr(x), "array([%s])" % string)
+
+    def test_formatter(self):
+        x = np.arange(3)
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'all':lambda x: str(x-1)})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([-1, 0, 1])")
+
+    def test_formatter_reset(self):
+        x = np.arange(3)
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'all':lambda x: str(x-1)})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([-1, 0, 1])")
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'int':None})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([0, 1, 2])")
+
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'all':lambda x: str(x-1)})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([-1, 0, 1])")
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'all':None})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([0, 1, 2])")
+
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'int':lambda x: str(x-1)})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([-1, 0, 1])")
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'int_kind':None})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([0, 1, 2])")
+
+        x = np.arange(3.)
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'float':lambda x: str(x-1)})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([-1.0, 0.0, 1.0])")
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'float_kind':None})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array([0., 1., 2.])")
+
+    def test_0d_arrays(self):
+        assert_equal(str(np.array('café', '<U4')), 'café')
+
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array('café', '<U4')),
+                     "array('café', dtype='<U4')")
+        assert_equal(str(np.array('test', np.str_)), 'test')
+
+        a = np.zeros(1, dtype=[('a', '<i4', (3,))])
+        assert_equal(str(a[0]), '([0, 0, 0],)')
+
+        assert_equal(repr(np.datetime64('2005-02-25')[...]),
+                     "array('2005-02-25', dtype='datetime64[D]')")
+
+        assert_equal(repr(np.timedelta64('10', 'Y')[...]),
+                     "array(10, dtype='timedelta64[Y]')")
+
+        # repr of 0d arrays is affected by printoptions
+        x = np.array(1)
+        np.set_printoptions(formatter={'all':lambda x: "test"})
+        assert_equal(repr(x), "array(test)")
+        # str is unaffected
+        assert_equal(str(x), "1")
+
+        # check `style` arg raises
+        assert_warns(DeprecationWarning, np.array2string,
+                                         np.array(1.), style=repr)
+        # but not in legacy mode
+        np.array2string(np.array(1.), style=repr, legacy='1.13')
+        # gh-10934 style was broken in legacy mode, check it works
+        np.array2string(np.array(1.), legacy='1.13')
+
+    def test_float_spacing(self):
+        x = np.array([1., 2., 3.])
+        y = np.array([1., 2., -10.])
+        z = np.array([100., 2., -1.])
+        w = np.array([-100., 2., 1.])
+
+        assert_equal(repr(x), 'array([1., 2., 3.])')
+        assert_equal(repr(y), 'array([  1.,   2., -10.])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array(y[0])), 'array(1.)')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array(y[-1])), 'array(-10.)')
+        assert_equal(repr(z), 'array([100.,   2.,  -1.])')
+        assert_equal(repr(w), 'array([-100.,    2.,    1.])')
+
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array([np.nan, np.inf])), 'array([nan, inf])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array([np.nan, -np.inf])), 'array([ nan, -inf])')
+
+        x = np.array([np.inf, 100000, 1.1234])
+        y = np.array([np.inf, 100000, -1.1234])
+        z = np.array([np.inf, 1.1234, -1e120])
+        np.set_printoptions(precision=2)
+        assert_equal(repr(x), 'array([     inf, 1.00e+05, 1.12e+00])')
+        assert_equal(repr(y), 'array([      inf,  1.00e+05, -1.12e+00])')
+        assert_equal(repr(z), 'array([       inf,  1.12e+000, -1.00e+120])')
+
+    def test_bool_spacing(self):
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array([True,  True])),
+                     'array([ True,  True])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array([True, False])),
+                     'array([ True, False])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array([True])),
+                     'array([ True])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array(True)),
+                     'array(True)')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array(False)),
+                     'array(False)')
+
+    def test_sign_spacing(self):
+        a = np.arange(4.)
+        b = np.array([1.234e9])
+        c = np.array([1.0 + 1.0j, 1.123456789 + 1.123456789j], dtype='c16')
+
+        assert_equal(repr(a), 'array([0., 1., 2., 3.])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array(1.)), 'array(1.)')
+        assert_equal(repr(b), 'array([1.234e+09])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array([0.])), 'array([0.])')
+        assert_equal(repr(c),
+            "array([1.        +1.j        , 1.12345679+1.12345679j])")
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array([0., -0.])), 'array([ 0., -0.])')
+
+        np.set_printoptions(sign=' ')
+        assert_equal(repr(a), 'array([ 0.,  1.,  2.,  3.])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array(1.)), 'array( 1.)')
+        assert_equal(repr(b), 'array([ 1.234e+09])')
+        assert_equal(repr(c),
+            "array([ 1.        +1.j        ,  1.12345679+1.12345679j])")
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array([0., -0.])), 'array([ 0., -0.])')
+
+        np.set_printoptions(sign='+')
+        assert_equal(repr(a), 'array([+0., +1., +2., +3.])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array(1.)), 'array(+1.)')
+        assert_equal(repr(b), 'array([+1.234e+09])')
+        assert_equal(repr(c),
+            "array([+1.        +1.j        , +1.12345679+1.12345679j])")
+
+        np.set_printoptions(legacy='1.13')
+        assert_equal(repr(a), 'array([ 0.,  1.,  2.,  3.])')
+        assert_equal(repr(b),  'array([  1.23400000e+09])')
+        assert_equal(repr(-b), 'array([ -1.23400000e+09])')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array(1.)), 'array(1.0)')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.array([0.])), 'array([ 0.])')
+        assert_equal(repr(c),
+            "array([ 1.00000000+1.j        ,  1.12345679+1.12345679j])")
+        # gh-10383
+        assert_equal(str(np.array([-1., 10])), "[ -1.  10.]")
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.set_printoptions, wrongarg=True)
+
+    def test_float_overflow_nowarn(self):
+        # make sure internal computations in FloatingFormat don't
+        # warn about overflow
+        repr(np.array([1e4, 0.1], dtype='f2'))
+
+    def test_sign_spacing_structured(self):
+        a = np.ones(2, dtype='<f,<f')
+        assert_equal(repr(a),
+            "array([(1., 1.), (1., 1.)], dtype=[('f0', '<f4'), ('f1', '<f4')])")
+        assert_equal(repr(a[0]), "(1., 1.)")
+
+    def test_floatmode(self):
+        x = np.array([0.6104, 0.922, 0.457, 0.0906, 0.3733, 0.007244,
+                      0.5933, 0.947, 0.2383, 0.4226], dtype=np.float16)
+        y = np.array([0.2918820979355541, 0.5064172631089138,
+                      0.2848750619642916, 0.4342965294660567,
+                      0.7326538397312751, 0.3459503329096204,
+                      0.0862072768214508, 0.39112753029631175],
+                      dtype=np.float64)
+        z = np.arange(6, dtype=np.float16)/10
+        c = np.array([1.0 + 1.0j, 1.123456789 + 1.123456789j], dtype='c16')
+
+        # also make sure 1e23 is right (is between two fp numbers)
+        w = np.array(['1e{}'.format(i) for i in range(25)], dtype=np.float64)
+        # note: we construct w from the strings `1eXX` instead of doing
+        # `10.**arange(24)` because it turns out the two are not equivalent in
+        # python. On some architectures `1e23 != 10.**23`.
+        wp = np.array([1.234e1, 1e2, 1e123])
+
+        # unique mode
+        np.set_printoptions(floatmode='unique')
+        assert_equal(repr(x),
+            "array([0.6104  , 0.922   , 0.457   , 0.0906  , 0.3733  , 0.007244,\n"
+            "       0.5933  , 0.947   , 0.2383  , 0.4226  ], dtype=float16)")
+        assert_equal(repr(y),
+            "array([0.2918820979355541 , 0.5064172631089138 , 0.2848750619642916 ,\n"
+            "       0.4342965294660567 , 0.7326538397312751 , 0.3459503329096204 ,\n"
+            "       0.0862072768214508 , 0.39112753029631175])")
+        assert_equal(repr(z),
+            "array([0. , 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5], dtype=float16)")
+        assert_equal(repr(w),
+            "array([1.e+00, 1.e+01, 1.e+02, 1.e+03, 1.e+04, 1.e+05, 1.e+06, 1.e+07,\n"
+            "       1.e+08, 1.e+09, 1.e+10, 1.e+11, 1.e+12, 1.e+13, 1.e+14, 1.e+15,\n"
+            "       1.e+16, 1.e+17, 1.e+18, 1.e+19, 1.e+20, 1.e+21, 1.e+22, 1.e+23,\n"
+            "       1.e+24])")
+        assert_equal(repr(wp), "array([1.234e+001, 1.000e+002, 1.000e+123])")
+        assert_equal(repr(c),
+            "array([1.         +1.j         , 1.123456789+1.123456789j])")
+
+        # maxprec mode, precision=8
+        np.set_printoptions(floatmode='maxprec', precision=8)
+        assert_equal(repr(x),
+            "array([0.6104  , 0.922   , 0.457   , 0.0906  , 0.3733  , 0.007244,\n"
+            "       0.5933  , 0.947   , 0.2383  , 0.4226  ], dtype=float16)")
+        assert_equal(repr(y),
+            "array([0.2918821 , 0.50641726, 0.28487506, 0.43429653, 0.73265384,\n"
+            "       0.34595033, 0.08620728, 0.39112753])")
+        assert_equal(repr(z),
+            "array([0. , 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5], dtype=float16)")
+        assert_equal(repr(w[::5]),
+            "array([1.e+00, 1.e+05, 1.e+10, 1.e+15, 1.e+20])")
+        assert_equal(repr(wp), "array([1.234e+001, 1.000e+002, 1.000e+123])")
+        assert_equal(repr(c),
+            "array([1.        +1.j        , 1.12345679+1.12345679j])")
+
+        # fixed mode, precision=4
+        np.set_printoptions(floatmode='fixed', precision=4)
+        assert_equal(repr(x),
+            "array([0.6104, 0.9219, 0.4570, 0.0906, 0.3733, 0.0072, 0.5933, 0.9468,\n"
+            "       0.2383, 0.4226], dtype=float16)")
+        assert_equal(repr(y),
+            "array([0.2919, 0.5064, 0.2849, 0.4343, 0.7327, 0.3460, 0.0862, 0.3911])")
+        assert_equal(repr(z),
+            "array([0.0000, 0.1000, 0.2000, 0.3000, 0.3999, 0.5000], dtype=float16)")
+        assert_equal(repr(w[::5]),
+            "array([1.0000e+00, 1.0000e+05, 1.0000e+10, 1.0000e+15, 1.0000e+20])")
+        assert_equal(repr(wp), "array([1.2340e+001, 1.0000e+002, 1.0000e+123])")
+        assert_equal(repr(np.zeros(3)), "array([0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000])")
+        assert_equal(repr(c),
+            "array([1.0000+1.0000j, 1.1235+1.1235j])")
+        # for larger precision, representation error becomes more apparent:
+        np.set_printoptions(floatmode='fixed', precision=8)
+        assert_equal(repr(z),
+            "array([0.00000000, 0.09997559, 0.19995117, 0.30004883, 0.39990234,\n"
+            "       0.50000000], dtype=float16)")
+
+        # maxprec_equal  mode, precision=8
+        np.set_printoptions(floatmode='maxprec_equal', precision=8)
+        assert_equal(repr(x),
+            "array([0.610352, 0.921875, 0.457031, 0.090576, 0.373291, 0.007244,\n"
+            "       0.593262, 0.946777, 0.238281, 0.422607], dtype=float16)")
+        assert_equal(repr(y),
+            "array([0.29188210, 0.50641726, 0.28487506, 0.43429653, 0.73265384,\n"
+            "       0.34595033, 0.08620728, 0.39112753])")
+        assert_equal(repr(z),
+            "array([0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5], dtype=float16)")
+        assert_equal(repr(w[::5]),
+            "array([1.e+00, 1.e+05, 1.e+10, 1.e+15, 1.e+20])")
+        assert_equal(repr(wp), "array([1.234e+001, 1.000e+002, 1.000e+123])")
+        assert_equal(repr(c),
+            "array([1.00000000+1.00000000j, 1.12345679+1.12345679j])")
+
+        # test unique special case (gh-18609)
+        a = np.float64.fromhex('-1p-97')
+        assert_equal(np.float64(np.array2string(a, floatmode='unique')), a)
+
+    def test_legacy_mode_scalars(self):
+        # in legacy mode, str of floats get truncated, and complex scalars
+        # use * for non-finite imaginary part
+        np.set_printoptions(legacy='1.13')
+        assert_equal(str(np.float64(1.123456789123456789)), '1.12345678912')
+        assert_equal(str(np.complex128(complex(1, np.nan))), '(1+nan*j)')
+
+        np.set_printoptions(legacy=False)
+        assert_equal(str(np.float64(1.123456789123456789)),
+                     '1.1234567891234568')
+        assert_equal(str(np.complex128(complex(1, np.nan))), '(1+nanj)')
+
+    def test_legacy_stray_comma(self):
+        np.set_printoptions(legacy='1.13')
+        assert_equal(str(np.arange(10000)), '[   0    1    2 ..., 9997 9998 9999]')
+
+        np.set_printoptions(legacy=False)
+        assert_equal(str(np.arange(10000)), '[   0    1    2 ... 9997 9998 9999]')
+
+    def test_dtype_linewidth_wrapping(self):
+        np.set_printoptions(linewidth=75)
+        assert_equal(repr(np.arange(10,20., dtype='f4')),
+            "array([10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19.], dtype=float32)")
+        assert_equal(repr(np.arange(10,23., dtype='f4')), textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array([10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22.],
+                  dtype=float32)"""))
+
+        styp = '<U4'
+        assert_equal(repr(np.ones(3, dtype=styp)),
+            "array(['1', '1', '1'], dtype='{}')".format(styp))
+        assert_equal(repr(np.ones(12, dtype=styp)), textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array(['1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1'],
+                  dtype='{}')""".format(styp)))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        ['native'],
+        [
+            ('bool',),
+            ('uint8',),
+            ('uint16',),
+            ('uint32',),
+            ('uint64',),
+            ('int8',),
+            ('int16',),
+            ('int32',),
+            ('int64',),
+            ('float16',),
+            ('float32',),
+            ('float64',),
+            ('U1',),     # 4-byte width string
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_dtype_endianness_repr(self, native):
+        '''
+        there was an issue where
+        repr(array([0], dtype='<u2')) and repr(array([0], dtype='>u2'))
+        both returned the same thing:
+        array([0], dtype=uint16)
+        even though their dtypes have different endianness.
+        '''
+        native_dtype = np.dtype(native)
+        non_native_dtype = native_dtype.newbyteorder()
+        non_native_repr = repr(np.array([1], non_native_dtype))
+        native_repr = repr(np.array([1], native_dtype))
+        # preserve the sensible default of only showing dtype if nonstandard
+        assert ('dtype' in native_repr) ^ (native_dtype in _typelessdata),\
+                ("an array's repr should show dtype if and only if the type "
+                 'of the array is NOT one of the standard types '
+                 '(e.g., int32, bool, float64).')
+        if non_native_dtype.itemsize > 1:
+            # if the type is >1 byte, the non-native endian version
+            # must show endianness.
+            assert non_native_repr != native_repr
+            assert f"dtype='{non_native_dtype.byteorder}" in non_native_repr
+
+    def test_linewidth_repr(self):
+        a = np.full(7, fill_value=2)
+        np.set_printoptions(linewidth=17)
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array([2, 2, 2,
+                   2, 2, 2,
+                   2])""")
+        )
+        np.set_printoptions(linewidth=17, legacy='1.13')
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array([2, 2, 2,
+                   2, 2, 2, 2])""")
+        )
+
+        a = np.full(8, fill_value=2)
+
+        np.set_printoptions(linewidth=18, legacy=False)
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array([2, 2, 2,
+                   2, 2, 2,
+                   2, 2])""")
+        )
+
+        np.set_printoptions(linewidth=18, legacy='1.13')
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array([2, 2, 2, 2,
+                   2, 2, 2, 2])""")
+        )
+
+    def test_linewidth_str(self):
+        a = np.full(18, fill_value=2)
+        np.set_printoptions(linewidth=18)
+        assert_equal(
+            str(a),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            [2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+             2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+             2 2]""")
+        )
+        np.set_printoptions(linewidth=18, legacy='1.13')
+        assert_equal(
+            str(a),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            [2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+             2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2]""")
+        )
+
+    def test_edgeitems(self):
+        np.set_printoptions(edgeitems=1, threshold=1)
+        a = np.arange(27).reshape((3, 3, 3))
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array([[[ 0, ...,  2],
+                    ...,
+                    [ 6, ...,  8]],
+
+                   ...,
+
+                   [[18, ..., 20],
+                    ...,
+                    [24, ..., 26]]])""")
+        )
+
+        b = np.zeros((3, 3, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(b),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array([[[[0.]],
+
+                    ...,
+
+                    [[0.]]],
+
+
+                   ...,
+
+
+                   [[[0.]],
+
+                    ...,
+
+                    [[0.]]]])""")
+        )
+
+        # 1.13 had extra trailing spaces, and was missing newlines
+        np.set_printoptions(legacy='1.13')
+
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array([[[ 0, ...,  2],
+                    ..., 
+                    [ 6, ...,  8]],
+
+                   ..., 
+                   [[18, ..., 20],
+                    ..., 
+                    [24, ..., 26]]])""")
+        )
+
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(b),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            array([[[[ 0.]],
+
+                    ..., 
+                    [[ 0.]]],
+
+
+                   ..., 
+                   [[[ 0.]],
+
+                    ..., 
+                    [[ 0.]]]])""")
+        )
+
+    def test_edgeitems_structured(self):
+        np.set_printoptions(edgeitems=1, threshold=1)
+        A = np.arange(5*2*3, dtype="<i8").view([('i', "<i8", (5, 2, 3))])
+        reprA = (
+            "array([([[[ 0, ...,  2], [ 3, ...,  5]], ..., "
+            "[[24, ..., 26], [27, ..., 29]]],)],\n"
+            "      dtype=[('i', '<i8', (5, 2, 3))])"
+        )
+        assert_equal(repr(A), reprA)
+
+    def test_bad_args(self):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.set_printoptions, threshold=float('nan'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.set_printoptions, threshold='1')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.set_printoptions, threshold=b'1')
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.set_printoptions, precision='1')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.set_printoptions, precision=1.5)
+
+def test_unicode_object_array():
+    expected = "array(['é'], dtype=object)"
+    x = np.array(['\xe9'], dtype=object)
+    assert_equal(repr(x), expected)
+
+
+class TestContextManager:
+    def test_ctx_mgr(self):
+        # test that context manager actually works
+        with np.printoptions(precision=2):
+            s = str(np.array([2.0]) / 3)
+        assert_equal(s, '[0.67]')
+
+    def test_ctx_mgr_restores(self):
+        # test that print options are actually restrored
+        opts = np.get_printoptions()
+        with np.printoptions(precision=opts['precision'] - 1,
+                             linewidth=opts['linewidth'] - 4):
+            pass
+        assert_equal(np.get_printoptions(), opts)
+
+    def test_ctx_mgr_exceptions(self):
+        # test that print options are restored even if an exception is raised
+        opts = np.get_printoptions()
+        try:
+            with np.printoptions(precision=2, linewidth=11):
+                raise ValueError
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        assert_equal(np.get_printoptions(), opts)
+
+    def test_ctx_mgr_as_smth(self):
+        opts = {"precision": 2}
+        with np.printoptions(**opts) as ctx:
+            saved_opts = ctx.copy()
+        assert_equal({k: saved_opts[k] for k in opts}, opts)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_casting_floatingpoint_errors.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_casting_floatingpoint_errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8318017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_casting_floatingpoint_errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import pytest
+from pytest import param
+from numpy.testing import IS_WASM
+import numpy as np
+
+
+def values_and_dtypes():
+    """
+    Generate value+dtype pairs that generate floating point errors during
+    casts.  The invalid casts to integers will generate "invalid" value
+    warnings, the float casts all generate "overflow".
+
+    (The Python int/float paths don't need to get tested in all the same
+    situations, but it does not hurt.)
+    """
+    # Casting to float16:
+    yield param(70000, "float16", id="int-to-f2")
+    yield param("70000", "float16", id="str-to-f2")
+    yield param(70000.0, "float16", id="float-to-f2")
+    yield param(np.longdouble(70000.), "float16", id="longdouble-to-f2")
+    yield param(np.float64(70000.), "float16", id="double-to-f2")
+    yield param(np.float32(70000.), "float16", id="float-to-f2")
+    # Casting to float32:
+    yield param(10**100, "float32", id="int-to-f4")
+    yield param(1e100, "float32", id="float-to-f2")
+    yield param(np.longdouble(1e300), "float32", id="longdouble-to-f2")
+    yield param(np.float64(1e300), "float32", id="double-to-f2")
+    # Casting to float64:
+    # If longdouble is double-double, its max can be rounded down to the double
+    # max.  So we correct the double spacing (a bit weird, admittedly):
+    max_ld = np.finfo(np.longdouble).max
+    spacing = np.spacing(np.nextafter(np.finfo("f8").max, 0))
+    if max_ld - spacing > np.finfo("f8").max:
+        yield param(np.finfo(np.longdouble).max, "float64",
+                    id="longdouble-to-f8")
+
+    # Cast to complex32:
+    yield param(2e300, "complex64", id="float-to-c8")
+    yield param(2e300+0j, "complex64", id="complex-to-c8")
+    yield param(2e300j, "complex64", id="complex-to-c8")
+    yield param(np.longdouble(2e300), "complex64", id="longdouble-to-c8")
+
+    # Invalid float to integer casts:
+    with np.errstate(over="ignore"):
+        for to_dt in np.typecodes["AllInteger"]:
+            for value in [np.inf, np.nan]:
+                for from_dt in np.typecodes["AllFloat"]:
+                    from_dt = np.dtype(from_dt)
+                    from_val = from_dt.type(value)
+
+                    yield param(from_val, to_dt, id=f"{from_val}-to-{to_dt}")
+
+
+def check_operations(dtype, value):
+    """
+    There are many dedicated paths in NumPy which cast and should check for
+    floating point errors which occurred during those casts.
+    """
+    if dtype.kind != 'i':
+        # These assignments use the stricter setitem logic:
+        def assignment():
+            arr = np.empty(3, dtype=dtype)
+            arr[0] = value
+
+        yield assignment
+
+        def fill():
+            arr = np.empty(3, dtype=dtype)
+            arr.fill(value)
+
+        yield fill
+
+    def copyto_scalar():
+        arr = np.empty(3, dtype=dtype)
+        np.copyto(arr, value, casting="unsafe")
+
+    yield copyto_scalar
+
+    def copyto():
+        arr = np.empty(3, dtype=dtype)
+        np.copyto(arr, np.array([value, value, value]), casting="unsafe")
+
+    yield copyto
+
+    def copyto_scalar_masked():
+        arr = np.empty(3, dtype=dtype)
+        np.copyto(arr, value, casting="unsafe",
+                  where=[True, False, True])
+
+    yield copyto_scalar_masked
+
+    def copyto_masked():
+        arr = np.empty(3, dtype=dtype)
+        np.copyto(arr, np.array([value, value, value]), casting="unsafe",
+                  where=[True, False, True])
+
+    yield copyto_masked
+
+    def direct_cast():
+        np.array([value, value, value]).astype(dtype)
+
+    yield direct_cast
+
+    def direct_cast_nd_strided():
+        arr = np.full((5, 5, 5), fill_value=value)[:, ::2, :]
+        arr.astype(dtype)
+
+    yield direct_cast_nd_strided
+
+    def boolean_array_assignment():
+        arr = np.empty(3, dtype=dtype)
+        arr[[True, False, True]] = np.array([value, value])
+
+    yield boolean_array_assignment
+
+    def integer_array_assignment():
+        arr = np.empty(3, dtype=dtype)
+        values = np.array([value, value])
+
+        arr[[0, 1]] = values
+
+    yield integer_array_assignment
+
+    def integer_array_assignment_with_subspace():
+        arr = np.empty((5, 3), dtype=dtype)
+        values = np.array([value, value, value])
+
+        arr[[0, 2]] = values
+
+    yield integer_array_assignment_with_subspace
+
+    def flat_assignment():
+        arr = np.empty((3,), dtype=dtype)
+        values = np.array([value, value, value])
+        arr.flat[:] = values
+
+    yield flat_assignment
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="no wasm fp exception support")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["value", "dtype"], values_and_dtypes())
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::numpy.ComplexWarning")
+def test_floatingpoint_errors_casting(dtype, value):
+    dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+    for operation in check_operations(dtype, value):
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+
+        match = "invalid" if dtype.kind in 'iu' else "overflow"
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match=match):
+            operation()
+
+        with np.errstate(all="raise"):
+            with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError, match=match):
+                operation()
+
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_casting_unittests.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_casting_unittests.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a49d876d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_casting_unittests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+"""
+The tests exercise the casting machinery in a more low-level manner.
+The reason is mostly to test a new implementation of the casting machinery.
+
+Unlike most tests in NumPy, these are closer to unit-tests rather
+than integration tests.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+import textwrap
+import enum
+import random
+import ctypes
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import as_strided
+
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
+from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import _get_castingimpl as get_castingimpl
+
+
+# Simple skips object, parametric and long double (unsupported by struct)
+simple_dtypes = "?bhilqBHILQefdFD"
+if np.dtype("l").itemsize != np.dtype("q").itemsize:
+    # Remove l and L, the table was generated with 64bit linux in mind.
+    simple_dtypes = simple_dtypes.replace("l", "").replace("L", "")
+simple_dtypes = [type(np.dtype(c)) for c in simple_dtypes]
+
+
+def simple_dtype_instances():
+    for dtype_class in simple_dtypes:
+        dt = dtype_class()
+        yield pytest.param(dt, id=str(dt))
+        if dt.byteorder != "|":
+            dt = dt.newbyteorder()
+            yield pytest.param(dt, id=str(dt))
+
+
+def get_expected_stringlength(dtype):
+    """Returns the string length when casting the basic dtypes to strings.
+    """
+    if dtype == np.bool_:
+        return 5
+    if dtype.kind in "iu":
+        if dtype.itemsize == 1:
+            length = 3
+        elif dtype.itemsize == 2:
+            length = 5
+        elif dtype.itemsize == 4:
+            length = 10
+        elif dtype.itemsize == 8:
+            length = 20
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(f"did not find expected length for {dtype}")
+
+        if dtype.kind == "i":
+            length += 1  # adds one character for the sign
+
+        return length
+
+    # Note: Can't do dtype comparison for longdouble on windows
+    if dtype.char == "g":
+        return 48
+    elif dtype.char == "G":
+        return 48 * 2
+    elif dtype.kind == "f":
+        return 32  # also for half apparently.
+    elif dtype.kind == "c":
+        return 32 * 2
+
+    raise AssertionError(f"did not find expected length for {dtype}")
+
+
+class Casting(enum.IntEnum):
+    no = 0
+    equiv = 1
+    safe = 2
+    same_kind = 3
+    unsafe = 4
+
+
+def _get_cancast_table():
+    table = textwrap.dedent("""
+        X ? b h i l q B H I L Q e f d g F D G S U V O M m
+        ? # = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = . =
+        b . # = = = = . . . . . = = = = = = = = = = = . =
+        h . ~ # = = = . . . . . ~ = = = = = = = = = = . =
+        i . ~ ~ # = = . . . . . ~ ~ = = ~ = = = = = = . =
+        l . ~ ~ ~ # # . . . . . ~ ~ = = ~ = = = = = = . =
+        q . ~ ~ ~ # # . . . . . ~ ~ = = ~ = = = = = = . =
+        B . ~ = = = = # = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = . =
+        H . ~ ~ = = = ~ # = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = . =
+        I . ~ ~ ~ = = ~ ~ # = = ~ ~ = = ~ = = = = = = . =
+        L . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ # # ~ ~ = = ~ = = = = = = . ~
+        Q . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ # # ~ ~ = = ~ = = = = = = . ~
+        e . . . . . . . . . . . # = = = = = = = = = = . .
+        f . . . . . . . . . . . ~ # = = = = = = = = = . .
+        d . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ # = ~ = = = = = = . .
+        g . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ ~ # ~ ~ = = = = = . .
+        F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # = = = = = = . .
+        D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ # = = = = = . .
+        G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ # = = = = . .
+        S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # = = = . .
+        U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # = = . .
+        V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . # = . .
+        O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = # . .
+        M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = = # .
+        m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = = . #
+        """).strip().split("\n")
+    dtypes = [type(np.dtype(c)) for c in table[0][2::2]]
+
+    convert_cast = {".": Casting.unsafe, "~": Casting.same_kind,
+                    "=": Casting.safe, "#": Casting.equiv,
+                    " ": -1}
+
+    cancast = {}
+    for from_dt, row in zip(dtypes, table[1:]):
+        cancast[from_dt] = {}
+        for to_dt, c in zip(dtypes, row[2::2]):
+            cancast[from_dt][to_dt] = convert_cast[c]
+
+    return cancast
+
+CAST_TABLE = _get_cancast_table()
+
+
+class TestChanges:
+    """
+    These test cases exercise some behaviour changes
+    """
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("string", ["S", "U"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("floating", ["e", "f", "d", "g"])
+    def test_float_to_string(self, floating, string):
+        assert np.can_cast(floating, string)
+        # 100 is long enough to hold any formatted floating
+        assert np.can_cast(floating, f"{string}100")
+
+    def test_to_void(self):
+        # But in general, we do consider these safe:
+        assert np.can_cast("d", "V")
+        assert np.can_cast("S20", "V")
+
+        # Do not consider it a safe cast if the void is too smaller:
+        assert not np.can_cast("d", "V1")
+        assert not np.can_cast("S20", "V1")
+        assert not np.can_cast("U1", "V1")
+        # Structured to unstructured is just like any other:
+        assert np.can_cast("d,i", "V", casting="same_kind")
+        # Unstructured void to unstructured is actually no cast at all:
+        assert np.can_cast("V3", "V", casting="no")
+        assert np.can_cast("V0", "V", casting="no")
+
+
+class TestCasting:
+    size = 1500  # Best larger than NPY_LOWLEVEL_BUFFER_BLOCKSIZE * itemsize
+
+    def get_data(self, dtype1, dtype2):
+        if dtype2 is None or dtype1.itemsize >= dtype2.itemsize:
+            length = self.size // dtype1.itemsize
+        else:
+            length = self.size // dtype2.itemsize
+
+        # Assume that the base array is well enough aligned for all inputs.
+        arr1 = np.empty(length, dtype=dtype1)
+        assert arr1.flags.c_contiguous
+        assert arr1.flags.aligned
+
+        values = [random.randrange(-128, 128) for _ in range(length)]
+
+        for i, value in enumerate(values):
+            # Use item assignment to ensure this is not using casting:
+            if value < 0 and dtype1.kind == "u":
+                # Manually rollover unsigned integers (-1 -> int.max)
+                value = value + np.iinfo(dtype1).max + 1
+            arr1[i] = value
+
+        if dtype2 is None:
+            if dtype1.char == "?":
+                values = [bool(v) for v in values]
+            return arr1, values
+
+        if dtype2.char == "?":
+            values = [bool(v) for v in values]
+
+        arr2 = np.empty(length, dtype=dtype2)
+        assert arr2.flags.c_contiguous
+        assert arr2.flags.aligned
+
+        for i, value in enumerate(values):
+            # Use item assignment to ensure this is not using casting:
+            if value < 0 and dtype2.kind == "u":
+                # Manually rollover unsigned integers (-1 -> int.max)
+                value = value + np.iinfo(dtype2).max + 1
+            arr2[i] = value
+
+        return arr1, arr2, values
+
+    def get_data_variation(self, arr1, arr2, aligned=True, contig=True):
+        """
+        Returns a copy of arr1 that may be non-contiguous or unaligned, and a
+        matching array for arr2 (although not a copy).
+        """
+        if contig:
+            stride1 = arr1.dtype.itemsize
+            stride2 = arr2.dtype.itemsize
+        elif aligned:
+            stride1 = 2 * arr1.dtype.itemsize
+            stride2 = 2 * arr2.dtype.itemsize
+        else:
+            stride1 = arr1.dtype.itemsize + 1
+            stride2 = arr2.dtype.itemsize + 1
+
+        max_size1 = len(arr1) * 3 * arr1.dtype.itemsize + 1
+        max_size2 = len(arr2) * 3 * arr2.dtype.itemsize + 1
+        from_bytes = np.zeros(max_size1, dtype=np.uint8)
+        to_bytes = np.zeros(max_size2, dtype=np.uint8)
+
+        # Sanity check that the above is large enough:
+        assert stride1 * len(arr1) <= from_bytes.nbytes
+        assert stride2 * len(arr2) <= to_bytes.nbytes
+
+        if aligned:
+            new1 = as_strided(from_bytes[:-1].view(arr1.dtype),
+                              arr1.shape, (stride1,))
+            new2 = as_strided(to_bytes[:-1].view(arr2.dtype),
+                              arr2.shape, (stride2,))
+        else:
+            new1 = as_strided(from_bytes[1:].view(arr1.dtype),
+                              arr1.shape, (stride1,))
+            new2 = as_strided(to_bytes[1:].view(arr2.dtype),
+                              arr2.shape, (stride2,))
+
+        new1[...] = arr1
+
+        if not contig:
+            # Ensure we did not overwrite bytes that should not be written:
+            offset = arr1.dtype.itemsize if aligned else 0
+            buf = from_bytes[offset::stride1].tobytes()
+            assert buf.count(b"\0") == len(buf)
+
+        if contig:
+            assert new1.flags.c_contiguous
+            assert new2.flags.c_contiguous
+        else:
+            assert not new1.flags.c_contiguous
+            assert not new2.flags.c_contiguous
+
+        if aligned:
+            assert new1.flags.aligned
+            assert new2.flags.aligned
+        else:
+            assert not new1.flags.aligned or new1.dtype.alignment == 1
+            assert not new2.flags.aligned or new2.dtype.alignment == 1
+
+        return new1, new2
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("from_Dt", simple_dtypes)
+    def test_simple_cancast(self, from_Dt):
+        for to_Dt in simple_dtypes:
+            cast = get_castingimpl(from_Dt, to_Dt)
+
+            for from_dt in [from_Dt(), from_Dt().newbyteorder()]:
+                default = cast._resolve_descriptors((from_dt, None))[1][1]
+                assert default == to_Dt()
+                del default
+
+                for to_dt in [to_Dt(), to_Dt().newbyteorder()]:
+                    casting, (from_res, to_res), view_off = (
+                            cast._resolve_descriptors((from_dt, to_dt)))
+                    assert(type(from_res) == from_Dt)
+                    assert(type(to_res) == to_Dt)
+                    if view_off is not None:
+                        # If a view is acceptable, this is "no" casting
+                        # and byte order must be matching.
+                        assert casting == Casting.no
+                        # The above table lists this as "equivalent"
+                        assert Casting.equiv == CAST_TABLE[from_Dt][to_Dt]
+                        # Note that to_res may not be the same as from_dt
+                        assert from_res.isnative == to_res.isnative
+                    else:
+                        if from_Dt == to_Dt:
+                            # Note that to_res may not be the same as from_dt
+                            assert from_res.isnative != to_res.isnative
+                        assert casting == CAST_TABLE[from_Dt][to_Dt]
+
+                    if from_Dt is to_Dt:
+                        assert(from_dt is from_res)
+                        assert(to_dt is to_res)
+
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::numpy.ComplexWarning")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("from_dt", simple_dtype_instances())
+    def test_simple_direct_casts(self, from_dt):
+        """
+        This test checks numeric direct casts for dtypes supported also by the
+        struct module (plus complex).  It tries to be test a wide range of
+        inputs, but skips over possibly undefined behaviour (e.g. int rollover).
+        Longdouble and CLongdouble are tested, but only using double precision.
+
+        If this test creates issues, it should possibly just be simplified
+        or even removed (checking whether unaligned/non-contiguous casts give
+        the same results is useful, though).
+        """
+        for to_dt in simple_dtype_instances():
+            to_dt = to_dt.values[0]
+            cast = get_castingimpl(type(from_dt), type(to_dt))
+
+            casting, (from_res, to_res), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                (from_dt, to_dt))
+
+            if from_res is not from_dt or to_res is not to_dt:
+                # Do not test this case, it is handled in multiple steps,
+                # each of which should is tested individually.
+                return
+
+            safe = casting <= Casting.safe
+            del from_res, to_res, casting
+
+            arr1, arr2, values = self.get_data(from_dt, to_dt)
+
+            cast._simple_strided_call((arr1, arr2))
+
+            # Check via python list
+            assert arr2.tolist() == values
+
+            # Check that the same results are achieved for strided loops
+            arr1_o, arr2_o = self.get_data_variation(arr1, arr2, True, False)
+            cast._simple_strided_call((arr1_o, arr2_o))
+
+            assert_array_equal(arr2_o, arr2)
+            assert arr2_o.tobytes() == arr2.tobytes()
+
+            # Check if alignment makes a difference, but only if supported
+            # and only if the alignment can be wrong
+            if ((from_dt.alignment == 1 and to_dt.alignment == 1) or
+                    not cast._supports_unaligned):
+                return
+
+            arr1_o, arr2_o = self.get_data_variation(arr1, arr2, False, True)
+            cast._simple_strided_call((arr1_o, arr2_o))
+
+            assert_array_equal(arr2_o, arr2)
+            assert arr2_o.tobytes() == arr2.tobytes()
+
+            arr1_o, arr2_o = self.get_data_variation(arr1, arr2, False, False)
+            cast._simple_strided_call((arr1_o, arr2_o))
+
+            assert_array_equal(arr2_o, arr2)
+            assert arr2_o.tobytes() == arr2.tobytes()
+
+            del arr1_o, arr2_o, cast
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("from_Dt", simple_dtypes)
+    def test_numeric_to_times(self, from_Dt):
+        # We currently only implement contiguous loops, so only need to
+        # test those.
+        from_dt = from_Dt()
+
+        time_dtypes = [np.dtype("M8"), np.dtype("M8[ms]"), np.dtype("M8[4D]"),
+                       np.dtype("m8"), np.dtype("m8[ms]"), np.dtype("m8[4D]")]
+        for time_dt in time_dtypes:
+            cast = get_castingimpl(type(from_dt), type(time_dt))
+
+            casting, (from_res, to_res), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                (from_dt, time_dt))
+
+            assert from_res is from_dt
+            assert to_res is time_dt
+            del from_res, to_res
+
+            assert casting & CAST_TABLE[from_Dt][type(time_dt)]
+            assert view_off is None
+
+            int64_dt = np.dtype(np.int64)
+            arr1, arr2, values = self.get_data(from_dt, int64_dt)
+            arr2 = arr2.view(time_dt)
+            arr2[...] = np.datetime64("NaT")
+
+            if time_dt == np.dtype("M8"):
+                # This is a bit of a strange path, and could probably be removed
+                arr1[-1] = 0  # ensure at least one value is not NaT
+
+                # The cast currently succeeds, but the values are invalid:
+                cast._simple_strided_call((arr1, arr2))
+                with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                    str(arr2[-1])  # e.g. conversion to string fails
+                return
+
+            cast._simple_strided_call((arr1, arr2))
+
+            assert [int(v) for v in arr2.tolist()] == values
+
+            # Check that the same results are achieved for strided loops
+            arr1_o, arr2_o = self.get_data_variation(arr1, arr2, True, False)
+            cast._simple_strided_call((arr1_o, arr2_o))
+
+            assert_array_equal(arr2_o, arr2)
+            assert arr2_o.tobytes() == arr2.tobytes()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+            ["from_dt", "to_dt", "expected_casting", "expected_view_off",
+             "nom", "denom"],
+            [("M8[ns]", None, Casting.no, 0, 1, 1),
+             (str(np.dtype("M8[ns]").newbyteorder()), None,
+                  Casting.equiv, None, 1, 1),
+             ("M8", "M8[ms]", Casting.safe, 0, 1, 1),
+             # should be invalid cast:
+             ("M8[ms]", "M8", Casting.unsafe, None, 1, 1),
+             ("M8[5ms]", "M8[5ms]", Casting.no, 0, 1, 1),
+             ("M8[ns]", "M8[ms]", Casting.same_kind, None, 1, 10**6),
+             ("M8[ms]", "M8[ns]", Casting.safe, None, 10**6, 1),
+             ("M8[ms]", "M8[7ms]", Casting.same_kind, None, 1, 7),
+             ("M8[4D]", "M8[1M]", Casting.same_kind, None, None,
+                  # give full values based on NumPy 1.19.x
+                  [-2**63, 0, -1, 1314, -1315, 564442610]),
+             ("m8[ns]", None, Casting.no, 0, 1, 1),
+             (str(np.dtype("m8[ns]").newbyteorder()), None,
+                  Casting.equiv, None, 1, 1),
+             ("m8", "m8[ms]", Casting.safe, 0, 1, 1),
+             # should be invalid cast:
+             ("m8[ms]", "m8", Casting.unsafe, None, 1, 1),
+             ("m8[5ms]", "m8[5ms]", Casting.no, 0, 1, 1),
+             ("m8[ns]", "m8[ms]", Casting.same_kind, None, 1, 10**6),
+             ("m8[ms]", "m8[ns]", Casting.safe, None, 10**6, 1),
+             ("m8[ms]", "m8[7ms]", Casting.same_kind, None, 1, 7),
+             ("m8[4D]", "m8[1M]", Casting.unsafe, None, None,
+                  # give full values based on NumPy 1.19.x
+                  [-2**63, 0, 0, 1314, -1315, 564442610])])
+    def test_time_to_time(self, from_dt, to_dt,
+                          expected_casting, expected_view_off,
+                          nom, denom):
+        from_dt = np.dtype(from_dt)
+        if to_dt is not None:
+            to_dt = np.dtype(to_dt)
+
+        # Test a few values for casting (results generated with NumPy 1.19)
+        values = np.array([-2**63, 1, 2**63-1, 10000, -10000, 2**32])
+        values = values.astype(np.dtype("int64").newbyteorder(from_dt.byteorder))
+        assert values.dtype.byteorder == from_dt.byteorder
+        assert np.isnat(values.view(from_dt)[0])
+
+        DType = type(from_dt)
+        cast = get_castingimpl(DType, DType)
+        casting, (from_res, to_res), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                (from_dt, to_dt))
+        assert from_res is from_dt
+        assert to_res is to_dt or to_dt is None
+        assert casting == expected_casting
+        assert view_off == expected_view_off
+
+        if nom is not None:
+            expected_out = (values * nom // denom).view(to_res)
+            expected_out[0] = "NaT"
+        else:
+            expected_out = np.empty_like(values)
+            expected_out[...] = denom
+            expected_out = expected_out.view(to_dt)
+
+        orig_arr = values.view(from_dt)
+        orig_out = np.empty_like(expected_out)
+
+        if casting == Casting.unsafe and (to_dt == "m8" or to_dt == "M8"):
+            # Casting from non-generic to generic units is an error and should
+            # probably be reported as an invalid cast earlier.
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                cast._simple_strided_call((orig_arr, orig_out))
+            return
+
+        for aligned in [True, True]:
+            for contig in [True, True]:
+                arr, out = self.get_data_variation(
+                        orig_arr, orig_out, aligned, contig)
+                out[...] = 0
+                cast._simple_strided_call((arr, out))
+                assert_array_equal(out.view("int64"), expected_out.view("int64"))
+
+    def string_with_modified_length(self, dtype, change_length):
+        fact = 1 if dtype.char == "S" else 4
+        length = dtype.itemsize // fact + change_length
+        return np.dtype(f"{dtype.byteorder}{dtype.char}{length}")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("other_DT", simple_dtypes)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("string_char", ["S", "U"])
+    def test_string_cancast(self, other_DT, string_char):
+        fact = 1 if string_char == "S" else 4
+
+        string_DT = type(np.dtype(string_char))
+        cast = get_castingimpl(other_DT, string_DT)
+
+        other_dt = other_DT()
+        expected_length = get_expected_stringlength(other_dt)
+        string_dt = np.dtype(f"{string_char}{expected_length}")
+
+        safety, (res_other_dt, res_dt), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                (other_dt, None))
+        assert res_dt.itemsize == expected_length * fact
+        assert safety == Casting.safe  # we consider to string casts "safe"
+        assert view_off is None
+        assert isinstance(res_dt, string_DT)
+
+        # These casts currently implement changing the string length, so
+        # check the cast-safety for too long/fixed string lengths:
+        for change_length in [-1, 0, 1]:
+            if change_length >= 0:
+                expected_safety = Casting.safe
+            else:
+                expected_safety = Casting.same_kind
+
+            to_dt = self.string_with_modified_length(string_dt, change_length)
+            safety, (_, res_dt), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                    (other_dt, to_dt))
+            assert res_dt is to_dt
+            assert safety == expected_safety
+            assert view_off is None
+
+        # The opposite direction is always considered unsafe:
+        cast = get_castingimpl(string_DT, other_DT)
+
+        safety, _, view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors((string_dt, other_dt))
+        assert safety == Casting.unsafe
+        assert view_off is None
+
+        cast = get_castingimpl(string_DT, other_DT)
+        safety, (_, res_dt), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+            (string_dt, None))
+        assert safety == Casting.unsafe
+        assert view_off is None
+        assert other_dt is res_dt  # returns the singleton for simple dtypes
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("string_char", ["S", "U"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("other_dt", simple_dtype_instances())
+    def test_simple_string_casts_roundtrip(self, other_dt, string_char):
+        """
+        Tests casts from and to string by checking the roundtripping property.
+
+        The test also covers some string to string casts (but not all).
+
+        If this test creates issues, it should possibly just be simplified
+        or even removed (checking whether unaligned/non-contiguous casts give
+        the same results is useful, though).
+        """
+        string_DT = type(np.dtype(string_char))
+
+        cast = get_castingimpl(type(other_dt), string_DT)
+        cast_back = get_castingimpl(string_DT, type(other_dt))
+        _, (res_other_dt, string_dt), _ = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                (other_dt, None))
+
+        if res_other_dt is not other_dt:
+            # do not support non-native byteorder, skip test in that case
+            assert other_dt.byteorder != res_other_dt.byteorder
+            return
+
+        orig_arr, values = self.get_data(other_dt, None)
+        str_arr = np.zeros(len(orig_arr), dtype=string_dt)
+        string_dt_short = self.string_with_modified_length(string_dt, -1)
+        str_arr_short = np.zeros(len(orig_arr), dtype=string_dt_short)
+        string_dt_long = self.string_with_modified_length(string_dt, 1)
+        str_arr_long = np.zeros(len(orig_arr), dtype=string_dt_long)
+
+        assert not cast._supports_unaligned  # if support is added, should test
+        assert not cast_back._supports_unaligned
+
+        for contig in [True, False]:
+            other_arr, str_arr = self.get_data_variation(
+                orig_arr, str_arr, True, contig)
+            _, str_arr_short = self.get_data_variation(
+                orig_arr, str_arr_short.copy(), True, contig)
+            _, str_arr_long = self.get_data_variation(
+                orig_arr, str_arr_long, True, contig)
+
+            cast._simple_strided_call((other_arr, str_arr))
+
+            cast._simple_strided_call((other_arr, str_arr_short))
+            assert_array_equal(str_arr.astype(string_dt_short), str_arr_short)
+
+            cast._simple_strided_call((other_arr, str_arr_long))
+            assert_array_equal(str_arr, str_arr_long)
+
+            if other_dt.kind == "b":
+                # Booleans do not roundtrip
+                continue
+
+            other_arr[...] = 0
+            cast_back._simple_strided_call((str_arr, other_arr))
+            assert_array_equal(orig_arr, other_arr)
+
+            other_arr[...] = 0
+            cast_back._simple_strided_call((str_arr_long, other_arr))
+            assert_array_equal(orig_arr, other_arr)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("other_dt", ["S8", "<U8", ">U8"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("string_char", ["S", "U"])
+    def test_string_to_string_cancast(self, other_dt, string_char):
+        other_dt = np.dtype(other_dt)
+
+        fact = 1 if string_char == "S" else 4
+        div = 1 if other_dt.char == "S" else 4
+
+        string_DT = type(np.dtype(string_char))
+        cast = get_castingimpl(type(other_dt), string_DT)
+
+        expected_length = other_dt.itemsize // div
+        string_dt = np.dtype(f"{string_char}{expected_length}")
+
+        safety, (res_other_dt, res_dt), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                (other_dt, None))
+        assert res_dt.itemsize == expected_length * fact
+        assert isinstance(res_dt, string_DT)
+
+        expected_view_off = None
+        if other_dt.char == string_char:
+            if other_dt.isnative:
+                expected_safety = Casting.no
+                expected_view_off = 0
+            else:
+                expected_safety = Casting.equiv
+        elif string_char == "U":
+            expected_safety = Casting.safe
+        else:
+            expected_safety = Casting.unsafe
+
+        assert view_off == expected_view_off
+        assert expected_safety == safety
+
+        for change_length in [-1, 0, 1]:
+            to_dt = self.string_with_modified_length(string_dt, change_length)
+            safety, (_, res_dt), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                    (other_dt, to_dt))
+
+            assert res_dt is to_dt
+            if change_length <= 0:
+                assert view_off == expected_view_off
+            else:
+                assert view_off is None
+            if expected_safety == Casting.unsafe:
+                assert safety == expected_safety
+            elif change_length < 0:
+                assert safety == Casting.same_kind
+            elif change_length == 0:
+                assert safety == expected_safety
+            elif change_length > 0:
+                assert safety == Casting.safe
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("order1", [">", "<"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("order2", [">", "<"])
+    def test_unicode_byteswapped_cast(self, order1, order2):
+        # Very specific tests (not using the castingimpl directly)
+        # that tests unicode bytedwaps including for unaligned array data.
+        dtype1 = np.dtype(f"{order1}U30")
+        dtype2 = np.dtype(f"{order2}U30")
+        data1 = np.empty(30 * 4 + 1, dtype=np.uint8)[1:].view(dtype1)
+        data2 = np.empty(30 * 4 + 1, dtype=np.uint8)[1:].view(dtype2)
+        if dtype1.alignment != 1:
+            # alignment should always be >1, but skip the check if not
+            assert not data1.flags.aligned
+            assert not data2.flags.aligned
+
+        element = "this is a ünicode string‽"
+        data1[()] = element
+        # Test both `data1` and `data1.copy()`  (which should be aligned)
+        for data in [data1, data1.copy()]:
+            data2[...] = data1
+            assert data2[()] == element
+            assert data2.copy()[()] == element
+
+    def test_void_to_string_special_case(self):
+        # Cover a small special case in void to string casting that could
+        # probably just as well be turned into an error (compare
+        # `test_object_to_parametric_internal_error` below).
+        assert np.array([], dtype="V5").astype("S").dtype.itemsize == 5
+        assert np.array([], dtype="V5").astype("U").dtype.itemsize == 4 * 5
+
+    def test_object_to_parametric_internal_error(self):
+        # We reject casting from object to a parametric type, without
+        # figuring out the correct instance first.
+        object_dtype = type(np.dtype(object))
+        other_dtype = type(np.dtype(str))
+        cast = get_castingimpl(object_dtype, other_dtype)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                    match="casting from object to the parametric DType"):
+            cast._resolve_descriptors((np.dtype("O"), None))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", simple_dtype_instances())
+    def test_object_and_simple_resolution(self, dtype):
+        # Simple test to exercise the cast when no instance is specified
+        object_dtype = type(np.dtype(object))
+        cast = get_castingimpl(object_dtype, type(dtype))
+
+        safety, (_, res_dt), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                (np.dtype("O"), dtype))
+        assert safety == Casting.unsafe
+        assert view_off is None
+        assert res_dt is dtype
+
+        safety, (_, res_dt), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                (np.dtype("O"), None))
+        assert safety == Casting.unsafe
+        assert view_off is None
+        assert res_dt == dtype.newbyteorder("=")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", simple_dtype_instances())
+    def test_simple_to_object_resolution(self, dtype):
+        # Simple test to exercise the cast when no instance is specified
+        object_dtype = type(np.dtype(object))
+        cast = get_castingimpl(type(dtype), object_dtype)
+
+        safety, (_, res_dt), view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors(
+                (dtype, None))
+        assert safety == Casting.safe
+        assert view_off is None
+        assert res_dt is np.dtype("O")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("casting", ["no", "unsafe"])
+    def test_void_and_structured_with_subarray(self, casting):
+        # test case corresponding to gh-19325
+        dtype = np.dtype([("foo", "<f4", (3, 2))])
+        expected = casting == "unsafe"
+        assert np.can_cast("V4", dtype, casting=casting) == expected
+        assert np.can_cast(dtype, "V4", casting=casting) == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["to_dt", "expected_off"],
+            [  # Same as `from_dt` but with both fields shifted:
+             (np.dtype({"names": ["a", "b"], "formats": ["i4", "f4"],
+                        "offsets": [0, 4]}), 2),
+             # Additional change of the names
+             (np.dtype({"names": ["b", "a"], "formats": ["i4", "f4"],
+                        "offsets": [0, 4]}), 2),
+             # Incompatible field offset change
+             (np.dtype({"names": ["b", "a"], "formats": ["i4", "f4"],
+                        "offsets": [0, 6]}), None)])
+    def test_structured_field_offsets(self, to_dt, expected_off):
+        # This checks the cast-safety and view offset for swapped and "shifted"
+        # fields which are viewable
+        from_dt = np.dtype({"names": ["a", "b"],
+                            "formats": ["i4", "f4"],
+                            "offsets": [2, 6]})
+        cast = get_castingimpl(type(from_dt), type(to_dt))
+        safety, _, view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors((from_dt, to_dt))
+        if from_dt.names == to_dt.names:
+            assert safety == Casting.equiv
+        else:
+            assert safety == Casting.safe
+        # Shifting the original data pointer by -2 will align both by
+        # effectively adding 2 bytes of spacing before `from_dt`.
+        assert view_off == expected_off
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(("from_dt", "to_dt", "expected_off"), [
+            # Subarray cases:
+            ("i", "(1,1)i", 0),
+            ("(1,1)i", "i", 0),
+            ("(2,1)i", "(2,1)i", 0),
+            # field cases (field to field is tested explicitly also):
+            # Not considered viewable, because a negative offset would allow
+            # may structured dtype to indirectly access invalid memory.
+            ("i", dict(names=["a"], formats=["i"], offsets=[2]), None),
+            (dict(names=["a"], formats=["i"], offsets=[2]), "i", 2),
+            # Currently considered not viewable, due to multiple fields
+            # even though they overlap (maybe we should not allow that?)
+            ("i", dict(names=["a", "b"], formats=["i", "i"], offsets=[2, 2]),
+             None),
+            # different number of fields can't work, should probably just fail
+            # so it never reports "viewable":
+            ("i,i", "i,i,i", None),
+            # Unstructured void cases:
+            ("i4", "V3", 0),  # void smaller or equal
+            ("i4", "V4", 0),  # void smaller or equal
+            ("i4", "V10", None),  # void is larger (no view)
+            ("O", "V4", None),  # currently reject objects for view here.
+            ("O", "V8", None),  # currently reject objects for view here.
+            ("V4", "V3", 0),
+            ("V4", "V4", 0),
+            ("V3", "V4", None),
+            # Note that currently void-to-other cast goes via byte-strings
+            # and is not a "view" based cast like the opposite direction:
+            ("V4", "i4", None),
+            # completely invalid/impossible cast:
+            ("i,i", "i,i,i", None),
+        ])
+    def test_structured_view_offsets_paramteric(
+            self, from_dt, to_dt, expected_off):
+        # TODO: While this test is fairly thorough, right now, it does not
+        # really test some paths that may have nonzero offsets (they don't
+        # really exists).
+        from_dt = np.dtype(from_dt)
+        to_dt = np.dtype(to_dt)
+        cast = get_castingimpl(type(from_dt), type(to_dt))
+        _, _, view_off = cast._resolve_descriptors((from_dt, to_dt))
+        assert view_off == expected_off
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["All"])
+    def test_object_casts_NULL_None_equivalence(self, dtype):
+        # None to <other> casts may succeed or fail, but a NULL'ed array must
+        # behave the same as one filled with None's.
+        arr_normal = np.array([None] * 5)
+        arr_NULLs = np.empty_like(arr_normal)
+        ctypes.memset(arr_NULLs.ctypes.data, 0, arr_NULLs.nbytes)
+        # If the check fails (maybe it should) the test would lose its purpose:
+        assert arr_NULLs.tobytes() == b"\x00" * arr_NULLs.nbytes
+
+        try:
+            expected = arr_normal.astype(dtype)
+        except TypeError:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                arr_NULLs.astype(dtype),
+        else:
+            assert_array_equal(expected, arr_NULLs.astype(dtype))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype",
+            np.typecodes["AllInteger"] + np.typecodes["AllFloat"])
+    def test_nonstandard_bool_to_other(self, dtype):
+        # simple test for casting bool_ to numeric types, which should not
+        # expose the detail that NumPy bools can sometimes take values other
+        # than 0 and 1.  See also gh-19514.
+        nonstandard_bools = np.array([0, 3, -7], dtype=np.int8).view(bool)
+        res = nonstandard_bools.astype(dtype)
+        expected = [0, 1, 1]
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_conversion_utils.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_conversion_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c602eba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_conversion_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+"""
+Tests for numpy/core/src/multiarray/conversion_utils.c
+"""
+import re
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.core._multiarray_tests as mt
+from numpy.testing import assert_warns, IS_PYPY
+
+
+class StringConverterTestCase:
+    allow_bytes = True
+    case_insensitive = True
+    exact_match = False
+    warn = True
+
+    def _check_value_error(self, val):
+        pattern = r'\(got {}\)'.format(re.escape(repr(val)))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=pattern) as exc:
+            self.conv(val)
+
+    def _check_conv_assert_warn(self, val, expected):
+        if self.warn:
+            with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning) as exc:
+                assert self.conv(val) == expected
+        else:
+            assert self.conv(val) == expected
+
+    def _check(self, val, expected):
+        """Takes valid non-deprecated inputs for converters,
+        runs converters on inputs, checks correctness of outputs,
+        warnings and errors"""
+        assert self.conv(val) == expected
+
+        if self.allow_bytes:
+            assert self.conv(val.encode('ascii')) == expected
+        else:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                self.conv(val.encode('ascii'))
+
+        if len(val) != 1:
+            if self.exact_match:
+                self._check_value_error(val[:1])
+                self._check_value_error(val + '\0')
+            else:
+                self._check_conv_assert_warn(val[:1], expected)
+
+        if self.case_insensitive:
+            if val != val.lower():
+                self._check_conv_assert_warn(val.lower(), expected)
+            if val != val.upper():
+                self._check_conv_assert_warn(val.upper(), expected)
+        else:
+            if val != val.lower():
+                self._check_value_error(val.lower())
+            if val != val.upper():
+                self._check_value_error(val.upper())
+
+    def test_wrong_type(self):
+        # common cases which apply to all the below
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            self.conv({})
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            self.conv([])
+
+    def test_wrong_value(self):
+        # nonsense strings
+        self._check_value_error('')
+        self._check_value_error('\N{greek small letter pi}')
+
+        if self.allow_bytes:
+            self._check_value_error(b'')
+            # bytes which can't be converted to strings via utf8
+            self._check_value_error(b"\xFF")
+        if self.exact_match:
+            self._check_value_error("there's no way this is supported")
+
+
+class TestByteorderConverter(StringConverterTestCase):
+    """ Tests of PyArray_ByteorderConverter """
+    conv = mt.run_byteorder_converter
+    warn = False
+
+    def test_valid(self):
+        for s in ['big', '>']:
+            self._check(s, 'NPY_BIG')
+        for s in ['little', '<']:
+            self._check(s, 'NPY_LITTLE')
+        for s in ['native', '=']:
+            self._check(s, 'NPY_NATIVE')
+        for s in ['ignore', '|']:
+            self._check(s, 'NPY_IGNORE')
+        for s in ['swap']:
+            self._check(s, 'NPY_SWAP')
+
+
+class TestSortkindConverter(StringConverterTestCase):
+    """ Tests of PyArray_SortkindConverter """
+    conv = mt.run_sortkind_converter
+    warn = False
+
+    def test_valid(self):
+        self._check('quicksort', 'NPY_QUICKSORT')
+        self._check('heapsort', 'NPY_HEAPSORT')
+        self._check('mergesort', 'NPY_STABLESORT')  # alias
+        self._check('stable', 'NPY_STABLESORT')
+
+
+class TestSelectkindConverter(StringConverterTestCase):
+    """ Tests of PyArray_SelectkindConverter """
+    conv = mt.run_selectkind_converter
+    case_insensitive = False
+    exact_match = True
+
+    def test_valid(self):
+        self._check('introselect', 'NPY_INTROSELECT')
+
+
+class TestSearchsideConverter(StringConverterTestCase):
+    """ Tests of PyArray_SearchsideConverter """
+    conv = mt.run_searchside_converter
+    def test_valid(self):
+        self._check('left', 'NPY_SEARCHLEFT')
+        self._check('right', 'NPY_SEARCHRIGHT')
+
+
+class TestOrderConverter(StringConverterTestCase):
+    """ Tests of PyArray_OrderConverter """
+    conv = mt.run_order_converter
+    warn = False
+
+    def test_valid(self):
+        self._check('c', 'NPY_CORDER')
+        self._check('f', 'NPY_FORTRANORDER')
+        self._check('a', 'NPY_ANYORDER')
+        self._check('k', 'NPY_KEEPORDER')
+
+    def test_flatten_invalid_order(self):
+        # invalid after gh-14596
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            self.conv('Z')
+        for order in [False, True, 0, 8]:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                self.conv(order)
+
+
+class TestClipmodeConverter(StringConverterTestCase):
+    """ Tests of PyArray_ClipmodeConverter """
+    conv = mt.run_clipmode_converter
+    def test_valid(self):
+        self._check('clip', 'NPY_CLIP')
+        self._check('wrap', 'NPY_WRAP')
+        self._check('raise', 'NPY_RAISE')
+
+        # integer values allowed here
+        assert self.conv(np.CLIP) == 'NPY_CLIP'
+        assert self.conv(np.WRAP) == 'NPY_WRAP'
+        assert self.conv(np.RAISE) == 'NPY_RAISE'
+
+
+class TestCastingConverter(StringConverterTestCase):
+    """ Tests of PyArray_CastingConverter """
+    conv = mt.run_casting_converter
+    case_insensitive = False
+    exact_match = True
+
+    def test_valid(self):
+        self._check("no", "NPY_NO_CASTING")
+        self._check("equiv", "NPY_EQUIV_CASTING")
+        self._check("safe", "NPY_SAFE_CASTING")
+        self._check("same_kind", "NPY_SAME_KIND_CASTING")
+        self._check("unsafe", "NPY_UNSAFE_CASTING")
+
+
+class TestIntpConverter:
+    """ Tests of PyArray_IntpConverter """
+    conv = mt.run_intp_converter
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        assert self.conv(1) == (1,)
+        assert self.conv((1, 2)) == (1, 2)
+        assert self.conv([1, 2]) == (1, 2)
+        assert self.conv(()) == ()
+
+    def test_none(self):
+        # once the warning expires, this will raise TypeError
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert self.conv(None) == ()
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY and sys.implementation.version <= (7, 3, 8),
+            reason="PyPy bug in error formatting")
+    def test_float(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            self.conv(1.0)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            self.conv([1, 1.0])
+
+    def test_too_large(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            self.conv(2**64)
+
+    def test_too_many_dims(self):
+        assert self.conv([1]*32) == (1,)*32
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            self.conv([1]*33)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_cpu_dispatcher.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_cpu_dispatcher.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41a60d5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_cpu_dispatcher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import __cpu_features__, __cpu_baseline__, __cpu_dispatch__
+from numpy.core import _umath_tests
+from numpy.testing import assert_equal
+
+def test_dispatcher():
+    """
+    Testing the utilities of the CPU dispatcher
+    """
+    targets = (
+        "SSE2", "SSE41", "AVX2",
+        "VSX", "VSX2", "VSX3",
+        "NEON", "ASIMD", "ASIMDHP",
+        "VX", "VXE"
+    )
+    highest_sfx = "" # no suffix for the baseline
+    all_sfx = []
+    for feature in reversed(targets):
+        # skip baseline features, by the default `CCompilerOpt` do not generate separated objects
+        # for the baseline,  just one object combined all of them via 'baseline' option
+        # within the configuration statements.
+        if feature in __cpu_baseline__:
+            continue
+        # check compiler and running machine support
+        if feature not in __cpu_dispatch__ or not __cpu_features__[feature]:
+            continue
+
+        if not highest_sfx:
+            highest_sfx = "_" + feature
+        all_sfx.append("func" + "_" + feature)
+
+    test = _umath_tests.test_dispatch()
+    assert_equal(test["func"], "func" + highest_sfx)
+    assert_equal(test["var"], "var"  + highest_sfx)
+
+    if highest_sfx:
+        assert_equal(test["func_xb"], "func" + highest_sfx)
+        assert_equal(test["var_xb"], "var"  + highest_sfx)
+    else:
+        assert_equal(test["func_xb"], "nobase")
+        assert_equal(test["var_xb"], "nobase")
+
+    all_sfx.append("func") # add the baseline
+    assert_equal(test["all"], all_sfx)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_cpu_features.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_cpu_features.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48ab30a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_cpu_features.py
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+import sys, platform, re, pytest
+from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import (
+    __cpu_features__,
+    __cpu_baseline__,
+    __cpu_dispatch__,
+)
+import numpy as np
+import subprocess
+import pathlib
+import os
+import re
+
+def assert_features_equal(actual, desired, fname):
+    __tracebackhide__ = True  # Hide traceback for py.test
+    actual, desired = str(actual), str(desired)
+    if actual == desired:
+        return
+    detected = str(__cpu_features__).replace("'", "")
+    try:
+        with open("/proc/cpuinfo") as fd:
+            cpuinfo = fd.read(2048)
+    except Exception as err:
+        cpuinfo = str(err)
+
+    try:
+        import subprocess
+        auxv = subprocess.check_output(['/bin/true'], env=dict(LD_SHOW_AUXV="1"))
+        auxv = auxv.decode()
+    except Exception as err:
+        auxv = str(err)
+
+    import textwrap
+    error_report = textwrap.indent(
+"""
+###########################################
+### Extra debugging information
+###########################################
+-------------------------------------------
+--- NumPy Detections
+-------------------------------------------
+%s
+-------------------------------------------
+--- SYS / CPUINFO
+-------------------------------------------
+%s....
+-------------------------------------------
+--- SYS / AUXV
+-------------------------------------------
+%s
+""" % (detected, cpuinfo, auxv), prefix='\r')
+
+    raise AssertionError((
+        "Failure Detection\n"
+        " NAME: '%s'\n"
+        " ACTUAL: %s\n"
+        " DESIRED: %s\n"
+        "%s"
+    ) % (fname, actual, desired, error_report))
+
+def _text_to_list(txt):
+    out = txt.strip("][\n").replace("'", "").split(', ')
+    return None if out[0] == "" else out
+
+class AbstractTest:
+    features = []
+    features_groups = {}
+    features_map = {}
+    features_flags = set()
+
+    def load_flags(self):
+        # a hook
+        pass
+    def test_features(self):
+        self.load_flags()
+        for gname, features in self.features_groups.items():
+            test_features = [self.cpu_have(f) for f in features]
+            assert_features_equal(__cpu_features__.get(gname), all(test_features), gname)
+
+        for feature_name in self.features:
+            cpu_have = self.cpu_have(feature_name)
+            npy_have = __cpu_features__.get(feature_name)
+            assert_features_equal(npy_have, cpu_have, feature_name)
+
+    def cpu_have(self, feature_name):
+        map_names = self.features_map.get(feature_name, feature_name)
+        if isinstance(map_names, str):
+            return map_names in self.features_flags
+        for f in map_names:
+            if f in self.features_flags:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def load_flags_cpuinfo(self, magic_key):
+        self.features_flags = self.get_cpuinfo_item(magic_key)
+
+    def get_cpuinfo_item(self, magic_key):
+        values = set()
+        with open('/proc/cpuinfo') as fd:
+            for line in fd:
+                if not line.startswith(magic_key):
+                    continue
+                flags_value = [s.strip() for s in line.split(':', 1)]
+                if len(flags_value) == 2:
+                    values = values.union(flags_value[1].upper().split())
+        return values
+
+    def load_flags_auxv(self):
+        auxv = subprocess.check_output(['/bin/true'], env=dict(LD_SHOW_AUXV="1"))
+        for at in auxv.split(b'\n'):
+            if not at.startswith(b"AT_HWCAP"):
+                continue
+            hwcap_value = [s.strip() for s in at.split(b':', 1)]
+            if len(hwcap_value) == 2:
+                self.features_flags = self.features_flags.union(
+                    hwcap_value[1].upper().decode().split()
+                )
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.platform == 'emscripten',
+    reason= (
+        "The subprocess module is not available on WASM platforms and"
+        " therefore this test class cannot be properly executed."
+    ),
+)
+class TestEnvPrivation:
+    cwd = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.resolve()
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    _enable = os.environ.pop('NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES', None)
+    _disable = os.environ.pop('NPY_DISABLE_CPU_FEATURES', None)
+    SUBPROCESS_ARGS = dict(cwd=cwd, capture_output=True, text=True, check=True)
+    unavailable_feats = [
+        feat for feat in __cpu_dispatch__ if not __cpu_features__[feat]
+    ]
+    UNAVAILABLE_FEAT = (
+        None if len(unavailable_feats) == 0
+        else unavailable_feats[0]
+    )
+    BASELINE_FEAT = None if len(__cpu_baseline__) == 0 else __cpu_baseline__[0]
+    SCRIPT = """
+def main():
+    from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import __cpu_features__, __cpu_dispatch__
+
+    detected = [feat for feat in __cpu_dispatch__ if __cpu_features__[feat]]
+    print(detected)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
+    """
+
+    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+    def setup_class(self, tmp_path_factory):
+        file = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("runtime_test_script")
+        file /= "_runtime_detect.py"
+        file.write_text(self.SCRIPT)
+        self.file = file
+        return
+
+    def _run(self):
+        return subprocess.run(
+            [sys.executable, self.file],
+            env=self.env,
+            **self.SUBPROCESS_ARGS,
+            )
+
+    # Helper function mimicing pytest.raises for subprocess call
+    def _expect_error(
+        self,
+        msg,
+        err_type,
+        no_error_msg="Failed to generate error"
+    ):
+        try:
+            self._run()
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            assertion_message = f"Expected: {msg}\nGot: {e.stderr}"
+            assert re.search(msg, e.stderr), assertion_message
+
+            assertion_message = (
+                f"Expected error of type: {err_type}; see full "
+                f"error:\n{e.stderr}"
+            )
+            assert re.search(err_type, e.stderr), assertion_message
+        else:
+            assert False, no_error_msg
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        """Ensure that the environment is reset"""
+        self.env = os.environ.copy()
+        return
+
+    def test_runtime_feature_selection(self):
+        """
+        Ensure that when selecting `NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES`, only the
+        features exactly specified are dispatched.
+        """
+
+        # Capture runtime-enabled features
+        out = self._run()
+        non_baseline_features = _text_to_list(out.stdout)
+
+        if non_baseline_features is None:
+            pytest.skip(
+                "No dispatchable features outside of baseline detected."
+            )
+        feature = non_baseline_features[0]
+
+        # Capture runtime-enabled features when `NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES` is
+        # specified
+        self.env['NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES'] = feature
+        out = self._run()
+        enabled_features = _text_to_list(out.stdout)
+
+        # Ensure that only one feature is enabled, and it is exactly the one
+        # specified by `NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES`
+        assert set(enabled_features) == {feature}
+
+        if len(non_baseline_features) < 2:
+            pytest.skip("Only one non-baseline feature detected.")
+        # Capture runtime-enabled features when `NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES` is
+        # specified
+        self.env['NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES'] = ",".join(non_baseline_features)
+        out = self._run()
+        enabled_features = _text_to_list(out.stdout)
+
+        # Ensure that both features are enabled, and they are exactly the ones
+        # specified by `NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES`
+        assert set(enabled_features) == set(non_baseline_features)
+        return
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("enabled, disabled",
+    [
+        ("feature", "feature"),
+        ("feature", "same"),
+    ])
+    def test_both_enable_disable_set(self, enabled, disabled):
+        """
+        Ensure that when both environment variables are set then an
+        ImportError is thrown
+        """
+        self.env['NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES'] = enabled
+        self.env['NPY_DISABLE_CPU_FEATURES'] = disabled
+        msg = "Both NPY_DISABLE_CPU_FEATURES and NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES"
+        err_type = "ImportError"
+        self._expect_error(msg, err_type)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not __cpu_dispatch__,
+        reason=(
+            "NPY_*_CPU_FEATURES only parsed if "
+            "`__cpu_dispatch__` is non-empty"
+        )
+    )
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("action", ["ENABLE", "DISABLE"])
+    def test_variable_too_long(self, action):
+        """
+        Test that an error is thrown if the environment variables are too long
+        to be processed. Current limit is 1024, but this may change later.
+        """
+        MAX_VAR_LENGTH = 1024
+        # Actual length is MAX_VAR_LENGTH + 1 due to null-termination
+        self.env[f'NPY_{action}_CPU_FEATURES'] = "t" * MAX_VAR_LENGTH
+        msg = (
+            f"Length of environment variable 'NPY_{action}_CPU_FEATURES' is "
+            f"{MAX_VAR_LENGTH + 1}, only {MAX_VAR_LENGTH} accepted"
+        )
+        err_type = "RuntimeError"
+        self._expect_error(msg, err_type)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not __cpu_dispatch__,
+        reason=(
+            "NPY_*_CPU_FEATURES only parsed if "
+            "`__cpu_dispatch__` is non-empty"
+        )
+    )
+    def test_impossible_feature_disable(self):
+        """
+        Test that a RuntimeError is thrown if an impossible feature-disabling
+        request is made. This includes disabling a baseline feature.
+        """
+
+        if self.BASELINE_FEAT is None:
+            pytest.skip("There are no unavailable features to test with")
+        bad_feature = self.BASELINE_FEAT
+        self.env['NPY_DISABLE_CPU_FEATURES'] = bad_feature
+        msg = (
+            f"You cannot disable CPU feature '{bad_feature}', since it is "
+            "part of the baseline optimizations"
+        )
+        err_type = "RuntimeError"
+        self._expect_error(msg, err_type)
+
+    def test_impossible_feature_enable(self):
+        """
+        Test that a RuntimeError is thrown if an impossible feature-enabling
+        request is made. This includes enabling a feature not supported by the
+        machine, or disabling a baseline optimization.
+        """
+
+        if self.UNAVAILABLE_FEAT is None:
+            pytest.skip("There are no unavailable features to test with")
+        bad_feature = self.UNAVAILABLE_FEAT
+        self.env['NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES'] = bad_feature
+        msg = (
+            f"You cannot enable CPU features \\({bad_feature}\\), since "
+            "they are not supported by your machine."
+        )
+        err_type = "RuntimeError"
+        self._expect_error(msg, err_type)
+
+        # Ensure that only the bad feature gets reported
+        feats = f"{bad_feature}, {self.BASELINE_FEAT}"
+        self.env['NPY_ENABLE_CPU_FEATURES'] = feats
+        msg = (
+            f"You cannot enable CPU features \\({bad_feature}\\), since they "
+            "are not supported by your machine."
+        )
+        self._expect_error(msg, err_type)
+
+is_linux = sys.platform.startswith('linux')
+is_cygwin = sys.platform.startswith('cygwin')
+machine  = platform.machine()
+is_x86   = re.match("^(amd64|x86|i386|i686)", machine, re.IGNORECASE)
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not (is_linux or is_cygwin) or not is_x86, reason="Only for Linux and x86"
+)
+class Test_X86_Features(AbstractTest):
+    features = [
+        "MMX", "SSE", "SSE2", "SSE3", "SSSE3", "SSE41", "POPCNT", "SSE42",
+        "AVX", "F16C", "XOP", "FMA4", "FMA3", "AVX2", "AVX512F", "AVX512CD",
+        "AVX512ER", "AVX512PF", "AVX5124FMAPS", "AVX5124VNNIW", "AVX512VPOPCNTDQ",
+        "AVX512VL", "AVX512BW", "AVX512DQ", "AVX512VNNI", "AVX512IFMA",
+        "AVX512VBMI", "AVX512VBMI2", "AVX512BITALG", "AVX512FP16",
+    ]
+    features_groups = dict(
+        AVX512_KNL = ["AVX512F", "AVX512CD", "AVX512ER", "AVX512PF"],
+        AVX512_KNM = ["AVX512F", "AVX512CD", "AVX512ER", "AVX512PF", "AVX5124FMAPS",
+                      "AVX5124VNNIW", "AVX512VPOPCNTDQ"],
+        AVX512_SKX = ["AVX512F", "AVX512CD", "AVX512BW", "AVX512DQ", "AVX512VL"],
+        AVX512_CLX = ["AVX512F", "AVX512CD", "AVX512BW", "AVX512DQ", "AVX512VL", "AVX512VNNI"],
+        AVX512_CNL = ["AVX512F", "AVX512CD", "AVX512BW", "AVX512DQ", "AVX512VL", "AVX512IFMA",
+                      "AVX512VBMI"],
+        AVX512_ICL = ["AVX512F", "AVX512CD", "AVX512BW", "AVX512DQ", "AVX512VL", "AVX512IFMA",
+                      "AVX512VBMI", "AVX512VNNI", "AVX512VBMI2", "AVX512BITALG", "AVX512VPOPCNTDQ"],
+        AVX512_SPR = ["AVX512F", "AVX512CD", "AVX512BW", "AVX512DQ",
+                      "AVX512VL", "AVX512IFMA", "AVX512VBMI", "AVX512VNNI",
+                      "AVX512VBMI2", "AVX512BITALG", "AVX512VPOPCNTDQ",
+                      "AVX512FP16"],
+    )
+    features_map = dict(
+        SSE3="PNI", SSE41="SSE4_1", SSE42="SSE4_2", FMA3="FMA",
+        AVX512VNNI="AVX512_VNNI", AVX512BITALG="AVX512_BITALG", AVX512VBMI2="AVX512_VBMI2",
+        AVX5124FMAPS="AVX512_4FMAPS", AVX5124VNNIW="AVX512_4VNNIW", AVX512VPOPCNTDQ="AVX512_VPOPCNTDQ",
+        AVX512FP16="AVX512_FP16",
+    )
+    def load_flags(self):
+        self.load_flags_cpuinfo("flags")
+
+is_power = re.match("^(powerpc|ppc)64", machine, re.IGNORECASE)
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not is_linux or not is_power, reason="Only for Linux and Power")
+class Test_POWER_Features(AbstractTest):
+    features = ["VSX", "VSX2", "VSX3", "VSX4"]
+    features_map = dict(VSX2="ARCH_2_07", VSX3="ARCH_3_00", VSX4="ARCH_3_1")
+
+    def load_flags(self):
+        self.load_flags_auxv()
+
+
+is_zarch = re.match("^(s390x)", machine, re.IGNORECASE)
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not is_linux or not is_zarch,
+                    reason="Only for Linux and IBM Z")
+class Test_ZARCH_Features(AbstractTest):
+    features = ["VX", "VXE", "VXE2"]
+
+    def load_flags(self):
+        self.load_flags_auxv()
+
+
+is_arm = re.match("^(arm|aarch64)", machine, re.IGNORECASE)
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not is_linux or not is_arm, reason="Only for Linux and ARM")
+class Test_ARM_Features(AbstractTest):
+    features = [
+        "NEON", "ASIMD", "FPHP", "ASIMDHP", "ASIMDDP", "ASIMDFHM"
+    ]
+    features_groups = dict(
+        NEON_FP16  = ["NEON", "HALF"],
+        NEON_VFPV4 = ["NEON", "VFPV4"],
+    )
+    def load_flags(self):
+        self.load_flags_cpuinfo("Features")
+        arch = self.get_cpuinfo_item("CPU architecture")
+        # in case of mounting virtual filesystem of aarch64 kernel
+        is_rootfs_v8 = int('0'+next(iter(arch))) > 7 if arch else 0
+        if  re.match("^(aarch64|AARCH64)", machine) or is_rootfs_v8:
+            self.features_map = dict(
+                NEON="ASIMD", HALF="ASIMD", VFPV4="ASIMD"
+            )
+        else:
+            self.features_map = dict(
+                # ELF auxiliary vector and /proc/cpuinfo on Linux kernel(armv8 aarch32)
+                # doesn't provide information about ASIMD, so we assume that ASIMD is supported
+                # if the kernel reports any one of the following ARM8 features.
+                ASIMD=("AES", "SHA1", "SHA2", "PMULL", "CRC32")
+            )
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_custom_dtypes.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_custom_dtypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da6a4bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_custom_dtypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
+from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import (
+    _discover_array_parameters as discover_array_params, _get_sfloat_dtype)
+
+
+SF = _get_sfloat_dtype()
+
+
+class TestSFloat:
+    def _get_array(self, scaling, aligned=True):
+        if not aligned:
+            a = np.empty(3*8 + 1, dtype=np.uint8)[1:]
+            a = a.view(np.float64)
+            a[:] = [1., 2., 3.]
+        else:
+            a = np.array([1., 2., 3.])
+
+        a *= 1./scaling  # the casting code also uses the reciprocal.
+        return a.view(SF(scaling))
+
+    def test_sfloat_rescaled(self):
+        sf = SF(1.)
+        sf2 = sf.scaled_by(2.)
+        assert sf2.get_scaling() == 2.
+        sf6 = sf2.scaled_by(3.)
+        assert sf6.get_scaling() == 6.
+
+    def test_class_discovery(self):
+        # This does not test much, since we always discover the scaling as 1.
+        # But most of NumPy (when writing) does not understand DType classes
+        dt, _ = discover_array_params([1., 2., 3.], dtype=SF)
+        assert dt == SF(1.)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("scaling", [1., -1., 2.])
+    def test_scaled_float_from_floats(self, scaling):
+        a = np.array([1., 2., 3.], dtype=SF(scaling))
+
+        assert a.dtype.get_scaling() == scaling
+        assert_array_equal(scaling * a.view(np.float64), [1., 2., 3.])
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        # Check the repr, mainly to cover the code paths:
+        assert repr(SF(scaling=1.)) == "_ScaledFloatTestDType(scaling=1.0)"
+
+    def test_dtype_name(self):
+        assert SF(1.).name == "_ScaledFloatTestDType64"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("scaling", [1., -1., 2.])
+    def test_sfloat_from_float(self, scaling):
+        a = np.array([1., 2., 3.]).astype(dtype=SF(scaling))
+
+        assert a.dtype.get_scaling() == scaling
+        assert_array_equal(scaling * a.view(np.float64), [1., 2., 3.])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("aligned", [True, False])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("scaling", [1., -1., 2.])
+    def test_sfloat_getitem(self, aligned, scaling):
+        a = self._get_array(1., aligned)
+        assert a.tolist() == [1., 2., 3.]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("aligned", [True, False])
+    def test_sfloat_casts(self, aligned):
+        a = self._get_array(1., aligned)
+
+        assert np.can_cast(a, SF(-1.), casting="equiv")
+        assert not np.can_cast(a, SF(-1.), casting="no")
+        na = a.astype(SF(-1.))
+        assert_array_equal(-1 * na.view(np.float64), a.view(np.float64))
+
+        assert np.can_cast(a, SF(2.), casting="same_kind")
+        assert not np.can_cast(a, SF(2.), casting="safe")
+        a2 = a.astype(SF(2.))
+        assert_array_equal(2 * a2.view(np.float64), a.view(np.float64))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("aligned", [True, False])
+    def test_sfloat_cast_internal_errors(self, aligned):
+        a = self._get_array(2e300, aligned)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match="error raised inside the core-loop: non-finite factor!"):
+            a.astype(SF(2e-300))
+
+    def test_sfloat_promotion(self):
+        assert np.result_type(SF(2.), SF(3.)) == SF(3.)
+        assert np.result_type(SF(3.), SF(2.)) == SF(3.)
+        # Float64 -> SF(1.) and then promotes normally, so both of this work:
+        assert np.result_type(SF(3.), np.float64) == SF(3.)
+        assert np.result_type(np.float64, SF(0.5)) == SF(1.)
+
+        # Test an undefined promotion:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.result_type(SF(1.), np.int64)
+
+    def test_basic_multiply(self):
+        a = self._get_array(2.)
+        b = self._get_array(4.)
+
+        res = a * b
+        # multiplies dtype scaling and content separately:
+        assert res.dtype.get_scaling() == 8.
+        expected_view = a.view(np.float64) * b.view(np.float64)
+        assert_array_equal(res.view(np.float64), expected_view)
+
+    def test_possible_and_impossible_reduce(self):
+        # For reductions to work, the first and last operand must have the
+        # same dtype.  For this parametric DType that is not necessarily true.
+        a = self._get_array(2.)
+        # Addition reductin works (as of writing requires to pass initial
+        # because setting a scaled-float from the default `0` fails).
+        res = np.add.reduce(a, initial=0.)
+        assert res == a.astype(np.float64).sum()
+
+        # But each multiplication changes the factor, so a reduction is not
+        # possible (the relaxed version of the old refusal to handle any
+        # flexible dtype).
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match="the resolved dtypes are not compatible"):
+            np.multiply.reduce(a)
+
+    def test_basic_ufunc_at(self):
+        float_a = np.array([1., 2., 3.])
+        b = self._get_array(2.)
+
+        float_b = b.view(np.float64).copy()
+        np.multiply.at(float_b, [1, 1, 1], float_a)
+        np.multiply.at(b, [1, 1, 1], float_a)
+
+        assert_array_equal(b.view(np.float64), float_b)
+
+    def test_basic_multiply_promotion(self):
+        float_a = np.array([1., 2., 3.])
+        b = self._get_array(2.)
+
+        res1 = float_a * b
+        res2 = b * float_a
+
+        # one factor is one, so we get the factor of b:
+        assert res1.dtype == res2.dtype == b.dtype
+        expected_view = float_a * b.view(np.float64)
+        assert_array_equal(res1.view(np.float64), expected_view)
+        assert_array_equal(res2.view(np.float64), expected_view)
+
+        # Check that promotion works when `out` is used:
+        np.multiply(b, float_a, out=res2)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            # The promoter accepts this (maybe it should not), but the SFloat
+            # result cannot be cast to integer:
+            np.multiply(b, float_a, out=np.arange(3))
+
+    def test_basic_addition(self):
+        a = self._get_array(2.)
+        b = self._get_array(4.)
+
+        res = a + b
+        # addition uses the type promotion rules for the result:
+        assert res.dtype == np.result_type(a.dtype, b.dtype)
+        expected_view = (a.astype(res.dtype).view(np.float64) +
+                         b.astype(res.dtype).view(np.float64))
+        assert_array_equal(res.view(np.float64), expected_view)
+
+    def test_addition_cast_safety(self):
+        """The addition method is special for the scaled float, because it
+        includes the "cast" between different factors, thus cast-safety
+        is influenced by the implementation.
+        """
+        a = self._get_array(2.)
+        b = self._get_array(-2.)
+        c = self._get_array(3.)
+
+        # sign change is "equiv":
+        np.add(a, b, casting="equiv")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add(a, b, casting="no")
+
+        # Different factor is "same_kind" (default) so check that "safe" fails
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add(a, c, casting="safe")
+
+        # Check that casting the output fails also (done by the ufunc here)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add(a, a, out=c, casting="safe")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc",
+            [np.logical_and, np.logical_or, np.logical_xor])
+    def test_logical_ufuncs_casts_to_bool(self, ufunc):
+        a = self._get_array(2.)
+        a[0] = 0.  # make sure first element is considered False.
+
+        float_equiv = a.astype(float)
+        expected = ufunc(float_equiv, float_equiv)
+        res = ufunc(a, a)
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
+        # also check that the same works for reductions:
+        expected = ufunc.reduce(float_equiv)
+        res = ufunc.reduce(a)
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
+        # The output casting does not match the bool, bool -> bool loop:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            ufunc(a, a, out=np.empty(a.shape, dtype=int), casting="equiv")
+
+    def test_wrapped_and_wrapped_reductions(self):
+        a = self._get_array(2.)
+        float_equiv = a.astype(float)
+
+        expected = np.hypot(float_equiv, float_equiv)
+        res = np.hypot(a, a)
+        assert res.dtype == a.dtype
+        res_float = res.view(np.float64) * 2
+        assert_array_equal(res_float, expected)
+
+        # Also check reduction (keepdims, due to incorrect getitem)
+        res = np.hypot.reduce(a, keepdims=True)
+        assert res.dtype == a.dtype
+        expected = np.hypot.reduce(float_equiv, keepdims=True)
+        assert res.view(np.float64) * 2 == expected
+
+    def test_astype_class(self):
+        # Very simple test that we accept `.astype()` also on the class.
+        # ScaledFloat always returns the default descriptor, but it does
+        # check the relevant code paths.
+        arr = np.array([1., 2., 3.], dtype=object)
+
+        res = arr.astype(SF)  # passing the class class
+        expected = arr.astype(SF(1.))  # above will have discovered 1. scaling
+        assert_array_equal(res.view(np.float64), expected.view(np.float64))
+
+    def test_creation_class(self):
+        arr1 = np.array([1., 2., 3.], dtype=SF)
+        assert arr1.dtype == SF(1.)
+        arr2 = np.array([1., 2., 3.], dtype=SF(1.))
+        assert_array_equal(arr1.view(np.float64), arr2.view(np.float64))
+
+
+def test_type_pickle():
+    # can't actually unpickle, but we can pickle (if in namespace)
+    import pickle
+
+    np._ScaledFloatTestDType = SF
+
+    s = pickle.dumps(SF)
+    res = pickle.loads(s)
+    assert res is SF
+
+    del np._ScaledFloatTestDType
+
+
+def test_is_numeric():
+    assert SF._is_numeric
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_cython.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_cython.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e0d00c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_cython.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import IS_WASM
+
+# This import is copied from random.tests.test_extending
+try:
+    import cython
+    from Cython.Compiler.Version import version as cython_version
+except ImportError:
+    cython = None
+else:
+    from numpy._utils import _pep440
+
+    # Cython 0.29.30 is required for Python 3.11 and there are
+    # other fixes in the 0.29 series that are needed even for earlier
+    # Python versions.
+    # Note: keep in sync with the one in pyproject.toml
+    required_version = "0.29.30"
+    if _pep440.parse(cython_version) < _pep440.Version(required_version):
+        # too old or wrong cython, skip the test
+        cython = None
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(cython is None, reason="requires cython")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+def install_temp(tmpdir_factory):
+    # Based in part on test_cython from random.tests.test_extending
+    if IS_WASM:
+        pytest.skip("No subprocess")
+
+    srcdir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'examples', 'cython')
+    build_dir = tmpdir_factory.mktemp("cython_test") / "build"
+    os.makedirs(build_dir, exist_ok=True)
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call(["meson", "--version"])
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pytest.skip("No usable 'meson' found")
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        subprocess.check_call(["meson", "setup",
+                               "--buildtype=release",
+                               "--vsenv", str(srcdir)],
+                              cwd=build_dir,
+                              )
+    else:
+        subprocess.check_call(["meson", "setup", str(srcdir)],
+                              cwd=build_dir
+                              )
+    subprocess.check_call(["meson", "compile", "-vv"], cwd=build_dir)
+
+    sys.path.append(str(build_dir))
+
+def test_is_timedelta64_object(install_temp):
+    import checks
+
+    assert checks.is_td64(np.timedelta64(1234))
+    assert checks.is_td64(np.timedelta64(1234, "ns"))
+    assert checks.is_td64(np.timedelta64("NaT", "ns"))
+
+    assert not checks.is_td64(1)
+    assert not checks.is_td64(None)
+    assert not checks.is_td64("foo")
+    assert not checks.is_td64(np.datetime64("now", "s"))
+
+
+def test_is_datetime64_object(install_temp):
+    import checks
+
+    assert checks.is_dt64(np.datetime64(1234, "ns"))
+    assert checks.is_dt64(np.datetime64("NaT", "ns"))
+
+    assert not checks.is_dt64(1)
+    assert not checks.is_dt64(None)
+    assert not checks.is_dt64("foo")
+    assert not checks.is_dt64(np.timedelta64(1234))
+
+
+def test_get_datetime64_value(install_temp):
+    import checks
+
+    dt64 = np.datetime64("2016-01-01", "ns")
+
+    result = checks.get_dt64_value(dt64)
+    expected = dt64.view("i8")
+
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_get_timedelta64_value(install_temp):
+    import checks
+
+    td64 = np.timedelta64(12345, "h")
+
+    result = checks.get_td64_value(td64)
+    expected = td64.view("i8")
+
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_get_datetime64_unit(install_temp):
+    import checks
+
+    dt64 = np.datetime64("2016-01-01", "ns")
+    result = checks.get_dt64_unit(dt64)
+    expected = 10
+    assert result == expected
+
+    td64 = np.timedelta64(12345, "h")
+    result = checks.get_dt64_unit(td64)
+    expected = 5
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_abstract_scalars(install_temp):
+    import checks
+
+    assert checks.is_integer(1)
+    assert checks.is_integer(np.int8(1))
+    assert checks.is_integer(np.uint64(1))
+
+def test_conv_intp(install_temp):
+    import checks
+
+    class myint:
+        def __int__(self):
+            return 3
+
+    # These conversion passes via `__int__`, not `__index__`:
+    assert checks.conv_intp(3.) == 3
+    assert checks.conv_intp(myint()) == 3
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_datetime.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_datetime.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..547ebf9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_datetime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2569 @@
+
+import numpy
+import numpy as np
+import datetime
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import (
+    IS_WASM,
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_warns, suppress_warnings,
+    assert_raises_regex, assert_array_equal,
+    )
+from numpy.compat import pickle
+
+# Use pytz to test out various time zones if available
+try:
+    from pytz import timezone as tz
+    _has_pytz = True
+except ImportError:
+    _has_pytz = False
+
+try:
+    RecursionError
+except NameError:
+    RecursionError = RuntimeError  # python < 3.5
+
+
+class TestDateTime:
+    def test_datetime_dtype_creation(self):
+        for unit in ['Y', 'M', 'W', 'D',
+                     'h', 'm', 's', 'ms', 'us',
+                     'μs',  # alias for us
+                     'ns', 'ps', 'fs', 'as']:
+            dt1 = np.dtype('M8[750%s]' % unit)
+            assert_(dt1 == np.dtype('datetime64[750%s]' % unit))
+            dt2 = np.dtype('m8[%s]' % unit)
+            assert_(dt2 == np.dtype('timedelta64[%s]' % unit))
+
+        # Generic units shouldn't add [] to the end
+        assert_equal(str(np.dtype("M8")), "datetime64")
+
+        # Should be possible to specify the endianness
+        assert_equal(np.dtype("=M8"), np.dtype("M8"))
+        assert_equal(np.dtype("=M8[s]"), np.dtype("M8[s]"))
+        assert_(np.dtype(">M8") == np.dtype("M8") or
+                np.dtype("<M8") == np.dtype("M8"))
+        assert_(np.dtype(">M8[D]") == np.dtype("M8[D]") or
+                np.dtype("<M8[D]") == np.dtype("M8[D]"))
+        assert_(np.dtype(">M8") != np.dtype("<M8"))
+
+        assert_equal(np.dtype("=m8"), np.dtype("m8"))
+        assert_equal(np.dtype("=m8[s]"), np.dtype("m8[s]"))
+        assert_(np.dtype(">m8") == np.dtype("m8") or
+                np.dtype("<m8") == np.dtype("m8"))
+        assert_(np.dtype(">m8[D]") == np.dtype("m8[D]") or
+                np.dtype("<m8[D]") == np.dtype("m8[D]"))
+        assert_(np.dtype(">m8") != np.dtype("<m8"))
+
+        # Check that the parser rejects bad datetime types
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'M8[badunit]')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'm8[badunit]')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'M8[YY]')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'm8[YY]')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'm4')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'M7')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'm7')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'M16')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'm16')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'M8[3000000000ps]')
+
+    def test_datetime_casting_rules(self):
+        # Cannot cast safely/same_kind between timedelta and datetime
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('m8', 'M8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('M8', 'm8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('m8', 'M8', casting='safe'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('M8', 'm8', casting='safe'))
+
+        # Can cast safely/same_kind from integer to timedelta
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i8', 'm8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i8', 'm8', casting='safe'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i4', 'm8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i4', 'm8', casting='safe'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u4', 'm8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u4', 'm8', casting='safe'))
+
+        # Cannot cast safely from unsigned integer of the same size, which
+        # could overflow
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u8', 'm8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('u8', 'm8', casting='safe'))
+
+        # Cannot cast safely/same_kind from float to timedelta
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('f4', 'm8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('f4', 'm8', casting='safe'))
+
+        # Cannot cast safely/same_kind from integer to datetime
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i8', 'M8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i8', 'M8', casting='safe'))
+
+        # Cannot cast safely/same_kind from bool to datetime
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('b1', 'M8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('b1', 'M8', casting='safe'))
+        # Can cast safely/same_kind from bool to timedelta
+        assert_(np.can_cast('b1', 'm8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('b1', 'm8', casting='safe'))
+
+        # Can cast datetime safely from months/years to days
+        assert_(np.can_cast('M8[M]', 'M8[D]', casting='safe'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('M8[Y]', 'M8[D]', casting='safe'))
+        # Cannot cast timedelta safely from months/years to days
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('m8[M]', 'm8[D]', casting='safe'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('m8[Y]', 'm8[D]', casting='safe'))
+        # Can cast datetime same_kind from months/years to days
+        assert_(np.can_cast('M8[M]', 'M8[D]', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('M8[Y]', 'M8[D]', casting='same_kind'))
+        # Can't cast timedelta same_kind from months/years to days
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('m8[M]', 'm8[D]', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('m8[Y]', 'm8[D]', casting='same_kind'))
+        # Can cast datetime same_kind across the date/time boundary
+        assert_(np.can_cast('M8[D]', 'M8[h]', casting='same_kind'))
+        # Can cast timedelta same_kind across the date/time boundary
+        assert_(np.can_cast('m8[D]', 'm8[h]', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('m8[h]', 'm8[D]', casting='same_kind'))
+
+        # Cannot cast safely if the integer multiplier doesn't divide
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('M8[7h]', 'M8[3h]', casting='safe'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('M8[3h]', 'M8[6h]', casting='safe'))
+        # But can cast same_kind
+        assert_(np.can_cast('M8[7h]', 'M8[3h]', casting='same_kind'))
+        # Can cast safely if the integer multiplier does divide
+        assert_(np.can_cast('M8[6h]', 'M8[3h]', casting='safe'))
+
+        # We can always cast types with generic units (corresponding to NaT) to
+        # more specific types
+        assert_(np.can_cast('m8', 'm8[h]', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('m8', 'm8[h]', casting='safe'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('M8', 'M8[h]', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('M8', 'M8[h]', casting='safe'))
+        # but not the other way around
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('m8[h]', 'm8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('m8[h]', 'm8', casting='safe'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('M8[h]', 'M8', casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('M8[h]', 'M8', casting='safe'))
+
+    def test_datetime_prefix_conversions(self):
+        # regression tests related to gh-19631;
+        # test metric prefixes from seconds down to
+        # attoseconds for bidirectional conversions
+        smaller_units = ['M8[7000ms]',
+                         'M8[2000us]',
+                         'M8[1000ns]',
+                         'M8[5000ns]',
+                         'M8[2000ps]',
+                         'M8[9000fs]',
+                         'M8[1000as]',
+                         'M8[2000000ps]',
+                         'M8[1000000as]',
+                         'M8[2000000000ps]',
+                         'M8[1000000000as]']
+        larger_units = ['M8[7s]',
+                        'M8[2ms]',
+                        'M8[us]',
+                        'M8[5us]',
+                        'M8[2ns]',
+                        'M8[9ps]',
+                        'M8[1fs]',
+                        'M8[2us]',
+                        'M8[1ps]',
+                        'M8[2ms]',
+                        'M8[1ns]']
+        for larger_unit, smaller_unit in zip(larger_units, smaller_units):
+            assert np.can_cast(larger_unit, smaller_unit, casting='safe')
+            assert np.can_cast(smaller_unit, larger_unit, casting='safe')
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("unit", [
+        "s", "ms", "us", "ns", "ps", "fs", "as"])
+    def test_prohibit_negative_datetime(self, unit):
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.array([1], dtype=f"M8[-1{unit}]")
+
+    def test_compare_generic_nat(self):
+        # regression tests for gh-6452
+        assert_(np.datetime64('NaT') !=
+                np.datetime64('2000') + np.timedelta64('NaT'))
+        assert_(np.datetime64('NaT') != np.datetime64('NaT', 'us'))
+        assert_(np.datetime64('NaT', 'us') != np.datetime64('NaT'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", [
+        3, 21, 217, 1000])
+    def test_datetime_nat_argsort_stability(self, size):
+        # NaT < NaT should be False internally for
+        # sort stability
+        expected = np.arange(size)
+        arr = np.tile(np.datetime64('NaT'), size)
+        assert_equal(np.argsort(arr, kind='mergesort'), expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", [
+        3, 21, 217, 1000])
+    def test_timedelta_nat_argsort_stability(self, size):
+        # NaT < NaT should be False internally for
+        # sort stability
+        expected = np.arange(size)
+        arr = np.tile(np.timedelta64('NaT'), size)
+        assert_equal(np.argsort(arr, kind='mergesort'), expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arr, expected", [
+        # the example provided in gh-12629
+        (['NaT', 1, 2, 3],
+         [1, 2, 3, 'NaT']),
+        # multiple NaTs
+        (['NaT', 9, 'NaT', -707],
+         [-707, 9, 'NaT', 'NaT']),
+        # this sort explores another code path for NaT
+        ([1, -2, 3, 'NaT'],
+         [-2, 1, 3, 'NaT']),
+        # 2-D array
+        ([[51, -220, 'NaT'],
+          [-17, 'NaT', -90]],
+         [[-220, 51, 'NaT'],
+          [-90, -17, 'NaT']]),
+        ])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [
+        'M8[ns]', 'M8[us]',
+        'm8[ns]', 'm8[us]'])
+    def test_datetime_timedelta_sort_nat(self, arr, expected, dtype):
+        # fix for gh-12629 and gh-15063; NaT sorting to end of array
+        arr = np.array(arr, dtype=dtype)
+        expected = np.array(expected, dtype=dtype)
+        arr.sort()
+        assert_equal(arr, expected)
+
+    def test_datetime_scalar_construction(self):
+        # Construct with different units
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1950-03-12', 'D'),
+                     np.datetime64('1950-03-12'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1950-03-12T13', 's'),
+                     np.datetime64('1950-03-12T13', 'm'))
+
+        # Default construction means NaT
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(), np.datetime64('NaT'))
+
+        # Some basic strings and repr
+        assert_equal(str(np.datetime64('NaT')), 'NaT')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.datetime64('NaT')),
+                     "numpy.datetime64('NaT')")
+        assert_equal(str(np.datetime64('2011-02')), '2011-02')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.datetime64('2011-02')),
+                     "numpy.datetime64('2011-02')")
+
+        # None gets constructed as NaT
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(None), np.datetime64('NaT'))
+
+        # Default construction of NaT is in generic units
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64().dtype, np.dtype('M8'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('NaT').dtype, np.dtype('M8'))
+
+        # Construction from integers requires a specified unit
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.datetime64, 17)
+
+        # When constructing from a scalar or zero-dimensional array,
+        # it either keeps the units or you can override them.
+        a = np.datetime64('2000-03-18T16', 'h')
+        b = np.array('2000-03-18T16', dtype='M8[h]')
+
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('M8[h]'))
+        assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('M8[h]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(a), a)
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(a).dtype, np.dtype('M8[h]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(b), a)
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(b).dtype, np.dtype('M8[h]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(a, 's'), a)
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(a, 's').dtype, np.dtype('M8[s]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(b, 's'), a)
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(b, 's').dtype, np.dtype('M8[s]'))
+
+        # Construction from datetime.date
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1945-03-25'),
+                     np.datetime64(datetime.date(1945, 3, 25)))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2045-03-25', 'D'),
+                     np.datetime64(datetime.date(2045, 3, 25), 'D'))
+        # Construction from datetime.datetime
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1980-01-25T14:36:22.5'),
+                     np.datetime64(datetime.datetime(1980, 1, 25,
+                                                14, 36, 22, 500000)))
+
+        # Construction with time units from a date is okay
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1920-03-13', 'h'),
+                     np.datetime64('1920-03-13T00'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1920-03', 'm'),
+                     np.datetime64('1920-03-01T00:00'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1920', 's'),
+                     np.datetime64('1920-01-01T00:00:00'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(datetime.date(2045, 3, 25), 'ms'),
+                     np.datetime64('2045-03-25T00:00:00.000'))
+
+        # Construction with date units from a datetime is also okay
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1920-03-13T18', 'D'),
+                     np.datetime64('1920-03-13'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1920-03-13T18:33:12', 'M'),
+                     np.datetime64('1920-03'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1920-03-13T18:33:12.5', 'Y'),
+                     np.datetime64('1920'))
+
+    def test_datetime_scalar_construction_timezone(self):
+        # verify that supplying an explicit timezone works, but is deprecated
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.datetime64('2000-01-01T00Z'),
+                         np.datetime64('2000-01-01T00'))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.datetime64('2000-01-01T00-08'),
+                         np.datetime64('2000-01-01T08'))
+
+    def test_datetime_array_find_type(self):
+        dt = np.datetime64('1970-01-01', 'M')
+        arr = np.array([dt])
+        assert_equal(arr.dtype, np.dtype('M8[M]'))
+
+        # at the moment, we don't automatically convert these to datetime64
+
+        dt = datetime.date(1970, 1, 1)
+        arr = np.array([dt])
+        assert_equal(arr.dtype, np.dtype('O'))
+
+        dt = datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 12, 30, 40)
+        arr = np.array([dt])
+        assert_equal(arr.dtype, np.dtype('O'))
+
+        # find "supertype" for non-dates and dates
+
+        b = np.bool_(True)
+        dm = np.datetime64('1970-01-01', 'M')
+        d = datetime.date(1970, 1, 1)
+        dt = datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 12, 30, 40)
+
+        arr = np.array([b, dm])
+        assert_equal(arr.dtype, np.dtype('O'))
+
+        arr = np.array([b, d])
+        assert_equal(arr.dtype, np.dtype('O'))
+
+        arr = np.array([b, dt])
+        assert_equal(arr.dtype, np.dtype('O'))
+
+        arr = np.array([d, d]).astype('datetime64')
+        assert_equal(arr.dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+
+        arr = np.array([dt, dt]).astype('datetime64')
+        assert_equal(arr.dtype, np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("unit", [
+    # test all date / time units and use
+    # "generic" to select generic unit
+    ("Y"), ("M"), ("W"), ("D"), ("h"), ("m"),
+    ("s"), ("ms"), ("us"), ("ns"), ("ps"),
+    ("fs"), ("as"), ("generic") ])
+    def test_timedelta_np_int_construction(self, unit):
+        # regression test for gh-7617
+        if unit != "generic":
+            assert_equal(np.timedelta64(np.int64(123), unit),
+                         np.timedelta64(123, unit))
+        else:
+            assert_equal(np.timedelta64(np.int64(123)),
+                         np.timedelta64(123))
+
+    def test_timedelta_scalar_construction(self):
+        # Construct with different units
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(7, 'D'),
+                     np.timedelta64(1, 'W'))
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(120, 's'),
+                     np.timedelta64(2, 'm'))
+
+        # Default construction means 0
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(), np.timedelta64(0))
+
+        # None gets constructed as NaT
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(None), np.timedelta64('NaT'))
+
+        # Some basic strings and repr
+        assert_equal(str(np.timedelta64('NaT')), 'NaT')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.timedelta64('NaT')),
+                     "numpy.timedelta64('NaT')")
+        assert_equal(str(np.timedelta64(3, 's')), '3 seconds')
+        assert_equal(repr(np.timedelta64(-3, 's')),
+                     "numpy.timedelta64(-3,'s')")
+        assert_equal(repr(np.timedelta64(12)),
+                     "numpy.timedelta64(12)")
+
+        # Construction from an integer produces generic units
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(12).dtype, np.dtype('m8'))
+
+        # When constructing from a scalar or zero-dimensional array,
+        # it either keeps the units or you can override them.
+        a = np.timedelta64(2, 'h')
+        b = np.array(2, dtype='m8[h]')
+
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+        assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(a), a)
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(a).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(b), a)
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(b).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(a, 's'), a)
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(a, 's').dtype, np.dtype('m8[s]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(b, 's'), a)
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(b, 's').dtype, np.dtype('m8[s]'))
+
+        # Construction from datetime.timedelta
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(5, 'D'),
+                     np.timedelta64(datetime.timedelta(days=5)))
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(102347621, 's'),
+                     np.timedelta64(datetime.timedelta(seconds=102347621)))
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(-10234760000, 'us'),
+                     np.timedelta64(datetime.timedelta(
+                                            microseconds=-10234760000)))
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(10234760000, 'us'),
+                     np.timedelta64(datetime.timedelta(
+                                            microseconds=10234760000)))
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(1023476, 'ms'),
+                     np.timedelta64(datetime.timedelta(milliseconds=1023476)))
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(10, 'm'),
+                     np.timedelta64(datetime.timedelta(minutes=10)))
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(281, 'h'),
+                     np.timedelta64(datetime.timedelta(hours=281)))
+        assert_equal(np.timedelta64(28, 'W'),
+                     np.timedelta64(datetime.timedelta(weeks=28)))
+
+        # Cannot construct across nonlinear time unit boundaries
+        a = np.timedelta64(3, 's')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'M')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'Y')
+        a = np.timedelta64(6, 'M')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'D')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'h')
+        a = np.timedelta64(1, 'Y')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'D')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'm')
+        a = datetime.timedelta(seconds=3)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'M')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'Y')
+        a = datetime.timedelta(weeks=3)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'M')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'Y')
+        a = datetime.timedelta()
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'M')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.timedelta64, a, 'Y')
+
+    def test_timedelta_object_array_conversion(self):
+        # Regression test for gh-11096
+        inputs = [datetime.timedelta(28),
+                  datetime.timedelta(30),
+                  datetime.timedelta(31)]
+        expected = np.array([28, 30, 31], dtype='timedelta64[D]')
+        actual = np.array(inputs, dtype='timedelta64[D]')
+        assert_equal(expected, actual)
+
+    def test_timedelta_0_dim_object_array_conversion(self):
+        # Regression test for gh-11151
+        test = np.array(datetime.timedelta(seconds=20))
+        actual = test.astype(np.timedelta64)
+        # expected value from the array constructor workaround
+        # described in above issue
+        expected = np.array(datetime.timedelta(seconds=20),
+                            np.timedelta64)
+        assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_timedelta_nat_format(self):
+        # gh-17552
+        assert_equal('NaT', '{0}'.format(np.timedelta64('nat')))
+
+    def test_timedelta_scalar_construction_units(self):
+        # String construction detecting units
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[Y]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[M]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12T17').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[h]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12T17:15').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[m]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12T17:15:08').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[s]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12T17:15:08.1').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[ms]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12T17:15:08.12').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[ms]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12T17:15:08.123').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[ms]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12T17:15:08.1234').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12T17:15:08.12345').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('2010-03-12T17:15:08.123456').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1970-01-01T00:00:02.1234567').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[ns]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1970-01-01T00:00:02.12345678').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[ns]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1970-01-01T00:00:02.123456789').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[ns]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1970-01-01T00:00:02.1234567890').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[ps]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1970-01-01T00:00:02.12345678901').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[ps]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('1970-01-01T00:00:02.123456789012').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[ps]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(
+                     '1970-01-01T00:00:02.1234567890123').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[fs]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(
+                     '1970-01-01T00:00:02.12345678901234').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[fs]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(
+                     '1970-01-01T00:00:02.123456789012345').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[fs]'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(
+                    '1970-01-01T00:00:02.1234567890123456').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[as]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(
+                    '1970-01-01T00:00:02.12345678901234567').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[as]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(
+                    '1970-01-01T00:00:02.123456789012345678').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[as]'))
+
+        # Python date object
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(datetime.date(2010, 4, 16)).dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+
+        # Python datetime object
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(
+                        datetime.datetime(2010, 4, 16, 13, 45, 18)).dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+
+        # 'today' special value
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('today').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+
+        # 'now' special value
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64('now').dtype,
+                     np.dtype('M8[s]'))
+
+    def test_datetime_nat_casting(self):
+        a = np.array('NaT', dtype='M8[D]')
+        b = np.datetime64('NaT', '[D]')
+
+        # Arrays
+        assert_equal(a.astype('M8[s]'), np.array('NaT', dtype='M8[s]'))
+        assert_equal(a.astype('M8[ms]'), np.array('NaT', dtype='M8[ms]'))
+        assert_equal(a.astype('M8[M]'), np.array('NaT', dtype='M8[M]'))
+        assert_equal(a.astype('M8[Y]'), np.array('NaT', dtype='M8[Y]'))
+        assert_equal(a.astype('M8[W]'), np.array('NaT', dtype='M8[W]'))
+
+        # Scalars -> Scalars
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(b, '[s]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[s]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(b, '[ms]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[ms]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(b, '[M]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[M]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(b, '[Y]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[Y]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(b, '[W]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[W]'))
+
+        # Arrays -> Scalars
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(a, '[s]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[s]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(a, '[ms]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[ms]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(a, '[M]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[M]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(a, '[Y]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[Y]'))
+        assert_equal(np.datetime64(a, '[W]'), np.datetime64('NaT', '[W]'))
+
+        # NaN -> NaT
+        nan = np.array([np.nan] * 8)
+        fnan = nan.astype('f')
+        lnan = nan.astype('g')
+        cnan = nan.astype('D')
+        cfnan = nan.astype('F')
+        clnan = nan.astype('G')
+
+        nat = np.array([np.datetime64('NaT')] * 8)
+        assert_equal(nan.astype('M8[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(fnan.astype('M8[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(lnan.astype('M8[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(cnan.astype('M8[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(cfnan.astype('M8[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(clnan.astype('M8[ns]'), nat)
+
+        nat = np.array([np.timedelta64('NaT')] * 8)
+        assert_equal(nan.astype('timedelta64[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(fnan.astype('timedelta64[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(lnan.astype('timedelta64[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(cnan.astype('timedelta64[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(cfnan.astype('timedelta64[ns]'), nat)
+        assert_equal(clnan.astype('timedelta64[ns]'), nat)
+
+    def test_days_creation(self):
+        assert_equal(np.array('1599', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                (1600-1970)*365 - (1972-1600)/4 + 3 - 365)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1600', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                (1600-1970)*365 - (1972-1600)/4 + 3)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1601', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                (1600-1970)*365 - (1972-1600)/4 + 3 + 366)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1900', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                (1900-1970)*365 - (1970-1900)//4)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1901', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                (1900-1970)*365 - (1970-1900)//4 + 365)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1967', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'), -3*365 - 1)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1968', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'), -2*365 - 1)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1969', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'), -1*365)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1970', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'), 0*365)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1971', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'), 1*365)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1972', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'), 2*365)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1973', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'), 3*365 + 1)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1974', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'), 4*365 + 1)
+        assert_equal(np.array('2000', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                 (2000 - 1970)*365 + (2000 - 1972)//4)
+        assert_equal(np.array('2001', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                 (2000 - 1970)*365 + (2000 - 1972)//4 + 366)
+        assert_equal(np.array('2400', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                 (2400 - 1970)*365 + (2400 - 1972)//4 - 3)
+        assert_equal(np.array('2401', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                 (2400 - 1970)*365 + (2400 - 1972)//4 - 3 + 366)
+
+        assert_equal(np.array('1600-02-29', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                (1600-1970)*365 - (1972-1600)//4 + 3 + 31 + 28)
+        assert_equal(np.array('1600-03-01', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                (1600-1970)*365 - (1972-1600)//4 + 3 + 31 + 29)
+        assert_equal(np.array('2000-02-29', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                 (2000 - 1970)*365 + (2000 - 1972)//4 + 31 + 28)
+        assert_equal(np.array('2000-03-01', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                 (2000 - 1970)*365 + (2000 - 1972)//4 + 31 + 29)
+        assert_equal(np.array('2001-03-22', dtype='M8[D]').astype('i8'),
+                 (2000 - 1970)*365 + (2000 - 1972)//4 + 366 + 31 + 28 + 21)
+
+    def test_days_to_pydate(self):
+        assert_equal(np.array('1599', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(1599, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1600', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(1600, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1601', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(1601, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1900', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(1900, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1901', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(1901, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.array('2000', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(2000, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.array('2001', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(2001, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1600-02-29', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(1600, 2, 29))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1600-03-01', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(1600, 3, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.array('2001-03-22', dtype='M8[D]').astype('O'),
+                    datetime.date(2001, 3, 22))
+
+    def test_dtype_comparison(self):
+        assert_(not (np.dtype('M8[us]') == np.dtype('M8[ms]')))
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[us]') != np.dtype('M8[ms]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[2D]') != np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[D]') != np.dtype('M8[2D]'))
+
+    def test_pydatetime_creation(self):
+        a = np.array(['1960-03-12', datetime.date(1960, 3, 12)], dtype='M8[D]')
+        assert_equal(a[0], a[1])
+        a = np.array(['1999-12-31', datetime.date(1999, 12, 31)], dtype='M8[D]')
+        assert_equal(a[0], a[1])
+        a = np.array(['2000-01-01', datetime.date(2000, 1, 1)], dtype='M8[D]')
+        assert_equal(a[0], a[1])
+        # Will fail if the date changes during the exact right moment
+        a = np.array(['today', datetime.date.today()], dtype='M8[D]')
+        assert_equal(a[0], a[1])
+        # datetime.datetime.now() returns local time, not UTC
+        #a = np.array(['now', datetime.datetime.now()], dtype='M8[s]')
+        #assert_equal(a[0], a[1])
+
+        # we can give a datetime.date time units
+        assert_equal(np.array(datetime.date(1960, 3, 12), dtype='M8[s]'),
+                     np.array(np.datetime64('1960-03-12T00:00:00')))
+
+    def test_datetime_string_conversion(self):
+        a = ['2011-03-16', '1920-01-01', '2013-05-19']
+        str_a = np.array(a, dtype='S')
+        uni_a = np.array(a, dtype='U')
+        dt_a = np.array(a, dtype='M')
+
+        # String to datetime
+        assert_equal(dt_a, str_a.astype('M'))
+        assert_equal(dt_a.dtype, str_a.astype('M').dtype)
+        dt_b = np.empty_like(dt_a)
+        dt_b[...] = str_a
+        assert_equal(dt_a, dt_b)
+
+        # Datetime to string
+        assert_equal(str_a, dt_a.astype('S0'))
+        str_b = np.empty_like(str_a)
+        str_b[...] = dt_a
+        assert_equal(str_a, str_b)
+
+        # Unicode to datetime
+        assert_equal(dt_a, uni_a.astype('M'))
+        assert_equal(dt_a.dtype, uni_a.astype('M').dtype)
+        dt_b = np.empty_like(dt_a)
+        dt_b[...] = uni_a
+        assert_equal(dt_a, dt_b)
+
+        # Datetime to unicode
+        assert_equal(uni_a, dt_a.astype('U'))
+        uni_b = np.empty_like(uni_a)
+        uni_b[...] = dt_a
+        assert_equal(uni_a, uni_b)
+
+        # Datetime to long string - gh-9712
+        assert_equal(str_a, dt_a.astype((np.bytes_, 128)))
+        str_b = np.empty(str_a.shape, dtype=(np.bytes_, 128))
+        str_b[...] = dt_a
+        assert_equal(str_a, str_b)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("time_dtype", ["m8[D]", "M8[Y]"])
+    def test_time_byteswapping(self, time_dtype):
+        times = np.array(["2017", "NaT"], dtype=time_dtype)
+        times_swapped = times.astype(times.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        assert_array_equal(times, times_swapped)
+
+        unswapped = times_swapped.view(np.int64).newbyteorder()
+        assert_array_equal(unswapped, times.view(np.int64))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["time1", "time2"],
+            [("M8[s]", "M8[D]"), ("m8[s]", "m8[ns]")])
+    def test_time_byteswapped_cast(self, time1, time2):
+        dtype1 = np.dtype(time1)
+        dtype2 = np.dtype(time2)
+        times = np.array(["2017", "NaT"], dtype=dtype1)
+        expected = times.astype(dtype2)
+
+        # Test that every byte-swapping combination also returns the same
+        # results (previous tests check that this comparison works fine).
+        res = times.astype(dtype1.newbyteorder()).astype(dtype2)
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+        res = times.astype(dtype2.newbyteorder())
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+        res = times.astype(dtype1.newbyteorder()).astype(dtype2.newbyteorder())
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("time_dtype", ["m8[D]", "M8[Y]"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("str_dtype", ["U", "S"])
+    def test_datetime_conversions_byteorders(self, str_dtype, time_dtype):
+        times = np.array(["2017", "NaT"], dtype=time_dtype)
+        # Unfortunately, timedelta does not roundtrip:
+        from_strings = np.array(["2017", "NaT"], dtype=str_dtype)
+        to_strings = times.astype(str_dtype)  # assume this is correct
+
+        # Check that conversion from times to string works if src is swapped:
+        times_swapped = times.astype(times.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        res = times_swapped.astype(str_dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(res, to_strings)
+        # And also if both are swapped:
+        res = times_swapped.astype(to_strings.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        assert_array_equal(res, to_strings)
+        # only destination is swapped:
+        res = times.astype(to_strings.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        assert_array_equal(res, to_strings)
+
+        # Check that conversion from string to times works if src is swapped:
+        from_strings_swapped = from_strings.astype(
+                from_strings.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        res = from_strings_swapped.astype(time_dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(res, times)
+        # And if both are swapped:
+        res = from_strings_swapped.astype(times.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        assert_array_equal(res, times)
+        # Only destination is swapped:
+        res = from_strings.astype(times.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        assert_array_equal(res, times)
+
+    def test_datetime_array_str(self):
+        a = np.array(['2011-03-16', '1920-01-01', '2013-05-19'], dtype='M')
+        assert_equal(str(a), "['2011-03-16' '1920-01-01' '2013-05-19']")
+
+        a = np.array(['2011-03-16T13:55', '1920-01-01T03:12'], dtype='M')
+        assert_equal(np.array2string(a, separator=', ',
+                    formatter={'datetime': lambda x:
+                            "'%s'" % np.datetime_as_string(x, timezone='UTC')}),
+                     "['2011-03-16T13:55Z', '1920-01-01T03:12Z']")
+
+        # Check that one NaT doesn't corrupt subsequent entries
+        a = np.array(['2010', 'NaT', '2030']).astype('M')
+        assert_equal(str(a), "['2010'  'NaT' '2030']")
+
+    def test_timedelta_array_str(self):
+        a = np.array([-1, 0, 100], dtype='m')
+        assert_equal(str(a), "[ -1   0 100]")
+        a = np.array(['NaT', 'NaT'], dtype='m')
+        assert_equal(str(a), "['NaT' 'NaT']")
+        # Check right-alignment with NaTs
+        a = np.array([-1, 'NaT', 0], dtype='m')
+        assert_equal(str(a), "[   -1 'NaT'     0]")
+        a = np.array([-1, 'NaT', 1234567], dtype='m')
+        assert_equal(str(a), "[     -1   'NaT' 1234567]")
+
+        # Test with other byteorder:
+        a = np.array([-1, 'NaT', 1234567], dtype='>m')
+        assert_equal(str(a), "[     -1   'NaT' 1234567]")
+        a = np.array([-1, 'NaT', 1234567], dtype='<m')
+        assert_equal(str(a), "[     -1   'NaT' 1234567]")
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        # Check that pickle roundtripping works
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            dt = np.dtype('M8[7D]')
+            assert_equal(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(dt, protocol=proto)), dt)
+            dt = np.dtype('M8[W]')
+            assert_equal(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(dt, protocol=proto)), dt)
+            scalar = np.datetime64('2016-01-01T00:00:00.000000000')
+            assert_equal(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(scalar, protocol=proto)),
+                         scalar)
+            delta = scalar - np.datetime64('2015-01-01T00:00:00.000000000')
+            assert_equal(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(delta, protocol=proto)),
+                         delta)
+
+        # Check that loading pickles from 1.6 works
+        pkl = b"cnumpy\ndtype\np0\n(S'M8'\np1\nI0\nI1\ntp2\nRp3\n" + \
+              b"(I4\nS'<'\np4\nNNNI-1\nI-1\nI0\n((dp5\n(S'D'\np6\n" + \
+              b"I7\nI1\nI1\ntp7\ntp8\ntp9\nb."
+        assert_equal(pickle.loads(pkl), np.dtype('<M8[7D]'))
+        pkl = b"cnumpy\ndtype\np0\n(S'M8'\np1\nI0\nI1\ntp2\nRp3\n" + \
+              b"(I4\nS'<'\np4\nNNNI-1\nI-1\nI0\n((dp5\n(S'W'\np6\n" + \
+              b"I1\nI1\nI1\ntp7\ntp8\ntp9\nb."
+        assert_equal(pickle.loads(pkl), np.dtype('<M8[W]'))
+        pkl = b"cnumpy\ndtype\np0\n(S'M8'\np1\nI0\nI1\ntp2\nRp3\n" + \
+              b"(I4\nS'>'\np4\nNNNI-1\nI-1\nI0\n((dp5\n(S'us'\np6\n" + \
+              b"I1\nI1\nI1\ntp7\ntp8\ntp9\nb."
+        assert_equal(pickle.loads(pkl), np.dtype('>M8[us]'))
+
+    def test_setstate(self):
+        "Verify that datetime dtype __setstate__ can handle bad arguments"
+        dt = np.dtype('>M8[us]')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dt.__setstate__, (4, '>', None, None, None, -1, -1, 0, 1))
+        assert_(dt.__reduce__()[2] == np.dtype('>M8[us]').__reduce__()[2])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, dt.__setstate__, (4, '>', None, None, None, -1, -1, 0, ({}, 'xxx')))
+        assert_(dt.__reduce__()[2] == np.dtype('>M8[us]').__reduce__()[2])
+
+    def test_dtype_promotion(self):
+        # datetime <op> datetime computes the metadata gcd
+        # timedelta <op> timedelta computes the metadata gcd
+        for mM in ['m', 'M']:
+            assert_equal(
+                np.promote_types(np.dtype(mM+'8[2Y]'), np.dtype(mM+'8[2Y]')),
+                np.dtype(mM+'8[2Y]'))
+            assert_equal(
+                np.promote_types(np.dtype(mM+'8[12Y]'), np.dtype(mM+'8[15Y]')),
+                np.dtype(mM+'8[3Y]'))
+            assert_equal(
+                np.promote_types(np.dtype(mM+'8[62M]'), np.dtype(mM+'8[24M]')),
+                np.dtype(mM+'8[2M]'))
+            assert_equal(
+                np.promote_types(np.dtype(mM+'8[1W]'), np.dtype(mM+'8[2D]')),
+                np.dtype(mM+'8[1D]'))
+            assert_equal(
+                np.promote_types(np.dtype(mM+'8[W]'), np.dtype(mM+'8[13s]')),
+                np.dtype(mM+'8[s]'))
+            assert_equal(
+                np.promote_types(np.dtype(mM+'8[13W]'), np.dtype(mM+'8[49s]')),
+                np.dtype(mM+'8[7s]'))
+        # timedelta <op> timedelta raises when there is no reasonable gcd
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.promote_types,
+                            np.dtype('m8[Y]'), np.dtype('m8[D]'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.promote_types,
+                            np.dtype('m8[M]'), np.dtype('m8[W]'))
+        # timedelta and float cannot be safely cast with each other
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.promote_types, "float32", "m8")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.promote_types, "m8", "float32")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.promote_types, "uint64", "m8")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.promote_types, "m8", "uint64")
+
+        # timedelta <op> timedelta may overflow with big unit ranges
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, np.promote_types,
+                            np.dtype('m8[W]'), np.dtype('m8[fs]'))
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, np.promote_types,
+                            np.dtype('m8[s]'), np.dtype('m8[as]'))
+
+    def test_cast_overflow(self):
+        # gh-4486
+        def cast():
+            numpy.datetime64("1971-01-01 00:00:00.000000000000000").astype("<M8[D]")
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, cast)
+
+        def cast2():
+            numpy.datetime64("2014").astype("<M8[fs]")
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, cast2)
+
+    def test_pyobject_roundtrip(self):
+        # All datetime types should be able to roundtrip through object
+        a = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                      -1020040340, -2942398, -1, 0, 1, 234523453, 1199164176],
+                                                        dtype=np.int64)
+        # With date units
+        for unit in ['M8[D]', 'M8[W]', 'M8[M]', 'M8[Y]']:
+            b = a.copy().view(dtype=unit)
+            b[0] = '-0001-01-01'
+            b[1] = '-0001-12-31'
+            b[2] = '0000-01-01'
+            b[3] = '0001-01-01'
+            b[4] = '1969-12-31'
+            b[5] = '1970-01-01'
+            b[6] = '9999-12-31'
+            b[7] = '10000-01-01'
+            b[8] = 'NaT'
+
+            assert_equal(b.astype(object).astype(unit), b,
+                            "Error roundtripping unit %s" % unit)
+        # With time units
+        for unit in ['M8[as]', 'M8[16fs]', 'M8[ps]', 'M8[us]',
+                     'M8[300as]', 'M8[20us]']:
+            b = a.copy().view(dtype=unit)
+            b[0] = '-0001-01-01T00'
+            b[1] = '-0001-12-31T00'
+            b[2] = '0000-01-01T00'
+            b[3] = '0001-01-01T00'
+            b[4] = '1969-12-31T23:59:59.999999'
+            b[5] = '1970-01-01T00'
+            b[6] = '9999-12-31T23:59:59.999999'
+            b[7] = '10000-01-01T00'
+            b[8] = 'NaT'
+
+            assert_equal(b.astype(object).astype(unit), b,
+                            "Error roundtripping unit %s" % unit)
+
+    def test_month_truncation(self):
+        # Make sure that months are truncating correctly
+        assert_equal(np.array('1945-03-01', dtype='M8[M]'),
+                     np.array('1945-03-31', dtype='M8[M]'))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1969-11-01', dtype='M8[M]'),
+             np.array('1969-11-30T23:59:59.99999', dtype='M').astype('M8[M]'))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1969-12-01', dtype='M8[M]'),
+             np.array('1969-12-31T23:59:59.99999', dtype='M').astype('M8[M]'))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1970-01-01', dtype='M8[M]'),
+             np.array('1970-01-31T23:59:59.99999', dtype='M').astype('M8[M]'))
+        assert_equal(np.array('1980-02-01', dtype='M8[M]'),
+             np.array('1980-02-29T23:59:59.99999', dtype='M').astype('M8[M]'))
+
+    def test_different_unit_comparison(self):
+        # Check some years with date units
+        for unit1 in ['Y', 'M', 'D']:
+            dt1 = np.dtype('M8[%s]' % unit1)
+            for unit2 in ['Y', 'M', 'D']:
+                dt2 = np.dtype('M8[%s]' % unit2)
+                assert_equal(np.array('1945', dtype=dt1),
+                             np.array('1945', dtype=dt2))
+                assert_equal(np.array('1970', dtype=dt1),
+                             np.array('1970', dtype=dt2))
+                assert_equal(np.array('9999', dtype=dt1),
+                             np.array('9999', dtype=dt2))
+                assert_equal(np.array('10000', dtype=dt1),
+                             np.array('10000-01-01', dtype=dt2))
+                assert_equal(np.datetime64('1945', unit1),
+                             np.datetime64('1945', unit2))
+                assert_equal(np.datetime64('1970', unit1),
+                             np.datetime64('1970', unit2))
+                assert_equal(np.datetime64('9999', unit1),
+                             np.datetime64('9999', unit2))
+                assert_equal(np.datetime64('10000', unit1),
+                             np.datetime64('10000-01-01', unit2))
+        # Check some datetimes with time units
+        for unit1 in ['6h', 'h', 'm', 's', '10ms', 'ms', 'us']:
+            dt1 = np.dtype('M8[%s]' % unit1)
+            for unit2 in ['h', 'm', 's', 'ms', 'us']:
+                dt2 = np.dtype('M8[%s]' % unit2)
+                assert_equal(np.array('1945-03-12T18', dtype=dt1),
+                             np.array('1945-03-12T18', dtype=dt2))
+                assert_equal(np.array('1970-03-12T18', dtype=dt1),
+                             np.array('1970-03-12T18', dtype=dt2))
+                assert_equal(np.array('9999-03-12T18', dtype=dt1),
+                             np.array('9999-03-12T18', dtype=dt2))
+                assert_equal(np.array('10000-01-01T00', dtype=dt1),
+                             np.array('10000-01-01T00', dtype=dt2))
+                assert_equal(np.datetime64('1945-03-12T18', unit1),
+                             np.datetime64('1945-03-12T18', unit2))
+                assert_equal(np.datetime64('1970-03-12T18', unit1),
+                             np.datetime64('1970-03-12T18', unit2))
+                assert_equal(np.datetime64('9999-03-12T18', unit1),
+                             np.datetime64('9999-03-12T18', unit2))
+                assert_equal(np.datetime64('10000-01-01T00', unit1),
+                             np.datetime64('10000-01-01T00', unit2))
+        # Check some days with units that won't overflow
+        for unit1 in ['D', '12h', 'h', 'm', 's', '4s', 'ms', 'us']:
+            dt1 = np.dtype('M8[%s]' % unit1)
+            for unit2 in ['D', 'h', 'm', 's', 'ms', 'us']:
+                dt2 = np.dtype('M8[%s]' % unit2)
+                assert_(np.equal(np.array('1932-02-17', dtype='M').astype(dt1),
+                     np.array('1932-02-17T00:00:00', dtype='M').astype(dt2),
+                     casting='unsafe'))
+                assert_(np.equal(np.array('10000-04-27', dtype='M').astype(dt1),
+                     np.array('10000-04-27T00:00:00', dtype='M').astype(dt2),
+                     casting='unsafe'))
+
+        # Shouldn't be able to compare datetime and timedelta
+        a = np.array('2012-12-21', dtype='M8[D]')
+        b = np.array(3, dtype='m8[D]')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.less, a, b)
+        # not even if "unsafe"
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.less, a, b, casting='unsafe')
+
+    def test_datetime_like(self):
+        a = np.array([3], dtype='m8[4D]')
+        b = np.array(['2012-12-21'], dtype='M8[D]')
+
+        assert_equal(np.ones_like(a).dtype, a.dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros_like(a).dtype, a.dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.empty_like(a).dtype, a.dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.ones_like(b).dtype, b.dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros_like(b).dtype, b.dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.empty_like(b).dtype, b.dtype)
+
+    def test_datetime_unary(self):
+        for tda, tdb, tdzero, tdone, tdmone in \
+                [
+                 # One-dimensional arrays
+                 (np.array([3], dtype='m8[D]'),
+                  np.array([-3], dtype='m8[D]'),
+                  np.array([0], dtype='m8[D]'),
+                  np.array([1], dtype='m8[D]'),
+                  np.array([-1], dtype='m8[D]')),
+                 # NumPy scalars
+                 (np.timedelta64(3, '[D]'),
+                  np.timedelta64(-3, '[D]'),
+                  np.timedelta64(0, '[D]'),
+                  np.timedelta64(1, '[D]'),
+                  np.timedelta64(-1, '[D]'))]:
+            # negative ufunc
+            assert_equal(-tdb, tda)
+            assert_equal((-tdb).dtype, tda.dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.negative(tdb), tda)
+            assert_equal(np.negative(tdb).dtype, tda.dtype)
+
+            # positive ufunc
+            assert_equal(np.positive(tda), tda)
+            assert_equal(np.positive(tda).dtype, tda.dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.positive(tdb), tdb)
+            assert_equal(np.positive(tdb).dtype, tdb.dtype)
+
+            # absolute ufunc
+            assert_equal(np.absolute(tdb), tda)
+            assert_equal(np.absolute(tdb).dtype, tda.dtype)
+
+            # sign ufunc
+            assert_equal(np.sign(tda), tdone)
+            assert_equal(np.sign(tdb), tdmone)
+            assert_equal(np.sign(tdzero), tdzero)
+            assert_equal(np.sign(tda).dtype, tda.dtype)
+
+            # The ufuncs always produce native-endian results
+            assert_
+
+    def test_datetime_add(self):
+        for dta, dtb, dtc, dtnat, tda, tdb, tdc in \
+                    [
+                     # One-dimensional arrays
+                     (np.array(['2012-12-21'], dtype='M8[D]'),
+                      np.array(['2012-12-24'], dtype='M8[D]'),
+                      np.array(['2012-12-21T11'], dtype='M8[h]'),
+                      np.array(['NaT'], dtype='M8[D]'),
+                      np.array([3], dtype='m8[D]'),
+                      np.array([11], dtype='m8[h]'),
+                      np.array([3*24 + 11], dtype='m8[h]')),
+                     # NumPy scalars
+                     (np.datetime64('2012-12-21', '[D]'),
+                      np.datetime64('2012-12-24', '[D]'),
+                      np.datetime64('2012-12-21T11', '[h]'),
+                      np.datetime64('NaT', '[D]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(3, '[D]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(11, '[h]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(3*24 + 11, '[h]'))]:
+            # m8 + m8
+            assert_equal(tda + tdb, tdc)
+            assert_equal((tda + tdb).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # m8 + bool
+            assert_equal(tdb + True, tdb + 1)
+            assert_equal((tdb + True).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # m8 + int
+            assert_equal(tdb + 3*24, tdc)
+            assert_equal((tdb + 3*24).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # bool + m8
+            assert_equal(False + tdb, tdb)
+            assert_equal((False + tdb).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # int + m8
+            assert_equal(3*24 + tdb, tdc)
+            assert_equal((3*24 + tdb).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # M8 + bool
+            assert_equal(dta + True, dta + 1)
+            assert_equal(dtnat + True, dtnat)
+            assert_equal((dta + True).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+            # M8 + int
+            assert_equal(dta + 3, dtb)
+            assert_equal(dtnat + 3, dtnat)
+            assert_equal((dta + 3).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+            # bool + M8
+            assert_equal(False + dta, dta)
+            assert_equal(False + dtnat, dtnat)
+            assert_equal((False + dta).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+            # int + M8
+            assert_equal(3 + dta, dtb)
+            assert_equal(3 + dtnat, dtnat)
+            assert_equal((3 + dta).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+            # M8 + m8
+            assert_equal(dta + tda, dtb)
+            assert_equal(dtnat + tda, dtnat)
+            assert_equal((dta + tda).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+            # m8 + M8
+            assert_equal(tda + dta, dtb)
+            assert_equal(tda + dtnat, dtnat)
+            assert_equal((tda + dta).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+
+            # In M8 + m8, the result goes to higher precision
+            assert_equal(np.add(dta, tdb, casting='unsafe'), dtc)
+            assert_equal(np.add(dta, tdb, casting='unsafe').dtype,
+                         np.dtype('M8[h]'))
+            assert_equal(np.add(tdb, dta, casting='unsafe'), dtc)
+            assert_equal(np.add(tdb, dta, casting='unsafe').dtype,
+                         np.dtype('M8[h]'))
+
+            # M8 + M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, dta, dtb)
+
+    def test_datetime_subtract(self):
+        for dta, dtb, dtc, dtd, dte, dtnat, tda, tdb, tdc in \
+                    [
+                     # One-dimensional arrays
+                     (np.array(['2012-12-21'], dtype='M8[D]'),
+                      np.array(['2012-12-24'], dtype='M8[D]'),
+                      np.array(['1940-12-24'], dtype='M8[D]'),
+                      np.array(['1940-12-24T00'], dtype='M8[h]'),
+                      np.array(['1940-12-23T13'], dtype='M8[h]'),
+                      np.array(['NaT'], dtype='M8[D]'),
+                      np.array([3], dtype='m8[D]'),
+                      np.array([11], dtype='m8[h]'),
+                      np.array([3*24 - 11], dtype='m8[h]')),
+                     # NumPy scalars
+                     (np.datetime64('2012-12-21', '[D]'),
+                      np.datetime64('2012-12-24', '[D]'),
+                      np.datetime64('1940-12-24', '[D]'),
+                      np.datetime64('1940-12-24T00', '[h]'),
+                      np.datetime64('1940-12-23T13', '[h]'),
+                      np.datetime64('NaT', '[D]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(3, '[D]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(11, '[h]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(3*24 - 11, '[h]'))]:
+            # m8 - m8
+            assert_equal(tda - tdb, tdc)
+            assert_equal((tda - tdb).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            assert_equal(tdb - tda, -tdc)
+            assert_equal((tdb - tda).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # m8 - bool
+            assert_equal(tdc - True, tdc - 1)
+            assert_equal((tdc - True).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # m8 - int
+            assert_equal(tdc - 3*24, -tdb)
+            assert_equal((tdc - 3*24).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # int - m8
+            assert_equal(False - tdb, -tdb)
+            assert_equal((False - tdb).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # int - m8
+            assert_equal(3*24 - tdb, tdc)
+            assert_equal((3*24 - tdb).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # M8 - bool
+            assert_equal(dtb - True, dtb - 1)
+            assert_equal(dtnat - True, dtnat)
+            assert_equal((dtb - True).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+            # M8 - int
+            assert_equal(dtb - 3, dta)
+            assert_equal(dtnat - 3, dtnat)
+            assert_equal((dtb - 3).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+            # M8 - m8
+            assert_equal(dtb - tda, dta)
+            assert_equal(dtnat - tda, dtnat)
+            assert_equal((dtb - tda).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+
+            # In M8 - m8, the result goes to higher precision
+            assert_equal(np.subtract(dtc, tdb, casting='unsafe'), dte)
+            assert_equal(np.subtract(dtc, tdb, casting='unsafe').dtype,
+                         np.dtype('M8[h]'))
+
+            # M8 - M8 with different goes to higher precision
+            assert_equal(np.subtract(dtc, dtd, casting='unsafe'),
+                         np.timedelta64(0, 'h'))
+            assert_equal(np.subtract(dtc, dtd, casting='unsafe').dtype,
+                         np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            assert_equal(np.subtract(dtd, dtc, casting='unsafe'),
+                         np.timedelta64(0, 'h'))
+            assert_equal(np.subtract(dtd, dtc, casting='unsafe').dtype,
+                         np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+
+            # m8 - M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.subtract, tda, dta)
+            # bool - M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.subtract, False, dta)
+            # int - M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.subtract, 3, dta)
+
+    def test_datetime_multiply(self):
+        for dta, tda, tdb, tdc in \
+                    [
+                     # One-dimensional arrays
+                     (np.array(['2012-12-21'], dtype='M8[D]'),
+                      np.array([6], dtype='m8[h]'),
+                      np.array([9], dtype='m8[h]'),
+                      np.array([12], dtype='m8[h]')),
+                     # NumPy scalars
+                     (np.datetime64('2012-12-21', '[D]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(6, '[h]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(9, '[h]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(12, '[h]'))]:
+            # m8 * int
+            assert_equal(tda * 2, tdc)
+            assert_equal((tda * 2).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # int * m8
+            assert_equal(2 * tda, tdc)
+            assert_equal((2 * tda).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # m8 * float
+            assert_equal(tda * 1.5, tdb)
+            assert_equal((tda * 1.5).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # float * m8
+            assert_equal(1.5 * tda, tdb)
+            assert_equal((1.5 * tda).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+
+            # m8 * m8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, tda, tdb)
+            # m8 * M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, dta, tda)
+            # M8 * m8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, tda, dta)
+            # M8 * int
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, dta, 2)
+            # int * M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, 2, dta)
+            # M8 * float
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, dta, 1.5)
+            # float * M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, 1.5, dta)
+
+        # NaTs
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered in multiply")
+            nat = np.timedelta64('NaT')
+            def check(a, b, res):
+                assert_equal(a * b, res)
+                assert_equal(b * a, res)
+            for tp in (int, float):
+                check(nat, tp(2), nat)
+                check(nat, tp(0), nat)
+            for f in (float('inf'), float('nan')):
+                check(np.timedelta64(1), f, nat)
+                check(np.timedelta64(0), f, nat)
+                check(nat, f, nat)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("op1, op2, exp", [
+        # m8 same units round down
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(4, 's'),
+         1),
+        # m8 same units round down with negative
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(-4, 's'),
+         -2),
+        # m8 same units negative no round down
+        (np.timedelta64(8, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(-4, 's'),
+         -2),
+        # m8 different units
+        (np.timedelta64(1, 'm'),
+         np.timedelta64(31, 's'),
+         1),
+        # m8 generic units
+        (np.timedelta64(1890),
+         np.timedelta64(31),
+         60),
+        # Y // M works
+        (np.timedelta64(2, 'Y'),
+         np.timedelta64('13', 'M'),
+         1),
+        # handle 1D arrays
+        (np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='m8'),
+         np.array([2], dtype='m8'),
+         np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype=np.int64)),
+        ])
+    def test_timedelta_floor_divide(self, op1, op2, exp):
+        assert_equal(op1 // op2, exp)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("op1, op2", [
+        # div by 0
+        (np.timedelta64(10, 'us'),
+         np.timedelta64(0, 'us')),
+        # div with NaT
+        (np.timedelta64('NaT'),
+         np.timedelta64(50, 'us')),
+        # special case for int64 min
+        # in integer floor division
+        (np.timedelta64(np.iinfo(np.int64).min),
+         np.timedelta64(-1)),
+        ])
+    def test_timedelta_floor_div_warnings(self, op1, op2):
+        with assert_warns(RuntimeWarning):
+            actual = op1 // op2
+            assert_equal(actual, 0)
+            assert_equal(actual.dtype, np.int64)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("val1, val2", [
+        # the smallest integer that can't be represented
+        # exactly in a double should be preserved if we avoid
+        # casting to double in floordiv operation
+        (9007199254740993, 1),
+        # stress the alternate floordiv code path where
+        # operand signs don't match and remainder isn't 0
+        (9007199254740999, -2),
+        ])
+    def test_timedelta_floor_div_precision(self, val1, val2):
+        op1 = np.timedelta64(val1)
+        op2 = np.timedelta64(val2)
+        actual = op1 // op2
+        # Python reference integer floor
+        expected = val1 // val2
+        assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("val1, val2", [
+        # years and months sometimes can't be unambiguously
+        # divided for floor division operation
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 'Y'),
+         np.timedelta64(3, 's')),
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 'M'),
+         np.timedelta64(1, 'D')),
+        ])
+    def test_timedelta_floor_div_error(self, val1, val2):
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, "common metadata divisor"):
+            val1 // val2
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("op1, op2", [
+        # reuse the test cases from floordiv
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(4, 's')),
+        # m8 same units round down with negative
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(-4, 's')),
+        # m8 same units negative no round down
+        (np.timedelta64(8, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(-4, 's')),
+        # m8 different units
+        (np.timedelta64(1, 'm'),
+         np.timedelta64(31, 's')),
+        # m8 generic units
+        (np.timedelta64(1890),
+         np.timedelta64(31)),
+        # Y // M works
+        (np.timedelta64(2, 'Y'),
+         np.timedelta64('13', 'M')),
+        # handle 1D arrays
+        (np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='m8'),
+         np.array([2], dtype='m8')),
+        ])
+    def test_timedelta_divmod(self, op1, op2):
+        expected = (op1 // op2, op1 % op2)
+        assert_equal(divmod(op1, op2), expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="does not work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("op1, op2", [
+        # reuse cases from floordiv
+        # div by 0
+        (np.timedelta64(10, 'us'),
+         np.timedelta64(0, 'us')),
+        # div with NaT
+        (np.timedelta64('NaT'),
+         np.timedelta64(50, 'us')),
+        # special case for int64 min
+        # in integer floor division
+        (np.timedelta64(np.iinfo(np.int64).min),
+         np.timedelta64(-1)),
+        ])
+    def test_timedelta_divmod_warnings(self, op1, op2):
+        with assert_warns(RuntimeWarning):
+            expected = (op1 // op2, op1 % op2)
+        with assert_warns(RuntimeWarning):
+            actual = divmod(op1, op2)
+        assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_datetime_divide(self):
+        for dta, tda, tdb, tdc, tdd in \
+                    [
+                     # One-dimensional arrays
+                     (np.array(['2012-12-21'], dtype='M8[D]'),
+                      np.array([6], dtype='m8[h]'),
+                      np.array([9], dtype='m8[h]'),
+                      np.array([12], dtype='m8[h]'),
+                      np.array([6], dtype='m8[m]')),
+                     # NumPy scalars
+                     (np.datetime64('2012-12-21', '[D]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(6, '[h]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(9, '[h]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(12, '[h]'),
+                      np.timedelta64(6, '[m]'))]:
+            # m8 / int
+            assert_equal(tdc / 2, tda)
+            assert_equal((tdc / 2).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # m8 / float
+            assert_equal(tda / 0.5, tdc)
+            assert_equal((tda / 0.5).dtype, np.dtype('m8[h]'))
+            # m8 / m8
+            assert_equal(tda / tdb, 6 / 9)
+            assert_equal(np.divide(tda, tdb), 6 / 9)
+            assert_equal(np.true_divide(tda, tdb), 6 / 9)
+            assert_equal(tdb / tda, 9 / 6)
+            assert_equal((tda / tdb).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+            assert_equal(tda / tdd, 60)
+            assert_equal(tdd / tda, 1 / 60)
+
+            # int / m8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.divide, 2, tdb)
+            # float / m8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.divide, 0.5, tdb)
+            # m8 / M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.divide, dta, tda)
+            # M8 / m8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.divide, tda, dta)
+            # M8 / int
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.divide, dta, 2)
+            # int / M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.divide, 2, dta)
+            # M8 / float
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.divide, dta, 1.5)
+            # float / M8
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.divide, 1.5, dta)
+
+        # NaTs
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning,  r".*encountered in divide")
+            nat = np.timedelta64('NaT')
+            for tp in (int, float):
+                assert_equal(np.timedelta64(1) / tp(0), nat)
+                assert_equal(np.timedelta64(0) / tp(0), nat)
+                assert_equal(nat / tp(0), nat)
+                assert_equal(nat / tp(2), nat)
+            # Division by inf
+            assert_equal(np.timedelta64(1) / float('inf'), np.timedelta64(0))
+            assert_equal(np.timedelta64(0) / float('inf'), np.timedelta64(0))
+            assert_equal(nat / float('inf'), nat)
+            # Division by nan
+            assert_equal(np.timedelta64(1) / float('nan'), nat)
+            assert_equal(np.timedelta64(0) / float('nan'), nat)
+            assert_equal(nat / float('nan'), nat)
+
+    def test_datetime_compare(self):
+        # Test all the comparison operators
+        a = np.datetime64('2000-03-12T18:00:00.000000')
+        b = np.array(['2000-03-12T18:00:00.000000',
+                      '2000-03-12T17:59:59.999999',
+                      '2000-03-12T18:00:00.000001',
+                      '1970-01-11T12:00:00.909090',
+                      '2016-01-11T12:00:00.909090'],
+                      dtype='datetime64[us]')
+        assert_equal(np.equal(a, b), [1, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+        assert_equal(np.not_equal(a, b), [0, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.less(a, b), [0, 0, 1, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.less_equal(a, b), [1, 0, 1, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.greater(a, b), [0, 1, 0, 1, 0])
+        assert_equal(np.greater_equal(a, b), [1, 1, 0, 1, 0])
+
+    def test_datetime_compare_nat(self):
+        dt_nat = np.datetime64('NaT', 'D')
+        dt_other = np.datetime64('2000-01-01')
+        td_nat = np.timedelta64('NaT', 'h')
+        td_other = np.timedelta64(1, 'h')
+
+        for op in [np.equal, np.less, np.less_equal,
+                   np.greater, np.greater_equal]:
+            assert_(not op(dt_nat, dt_nat))
+            assert_(not op(dt_nat, dt_other))
+            assert_(not op(dt_other, dt_nat))
+
+            assert_(not op(td_nat, td_nat))
+            assert_(not op(td_nat, td_other))
+            assert_(not op(td_other, td_nat))
+
+        assert_(np.not_equal(dt_nat, dt_nat))
+        assert_(np.not_equal(dt_nat, dt_other))
+        assert_(np.not_equal(dt_other, dt_nat))
+
+        assert_(np.not_equal(td_nat, td_nat))
+        assert_(np.not_equal(td_nat, td_other))
+        assert_(np.not_equal(td_other, td_nat))
+
+    def test_datetime_minmax(self):
+        # The metadata of the result should become the GCD
+        # of the operand metadata
+        a = np.array('1999-03-12T13', dtype='M8[2m]')
+        b = np.array('1999-03-12T12', dtype='M8[s]')
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(a, b), b)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(a, b).dtype, np.dtype('M8[s]'))
+        assert_equal(np.fmin(a, b), b)
+        assert_equal(np.fmin(a, b).dtype, np.dtype('M8[s]'))
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(a, b), a)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(a, b).dtype, np.dtype('M8[s]'))
+        assert_equal(np.fmax(a, b), a)
+        assert_equal(np.fmax(a, b).dtype, np.dtype('M8[s]'))
+        # Viewed as integers, the comparison is opposite because
+        # of the units chosen
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(a.view('i8'), b.view('i8')), a.view('i8'))
+
+        # Interaction with NaT
+        a = np.array('1999-03-12T13', dtype='M8[2m]')
+        dtnat = np.array('NaT', dtype='M8[h]')
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(a, dtnat), dtnat)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(dtnat, a), dtnat)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(a, dtnat), dtnat)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(dtnat, a), dtnat)
+        assert_equal(np.fmin(dtnat, a), a)
+        assert_equal(np.fmin(a, dtnat), a)
+        assert_equal(np.fmax(dtnat, a), a)
+        assert_equal(np.fmax(a, dtnat), a)
+
+        # Also do timedelta
+        a = np.array(3, dtype='m8[h]')
+        b = np.array(3*3600 - 3, dtype='m8[s]')
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(a, b), b)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(a, b).dtype, np.dtype('m8[s]'))
+        assert_equal(np.fmin(a, b), b)
+        assert_equal(np.fmin(a, b).dtype, np.dtype('m8[s]'))
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(a, b), a)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(a, b).dtype, np.dtype('m8[s]'))
+        assert_equal(np.fmax(a, b), a)
+        assert_equal(np.fmax(a, b).dtype, np.dtype('m8[s]'))
+        # Viewed as integers, the comparison is opposite because
+        # of the units chosen
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(a.view('i8'), b.view('i8')), a.view('i8'))
+
+        # should raise between datetime and timedelta
+        #
+        # TODO: Allowing unsafe casting by
+        #       default in ufuncs strikes again... :(
+        a = np.array(3, dtype='m8[h]')
+        b = np.array('1999-03-12T12', dtype='M8[s]')
+        #assert_raises(TypeError, np.minimum, a, b)
+        #assert_raises(TypeError, np.maximum, a, b)
+        #assert_raises(TypeError, np.fmin, a, b)
+        #assert_raises(TypeError, np.fmax, a, b)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.minimum, a, b, casting='same_kind')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.maximum, a, b, casting='same_kind')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.fmin, a, b, casting='same_kind')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.fmax, a, b, casting='same_kind')
+
+    def test_hours(self):
+        t = np.ones(3, dtype='M8[s]')
+        t[0] = 60*60*24 + 60*60*10
+        assert_(t[0].item().hour == 10)
+
+    def test_divisor_conversion_year(self):
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[Y/4]') == np.dtype('M8[3M]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[Y/13]') == np.dtype('M8[4W]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[3Y/73]') == np.dtype('M8[15D]'))
+
+    def test_divisor_conversion_month(self):
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[M/2]') == np.dtype('M8[2W]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[M/15]') == np.dtype('M8[2D]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[3M/40]') == np.dtype('M8[54h]'))
+
+    def test_divisor_conversion_week(self):
+        assert_(np.dtype('m8[W/7]') == np.dtype('m8[D]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('m8[3W/14]') == np.dtype('m8[36h]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('m8[5W/140]') == np.dtype('m8[360m]'))
+
+    def test_divisor_conversion_day(self):
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[D/12]') == np.dtype('M8[2h]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[D/120]') == np.dtype('M8[12m]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[3D/960]') == np.dtype('M8[270s]'))
+
+    def test_divisor_conversion_hour(self):
+        assert_(np.dtype('m8[h/30]') == np.dtype('m8[2m]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('m8[3h/300]') == np.dtype('m8[36s]'))
+
+    def test_divisor_conversion_minute(self):
+        assert_(np.dtype('m8[m/30]') == np.dtype('m8[2s]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('m8[3m/300]') == np.dtype('m8[600ms]'))
+
+    def test_divisor_conversion_second(self):
+        assert_(np.dtype('m8[s/100]') == np.dtype('m8[10ms]'))
+        assert_(np.dtype('m8[3s/10000]') == np.dtype('m8[300us]'))
+
+    def test_divisor_conversion_fs(self):
+        assert_(np.dtype('M8[fs/100]') == np.dtype('M8[10as]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: np.dtype('M8[3fs/10000]'))
+
+    def test_divisor_conversion_as(self):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: np.dtype('M8[as/10]'))
+
+    def test_string_parser_variants(self):
+        # Allow space instead of 'T' between date and time
+        assert_equal(np.array(['1980-02-29T01:02:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')),
+                     np.array(['1980-02-29 01:02:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')))
+        # Allow positive years
+        assert_equal(np.array(['+1980-02-29T01:02:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')),
+                     np.array(['+1980-02-29 01:02:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')))
+        # Allow negative years
+        assert_equal(np.array(['-1980-02-29T01:02:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')),
+                     np.array(['-1980-02-29 01:02:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')))
+        # UTC specifier
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(
+                np.array(['+1980-02-29T01:02:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')),
+                np.array(['+1980-02-29 01:02:03Z'], np.dtype('M8[s]')))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(
+                np.array(['-1980-02-29T01:02:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')),
+                np.array(['-1980-02-29 01:02:03Z'], np.dtype('M8[s]')))
+        # Time zone offset
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(
+                np.array(['1980-02-29T02:02:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')),
+                np.array(['1980-02-29 00:32:03-0130'], np.dtype('M8[s]')))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(
+                np.array(['1980-02-28T22:32:03'], np.dtype('M8[s]')),
+                np.array(['1980-02-29 00:02:03+01:30'], np.dtype('M8[s]')))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(
+                np.array(['1980-02-29T02:32:03.506'], np.dtype('M8[s]')),
+                np.array(['1980-02-29 00:32:03.506-02'], np.dtype('M8[s]')))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.datetime64('1977-03-02T12:30-0230'),
+                         np.datetime64('1977-03-02T15:00'))
+
+    def test_string_parser_error_check(self):
+        # Arbitrary bad string
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['badvalue'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Character after year must be '-'
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980X'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Cannot have trailing '-'
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Month must be in range [1,12]
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-00'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-13'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Month must have two digits
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-1'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-1-02'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # 'Mor' is not a valid month
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-Mor'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Cannot have trailing '-'
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-01-'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Day must be in range [1,len(month)]
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-01-0'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-01-00'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-01-32'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1979-02-29'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-30'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-03-32'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-04-31'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-05-32'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-06-31'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-07-32'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-08-32'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-09-31'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-10-32'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-11-31'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-12-32'], np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Cannot have trailing characters
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03%'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 q'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+
+        # Hours must be in range [0, 23]
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 25'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03T25'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 24:01'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03T24:01'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 -1'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # No trailing ':'
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Minutes must be in range [0, 59]
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:-1'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:60'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # No trailing ':'
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:60:'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Seconds must be in range [0, 59]
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:10:-1'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:01:60'],
+                                                        np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        # Timezone offset must within a reasonable range
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:01:00+0661'],
+                                                            np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:01:00+2500'],
+                                                            np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:01:00-0070'],
+                                                            np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:01:00-3000'],
+                                                            np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, ['1980-02-03 01:01:00-25:00'],
+                                                            np.dtype('M8[us]'))
+
+    def test_creation_overflow(self):
+        date = '1980-03-23 20:00:00'
+        timesteps = np.array([date], dtype='datetime64[s]')[0].astype(np.int64)
+        for unit in ['ms', 'us', 'ns']:
+            timesteps *= 1000
+            x = np.array([date], dtype='datetime64[%s]' % unit)
+
+            assert_equal(timesteps, x[0].astype(np.int64),
+                         err_msg='Datetime conversion error for unit %s' % unit)
+
+        assert_equal(x[0].astype(np.int64), 322689600000000000)
+
+        # gh-13062
+        with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+            np.datetime64(2**64, 'D')
+        with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+            np.timedelta64(2**64, 'D')
+
+    def test_datetime_as_string(self):
+        # Check all the units with default string conversion
+        date = '1959-10-13'
+        datetime = '1959-10-13T12:34:56.789012345678901234'
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(date, 'Y')),
+                     '1959')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(date, 'M')),
+                     '1959-10')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(date, 'D')),
+                     '1959-10-13')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'h')),
+                     '1959-10-13T12')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'm')),
+                     '1959-10-13T12:34')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 's')),
+                     '1959-10-13T12:34:56')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'ms')),
+                     '1959-10-13T12:34:56.789')
+        for us in ['us', 'μs', b'us']:  # check non-ascii and bytes too
+            assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, us)),
+                         '1959-10-13T12:34:56.789012')
+
+        datetime = '1969-12-31T23:34:56.789012345678901234'
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'ns')),
+                     '1969-12-31T23:34:56.789012345')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'ps')),
+                     '1969-12-31T23:34:56.789012345678')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'fs')),
+                     '1969-12-31T23:34:56.789012345678901')
+
+        datetime = '1969-12-31T23:59:57.789012345678901234'
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'as')),
+                     datetime)
+        datetime = '1970-01-01T00:34:56.789012345678901234'
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'ns')),
+                     '1970-01-01T00:34:56.789012345')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'ps')),
+                     '1970-01-01T00:34:56.789012345678')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'fs')),
+                     '1970-01-01T00:34:56.789012345678901')
+
+        datetime = '1970-01-01T00:00:05.789012345678901234'
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(np.datetime64(datetime, 'as')),
+                     datetime)
+
+        # String conversion with the unit= parameter
+        a = np.datetime64('2032-07-18T12:23:34.123456', 'us')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='Y', casting='unsafe'),
+                            '2032')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='M', casting='unsafe'),
+                            '2032-07')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='W', casting='unsafe'),
+                            '2032-07-18')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='D', casting='unsafe'),
+                            '2032-07-18')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='h'), '2032-07-18T12')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='m'),
+                            '2032-07-18T12:23')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='s'),
+                            '2032-07-18T12:23:34')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='ms'),
+                            '2032-07-18T12:23:34.123')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='us'),
+                            '2032-07-18T12:23:34.123456')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='ns'),
+                            '2032-07-18T12:23:34.123456000')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='ps'),
+                            '2032-07-18T12:23:34.123456000000')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='fs'),
+                            '2032-07-18T12:23:34.123456000000000')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='as'),
+                            '2032-07-18T12:23:34.123456000000000000')
+
+        # unit='auto' parameter
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(
+                np.datetime64('2032-07-18T12:23:34.123456', 'us'), unit='auto'),
+                '2032-07-18T12:23:34.123456')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(
+                np.datetime64('2032-07-18T12:23:34.12', 'us'), unit='auto'),
+                '2032-07-18T12:23:34.120')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(
+                np.datetime64('2032-07-18T12:23:34', 'us'), unit='auto'),
+                '2032-07-18T12:23:34')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(
+                np.datetime64('2032-07-18T12:23:00', 'us'), unit='auto'),
+                '2032-07-18T12:23')
+        # 'auto' doesn't split up hour and minute
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(
+                np.datetime64('2032-07-18T12:00:00', 'us'), unit='auto'),
+                '2032-07-18T12:00')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(
+                np.datetime64('2032-07-18T00:00:00', 'us'), unit='auto'),
+                '2032-07-18')
+        # 'auto' doesn't split up the date
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(
+                np.datetime64('2032-07-01T00:00:00', 'us'), unit='auto'),
+                '2032-07-01')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(
+                np.datetime64('2032-01-01T00:00:00', 'us'), unit='auto'),
+                '2032-01-01')
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not _has_pytz, reason="The pytz module is not available.")
+    def test_datetime_as_string_timezone(self):
+        # timezone='local' vs 'UTC'
+        a = np.datetime64('2010-03-15T06:30', 'm')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a),
+                '2010-03-15T06:30')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, timezone='naive'),
+                '2010-03-15T06:30')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, timezone='UTC'),
+                '2010-03-15T06:30Z')
+        assert_(np.datetime_as_string(a, timezone='local') !=
+                '2010-03-15T06:30')
+
+        b = np.datetime64('2010-02-15T06:30', 'm')
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, timezone=tz('US/Central')),
+                     '2010-03-15T01:30-0500')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, timezone=tz('US/Eastern')),
+                     '2010-03-15T02:30-0400')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, timezone=tz('US/Pacific')),
+                     '2010-03-14T23:30-0700')
+
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(b, timezone=tz('US/Central')),
+                     '2010-02-15T00:30-0600')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(b, timezone=tz('US/Eastern')),
+                     '2010-02-15T01:30-0500')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(b, timezone=tz('US/Pacific')),
+                     '2010-02-14T22:30-0800')
+
+        # Dates to strings with a timezone attached is disabled by default
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.datetime_as_string, a, unit='D',
+                           timezone=tz('US/Pacific'))
+        # Check that we can print out the date in the specified time zone
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(a, unit='D',
+                           timezone=tz('US/Pacific'), casting='unsafe'),
+                     '2010-03-14')
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_as_string(b, unit='D',
+                           timezone=tz('US/Central'), casting='unsafe'),
+                     '2010-02-15')
+
+    def test_datetime_arange(self):
+        # With two datetimes provided as strings
+        a = np.arange('2010-01-05', '2010-01-10', dtype='M8[D]')
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+        assert_equal(a,
+            np.array(['2010-01-05', '2010-01-06', '2010-01-07',
+                      '2010-01-08', '2010-01-09'], dtype='M8[D]'))
+
+        a = np.arange('1950-02-10', '1950-02-06', -1, dtype='M8[D]')
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+        assert_equal(a,
+            np.array(['1950-02-10', '1950-02-09', '1950-02-08',
+                      '1950-02-07'], dtype='M8[D]'))
+
+        # Unit should be detected as months here
+        a = np.arange('1969-05', '1970-05', 2, dtype='M8')
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('M8[M]'))
+        assert_equal(a,
+            np.datetime64('1969-05') + np.arange(12, step=2))
+
+        # datetime, integer|timedelta works as well
+        # produces arange (start, start + stop) in this case
+        a = np.arange('1969', 18, 3, dtype='M8')
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('M8[Y]'))
+        assert_equal(a,
+            np.datetime64('1969') + np.arange(18, step=3))
+        a = np.arange('1969-12-19', 22, np.timedelta64(2), dtype='M8')
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+        assert_equal(a,
+            np.datetime64('1969-12-19') + np.arange(22, step=2))
+
+        # Step of 0 is disallowed
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.arange, np.datetime64('today'),
+                                np.datetime64('today') + 3, 0)
+        # Promotion across nonlinear unit boundaries is disallowed
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.arange, np.datetime64('2011-03-01', 'D'),
+                                np.timedelta64(5, 'M'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.arange,
+                                np.datetime64('2012-02-03T14', 's'),
+                                np.timedelta64(5, 'Y'))
+
+    def test_datetime_arange_no_dtype(self):
+        d = np.array('2010-01-04', dtype="M8[D]")
+        assert_equal(np.arange(d, d + 1), d)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.arange, d)
+
+    def test_timedelta_arange(self):
+        a = np.arange(3, 10, dtype='m8')
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('m8'))
+        assert_equal(a, np.timedelta64(0) + np.arange(3, 10))
+
+        a = np.arange(np.timedelta64(3, 's'), 10, 2, dtype='m8')
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('m8[s]'))
+        assert_equal(a, np.timedelta64(0, 's') + np.arange(3, 10, 2))
+
+        # Step of 0 is disallowed
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.arange, np.timedelta64(0),
+                                np.timedelta64(5), 0)
+        # Promotion across nonlinear unit boundaries is disallowed
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.arange, np.timedelta64(0, 'D'),
+                                np.timedelta64(5, 'M'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.arange, np.timedelta64(0, 'Y'),
+                                np.timedelta64(5, 'D'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("val1, val2, expected", [
+        # case from gh-12092
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(3, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(1, 's')),
+        # negative value cases
+        (np.timedelta64(3, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(-2, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(-1, 's')),
+        (np.timedelta64(-3, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(2, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(1, 's')),
+        # larger value cases
+        (np.timedelta64(17, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(22, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(17, 's')),
+        (np.timedelta64(22, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(17, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(5, 's')),
+        # different units
+        (np.timedelta64(1, 'm'),
+         np.timedelta64(57, 's'),
+         np.timedelta64(3, 's')),
+        (np.timedelta64(1, 'us'),
+         np.timedelta64(727, 'ns'),
+         np.timedelta64(273, 'ns')),
+        # NaT is propagated
+        (np.timedelta64('NaT'),
+         np.timedelta64(50, 'ns'),
+         np.timedelta64('NaT')),
+        # Y % M works
+        (np.timedelta64(2, 'Y'),
+         np.timedelta64(22, 'M'),
+         np.timedelta64(2, 'M')),
+        ])
+    def test_timedelta_modulus(self, val1, val2, expected):
+        assert_equal(val1 % val2, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("val1, val2", [
+        # years and months sometimes can't be unambiguously
+        # divided for modulus operation
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 'Y'),
+         np.timedelta64(3, 's')),
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 'M'),
+         np.timedelta64(1, 'D')),
+        ])
+    def test_timedelta_modulus_error(self, val1, val2):
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, "common metadata divisor"):
+            val1 % val2
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_timedelta_modulus_div_by_zero(self):
+        with assert_warns(RuntimeWarning):
+            actual = np.timedelta64(10, 's') % np.timedelta64(0, 's')
+            assert_equal(actual, np.timedelta64('NaT'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("val1, val2", [
+        # cases where one operand is not
+        # timedelta64
+        (np.timedelta64(7, 'Y'),
+         15,),
+        (7.5,
+         np.timedelta64(1, 'D')),
+        ])
+    def test_timedelta_modulus_type_resolution(self, val1, val2):
+        # NOTE: some of the operations may be supported
+        # in the future
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError,
+                                 "'remainder' cannot use operands with types"):
+            val1 % val2
+
+    def test_timedelta_arange_no_dtype(self):
+        d = np.array(5, dtype="m8[D]")
+        assert_equal(np.arange(d, d + 1), d)
+        assert_equal(np.arange(d), np.arange(0, d))
+
+    def test_datetime_maximum_reduce(self):
+        a = np.array(['2010-01-02', '1999-03-14', '1833-03'], dtype='M8[D]')
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce(a).dtype, np.dtype('M8[D]'))
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce(a),
+                     np.datetime64('2010-01-02'))
+
+        a = np.array([1, 4, 0, 7, 2], dtype='m8[s]')
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce(a).dtype, np.dtype('m8[s]'))
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce(a),
+                     np.timedelta64(7, 's'))
+
+    def test_timedelta_correct_mean(self):
+        # test mainly because it worked only via a bug in that allowed:
+        # `timedelta.sum(dtype="f8")` to ignore the dtype request.
+        a = np.arange(1000, dtype="m8[s]")
+        assert_array_equal(a.mean(), a.sum() / len(a))
+
+    def test_datetime_no_subtract_reducelike(self):
+        # subtracting two datetime64 works, but we cannot reduce it, since
+        # the result of that subtraction will have a different dtype.
+        arr = np.array(["2021-12-02", "2019-05-12"], dtype="M8[ms]")
+        msg = r"the resolved dtypes are not compatible"
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            np.subtract.reduce(arr)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            np.subtract.accumulate(arr)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            np.subtract.reduceat(arr, [0])
+
+    def test_datetime_busday_offset(self):
+        # First Monday in June
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-06', 0, roll='forward', weekmask='Mon'),
+            np.datetime64('2011-06-06'))
+        # Last Monday in June
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-07', -1, roll='forward', weekmask='Mon'),
+            np.datetime64('2011-06-27'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-07', -1, roll='forward', weekmask='Mon'),
+            np.datetime64('2011-06-27'))
+
+        # Default M-F business days, different roll modes
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2010-08', 0, roll='backward'),
+                     np.datetime64('2010-07-30'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2010-08', 0, roll='preceding'),
+                     np.datetime64('2010-07-30'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2010-08', 0, roll='modifiedpreceding'),
+                     np.datetime64('2010-08-02'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2010-08', 0, roll='modifiedfollowing'),
+                     np.datetime64('2010-08-02'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2010-08', 0, roll='forward'),
+                     np.datetime64('2010-08-02'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2010-08', 0, roll='following'),
+                     np.datetime64('2010-08-02'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2010-10-30', 0, roll='following'),
+                     np.datetime64('2010-11-01'))
+        assert_equal(
+                np.busday_offset('2010-10-30', 0, roll='modifiedfollowing'),
+                np.datetime64('2010-10-29'))
+        assert_equal(
+                np.busday_offset('2010-10-30', 0, roll='modifiedpreceding'),
+                np.datetime64('2010-10-29'))
+        assert_equal(
+                np.busday_offset('2010-10-16', 0, roll='modifiedfollowing'),
+                np.datetime64('2010-10-18'))
+        assert_equal(
+                np.busday_offset('2010-10-16', 0, roll='modifiedpreceding'),
+                np.datetime64('2010-10-15'))
+        # roll='raise' by default
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busday_offset, '2011-06-04', 0)
+
+        # Bigger offset values
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2006-02-01', 25),
+                     np.datetime64('2006-03-08'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2006-03-08', -25),
+                     np.datetime64('2006-02-01'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2007-02-25', 11, weekmask='SatSun'),
+                     np.datetime64('2007-04-07'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset('2007-04-07', -11, weekmask='SatSun'),
+                     np.datetime64('2007-02-25'))
+
+        # NaT values when roll is not raise
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset(np.datetime64('NaT'), 1, roll='nat'),
+                     np.datetime64('NaT'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset(np.datetime64('NaT'), 1, roll='following'),
+                     np.datetime64('NaT'))
+        assert_equal(np.busday_offset(np.datetime64('NaT'), 1, roll='preceding'),
+                     np.datetime64('NaT'))
+
+    def test_datetime_busdaycalendar(self):
+        # Check that it removes NaT, duplicates, and weekends
+        # and sorts the result.
+        bdd = np.busdaycalendar(
+            holidays=['NaT', '2011-01-17', '2011-03-06', 'NaT',
+                       '2011-12-26', '2011-05-30', '2011-01-17'])
+        assert_equal(bdd.holidays,
+            np.array(['2011-01-17', '2011-05-30', '2011-12-26'], dtype='M8'))
+        # Default M-F weekmask
+        assert_equal(bdd.weekmask, np.array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0], dtype='?'))
+
+        # Check string weekmask with varying whitespace.
+        bdd = np.busdaycalendar(weekmask="Sun TueWed  Thu\tFri")
+        assert_equal(bdd.weekmask, np.array([0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1], dtype='?'))
+
+        # Check length 7 0/1 string
+        bdd = np.busdaycalendar(weekmask="0011001")
+        assert_equal(bdd.weekmask, np.array([0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1], dtype='?'))
+
+        # Check length 7 string weekmask.
+        bdd = np.busdaycalendar(weekmask="Mon Tue")
+        assert_equal(bdd.weekmask, np.array([1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], dtype='?'))
+
+        # All-zeros weekmask should raise
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busdaycalendar, weekmask=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+        # weekday names must be correct case
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busdaycalendar, weekmask="satsun")
+        # All-zeros weekmask should raise
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busdaycalendar, weekmask="")
+        # Invalid weekday name codes should raise
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busdaycalendar, weekmask="Mon Tue We")
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busdaycalendar, weekmask="Max")
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busdaycalendar, weekmask="Monday Tue")
+
+    def test_datetime_busday_holidays_offset(self):
+        # With exactly one holiday
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-10', 1, holidays=['2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-14'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-04', 5, holidays=['2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-14'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-10', 5, holidays=['2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-18'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-14', -1, holidays=['2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-10'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-18', -5, holidays=['2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-10'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-14', -5, holidays=['2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-04'))
+        # With the holiday appearing twice
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-10', 1,
+                holidays=['2011-11-11', '2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-14'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-14', -1,
+                holidays=['2011-11-11', '2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-10'))
+        # With a NaT holiday
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-10', 1,
+                holidays=['2011-11-11', 'NaT']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-14'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-14', -1,
+                holidays=['NaT', '2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-10'))
+        # With another holiday after
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-10', 1,
+                holidays=['2011-11-11', '2011-11-24']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-14'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-14', -1,
+                holidays=['2011-11-11', '2011-11-24']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-10'))
+        # With another holiday before
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-10', 1,
+                holidays=['2011-10-10', '2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-14'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-14', -1,
+                holidays=['2011-10-10', '2011-11-11']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-10'))
+        # With another holiday before and after
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-10', 1,
+                holidays=['2011-10-10', '2011-11-11', '2011-11-24']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-14'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-11-14', -1,
+                holidays=['2011-10-10', '2011-11-11', '2011-11-24']),
+            np.datetime64('2011-11-10'))
+
+        # A bigger forward jump across more than one week/holiday
+        holidays = ['2011-10-10', '2011-11-11', '2011-11-24',
+                  '2011-12-25', '2011-05-30', '2011-02-21',
+                  '2011-12-26', '2012-01-02']
+        bdd = np.busdaycalendar(weekmask='1111100', holidays=holidays)
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 4, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 4))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 5, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 5 + 1))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 27, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 27 + 1))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 28, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 28 + 2))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 35, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 35 + 2))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 36, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 36 + 3))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 56, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 56 + 3))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 57, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 57 + 4))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 60, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 60 + 4))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 61, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 61 + 5))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 61, busdaycal=bdd),
+            np.busday_offset('2011-10-03', 61 + 5))
+        # A bigger backward jump across more than one week/holiday
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -1, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -1 - 1))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -4, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -4 - 1))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -5, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -5 - 2))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -25, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -25 - 2))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -26, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -26 - 3))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -33, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -33 - 3))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -34, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -34 - 4))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -56, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -56 - 4))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -57, holidays=holidays),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -57 - 5))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -57, busdaycal=bdd),
+            np.busday_offset('2012-01-03', -57 - 5))
+
+        # Can't supply both a weekmask/holidays and busdaycal
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busday_offset, '2012-01-03', -15,
+                        weekmask='1111100', busdaycal=bdd)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busday_offset, '2012-01-03', -15,
+                        holidays=holidays, busdaycal=bdd)
+
+        # Roll with the holidays
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-12-25', 0,
+                roll='forward', holidays=holidays),
+            np.datetime64('2011-12-27'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-12-26', 0,
+                roll='forward', holidays=holidays),
+            np.datetime64('2011-12-27'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2011-12-26', 0,
+                roll='backward', holidays=holidays),
+            np.datetime64('2011-12-23'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-02-27', 0,
+                roll='modifiedfollowing',
+                holidays=['2012-02-27', '2012-02-26', '2012-02-28',
+                          '2012-03-01', '2012-02-29']),
+            np.datetime64('2012-02-24'))
+        assert_equal(
+            np.busday_offset('2012-03-06', 0,
+                roll='modifiedpreceding',
+                holidays=['2012-03-02', '2012-03-03', '2012-03-01',
+                          '2012-03-05', '2012-03-07', '2012-03-06']),
+            np.datetime64('2012-03-08'))
+
+    def test_datetime_busday_holidays_count(self):
+        holidays = ['2011-01-01', '2011-10-10', '2011-11-11', '2011-11-24',
+                    '2011-12-25', '2011-05-30', '2011-02-21', '2011-01-17',
+                    '2011-12-26', '2012-01-02', '2011-02-21', '2011-05-30',
+                    '2011-07-01', '2011-07-04', '2011-09-05', '2011-10-10']
+        bdd = np.busdaycalendar(weekmask='1111100', holidays=holidays)
+
+        # Validate against busday_offset broadcast against
+        # a range of offsets
+        dates = np.busday_offset('2011-01-01', np.arange(366),
+                        roll='forward', busdaycal=bdd)
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count('2011-01-01', dates, busdaycal=bdd),
+                     np.arange(366))
+        # Returns negative value when reversed
+        # -1 since the '2011-01-01' is not a busday
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count(dates, '2011-01-01', busdaycal=bdd),
+                     -np.arange(366) - 1)
+
+        # 2011-12-31 is a saturday
+        dates = np.busday_offset('2011-12-31', -np.arange(366),
+                        roll='forward', busdaycal=bdd)
+        # only the first generated date is in the future of 2011-12-31
+        expected = np.arange(366)
+        expected[0] = -1
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count(dates, '2011-12-31', busdaycal=bdd),
+                     expected)
+        # Returns negative value when reversed
+        expected = -np.arange(366)+1
+        expected[0] = 0
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count('2011-12-31', dates, busdaycal=bdd),
+                     expected)
+
+        # Can't supply both a weekmask/holidays and busdaycal
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busday_offset, '2012-01-03', '2012-02-03',
+                        weekmask='1111100', busdaycal=bdd)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.busday_offset, '2012-01-03', '2012-02-03',
+                        holidays=holidays, busdaycal=bdd)
+
+        # Number of Mondays in March 2011
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count('2011-03', '2011-04', weekmask='Mon'), 4)
+        # Returns negative value when reversed
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count('2011-04', '2011-03', weekmask='Mon'), -4)
+
+        sunday = np.datetime64('2023-03-05')
+        monday = sunday + 1
+        friday = sunday + 5
+        saturday = sunday + 6
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count(sunday, monday), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count(monday, sunday), -1)
+
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count(friday, saturday), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.busday_count(saturday, friday), 0)
+
+
+    def test_datetime_is_busday(self):
+        holidays = ['2011-01-01', '2011-10-10', '2011-11-11', '2011-11-24',
+                    '2011-12-25', '2011-05-30', '2011-02-21', '2011-01-17',
+                    '2011-12-26', '2012-01-02', '2011-02-21', '2011-05-30',
+                    '2011-07-01', '2011-07-04', '2011-09-05', '2011-10-10',
+                    'NaT']
+        bdd = np.busdaycalendar(weekmask='1111100', holidays=holidays)
+
+        # Weekend/weekday tests
+        assert_equal(np.is_busday('2011-01-01'), False)
+        assert_equal(np.is_busday('2011-01-02'), False)
+        assert_equal(np.is_busday('2011-01-03'), True)
+
+        # All the holidays are not business days
+        assert_equal(np.is_busday(holidays, busdaycal=bdd),
+                     np.zeros(len(holidays), dtype='?'))
+
+    def test_datetime_y2038(self):
+        # Test parsing on either side of the Y2038 boundary
+        a = np.datetime64('2038-01-19T03:14:07')
+        assert_equal(a.view(np.int64), 2**31 - 1)
+        a = np.datetime64('2038-01-19T03:14:08')
+        assert_equal(a.view(np.int64), 2**31)
+
+        # Test parsing on either side of the Y2038 boundary with
+        # a manually specified timezone offset
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            a = np.datetime64('2038-01-19T04:14:07+0100')
+            assert_equal(a.view(np.int64), 2**31 - 1)
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            a = np.datetime64('2038-01-19T04:14:08+0100')
+            assert_equal(a.view(np.int64), 2**31)
+
+        # Test parsing a date after Y2038
+        a = np.datetime64('2038-01-20T13:21:14')
+        assert_equal(str(a), '2038-01-20T13:21:14')
+
+    def test_isnat(self):
+        assert_(np.isnat(np.datetime64('NaT', 'ms')))
+        assert_(np.isnat(np.datetime64('NaT', 'ns')))
+        assert_(not np.isnat(np.datetime64('2038-01-19T03:14:07')))
+
+        assert_(np.isnat(np.timedelta64('NaT', "ms")))
+        assert_(not np.isnat(np.timedelta64(34, "ms")))
+
+        res = np.array([False, False, True])
+        for unit in ['Y', 'M', 'W', 'D',
+                     'h', 'm', 's', 'ms', 'us',
+                     'ns', 'ps', 'fs', 'as']:
+            arr = np.array([123, -321, "NaT"], dtype='<datetime64[%s]' % unit)
+            assert_equal(np.isnat(arr), res)
+            arr = np.array([123, -321, "NaT"], dtype='>datetime64[%s]' % unit)
+            assert_equal(np.isnat(arr), res)
+            arr = np.array([123, -321, "NaT"], dtype='<timedelta64[%s]' % unit)
+            assert_equal(np.isnat(arr), res)
+            arr = np.array([123, -321, "NaT"], dtype='>timedelta64[%s]' % unit)
+            assert_equal(np.isnat(arr), res)
+
+    def test_isnat_error(self):
+        # Test that only datetime dtype arrays are accepted
+        for t in np.typecodes["All"]:
+            if t in np.typecodes["Datetime"]:
+                continue
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.isnat, np.zeros(10, t))
+
+    def test_isfinite_scalar(self):
+        assert_(not np.isfinite(np.datetime64('NaT', 'ms')))
+        assert_(not np.isfinite(np.datetime64('NaT', 'ns')))
+        assert_(np.isfinite(np.datetime64('2038-01-19T03:14:07')))
+
+        assert_(not np.isfinite(np.timedelta64('NaT', "ms")))
+        assert_(np.isfinite(np.timedelta64(34, "ms")))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('unit', ['Y', 'M', 'W', 'D', 'h', 'm', 's', 'ms',
+                                      'us', 'ns', 'ps', 'fs', 'as'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dstr', ['<datetime64[%s]', '>datetime64[%s]',
+                                      '<timedelta64[%s]', '>timedelta64[%s]'])
+    def test_isfinite_isinf_isnan_units(self, unit, dstr):
+        '''check isfinite, isinf, isnan for all units of <M, >M, <m, >m dtypes
+        '''
+        arr_val = [123, -321, "NaT"]
+        arr = np.array(arr_val,  dtype= dstr % unit)
+        pos = np.array([True, True,  False])
+        neg = np.array([False, False,  True])
+        false = np.array([False, False,  False])
+        assert_equal(np.isfinite(arr), pos)
+        assert_equal(np.isinf(arr), false)
+        assert_equal(np.isnan(arr), neg)
+
+    def test_assert_equal(self):
+        assert_raises(AssertionError, assert_equal,
+                np.datetime64('nat'), np.timedelta64('nat'))
+
+    def test_corecursive_input(self):
+        # construct a co-recursive list
+        a, b = [], []
+        a.append(b)
+        b.append(a)
+        obj_arr = np.array([None])
+        obj_arr[0] = a
+
+        # At some point this caused a stack overflow (gh-11154). Now raises
+        # ValueError since the nested list cannot be converted to a datetime.
+        assert_raises(ValueError, obj_arr.astype, 'M8')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, obj_arr.astype, 'm8')
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("shape", [(), (1,)])
+    def test_discovery_from_object_array(self, shape):
+        arr = np.array("2020-10-10", dtype=object).reshape(shape)
+        res = np.array("2020-10-10", dtype="M8").reshape(shape)
+        assert res.dtype == np.dtype("M8[D]")
+        assert_equal(arr.astype("M8"), res)
+        arr[...] = np.bytes_("2020-10-10")  # try a numpy string type
+        assert_equal(arr.astype("M8"), res)
+        arr = arr.astype("S")
+        assert_equal(arr.astype("S").astype("M8"), res)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("time_unit", [
+        "Y", "M", "W", "D", "h", "m", "s", "ms", "us", "ns", "ps", "fs", "as",
+        # compound units
+        "10D", "2M",
+    ])
+    def test_limit_symmetry(self, time_unit):
+        """
+        Dates should have symmetric limits around the unix epoch at +/-np.int64
+        """
+        epoch = np.datetime64(0, time_unit)
+        latest = np.datetime64(np.iinfo(np.int64).max, time_unit)
+        earliest = np.datetime64(-np.iinfo(np.int64).max, time_unit)
+
+        # above should not have overflowed
+        assert earliest < epoch < latest
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("time_unit", [
+        "Y", "M",
+        pytest.param("W", marks=pytest.mark.xfail(reason="gh-13197")),
+        "D", "h", "m",
+        "s", "ms", "us", "ns", "ps", "fs", "as",
+        pytest.param("10D", marks=pytest.mark.xfail(reason="similar to gh-13197")),
+    ])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("sign", [-1, 1])
+    def test_limit_str_roundtrip(self, time_unit, sign):
+        """
+        Limits should roundtrip when converted to strings.
+
+        This tests the conversion to and from npy_datetimestruct.
+        """
+        # TODO: add absolute (gold standard) time span limit strings
+        limit = np.datetime64(np.iinfo(np.int64).max * sign, time_unit)
+
+        # Convert to string and back. Explicit unit needed since the day and
+        # week reprs are not distinguishable.
+        limit_via_str = np.datetime64(str(limit), time_unit)
+        assert limit_via_str == limit
+
+
+class TestDateTimeData:
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        a = np.array(['1980-03-23'], dtype=np.datetime64)
+        assert_equal(np.datetime_data(a.dtype), ('D', 1))
+
+    def test_bytes(self):
+        # byte units are converted to unicode
+        dt = np.datetime64('2000', (b'ms', 5))
+        assert np.datetime_data(dt.dtype) == ('ms', 5)
+
+        dt = np.datetime64('2000', b'5ms')
+        assert np.datetime_data(dt.dtype) == ('ms', 5)
+
+    def test_non_ascii(self):
+        # μs is normalized to μ
+        dt = np.datetime64('2000', ('μs', 5))
+        assert np.datetime_data(dt.dtype) == ('us', 5)
+
+        dt = np.datetime64('2000', '5μs')
+        assert np.datetime_data(dt.dtype) == ('us', 5)
+
+
+def test_comparisons_return_not_implemented():
+    # GH#17017
+
+    class custom:
+        __array_priority__ = 10000
+
+    obj = custom()
+
+    dt = np.datetime64('2000', 'ns')
+    td = dt - dt
+
+    for item in [dt, td]:
+        assert item.__eq__(obj) is NotImplemented
+        assert item.__ne__(obj) is NotImplemented
+        assert item.__le__(obj) is NotImplemented
+        assert item.__lt__(obj) is NotImplemented
+        assert item.__ge__(obj) is NotImplemented
+        assert item.__gt__(obj) is NotImplemented
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_defchararray.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_defchararray.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39699f45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_defchararray.py
@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core.multiarray import _vec_string
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_raises,
+    assert_raises_regex
+    )
+
+kw_unicode_true = {'unicode': True}  # make 2to3 work properly
+kw_unicode_false = {'unicode': False}
+
+class TestBasic:
+    def test_from_object_array(self):
+        A = np.array([['abc', 2],
+                      ['long   ', '0123456789']], dtype='O')
+        B = np.char.array(A)
+        assert_equal(B.dtype.itemsize, 10)
+        assert_array_equal(B, [[b'abc', b'2'],
+                               [b'long', b'0123456789']])
+
+    def test_from_object_array_unicode(self):
+        A = np.array([['abc', 'Sigma \u03a3'],
+                      ['long   ', '0123456789']], dtype='O')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.char.array, (A,))
+        B = np.char.array(A, **kw_unicode_true)
+        assert_equal(B.dtype.itemsize, 10 * np.array('a', 'U').dtype.itemsize)
+        assert_array_equal(B, [['abc', 'Sigma \u03a3'],
+                               ['long', '0123456789']])
+
+    def test_from_string_array(self):
+        A = np.array([[b'abc', b'foo'],
+                      [b'long   ', b'0123456789']])
+        assert_equal(A.dtype.type, np.bytes_)
+        B = np.char.array(A)
+        assert_array_equal(B, A)
+        assert_equal(B.dtype, A.dtype)
+        assert_equal(B.shape, A.shape)
+        B[0, 0] = 'changed'
+        assert_(B[0, 0] != A[0, 0])
+        C = np.char.asarray(A)
+        assert_array_equal(C, A)
+        assert_equal(C.dtype, A.dtype)
+        C[0, 0] = 'changed again'
+        assert_(C[0, 0] != B[0, 0])
+        assert_(C[0, 0] == A[0, 0])
+
+    def test_from_unicode_array(self):
+        A = np.array([['abc', 'Sigma \u03a3'],
+                      ['long   ', '0123456789']])
+        assert_equal(A.dtype.type, np.str_)
+        B = np.char.array(A)
+        assert_array_equal(B, A)
+        assert_equal(B.dtype, A.dtype)
+        assert_equal(B.shape, A.shape)
+        B = np.char.array(A, **kw_unicode_true)
+        assert_array_equal(B, A)
+        assert_equal(B.dtype, A.dtype)
+        assert_equal(B.shape, A.shape)
+
+        def fail():
+            np.char.array(A, **kw_unicode_false)
+
+        assert_raises(UnicodeEncodeError, fail)
+
+    def test_unicode_upconvert(self):
+        A = np.char.array(['abc'])
+        B = np.char.array(['\u03a3'])
+        assert_(issubclass((A + B).dtype.type, np.str_))
+
+    def test_from_string(self):
+        A = np.char.array(b'abc')
+        assert_equal(len(A), 1)
+        assert_equal(len(A[0]), 3)
+        assert_(issubclass(A.dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+
+    def test_from_unicode(self):
+        A = np.char.array('\u03a3')
+        assert_equal(len(A), 1)
+        assert_equal(len(A[0]), 1)
+        assert_equal(A.itemsize, 4)
+        assert_(issubclass(A.dtype.type, np.str_))
+
+class TestVecString:
+    def test_non_existent_method(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            _vec_string('a', np.bytes_, 'bogus')
+
+        assert_raises(AttributeError, fail)
+
+    def test_non_string_array(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            _vec_string(1, np.bytes_, 'strip')
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, fail)
+
+    def test_invalid_args_tuple(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            _vec_string(['a'], np.bytes_, 'strip', 1)
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, fail)
+
+    def test_invalid_type_descr(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            _vec_string(['a'], 'BOGUS', 'strip')
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, fail)
+
+    def test_invalid_function_args(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            _vec_string(['a'], np.bytes_, 'strip', (1,))
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, fail)
+
+    def test_invalid_result_type(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            _vec_string(['a'], np.int_, 'strip')
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, fail)
+
+    def test_broadcast_error(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            _vec_string([['abc', 'def']], np.int_, 'find', (['a', 'd', 'j'],))
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, fail)
+
+
+class TestWhitespace:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.A = np.array([['abc ', '123  '],
+                           ['789 ', 'xyz ']]).view(np.chararray)
+        self.B = np.array([['abc', '123'],
+                           ['789', 'xyz']]).view(np.chararray)
+
+    def test1(self):
+        assert_(np.all(self.A == self.B))
+        assert_(np.all(self.A >= self.B))
+        assert_(np.all(self.A <= self.B))
+        assert_(not np.any(self.A > self.B))
+        assert_(not np.any(self.A < self.B))
+        assert_(not np.any(self.A != self.B))
+
+class TestChar:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.A = np.array('abc1', dtype='c').view(np.chararray)
+
+    def test_it(self):
+        assert_equal(self.A.shape, (4,))
+        assert_equal(self.A.upper()[:2].tobytes(), b'AB')
+
+class TestComparisons:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.A = np.array([['abc', '123'],
+                           ['789', 'xyz']]).view(np.chararray)
+        self.B = np.array([['efg', '123  '],
+                           ['051', 'tuv']]).view(np.chararray)
+
+    def test_not_equal(self):
+        assert_array_equal((self.A != self.B), [[True, False], [True, True]])
+
+    def test_equal(self):
+        assert_array_equal((self.A == self.B), [[False, True], [False, False]])
+
+    def test_greater_equal(self):
+        assert_array_equal((self.A >= self.B), [[False, True], [True, True]])
+
+    def test_less_equal(self):
+        assert_array_equal((self.A <= self.B), [[True, True], [False, False]])
+
+    def test_greater(self):
+        assert_array_equal((self.A > self.B), [[False, False], [True, True]])
+
+    def test_less(self):
+        assert_array_equal((self.A < self.B), [[True, False], [False, False]])
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        out1 = np.char.equal(self.A, self.B)
+        out2 = np.char.equal('a', 'a')
+        assert_(isinstance(out1, np.ndarray))
+        assert_(isinstance(out2, np.ndarray))
+
+class TestComparisonsMixed1(TestComparisons):
+    """Ticket #1276"""
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        TestComparisons.setup_method(self)
+        self.B = np.array([['efg', '123  '],
+                           ['051', 'tuv']], np.str_).view(np.chararray)
+
+class TestComparisonsMixed2(TestComparisons):
+    """Ticket #1276"""
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        TestComparisons.setup_method(self)
+        self.A = np.array([['abc', '123'],
+                           ['789', 'xyz']], np.str_).view(np.chararray)
+
+class TestInformation:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.A = np.array([[' abc ', ''],
+                           ['12345', 'MixedCase'],
+                           ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'UPPER']]).view(np.chararray)
+        self.B = np.array([[' \u03a3 ', ''],
+                           ['12345', 'MixedCase'],
+                           ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'UPPER']]).view(np.chararray)
+
+    def test_len(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(np.char.str_len(self.A).dtype.type, np.integer))
+        assert_array_equal(np.char.str_len(self.A), [[5, 0], [5, 9], [12, 5]])
+        assert_array_equal(np.char.str_len(self.B), [[3, 0], [5, 9], [12, 5]])
+
+    def test_count(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.count('').dtype.type, np.integer))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.count('a'), [[1, 0], [0, 1], [0, 0]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.count('123'), [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 0]])
+        # Python doesn't seem to like counting NULL characters
+        # assert_array_equal(self.A.count('\0'), [[0, 0], [0, 0], [1, 0]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.count('a', 0, 2), [[1, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.count('a'), [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 0]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.count('123'), [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 0]])
+        # assert_array_equal(self.B.count('\0'), [[0, 0], [0, 0], [1, 0]])
+
+    def test_endswith(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.endswith('').dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.endswith(' '), [[1, 0], [0, 0], [1, 0]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.endswith('3', 0, 3), [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 0]])
+
+        def fail():
+            self.A.endswith('3', 'fdjk')
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, fail)
+
+    def test_find(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.find('a').dtype.type, np.integer))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.find('a'), [[1, -1], [-1, 6], [-1, -1]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.find('3'), [[-1, -1], [2, -1], [2, -1]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.find('a', 0, 2), [[1, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -1]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.find(['1', 'P']), [[-1, -1], [0, -1], [0, 1]])
+
+    def test_index(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            self.A.index('a')
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, fail)
+        assert_(np.char.index('abcba', 'b') == 1)
+        assert_(issubclass(np.char.index('abcba', 'b').dtype.type, np.integer))
+
+    def test_isalnum(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.isalnum().dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.isalnum(), [[False, False], [True, True], [False, True]])
+
+    def test_isalpha(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.isalpha().dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.isalpha(), [[False, False], [False, True], [False, True]])
+
+    def test_isdigit(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.isdigit().dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.isdigit(), [[False, False], [True, False], [False, False]])
+
+    def test_islower(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.islower().dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.islower(), [[True, False], [False, False], [False, False]])
+
+    def test_isspace(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.isspace().dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.isspace(), [[False, False], [False, False], [False, False]])
+
+    def test_istitle(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.istitle().dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.istitle(), [[False, False], [False, False], [False, False]])
+
+    def test_isupper(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.isupper().dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.isupper(), [[False, False], [False, False], [False, True]])
+
+    def test_rfind(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.rfind('a').dtype.type, np.integer))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.rfind('a'), [[1, -1], [-1, 6], [-1, -1]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.rfind('3'), [[-1, -1], [2, -1], [6, -1]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.rfind('a', 0, 2), [[1, -1], [-1, -1], [-1, -1]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.rfind(['1', 'P']), [[-1, -1], [0, -1], [0, 2]])
+
+    def test_rindex(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            self.A.rindex('a')
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, fail)
+        assert_(np.char.rindex('abcba', 'b') == 3)
+        assert_(issubclass(np.char.rindex('abcba', 'b').dtype.type, np.integer))
+
+    def test_startswith(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.startswith('').dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.startswith(' '), [[1, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.startswith('1', 0, 3), [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 0]])
+
+        def fail():
+            self.A.startswith('3', 'fdjk')
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, fail)
+
+
+class TestMethods:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.A = np.array([[' abc ', ''],
+                           ['12345', 'MixedCase'],
+                           ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'UPPER']],
+                          dtype='S').view(np.chararray)
+        self.B = np.array([[' \u03a3 ', ''],
+                           ['12345', 'MixedCase'],
+                           ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'UPPER']]).view(np.chararray)
+
+    def test_capitalize(self):
+        tgt = [[b' abc ', b''],
+               [b'12345', b'Mixedcase'],
+               [b'123 \t 345 \0 ', b'Upper']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.capitalize().dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.capitalize(), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[' \u03c3 ', ''],
+               ['12345', 'Mixedcase'],
+               ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'Upper']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.capitalize().dtype.type, np.str_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.capitalize(), tgt)
+
+    def test_center(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.center(10).dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        C = self.A.center([10, 20])
+        assert_array_equal(np.char.str_len(C), [[10, 20], [10, 20], [12, 20]])
+
+        C = self.A.center(20, b'#')
+        assert_(np.all(C.startswith(b'#')))
+        assert_(np.all(C.endswith(b'#')))
+
+        C = np.char.center(b'FOO', [[10, 20], [15, 8]])
+        tgt = [[b'   FOO    ', b'        FOO         '],
+               [b'      FOO      ', b'  FOO   ']]
+        assert_(issubclass(C.dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(C, tgt)
+
+    def test_decode(self):
+        A = np.char.array([b'\\u03a3'])
+        assert_(A.decode('unicode-escape')[0] == '\u03a3')
+
+    def test_encode(self):
+        B = self.B.encode('unicode_escape')
+        assert_(B[0][0] == str(' \\u03a3 ').encode('latin1'))
+
+    def test_expandtabs(self):
+        T = self.A.expandtabs()
+        assert_(T[2, 0] == b'123      345 \0')
+
+    def test_join(self):
+        # NOTE: list(b'123') == [49, 50, 51]
+        #       so that b','.join(b'123') results to an error on Py3
+        A0 = self.A.decode('ascii')
+
+        A = np.char.join([',', '#'], A0)
+        assert_(issubclass(A.dtype.type, np.str_))
+        tgt = np.array([[' ,a,b,c, ', ''],
+                        ['1,2,3,4,5', 'M#i#x#e#d#C#a#s#e'],
+                        ['1,2,3, ,\t, ,3,4,5, ,\x00, ', 'U#P#P#E#R']])
+        assert_array_equal(np.char.join([',', '#'], A0), tgt)
+
+    def test_ljust(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.ljust(10).dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+
+        C = self.A.ljust([10, 20])
+        assert_array_equal(np.char.str_len(C), [[10, 20], [10, 20], [12, 20]])
+
+        C = self.A.ljust(20, b'#')
+        assert_array_equal(C.startswith(b'#'), [
+                [False, True], [False, False], [False, False]])
+        assert_(np.all(C.endswith(b'#')))
+
+        C = np.char.ljust(b'FOO', [[10, 20], [15, 8]])
+        tgt = [[b'FOO       ', b'FOO                 '],
+               [b'FOO            ', b'FOO     ']]
+        assert_(issubclass(C.dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(C, tgt)
+
+    def test_lower(self):
+        tgt = [[b' abc ', b''],
+               [b'12345', b'mixedcase'],
+               [b'123 \t 345 \0 ', b'upper']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.lower().dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.lower(), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[' \u03c3 ', ''],
+               ['12345', 'mixedcase'],
+               ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'upper']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.lower().dtype.type, np.str_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.lower(), tgt)
+
+    def test_lstrip(self):
+        tgt = [[b'abc ', b''],
+               [b'12345', b'MixedCase'],
+               [b'123 \t 345 \0 ', b'UPPER']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.lstrip().dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.lstrip(), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[b' abc', b''],
+               [b'2345', b'ixedCase'],
+               [b'23 \t 345 \x00', b'UPPER']]
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.lstrip([b'1', b'M']), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [['\u03a3 ', ''],
+               ['12345', 'MixedCase'],
+               ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'UPPER']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.lstrip().dtype.type, np.str_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.lstrip(), tgt)
+
+    def test_partition(self):
+        P = self.A.partition([b'3', b'M'])
+        tgt = [[(b' abc ', b'', b''), (b'', b'', b'')],
+               [(b'12', b'3', b'45'), (b'', b'M', b'ixedCase')],
+               [(b'12', b'3', b' \t 345 \0 '), (b'UPPER', b'', b'')]]
+        assert_(issubclass(P.dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(P, tgt)
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        R = self.A.replace([b'3', b'a'],
+                           [b'##########', b'@'])
+        tgt = [[b' abc ', b''],
+               [b'12##########45', b'MixedC@se'],
+               [b'12########## \t ##########45 \x00', b'UPPER']]
+        assert_(issubclass(R.dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(R, tgt)
+
+    def test_rjust(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.rjust(10).dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+
+        C = self.A.rjust([10, 20])
+        assert_array_equal(np.char.str_len(C), [[10, 20], [10, 20], [12, 20]])
+
+        C = self.A.rjust(20, b'#')
+        assert_(np.all(C.startswith(b'#')))
+        assert_array_equal(C.endswith(b'#'),
+                           [[False, True], [False, False], [False, False]])
+
+        C = np.char.rjust(b'FOO', [[10, 20], [15, 8]])
+        tgt = [[b'       FOO', b'                 FOO'],
+               [b'            FOO', b'     FOO']]
+        assert_(issubclass(C.dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(C, tgt)
+
+    def test_rpartition(self):
+        P = self.A.rpartition([b'3', b'M'])
+        tgt = [[(b'', b'', b' abc '), (b'', b'', b'')],
+               [(b'12', b'3', b'45'), (b'', b'M', b'ixedCase')],
+               [(b'123 \t ', b'3', b'45 \0 '), (b'', b'', b'UPPER')]]
+        assert_(issubclass(P.dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(P, tgt)
+
+    def test_rsplit(self):
+        A = self.A.rsplit(b'3')
+        tgt = [[[b' abc '], [b'']],
+               [[b'12', b'45'], [b'MixedCase']],
+               [[b'12', b' \t ', b'45 \x00 '], [b'UPPER']]]
+        assert_(issubclass(A.dtype.type, np.object_))
+        assert_equal(A.tolist(), tgt)
+
+    def test_rstrip(self):
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.rstrip().dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+
+        tgt = [[b' abc', b''],
+               [b'12345', b'MixedCase'],
+               [b'123 \t 345', b'UPPER']]
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.rstrip(), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[b' abc ', b''],
+               [b'1234', b'MixedCase'],
+               [b'123 \t 345 \x00', b'UPP']
+               ]
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.rstrip([b'5', b'ER']), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[' \u03a3', ''],
+               ['12345', 'MixedCase'],
+               ['123 \t 345', 'UPPER']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.rstrip().dtype.type, np.str_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.rstrip(), tgt)
+
+    def test_strip(self):
+        tgt = [[b'abc', b''],
+               [b'12345', b'MixedCase'],
+               [b'123 \t 345', b'UPPER']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.strip().dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.strip(), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[b' abc ', b''],
+               [b'234', b'ixedCas'],
+               [b'23 \t 345 \x00', b'UPP']]
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.strip([b'15', b'EReM']), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [['\u03a3', ''],
+               ['12345', 'MixedCase'],
+               ['123 \t 345', 'UPPER']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.strip().dtype.type, np.str_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.strip(), tgt)
+
+    def test_split(self):
+        A = self.A.split(b'3')
+        tgt = [
+               [[b' abc '], [b'']],
+               [[b'12', b'45'], [b'MixedCase']],
+               [[b'12', b' \t ', b'45 \x00 '], [b'UPPER']]]
+        assert_(issubclass(A.dtype.type, np.object_))
+        assert_equal(A.tolist(), tgt)
+
+    def test_splitlines(self):
+        A = np.char.array(['abc\nfds\nwer']).splitlines()
+        assert_(issubclass(A.dtype.type, np.object_))
+        assert_(A.shape == (1,))
+        assert_(len(A[0]) == 3)
+
+    def test_swapcase(self):
+        tgt = [[b' ABC ', b''],
+               [b'12345', b'mIXEDcASE'],
+               [b'123 \t 345 \0 ', b'upper']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.swapcase().dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.swapcase(), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[' \u03c3 ', ''],
+               ['12345', 'mIXEDcASE'],
+               ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'upper']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.swapcase().dtype.type, np.str_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.swapcase(), tgt)
+
+    def test_title(self):
+        tgt = [[b' Abc ', b''],
+               [b'12345', b'Mixedcase'],
+               [b'123 \t 345 \0 ', b'Upper']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.title().dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.title(), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[' \u03a3 ', ''],
+               ['12345', 'Mixedcase'],
+               ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'Upper']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.title().dtype.type, np.str_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.title(), tgt)
+
+    def test_upper(self):
+        tgt = [[b' ABC ', b''],
+               [b'12345', b'MIXEDCASE'],
+               [b'123 \t 345 \0 ', b'UPPER']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.A.upper().dtype.type, np.bytes_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.A.upper(), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[' \u03a3 ', ''],
+               ['12345', 'MIXEDCASE'],
+               ['123 \t 345 \0 ', 'UPPER']]
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.upper().dtype.type, np.str_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.upper(), tgt)
+
+    def test_isnumeric(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            self.A.isnumeric()
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, fail)
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.isnumeric().dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.isnumeric(), [
+                [False, False], [True, False], [False, False]])
+
+    def test_isdecimal(self):
+
+        def fail():
+            self.A.isdecimal()
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, fail)
+        assert_(issubclass(self.B.isdecimal().dtype.type, np.bool_))
+        assert_array_equal(self.B.isdecimal(), [
+                [False, False], [True, False], [False, False]])
+
+
+class TestOperations:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.A = np.array([['abc', '123'],
+                           ['789', 'xyz']]).view(np.chararray)
+        self.B = np.array([['efg', '456'],
+                           ['051', 'tuv']]).view(np.chararray)
+
+    def test_add(self):
+        AB = np.array([['abcefg', '123456'],
+                       ['789051', 'xyztuv']]).view(np.chararray)
+        assert_array_equal(AB, (self.A + self.B))
+        assert_(len((self.A + self.B)[0][0]) == 6)
+
+    def test_radd(self):
+        QA = np.array([['qabc', 'q123'],
+                       ['q789', 'qxyz']]).view(np.chararray)
+        assert_array_equal(QA, ('q' + self.A))
+
+    def test_mul(self):
+        A = self.A
+        for r in (2, 3, 5, 7, 197):
+            Ar = np.array([[A[0, 0]*r, A[0, 1]*r],
+                           [A[1, 0]*r, A[1, 1]*r]]).view(np.chararray)
+
+            assert_array_equal(Ar, (self.A * r))
+
+        for ob in [object(), 'qrs']:
+            with assert_raises_regex(ValueError,
+                                     'Can only multiply by integers'):
+                A*ob
+
+    def test_rmul(self):
+        A = self.A
+        for r in (2, 3, 5, 7, 197):
+            Ar = np.array([[A[0, 0]*r, A[0, 1]*r],
+                           [A[1, 0]*r, A[1, 1]*r]]).view(np.chararray)
+            assert_array_equal(Ar, (r * self.A))
+
+        for ob in [object(), 'qrs']:
+            with assert_raises_regex(ValueError,
+                                     'Can only multiply by integers'):
+                ob * A
+
+    def test_mod(self):
+        """Ticket #856"""
+        F = np.array([['%d', '%f'], ['%s', '%r']]).view(np.chararray)
+        C = np.array([[3, 7], [19, 1]])
+        FC = np.array([['3', '7.000000'],
+                       ['19', '1']]).view(np.chararray)
+        assert_array_equal(FC, F % C)
+
+        A = np.array([['%.3f', '%d'], ['%s', '%r']]).view(np.chararray)
+        A1 = np.array([['1.000', '1'], ['1', '1']]).view(np.chararray)
+        assert_array_equal(A1, (A % 1))
+
+        A2 = np.array([['1.000', '2'], ['3', '4']]).view(np.chararray)
+        assert_array_equal(A2, (A % [[1, 2], [3, 4]]))
+
+    def test_rmod(self):
+        assert_(("%s" % self.A) == str(self.A))
+        assert_(("%r" % self.A) == repr(self.A))
+
+        for ob in [42, object()]:
+            with assert_raises_regex(
+                    TypeError, "unsupported operand type.* and 'chararray'"):
+                ob % self.A
+
+    def test_slice(self):
+        """Regression test for https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/5982"""
+
+        arr = np.array([['abc ', 'def '], ['geh ', 'ijk ']],
+                       dtype='S4').view(np.chararray)
+        sl1 = arr[:]
+        assert_array_equal(sl1, arr)
+        assert_(sl1.base is arr)
+        assert_(sl1.base.base is arr.base)
+
+        sl2 = arr[:, :]
+        assert_array_equal(sl2, arr)
+        assert_(sl2.base is arr)
+        assert_(sl2.base.base is arr.base)
+
+        assert_(arr[0, 0] == b'abc')
+
+
+def test_empty_indexing():
+    """Regression test for ticket 1948."""
+    # Check that indexing a chararray with an empty list/array returns an
+    # empty chararray instead of a chararray with a single empty string in it.
+    s = np.chararray((4,))
+    assert_(s[[]].size == 0)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["dt1", "dt2"],
+        [("S", "U"), ("U", "S"), ("S", "O"), ("U", "O"),
+         ("S", "d"), ("S", "V")])
+def test_add_types(dt1, dt2):
+    arr1 = np.array([1234234], dtype=dt1)
+    # If the following fails, e.g. use a number and test "V" explicitly
+    arr2 = np.array([b"423"], dtype=dt2)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match=f".*same dtype kind.*{arr1.dtype}.*{arr2.dtype}"):
+        np.char.add(arr1, arr2)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_deprecations.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_deprecations.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ada39e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_deprecations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,817 @@
+"""
+Tests related to deprecation warnings. Also a convenient place
+to document how deprecations should eventually be turned into errors.
+
+"""
+import datetime
+import operator
+import warnings
+import pytest
+import tempfile
+import re
+import sys
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_raises, assert_warns, assert_, assert_array_equal, SkipTest,
+    KnownFailureException, break_cycles,
+    )
+
+from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import fromstring_null_term_c_api
+
+try:
+    import pytz
+    _has_pytz = True
+except ImportError:
+    _has_pytz = False
+
+
+class _DeprecationTestCase:
+    # Just as warning: warnings uses re.match, so the start of this message
+    # must match.
+    message = ''
+    warning_cls = DeprecationWarning
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.warn_ctx = warnings.catch_warnings(record=True)
+        self.log = self.warn_ctx.__enter__()
+
+        # Do *not* ignore other DeprecationWarnings. Ignoring warnings
+        # can give very confusing results because of
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue4180 and it is probably simplest to
+        # try to keep the tests cleanly giving only the right warning type.
+        # (While checking them set to "error" those are ignored anyway)
+        # We still have them show up, because otherwise they would be raised
+        warnings.filterwarnings("always", category=self.warning_cls)
+        warnings.filterwarnings("always", message=self.message,
+                                category=self.warning_cls)
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        self.warn_ctx.__exit__()
+
+    def assert_deprecated(self, function, num=1, ignore_others=False,
+                          function_fails=False,
+                          exceptions=np._NoValue,
+                          args=(), kwargs={}):
+        """Test if DeprecationWarnings are given and raised.
+
+        This first checks if the function when called gives `num`
+        DeprecationWarnings, after that it tries to raise these
+        DeprecationWarnings and compares them with `exceptions`.
+        The exceptions can be different for cases where this code path
+        is simply not anticipated and the exception is replaced.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        function : callable
+            The function to test
+        num : int
+            Number of DeprecationWarnings to expect. This should normally be 1.
+        ignore_others : bool
+            Whether warnings of the wrong type should be ignored (note that
+            the message is not checked)
+        function_fails : bool
+            If the function would normally fail, setting this will check for
+            warnings inside a try/except block.
+        exceptions : Exception or tuple of Exceptions
+            Exception to expect when turning the warnings into an error.
+            The default checks for DeprecationWarnings. If exceptions is
+            empty the function is expected to run successfully.
+        args : tuple
+            Arguments for `function`
+        kwargs : dict
+            Keyword arguments for `function`
+        """
+        __tracebackhide__ = True  # Hide traceback for py.test
+
+        # reset the log
+        self.log[:] = []
+
+        if exceptions is np._NoValue:
+            exceptions = (self.warning_cls,)
+
+        try:
+            function(*args, **kwargs)
+        except (Exception if function_fails else tuple()):
+            pass
+
+        # just in case, clear the registry
+        num_found = 0
+        for warning in self.log:
+            if warning.category is self.warning_cls:
+                num_found += 1
+            elif not ignore_others:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                        "expected %s but got: %s" %
+                        (self.warning_cls.__name__, warning.category))
+        if num is not None and num_found != num:
+            msg = "%i warnings found but %i expected." % (len(self.log), num)
+            lst = [str(w) for w in self.log]
+            raise AssertionError("\n".join([msg] + lst))
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings("error", message=self.message,
+                                    category=self.warning_cls)
+            try:
+                function(*args, **kwargs)
+                if exceptions != tuple():
+                    raise AssertionError(
+                            "No error raised during function call")
+            except exceptions:
+                if exceptions == tuple():
+                    raise AssertionError(
+                            "Error raised during function call")
+
+    def assert_not_deprecated(self, function, args=(), kwargs={}):
+        """Test that warnings are not raised.
+
+        This is just a shorthand for:
+
+        self.assert_deprecated(function, num=0, ignore_others=True,
+                        exceptions=tuple(), args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+        """
+        self.assert_deprecated(function, num=0, ignore_others=True,
+                        exceptions=tuple(), args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+
+
+class _VisibleDeprecationTestCase(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    warning_cls = np.VisibleDeprecationWarning
+
+
+class TestDatetime64Timezone(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    """Parsing of datetime64 with timezones deprecated in 1.11.0, because
+    datetime64 is now timezone naive rather than UTC only.
+
+    It will be quite a while before we can remove this, because, at the very
+    least, a lot of existing code uses the 'Z' modifier to avoid conversion
+    from local time to UTC, even if otherwise it handles time in a timezone
+    naive fashion.
+    """
+    def test_string(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.datetime64, args=('2000-01-01T00+01',))
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.datetime64, args=('2000-01-01T00Z',))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not _has_pytz,
+                        reason="The pytz module is not available.")
+    def test_datetime(self):
+        tz = pytz.timezone('US/Eastern')
+        dt = datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=tz)
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.datetime64, args=(dt,))
+
+
+class TestArrayDataAttributeAssignmentDeprecation(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    """Assigning the 'data' attribute of an ndarray is unsafe as pointed
+     out in gh-7093. Eventually, such assignment should NOT be allowed, but
+     in the interests of maintaining backwards compatibility, only a Deprecation-
+     Warning will be raised instead for the time being to give developers time to
+     refactor relevant code.
+    """
+
+    def test_data_attr_assignment(self):
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        b = np.linspace(0, 1, 10)
+
+        self.message = ("Assigning the 'data' attribute is an "
+                        "inherently unsafe operation and will "
+                        "be removed in the future.")
+        self.assert_deprecated(a.__setattr__, args=('data', b.data))
+
+
+class TestBinaryReprInsufficientWidthParameterForRepresentation(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    """
+    If a 'width' parameter is passed into ``binary_repr`` that is insufficient to
+    represent the number in base 2 (positive) or 2's complement (negative) form,
+    the function used to silently ignore the parameter and return a representation
+    using the minimal number of bits needed for the form in question. Such behavior
+    is now considered unsafe from a user perspective and will raise an error in the future.
+    """
+
+    def test_insufficient_width_positive(self):
+        args = (10,)
+        kwargs = {'width': 2}
+
+        self.message = ("Insufficient bit width provided. This behavior "
+                        "will raise an error in the future.")
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.binary_repr, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+
+    def test_insufficient_width_negative(self):
+        args = (-5,)
+        kwargs = {'width': 2}
+
+        self.message = ("Insufficient bit width provided. This behavior "
+                        "will raise an error in the future.")
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.binary_repr, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+
+
+class TestDTypeAttributeIsDTypeDeprecation(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2021-01-05, NumPy 1.21
+    message = r".*`.dtype` attribute"
+
+    def test_deprecation_dtype_attribute_is_dtype(self):
+        class dt:
+            dtype = "f8"
+
+        class vdt(np.void):
+            dtype = "f,f"
+
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.dtype(dt))
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.dtype(dt()))
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.dtype(vdt))
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.dtype(vdt(1)))
+
+
+class TestTestDeprecated:
+    def test_assert_deprecated(self):
+        test_case_instance = _DeprecationTestCase()
+        test_case_instance.setup_method()
+        assert_raises(AssertionError,
+                      test_case_instance.assert_deprecated,
+                      lambda: None)
+
+        def foo():
+            warnings.warn("foo", category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+        test_case_instance.assert_deprecated(foo)
+        test_case_instance.teardown_method()
+
+
+class TestNonNumericConjugate(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    """
+    Deprecate no-op behavior of ndarray.conjugate on non-numeric dtypes,
+    which conflicts with the error behavior of np.conjugate.
+    """
+    def test_conjugate(self):
+        for a in np.array(5), np.array(5j):
+            self.assert_not_deprecated(a.conjugate)
+        for a in (np.array('s'), np.array('2016', 'M'),
+                np.array((1, 2), [('a', int), ('b', int)])):
+            self.assert_deprecated(a.conjugate)
+
+
+class TestNPY_CHAR(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2017-05-03, 1.13.0
+    def test_npy_char_deprecation(self):
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import npy_char_deprecation
+        self.assert_deprecated(npy_char_deprecation)
+        assert_(npy_char_deprecation() == 'S1')
+
+
+class TestPyArray_AS1D(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    def test_npy_pyarrayas1d_deprecation(self):
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import npy_pyarrayas1d_deprecation
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError, npy_pyarrayas1d_deprecation)
+
+
+class TestPyArray_AS2D(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    def test_npy_pyarrayas2d_deprecation(self):
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import npy_pyarrayas2d_deprecation
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError, npy_pyarrayas2d_deprecation)
+
+
+class TestDatetimeEvent(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2017-08-11, 1.14.0
+    def test_3_tuple(self):
+        for cls in (np.datetime64, np.timedelta64):
+            # two valid uses - (unit, num) and (unit, num, den, None)
+            self.assert_not_deprecated(cls, args=(1, ('ms', 2)))
+            self.assert_not_deprecated(cls, args=(1, ('ms', 2, 1, None)))
+
+            # trying to use the event argument, removed in 1.7.0, is deprecated
+            # it used to be a uint8
+            self.assert_deprecated(cls, args=(1, ('ms', 2, 'event')))
+            self.assert_deprecated(cls, args=(1, ('ms', 2, 63)))
+            self.assert_deprecated(cls, args=(1, ('ms', 2, 1, 'event')))
+            self.assert_deprecated(cls, args=(1, ('ms', 2, 1, 63)))
+
+
+class TestTruthTestingEmptyArrays(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2017-09-25, 1.14.0
+    message = '.*truth value of an empty array is ambiguous.*'
+
+    def test_1d(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(bool, args=(np.array([]),))
+
+    def test_2d(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(bool, args=(np.zeros((1, 0)),))
+        self.assert_deprecated(bool, args=(np.zeros((0, 1)),))
+        self.assert_deprecated(bool, args=(np.zeros((0, 0)),))
+
+
+class TestBincount(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2017-06-01, 1.14.0
+    def test_bincount_minlength(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.bincount([1, 2, 3], minlength=None))
+
+
+
+class TestGeneratorSum(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2018-02-25, 1.15.0
+    def test_generator_sum(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.sum, args=((i for i in range(5)),))
+
+
+class TestFromstring(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2017-10-19, 1.14
+    def test_fromstring(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.fromstring, args=('\x00'*80,))
+
+
+class TestFromStringAndFileInvalidData(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2019-06-08, 1.17.0
+    # Tests should be moved to real tests when deprecation is done.
+    message = "string or file could not be read to its end"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("invalid_str", [",invalid_data", "invalid_sep"])
+    def test_deprecate_unparsable_data_file(self, invalid_str):
+        x = np.array([1.51, 2, 3.51, 4], dtype=float)
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryFile(mode="w") as f:
+            x.tofile(f, sep=',', format='%.2f')
+            f.write(invalid_str)
+
+            f.seek(0)
+            self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.fromfile(f, sep=","))
+            f.seek(0)
+            self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.fromfile(f, sep=",", count=5))
+            # Should not raise:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
+                f.seek(0)
+                res = np.fromfile(f, sep=",", count=4)
+                assert_array_equal(res, x)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("invalid_str", [",invalid_data", "invalid_sep"])
+    def test_deprecate_unparsable_string(self, invalid_str):
+        x = np.array([1.51, 2, 3.51, 4], dtype=float)
+        x_str = "1.51,2,3.51,4{}".format(invalid_str)
+
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.fromstring(x_str, sep=","))
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.fromstring(x_str, sep=",", count=5))
+
+        # The C-level API can use not fixed size, but 0 terminated strings,
+        # so test that as well:
+        bytestr = x_str.encode("ascii")
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: fromstring_null_term_c_api(bytestr))
+
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            # this is slightly strange, in that fromstring leaves data
+            # potentially uninitialized (would be good to error when all is
+            # read, but count is larger then actual data maybe).
+            res = np.fromstring(x_str, sep=",", count=5)
+            assert_array_equal(res[:-1], x)
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
+
+            # Should not raise:
+            res = np.fromstring(x_str, sep=",", count=4)
+            assert_array_equal(res, x)
+
+
+class Test_GetSet_NumericOps(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2018-09-20, 1.16.0
+    def test_get_numeric_ops(self):
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import getset_numericops
+        self.assert_deprecated(getset_numericops, num=2)
+
+        # empty kwargs prevents any state actually changing which would break
+        # other tests.
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.set_numeric_ops, kwargs={})
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.set_numeric_ops, add='abc')
+
+
+class TestShape1Fields(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    warning_cls = FutureWarning
+
+    # 2019-05-20, 1.17.0
+    def test_shape_1_fields(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.dtype, args=([('a', int, 1)],))
+
+
+class TestNonZero(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2019-05-26, 1.17.0
+    def test_zerod(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.nonzero(np.array(0)))
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.nonzero(np.array(1)))
+
+
+class TestToString(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2020-03-06 1.19.0
+    message = re.escape("tostring() is deprecated. Use tobytes() instead.")
+
+    def test_tostring(self):
+        arr = np.array(list(b"test\xFF"), dtype=np.uint8)
+        self.assert_deprecated(arr.tostring)
+
+    def test_tostring_matches_tobytes(self):
+        arr = np.array(list(b"test\xFF"), dtype=np.uint8)
+        b = arr.tobytes()
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            s = arr.tostring()
+        assert s == b
+
+
+class TestDTypeCoercion(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2020-02-06 1.19.0
+    message = "Converting .* to a dtype .*is deprecated"
+    deprecated_types = [
+        # The builtin scalar super types:
+        np.generic, np.flexible, np.number,
+        np.inexact, np.floating, np.complexfloating,
+        np.integer, np.unsignedinteger, np.signedinteger,
+        # character is a deprecated S1 special case:
+        np.character,
+    ]
+
+    def test_dtype_coercion(self):
+        for scalar_type in self.deprecated_types:
+            self.assert_deprecated(np.dtype, args=(scalar_type,))
+
+    def test_array_construction(self):
+        for scalar_type in self.deprecated_types:
+            self.assert_deprecated(np.array, args=([], scalar_type,))
+
+    def test_not_deprecated(self):
+        # All specific types are not deprecated:
+        for group in np.sctypes.values():
+            for scalar_type in group:
+                self.assert_not_deprecated(np.dtype, args=(scalar_type,))
+
+        for scalar_type in [type, dict, list, tuple]:
+            # Typical python types are coerced to object currently:
+            self.assert_not_deprecated(np.dtype, args=(scalar_type,))
+
+
+class BuiltInRoundComplexDType(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2020-03-31 1.19.0
+    deprecated_types = [np.csingle, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble]
+    not_deprecated_types = [
+        np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64,
+        np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64,
+        np.float16, np.float32, np.float64,
+    ]
+
+    def test_deprecated(self):
+        for scalar_type in self.deprecated_types:
+            scalar = scalar_type(0)
+            self.assert_deprecated(round, args=(scalar,))
+            self.assert_deprecated(round, args=(scalar, 0))
+            self.assert_deprecated(round, args=(scalar,), kwargs={'ndigits': 0})
+
+    def test_not_deprecated(self):
+        for scalar_type in self.not_deprecated_types:
+            scalar = scalar_type(0)
+            self.assert_not_deprecated(round, args=(scalar,))
+            self.assert_not_deprecated(round, args=(scalar, 0))
+            self.assert_not_deprecated(round, args=(scalar,), kwargs={'ndigits': 0})
+
+
+class TestIncorrectAdvancedIndexWithEmptyResult(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2020-05-27, NumPy 1.20.0
+    message = "Out of bound index found. This was previously ignored.*"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("index", [([3, 0],), ([0, 0], [3, 0])])
+    def test_empty_subspace(self, index):
+        # Test for both a single and two/multiple advanced indices. These
+        # This will raise an IndexError in the future.
+        arr = np.ones((2, 2, 0))
+        self.assert_deprecated(arr.__getitem__, args=(index,))
+        self.assert_deprecated(arr.__setitem__, args=(index, 0.))
+
+        # for this array, the subspace is only empty after applying the slice
+        arr2 = np.ones((2, 2, 1))
+        index2 = (slice(0, 0),) + index
+        self.assert_deprecated(arr2.__getitem__, args=(index2,))
+        self.assert_deprecated(arr2.__setitem__, args=(index2, 0.))
+
+    def test_empty_index_broadcast_not_deprecated(self):
+        arr = np.ones((2, 2, 2))
+
+        index = ([[3], [2]], [])  # broadcast to an empty result.
+        self.assert_not_deprecated(arr.__getitem__, args=(index,))
+        self.assert_not_deprecated(arr.__setitem__,
+                                   args=(index, np.empty((2, 0, 2))))
+
+
+class TestNonExactMatchDeprecation(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2020-04-22
+    def test_non_exact_match(self):
+        arr = np.array([[3, 6, 6], [4, 5, 1]])
+        # misspelt mode check
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.ravel_multi_index(arr, (7, 6), mode='Cilp'))
+        # using completely different word with first character as R
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.searchsorted(arr[0], 4, side='Random'))
+
+
+class TestMatrixInOuter(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2020-05-13 NumPy 1.20.0
+    message = (r"add.outer\(\) was passed a numpy matrix as "
+               r"(first|second) argument.")
+
+    def test_deprecated(self):
+        arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        m = np.array([1, 2, 3]).view(np.matrix)
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.add.outer, args=(m, m), num=2)
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.add.outer, args=(arr, m))
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.add.outer, args=(m, arr))
+        self.assert_not_deprecated(np.add.outer, args=(arr, arr))
+
+
+class FlatteningConcatenateUnsafeCast(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # NumPy 1.20, 2020-09-03
+    message = "concatenate with `axis=None` will use same-kind casting"
+
+    def test_deprecated(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.concatenate,
+                args=(([0.], [1.]),),
+                kwargs=dict(axis=None, out=np.empty(2, dtype=np.int64)))
+
+    def test_not_deprecated(self):
+        self.assert_not_deprecated(np.concatenate,
+                args=(([0.], [1.]),),
+                kwargs={'axis': None, 'out': np.empty(2, dtype=np.int64),
+                        'casting': "unsafe"})
+
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            # Tests should notice if the deprecation warning is given first...
+            np.concatenate(([0.], [1.]), out=np.empty(2, dtype=np.int64),
+                           casting="same_kind")
+
+
+class TestDeprecatedUnpickleObjectScalar(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2020-11-24, NumPy 1.20
+    """
+    Technically, it should be impossible to create numpy object scalars,
+    but there was an unpickle path that would in theory allow it. That
+    path is invalid and must lead to the warning.
+    """
+    message = "Unpickling a scalar with object dtype is deprecated."
+
+    def test_deprecated(self):
+        ctor = np.core.multiarray.scalar
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: ctor(np.dtype("O"), 1))
+
+
+class TestSingleElementSignature(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2021-04-01, NumPy 1.21
+    message = r"The use of a length 1"
+
+    def test_deprecated(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.add(1, 2, signature="d"))
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.add(1, 2, sig=(np.dtype("l"),)))
+
+
+class TestCtypesGetter(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2021-05-18, Numpy 1.21.0
+    warning_cls = DeprecationWarning
+    ctypes = np.array([1]).ctypes
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "name", ["get_data", "get_shape", "get_strides", "get_as_parameter"]
+    )
+    def test_deprecated(self, name: str) -> None:
+        func = getattr(self.ctypes, name)
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: func())
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "name", ["data", "shape", "strides", "_as_parameter_"]
+    )
+    def test_not_deprecated(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.assert_not_deprecated(lambda: getattr(self.ctypes, name))
+
+
+PARTITION_DICT = {
+    "partition method": np.arange(10).partition,
+    "argpartition method": np.arange(10).argpartition,
+    "partition function": lambda kth: np.partition(np.arange(10), kth),
+    "argpartition function": lambda kth: np.argpartition(np.arange(10), kth),
+}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("func", PARTITION_DICT.values(), ids=PARTITION_DICT)
+class TestPartitionBoolIndex(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2021-09-29, NumPy 1.22
+    warning_cls = DeprecationWarning
+    message = "Passing booleans as partition index is deprecated"
+
+    def test_deprecated(self, func):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: func(True))
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: func([False, True]))
+
+    def test_not_deprecated(self, func):
+        self.assert_not_deprecated(lambda: func(1))
+        self.assert_not_deprecated(lambda: func([0, 1]))
+
+
+class TestMachAr(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2022-11-22, NumPy 1.25
+    warning_cls = DeprecationWarning
+
+    def test_deprecated_module(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: getattr(np.core, "MachAr"))
+
+
+class TestQuantileInterpolationDeprecation(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2021-11-08, NumPy 1.22
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func",
+        [np.percentile, np.quantile, np.nanpercentile, np.nanquantile])
+    def test_deprecated(self, func):
+        self.assert_deprecated(
+            lambda: func([0., 1.], 0., interpolation="linear"))
+        self.assert_deprecated(
+            lambda: func([0., 1.], 0., interpolation="nearest"))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func",
+            [np.percentile, np.quantile, np.nanpercentile, np.nanquantile])
+    def test_both_passed(self, func):
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            # catch the DeprecationWarning so that it does not raise:
+            warnings.simplefilter("always", DeprecationWarning)
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                func([0., 1.], 0., interpolation="nearest", method="nearest")
+
+
+class TestMemEventHook(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2021-11-18, NumPy 1.23
+    def test_mem_seteventhook(self):
+        # The actual tests are within the C code in
+        # multiarray/_multiarray_tests.c.src
+        import numpy.core._multiarray_tests as ma_tests
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning,
+                          match='PyDataMem_SetEventHook is deprecated'):
+            ma_tests.test_pydatamem_seteventhook_start()
+        # force an allocation and free of a numpy array
+        # needs to be larger then limit of small memory cacher in ctors.c
+        a = np.zeros(1000)
+        del a
+        break_cycles()
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning,
+                          match='PyDataMem_SetEventHook is deprecated'):
+            ma_tests.test_pydatamem_seteventhook_end()
+
+
+class TestArrayFinalizeNone(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    message = "Setting __array_finalize__ = None"
+
+    def test_use_none_is_deprecated(self):
+        # Deprecated way that ndarray itself showed nothing needs finalizing.
+        class NoFinalize(np.ndarray):
+            __array_finalize__ = None
+
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.array(1).view(NoFinalize))
+
+class TestAxisNotMAXDIMS(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2022-01-08, NumPy 1.23
+    message = r"Using `axis=32` \(MAXDIMS\) is deprecated"
+
+    def test_deprecated(self):
+        a = np.zeros((1,)*32)
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.repeat(a, 1, axis=np.MAXDIMS))
+
+
+class TestLoadtxtParseIntsViaFloat(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2022-07-03, NumPy 1.23
+    # This test can be removed without replacement after the deprecation.
+    # The tests:
+    #   * numpy/lib/tests/test_loadtxt.py::test_integer_signs
+    #   * lib/tests/test_loadtxt.py::test_implicit_cast_float_to_int_fails
+    # Have a warning filter that needs to be removed.
+    message = r"loadtxt\(\): Parsing an integer via a float is deprecated.*"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+    def test_deprecated_warning(self, dtype):
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=self.message):
+            np.loadtxt(["10.5"], dtype=dtype)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+    def test_deprecated_raised(self, dtype):
+        # The DeprecationWarning is chained when raised, so test manually:
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
+            try:
+                np.loadtxt(["10.5"], dtype=dtype)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                assert isinstance(e.__cause__, DeprecationWarning)
+
+
+class TestScalarConversion(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2023-01-02, 1.25.0
+    def test_float_conversion(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(float, args=(np.array([3.14]),))
+
+    def test_behaviour(self):
+        b = np.array([[3.14]])
+        c = np.zeros(5)
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            c[0] = b
+
+
+class TestPyIntConversion(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    message = r".*stop allowing conversion of out-of-bound.*"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+    def test_deprecated_scalar(self, dtype):
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+        info = np.iinfo(dtype)
+
+        # Cover the most common creation paths (all end up in the
+        # same place):
+        def scalar(value, dtype):
+            dtype.type(value)
+
+        def assign(value, dtype):
+            arr = np.array([0, 0, 0], dtype=dtype)
+            arr[2] = value
+
+        def create(value, dtype):
+            np.array([value], dtype=dtype)
+
+        for creation_func in [scalar, assign, create]:
+            try:
+                self.assert_deprecated(
+                        lambda: creation_func(info.min - 1, dtype))
+            except OverflowError:
+                pass  # OverflowErrors always happened also before and are OK.
+
+            try:
+                self.assert_deprecated(
+                        lambda: creation_func(info.max + 1, dtype))
+            except OverflowError:
+                pass  # OverflowErrors always happened also before and are OK.
+
+
+class TestDeprecatedGlobals(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated 2022-11-17, NumPy 1.24
+    def test_type_aliases(self):
+        # from builtins
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.bool8)
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.int0)
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.uint0)
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.bytes0)
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.str0)
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.object0)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name",
+        ["bool", "long", "ulong", "str", "bytes", "object"])
+def test_future_scalar_attributes(name):
+    # FutureWarning added 2022-11-17, NumPy 1.24,
+    assert name not in dir(np)  # we may want to not add them
+    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning,
+            match=f"In the future .*{name}"):
+        assert not hasattr(np, name)
+
+    # Unfortunately, they are currently still valid via `np.dtype()`
+    np.dtype(name)
+    name in np.sctypeDict
+
+
+# Ignore the above future attribute warning for this test.
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:In the future:FutureWarning")
+class TestRemovedGlobals:
+    # Removed 2023-01-12, NumPy 1.24.0
+    # Not a deprecation, but the large error was added to aid those who missed
+    # the previous deprecation, and should be removed similarly to one
+    # (or faster).
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name",
+            ["object", "bool", "float", "complex", "str", "int"])
+    def test_attributeerror_includes_info(self, name):
+        msg = f".*\n`np.{name}` was a deprecated alias for the builtin"
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=msg):
+            getattr(np, name)
+
+
+class TestDeprecatedFinfo(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated in NumPy 1.25, 2023-01-16
+    def test_deprecated_none(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(np.finfo, args=(None,))
+
+class TestFromnumeric(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # 2023-02-28, 1.25.0
+    def test_round_(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.round_(np.array([1.5, 2.5, 3.5])))
+
+    # 2023-03-02, 1.25.0
+    def test_cumproduct(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.cumproduct(np.array([1, 2, 3])))
+
+    # 2023-03-02, 1.25.0
+    def test_product(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.product(np.array([1, 2, 3])))
+
+    # 2023-03-02, 1.25.0
+    def test_sometrue(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.sometrue(np.array([True, False])))
+
+    # 2023-03-02, 1.25.0
+    def test_alltrue(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.alltrue(np.array([True, False])))
+
+
+class TestMathAlias(_DeprecationTestCase):
+    # Deprecated in Numpy 1.25, 2023-04-06
+    def test_deprecated_np_math(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.math)
+
+    def test_deprecated_np_lib_math(self):
+        self.assert_deprecated(lambda: np.lib.math)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_dlpack.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_dlpack.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49249bc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_dlpack.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import sys
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, IS_PYPY
+
+
+class TestDLPack:
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY, reason="PyPy can't get refcounts.")
+    def test_dunder_dlpack_refcount(self):
+        x = np.arange(5)
+        y = x.__dlpack__()
+        assert sys.getrefcount(x) == 3
+        del y
+        assert sys.getrefcount(x) == 2
+
+    def test_dunder_dlpack_stream(self):
+        x = np.arange(5)
+        x.__dlpack__(stream=None)
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            x.__dlpack__(stream=1)
+
+    def test_strides_not_multiple_of_itemsize(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('int', np.int32), ('char', np.int8)])
+        y = np.zeros((5,), dtype=dt)
+        z = y['int']
+
+        with pytest.raises(BufferError):
+            np.from_dlpack(z)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY, reason="PyPy can't get refcounts.")
+    def test_from_dlpack_refcount(self):
+        x = np.arange(5)
+        y = np.from_dlpack(x)
+        assert sys.getrefcount(x) == 3
+        del y
+        assert sys.getrefcount(x) == 2
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [
+        np.bool_,
+        np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64,
+        np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64,
+        np.float16, np.float32, np.float64,
+        np.complex64, np.complex128
+    ])
+    def test_dtype_passthrough(self, dtype):
+        x = np.arange(5).astype(dtype)
+        y = np.from_dlpack(x)
+
+        assert y.dtype == x.dtype
+        assert_array_equal(x, y)
+
+    def test_invalid_dtype(self):
+        x = np.asarray(np.datetime64('2021-05-27'))
+
+        with pytest.raises(BufferError):
+            np.from_dlpack(x)
+
+    def test_invalid_byte_swapping(self):
+        dt = np.dtype('=i8').newbyteorder()
+        x = np.arange(5, dtype=dt)
+
+        with pytest.raises(BufferError):
+            np.from_dlpack(x)
+
+    def test_non_contiguous(self):
+        x = np.arange(25).reshape((5, 5))
+
+        y1 = x[0]
+        assert_array_equal(y1, np.from_dlpack(y1))
+
+        y2 = x[:, 0]
+        assert_array_equal(y2, np.from_dlpack(y2))
+
+        y3 = x[1, :]
+        assert_array_equal(y3, np.from_dlpack(y3))
+
+        y4 = x[1]
+        assert_array_equal(y4, np.from_dlpack(y4))
+
+        y5 = np.diagonal(x).copy()
+        assert_array_equal(y5, np.from_dlpack(y5))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ndim", range(33))
+    def test_higher_dims(self, ndim):
+        shape = (1,) * ndim
+        x = np.zeros(shape, dtype=np.float64)
+
+        assert shape == np.from_dlpack(x).shape
+
+    def test_dlpack_device(self):
+        x = np.arange(5)
+        assert x.__dlpack_device__() == (1, 0)
+        y = np.from_dlpack(x)
+        assert y.__dlpack_device__() == (1, 0)
+        z = y[::2]
+        assert z.__dlpack_device__() == (1, 0)
+
+    def dlpack_deleter_exception(self):
+        x = np.arange(5)
+        _ = x.__dlpack__()
+        raise RuntimeError
+
+    def test_dlpack_destructor_exception(self):
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            self.dlpack_deleter_exception()
+
+    def test_readonly(self):
+        x = np.arange(5)
+        x.flags.writeable = False
+        with pytest.raises(BufferError):
+            x.__dlpack__()
+
+    def test_ndim0(self):
+        x = np.array(1.0)
+        y = np.from_dlpack(x)
+        assert_array_equal(x, y)
+
+    def test_size1dims_arrays(self):
+        x = np.ndarray(dtype='f8', shape=(10, 5, 1), strides=(8, 80, 4),
+                       buffer=np.ones(1000, dtype=np.uint8), order='F')
+        y = np.from_dlpack(x)
+        assert_array_equal(x, y)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_dtype.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_dtype.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac155b67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_dtype.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1906 @@
+import sys
+import operator
+import pytest
+import ctypes
+import gc
+import types
+from typing import Any
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.dtypes
+from numpy.core._rational_tests import rational
+from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import create_custom_field_dtype
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_raises, HAS_REFCOUNT,
+    IS_PYSTON, _OLD_PROMOTION)
+from numpy.compat import pickle
+from itertools import permutations
+import random
+
+import hypothesis
+from hypothesis.extra import numpy as hynp
+
+
+
+def assert_dtype_equal(a, b):
+    assert_equal(a, b)
+    assert_equal(hash(a), hash(b),
+                 "two equivalent types do not hash to the same value !")
+
+def assert_dtype_not_equal(a, b):
+    assert_(a != b)
+    assert_(hash(a) != hash(b),
+            "two different types hash to the same value !")
+
+class TestBuiltin:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', [int, float, complex, np.int32, str, object,
+                                   np.compat.unicode])
+    def test_run(self, t):
+        """Only test hash runs at all."""
+        dt = np.dtype(t)
+        hash(dt)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', [int, float])
+    def test_dtype(self, t):
+        # Make sure equivalent byte order char hash the same (e.g. < and = on
+        # little endian)
+        dt = np.dtype(t)
+        dt2 = dt.newbyteorder("<")
+        dt3 = dt.newbyteorder(">")
+        if dt == dt2:
+            assert_(dt.byteorder != dt2.byteorder, "bogus test")
+            assert_dtype_equal(dt, dt2)
+        else:
+            assert_(dt.byteorder != dt3.byteorder, "bogus test")
+            assert_dtype_equal(dt, dt3)
+
+    def test_equivalent_dtype_hashing(self):
+        # Make sure equivalent dtypes with different type num hash equal
+        uintp = np.dtype(np.uintp)
+        if uintp.itemsize == 4:
+            left = uintp
+            right = np.dtype(np.uint32)
+        else:
+            left = uintp
+            right = np.dtype(np.ulonglong)
+        assert_(left == right)
+        assert_(hash(left) == hash(right))
+
+    def test_invalid_types(self):
+        # Make sure invalid type strings raise an error
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'O3')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'O5')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'O7')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'b3')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'h4')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'I5')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'e3')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'f5')
+
+        if np.dtype('g').itemsize == 8 or np.dtype('g').itemsize == 16:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'g12')
+        elif np.dtype('g').itemsize == 12:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'g16')
+
+        if np.dtype('l').itemsize == 8:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'l4')
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'L4')
+        else:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'l8')
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'L8')
+
+        if np.dtype('q').itemsize == 8:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'q4')
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'Q4')
+        else:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'q8')
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'Q8')
+
+    def test_richcompare_invalid_dtype_equality(self):
+        # Make sure objects that cannot be converted to valid
+        # dtypes results in False/True when compared to valid dtypes.
+        # Here 7 cannot be converted to dtype. No exceptions should be raised
+
+        assert not np.dtype(np.int32) == 7, "dtype richcompare failed for =="
+        assert np.dtype(np.int32) != 7, "dtype richcompare failed for !="
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        'operation',
+        [operator.le, operator.lt, operator.ge, operator.gt])
+    def test_richcompare_invalid_dtype_comparison(self, operation):
+        # Make sure TypeError is raised for comparison operators
+        # for invalid dtypes. Here 7 is an invalid dtype.
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            operation(np.dtype(np.int32), 7)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype",
+             ['Bool', 'Bytes0', 'Complex32', 'Complex64',
+              'Datetime64', 'Float16', 'Float32', 'Float64',
+              'Int8', 'Int16', 'Int32', 'Int64',
+              'Object0', 'Str0', 'Timedelta64',
+              'UInt8', 'UInt16', 'Uint32', 'UInt32',
+              'Uint64', 'UInt64', 'Void0',
+              "Float128", "Complex128"])
+    def test_numeric_style_types_are_invalid(self, dtype):
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.dtype(dtype)
+
+    def test_remaining_dtypes_with_bad_bytesize(self):
+        # The np.<name> aliases were deprecated, these probably should be too 
+        assert np.dtype("int0") is np.dtype("intp")
+        assert np.dtype("uint0") is np.dtype("uintp")
+        assert np.dtype("bool8") is np.dtype("bool")
+        assert np.dtype("bytes0") is np.dtype("bytes")
+        assert np.dtype("str0") is np.dtype("str")
+        assert np.dtype("object0") is np.dtype("object")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        'value',
+        ['m8', 'M8', 'datetime64', 'timedelta64',
+         'i4, (2,3)f8, f4', 'a3, 3u8, (3,4)a10',
+         '>f', '<f', '=f', '|f',
+        ])
+    def test_dtype_bytes_str_equivalence(self, value):
+        bytes_value = value.encode('ascii')
+        from_bytes = np.dtype(bytes_value)
+        from_str = np.dtype(value)
+        assert_dtype_equal(from_bytes, from_str)
+
+    def test_dtype_from_bytes(self):
+        # Empty bytes object
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, b'')
+        # Byte order indicator, but no type
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, b'|')
+
+        # Single character with ordinal < NPY_NTYPES returns
+        # type by index into _builtin_descrs
+        assert_dtype_equal(np.dtype(bytes([0])), np.dtype('bool'))
+        assert_dtype_equal(np.dtype(bytes([17])), np.dtype(object))
+
+        # Single character where value is a valid type code
+        assert_dtype_equal(np.dtype(b'f'), np.dtype('float32'))
+
+        # Bytes with non-ascii values raise errors
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, b'\xff')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, b's\xff')
+
+    def test_bad_param(self):
+        # Can't give a size that's too small
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype,
+                        {'names':['f0', 'f1'],
+                         'formats':['i4', 'i1'],
+                         'offsets':[0, 4],
+                         'itemsize':4})
+        # If alignment is enabled, the alignment (4) must divide the itemsize
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype,
+                        {'names':['f0', 'f1'],
+                         'formats':['i4', 'i1'],
+                         'offsets':[0, 4],
+                         'itemsize':9}, align=True)
+        # If alignment is enabled, the individual fields must be aligned
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype,
+                        {'names':['f0', 'f1'],
+                         'formats':['i1', 'f4'],
+                         'offsets':[0, 2]}, align=True)
+
+    def test_field_order_equality(self):
+        x = np.dtype({'names': ['A', 'B'],
+                      'formats': ['i4', 'f4'],
+                      'offsets': [0, 4]})
+        y = np.dtype({'names': ['B', 'A'],
+                      'formats': ['i4', 'f4'],
+                      'offsets': [4, 0]})
+        assert_equal(x == y, False)
+        # This is an safe cast (not equiv) due to the different names:
+        assert np.can_cast(x, y, casting="safe")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        ["type_char", "char_size", "scalar_type"],
+        [["U", 4, np.str_],
+         ["S", 1, np.bytes_]])
+    def test_create_string_dtypes_directly(
+            self, type_char, char_size, scalar_type):
+        dtype_class = type(np.dtype(type_char))
+
+        dtype = dtype_class(8)
+        assert dtype.type is scalar_type
+        assert dtype.itemsize == 8*char_size
+
+    def test_create_invalid_string_errors(self):
+        one_too_big = np.iinfo(np.intc).max + 1
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            type(np.dtype("U"))(one_too_big // 4)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            # Code coverage for very large numbers:
+            type(np.dtype("U"))(np.iinfo(np.intp).max // 4 + 1)
+
+        if one_too_big < sys.maxsize:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                type(np.dtype("S"))(one_too_big)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            type(np.dtype("U"))(-1)
+
+
+class TestRecord:
+    def test_equivalent_record(self):
+        """Test whether equivalent record dtypes hash the same."""
+        a = np.dtype([('yo', int)])
+        b = np.dtype([('yo', int)])
+        assert_dtype_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_different_names(self):
+        # In theory, they may hash the same (collision) ?
+        a = np.dtype([('yo', int)])
+        b = np.dtype([('ye', int)])
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_different_titles(self):
+        # In theory, they may hash the same (collision) ?
+        a = np.dtype({'names': ['r', 'b'],
+                      'formats': ['u1', 'u1'],
+                      'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Blue pixel']})
+        b = np.dtype({'names': ['r', 'b'],
+                      'formats': ['u1', 'u1'],
+                      'titles': ['RRed pixel', 'Blue pixel']})
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(a, b)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+    def test_refcount_dictionary_setting(self):
+        names = ["name1"]
+        formats = ["f8"]
+        titles = ["t1"]
+        offsets = [0]
+        d = dict(names=names, formats=formats, titles=titles, offsets=offsets)
+        refcounts = {k: sys.getrefcount(i) for k, i in d.items()}
+        np.dtype(d)
+        refcounts_new = {k: sys.getrefcount(i) for k, i in d.items()}
+        assert refcounts == refcounts_new
+
+    def test_mutate(self):
+        # Mutating a dtype should reset the cached hash value.
+        # NOTE: Mutating should be deprecated, but new API added to replace it.
+        a = np.dtype([('yo', int)])
+        b = np.dtype([('yo', int)])
+        c = np.dtype([('ye', int)])
+        assert_dtype_equal(a, b)
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(a, c)
+        a.names = ['ye']
+        assert_dtype_equal(a, c)
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(a, b)
+        state = b.__reduce__()[2]
+        a.__setstate__(state)
+        assert_dtype_equal(a, b)
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(a, c)
+
+    def test_mutate_error(self):
+        # NOTE: Mutating should be deprecated, but new API added to replace it.
+        a = np.dtype("i,i")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must replace all names at once"):
+            a.names = ["f0"]
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=".*and not string"):
+            a.names = ["f0", b"not a unicode name"]
+
+    def test_not_lists(self):
+        """Test if an appropriate exception is raised when passing bad values to
+        the dtype constructor.
+        """
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype,
+                      dict(names={'A', 'B'}, formats=['f8', 'i4']))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype,
+                      dict(names=['A', 'B'], formats={'f8', 'i4'}))
+
+    def test_aligned_size(self):
+        # Check that structured dtypes get padded to an aligned size
+        dt = np.dtype('i4, i1', align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt.itemsize, 8)
+        dt = np.dtype([('f0', 'i4'), ('f1', 'i1')], align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt.itemsize, 8)
+        dt = np.dtype({'names':['f0', 'f1'],
+                       'formats':['i4', 'u1'],
+                       'offsets':[0, 4]}, align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt.itemsize, 8)
+        dt = np.dtype({'f0': ('i4', 0), 'f1':('u1', 4)}, align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt.itemsize, 8)
+        # Nesting should preserve that alignment
+        dt1 = np.dtype([('f0', 'i4'),
+                       ('f1', [('f1', 'i1'), ('f2', 'i4'), ('f3', 'i1')]),
+                       ('f2', 'i1')], align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt1.itemsize, 20)
+        dt2 = np.dtype({'names':['f0', 'f1', 'f2'],
+                       'formats':['i4',
+                                  [('f1', 'i1'), ('f2', 'i4'), ('f3', 'i1')],
+                                  'i1'],
+                       'offsets':[0, 4, 16]}, align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt2.itemsize, 20)
+        dt3 = np.dtype({'f0': ('i4', 0),
+                       'f1': ([('f1', 'i1'), ('f2', 'i4'), ('f3', 'i1')], 4),
+                       'f2': ('i1', 16)}, align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt3.itemsize, 20)
+        assert_equal(dt1, dt2)
+        assert_equal(dt2, dt3)
+        # Nesting should preserve packing
+        dt1 = np.dtype([('f0', 'i4'),
+                       ('f1', [('f1', 'i1'), ('f2', 'i4'), ('f3', 'i1')]),
+                       ('f2', 'i1')], align=False)
+        assert_equal(dt1.itemsize, 11)
+        dt2 = np.dtype({'names':['f0', 'f1', 'f2'],
+                       'formats':['i4',
+                                  [('f1', 'i1'), ('f2', 'i4'), ('f3', 'i1')],
+                                  'i1'],
+                       'offsets':[0, 4, 10]}, align=False)
+        assert_equal(dt2.itemsize, 11)
+        dt3 = np.dtype({'f0': ('i4', 0),
+                       'f1': ([('f1', 'i1'), ('f2', 'i4'), ('f3', 'i1')], 4),
+                       'f2': ('i1', 10)}, align=False)
+        assert_equal(dt3.itemsize, 11)
+        assert_equal(dt1, dt2)
+        assert_equal(dt2, dt3)
+        # Array of subtype should preserve alignment
+        dt1 = np.dtype([('a', '|i1'),
+                        ('b', [('f0', '<i2'),
+                        ('f1', '<f4')], 2)], align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt1.descr, [('a', '|i1'), ('', '|V3'),
+                                 ('b', [('f0', '<i2'), ('', '|V2'),
+                                 ('f1', '<f4')], (2,))])
+
+    def test_union_struct(self):
+        # Should be able to create union dtypes
+        dt = np.dtype({'names':['f0', 'f1', 'f2'], 'formats':['<u4', '<u2', '<u2'],
+                        'offsets':[0, 0, 2]}, align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt.itemsize, 4)
+        a = np.array([3], dtype='<u4').view(dt)
+        a['f1'] = 10
+        a['f2'] = 36
+        assert_equal(a['f0'], 10 + 36*256*256)
+        # Should be able to specify fields out of order
+        dt = np.dtype({'names':['f0', 'f1', 'f2'], 'formats':['<u4', '<u2', '<u2'],
+                        'offsets':[4, 0, 2]}, align=True)
+        assert_equal(dt.itemsize, 8)
+        # field name should not matter: assignment is by position
+        dt2 = np.dtype({'names':['f2', 'f0', 'f1'],
+                        'formats':['<u4', '<u2', '<u2'],
+                        'offsets':[4, 0, 2]}, align=True)
+        vals = [(0, 1, 2), (3, 2**15-1, 4)]
+        vals2 = [(0, 1, 2), (3, 2**15-1, 4)]
+        a = np.array(vals, dt)
+        b = np.array(vals2, dt2)
+        assert_equal(a.astype(dt2), b)
+        assert_equal(b.astype(dt), a)
+        assert_equal(a.view(dt2), b)
+        assert_equal(b.view(dt), a)
+        # Should not be able to overlap objects with other types
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype,
+                {'names':['f0', 'f1'],
+                 'formats':['O', 'i1'],
+                 'offsets':[0, 2]})
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype,
+                {'names':['f0', 'f1'],
+                 'formats':['i4', 'O'],
+                 'offsets':[0, 3]})
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype,
+                {'names':['f0', 'f1'],
+                 'formats':[[('a', 'O')], 'i1'],
+                 'offsets':[0, 2]})
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype,
+                {'names':['f0', 'f1'],
+                 'formats':['i4', [('a', 'O')]],
+                 'offsets':[0, 3]})
+        # Out of order should still be ok, however
+        dt = np.dtype({'names':['f0', 'f1'],
+                       'formats':['i1', 'O'],
+                       'offsets':[np.dtype('intp').itemsize, 0]})
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["obj", "dtype", "expected"],
+        [([], ("(2)f4,"), np.empty((0, 2), dtype="f4")),
+         (3, "(3)f4,", [3, 3, 3]),
+         (np.float64(2), "(2)f4,", [2, 2]),
+         ([((0, 1), (1, 2)), ((2,),)], '(2,2)f4', None),
+         (["1", "2"], "(2)i,", None)])
+    def test_subarray_list(self, obj, dtype, expected):
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+        res = np.array(obj, dtype=dtype)
+
+        if expected is None:
+            # iterate the 1-d list to fill the array
+            expected = np.empty(len(obj), dtype=dtype)
+            for i in range(len(expected)):
+                expected[i] = obj[i]
+
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
+    def test_comma_datetime(self):
+        dt = np.dtype('M8[D],datetime64[Y],i8')
+        assert_equal(dt, np.dtype([('f0', 'M8[D]'),
+                                   ('f1', 'datetime64[Y]'),
+                                   ('f2', 'i8')]))
+
+    def test_from_dictproxy(self):
+        # Tests for PR #5920
+        dt = np.dtype({'names': ['a', 'b'], 'formats': ['i4', 'f4']})
+        assert_dtype_equal(dt, np.dtype(dt.fields))
+        dt2 = np.dtype((np.void, dt.fields))
+        assert_equal(dt2.fields, dt.fields)
+
+    def test_from_dict_with_zero_width_field(self):
+        # Regression test for #6430 / #2196
+        dt = np.dtype([('val1', np.float32, (0,)), ('val2', int)])
+        dt2 = np.dtype({'names': ['val1', 'val2'],
+                        'formats': [(np.float32, (0,)), int]})
+
+        assert_dtype_equal(dt, dt2)
+        assert_equal(dt.fields['val1'][0].itemsize, 0)
+        assert_equal(dt.itemsize, dt.fields['val2'][0].itemsize)
+
+    def test_bool_commastring(self):
+        d = np.dtype('?,?,?')  # raises?
+        assert_equal(len(d.names), 3)
+        for n in d.names:
+            assert_equal(d.fields[n][0], np.dtype('?'))
+
+    def test_nonint_offsets(self):
+        # gh-8059
+        def make_dtype(off):
+            return np.dtype({'names': ['A'], 'formats': ['i4'],
+                             'offsets': [off]})
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, make_dtype, 'ASD')
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, make_dtype, 2**70)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, make_dtype, 2.3)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, make_dtype, -10)
+
+        # no errors here:
+        dt = make_dtype(np.uint32(0))
+        np.zeros(1, dtype=dt)[0].item()
+
+    def test_fields_by_index(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', np.int8), ('b', np.float32, 3)])
+        assert_dtype_equal(dt[0], np.dtype(np.int8))
+        assert_dtype_equal(dt[1], np.dtype((np.float32, 3)))
+        assert_dtype_equal(dt[-1], dt[1])
+        assert_dtype_equal(dt[-2], dt[0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: dt[-3])
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.getitem, dt, 3.0)
+
+        assert_equal(dt[1], dt[np.int8(1)])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('align_flag',[False, True])
+    def test_multifield_index(self, align_flag):
+        # indexing with a list produces subfields
+        # the align flag should be preserved
+        dt = np.dtype([
+            (('title', 'col1'), '<U20'), ('A', '<f8'), ('B', '<f8')
+        ], align=align_flag)
+
+        dt_sub = dt[['B', 'col1']]
+        assert_equal(
+            dt_sub,
+            np.dtype({
+                'names': ['B', 'col1'],
+                'formats': ['<f8', '<U20'],
+                'offsets': [88, 0],
+                'titles': [None, 'title'],
+                'itemsize': 96
+            })
+        )
+        assert_equal(dt_sub.isalignedstruct, align_flag)
+
+        dt_sub = dt[['B']]
+        assert_equal(
+            dt_sub,
+            np.dtype({
+                'names': ['B'],
+                'formats': ['<f8'],
+                'offsets': [88],
+                'itemsize': 96
+            })
+        )
+        assert_equal(dt_sub.isalignedstruct, align_flag)
+
+        dt_sub = dt[[]]
+        assert_equal(
+            dt_sub,
+            np.dtype({
+                'names': [],
+                'formats': [],
+                'offsets': [],
+                'itemsize': 96
+            })
+        )
+        assert_equal(dt_sub.isalignedstruct, align_flag)
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.getitem, dt, ())
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.getitem, dt, [1, 2, 3])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.getitem, dt, ['col1', 2])
+        assert_raises(KeyError, operator.getitem, dt, ['fake'])
+        assert_raises(KeyError, operator.getitem, dt, ['title'])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, operator.getitem, dt, ['col1', 'col1'])
+
+    def test_partial_dict(self):
+        # 'names' is missing
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype,
+                {'formats': ['i4', 'i4'], 'f0': ('i4', 0), 'f1':('i4', 4)})
+
+    def test_fieldless_views(self):
+        a = np.zeros(2, dtype={'names':[], 'formats':[], 'offsets':[],
+                               'itemsize':8})
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.view, np.dtype([]))
+
+        d = np.dtype((np.dtype([]), 10))
+        assert_equal(d.shape, (10,))
+        assert_equal(d.itemsize, 0)
+        assert_equal(d.base, np.dtype([]))
+
+        arr = np.fromiter((() for i in range(10)), [])
+        assert_equal(arr.dtype, np.dtype([]))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.frombuffer, b'', dtype=[])
+        assert_equal(np.frombuffer(b'', dtype=[], count=2),
+                     np.empty(2, dtype=[]))
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, ([], 'f8'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.zeros(1, dtype='i4').view, [])
+
+        assert_equal(np.zeros(2, dtype=[]) == np.zeros(2, dtype=[]),
+                     np.ones(2, dtype=bool))
+
+        assert_equal(np.zeros((1, 2), dtype=[]) == a,
+                     np.ones((1, 2), dtype=bool))
+
+    def test_nonstructured_with_object(self):
+        # See gh-23277, the dtype here thinks it contain objects, if the
+        # assert about that fails, the test becomes meaningless (which is OK)
+        arr = np.recarray((0,), dtype="O") 
+        assert arr.dtype.names is None  # no fields
+        assert arr.dtype.hasobject  # but claims to contain objects
+        del arr  # the deletion failed previously.
+
+
+class TestSubarray:
+    def test_single_subarray(self):
+        a = np.dtype((int, (2)))
+        b = np.dtype((int, (2,)))
+        assert_dtype_equal(a, b)
+
+        assert_equal(type(a.subdtype[1]), tuple)
+        assert_equal(type(b.subdtype[1]), tuple)
+
+    def test_equivalent_record(self):
+        """Test whether equivalent subarray dtypes hash the same."""
+        a = np.dtype((int, (2, 3)))
+        b = np.dtype((int, (2, 3)))
+        assert_dtype_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_nonequivalent_record(self):
+        """Test whether different subarray dtypes hash differently."""
+        a = np.dtype((int, (2, 3)))
+        b = np.dtype((int, (3, 2)))
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(a, b)
+
+        a = np.dtype((int, (2, 3)))
+        b = np.dtype((int, (2, 2)))
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(a, b)
+
+        a = np.dtype((int, (1, 2, 3)))
+        b = np.dtype((int, (1, 2)))
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_shape_equal(self):
+        """Test some data types that are equal"""
+        assert_dtype_equal(np.dtype('f8'), np.dtype(('f8', tuple())))
+        # FutureWarning during deprecation period; after it is passed this
+        # should instead check that "(1)f8" == "1f8" == ("f8", 1).
+        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
+            assert_dtype_equal(np.dtype('f8'), np.dtype(('f8', 1)))
+        assert_dtype_equal(np.dtype((int, 2)), np.dtype((int, (2,))))
+        assert_dtype_equal(np.dtype(('<f4', (3, 2))), np.dtype(('<f4', (3, 2))))
+        d = ([('a', 'f4', (1, 2)), ('b', 'f8', (3, 1))], (3, 2))
+        assert_dtype_equal(np.dtype(d), np.dtype(d))
+
+    def test_shape_simple(self):
+        """Test some simple cases that shouldn't be equal"""
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(np.dtype('f8'), np.dtype(('f8', (1,))))
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(np.dtype(('f8', (1,))), np.dtype(('f8', (1, 1))))
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(np.dtype(('f4', (3, 2))), np.dtype(('f4', (2, 3))))
+
+    def test_shape_monster(self):
+        """Test some more complicated cases that shouldn't be equal"""
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(
+            np.dtype(([('a', 'f4', (2, 1)), ('b', 'f8', (1, 3))], (2, 2))),
+            np.dtype(([('a', 'f4', (1, 2)), ('b', 'f8', (1, 3))], (2, 2))))
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(
+            np.dtype(([('a', 'f4', (2, 1)), ('b', 'f8', (1, 3))], (2, 2))),
+            np.dtype(([('a', 'f4', (2, 1)), ('b', 'i8', (1, 3))], (2, 2))))
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(
+            np.dtype(([('a', 'f4', (2, 1)), ('b', 'f8', (1, 3))], (2, 2))),
+            np.dtype(([('e', 'f8', (1, 3)), ('d', 'f4', (2, 1))], (2, 2))))
+        assert_dtype_not_equal(
+            np.dtype(([('a', [('a', 'i4', 6)], (2, 1)), ('b', 'f8', (1, 3))], (2, 2))),
+            np.dtype(([('a', [('a', 'u4', 6)], (2, 1)), ('b', 'f8', (1, 3))], (2, 2))))
+
+    def test_shape_sequence(self):
+        # Any sequence of integers should work as shape, but the result
+        # should be a tuple (immutable) of base type integers.
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int16)
+        l = [1, 2, 3]
+        # Array gets converted
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'f4', a)])
+        assert_(isinstance(dt['a'].shape, tuple))
+        assert_(isinstance(dt['a'].shape[0], int))
+        # List gets converted
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'f4', l)])
+        assert_(isinstance(dt['a'].shape, tuple))
+        #
+
+        class IntLike:
+            def __index__(self):
+                return 3
+
+            def __int__(self):
+                # (a PyNumber_Check fails without __int__)
+                return 3
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'f4', IntLike())])
+        assert_(isinstance(dt['a'].shape, tuple))
+        assert_(isinstance(dt['a'].shape[0], int))
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'f4', (IntLike(),))])
+        assert_(isinstance(dt['a'].shape, tuple))
+        assert_(isinstance(dt['a'].shape[0], int))
+
+    def test_shape_matches_ndim(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'f4', ())])
+        assert_equal(dt['a'].shape, ())
+        assert_equal(dt['a'].ndim, 0)
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'f4')])
+        assert_equal(dt['a'].shape, ())
+        assert_equal(dt['a'].ndim, 0)
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'f4', 4)])
+        assert_equal(dt['a'].shape, (4,))
+        assert_equal(dt['a'].ndim, 1)
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'f4', (1, 2, 3))])
+        assert_equal(dt['a'].shape, (1, 2, 3))
+        assert_equal(dt['a'].ndim, 3)
+
+    def test_shape_invalid(self):
+        # Check that the shape is valid.
+        max_int = np.iinfo(np.intc).max
+        max_intp = np.iinfo(np.intp).max
+        # Too large values (the datatype is part of this)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, [('a', 'f4', max_int // 4 + 1)])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, [('a', 'f4', max_int + 1)])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, [('a', 'f4', (max_int, 2))])
+        # Takes a different code path (fails earlier:
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, [('a', 'f4', max_intp + 1)])
+        # Negative values
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, [('a', 'f4', -1)])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, [('a', 'f4', (-1, -1))])
+
+    def test_alignment(self):
+        #Check that subarrays are aligned
+        t1 = np.dtype('(1,)i4', align=True)
+        t2 = np.dtype('2i4', align=True)
+        assert_equal(t1.alignment, t2.alignment)
+
+    def test_aligned_empty(self):
+        # Mainly regression test for gh-19696: construction failed completely
+        dt = np.dtype([], align=True)
+        assert dt == np.dtype([])
+        dt = np.dtype({"names": [], "formats": [], "itemsize": 0}, align=True)
+        assert dt == np.dtype([])
+
+    def test_subarray_base_item(self):
+        arr = np.ones(3, dtype=[("f", "i", 3)])
+        # Extracting the field "absorbs" the subarray into a view:
+        assert arr["f"].base is arr
+        # Extract the structured item, and then check the tuple component:
+        item = arr.item(0)
+        assert type(item) is tuple and len(item) == 1
+        assert item[0].base is arr
+
+    def test_subarray_cast_copies(self):
+        # Older versions of NumPy did NOT copy, but they got the ownership
+        # wrong (not actually knowing the correct base!).  Versions since 1.21
+        # (I think) crashed fairly reliable.  This defines the correct behavior
+        # as a copy.  Keeping the ownership would be possible (but harder)
+        arr = np.ones(3, dtype=[("f", "i", 3)])
+        cast = arr.astype(object)
+        for fields in cast:
+            assert type(fields) == tuple and len(fields) == 1
+            subarr = fields[0]
+            assert subarr.base is None
+            assert subarr.flags.owndata
+
+
+def iter_struct_object_dtypes():
+    """
+    Iterates over a few complex dtypes and object pattern which
+    fill the array with a given object (defaults to a singleton).
+
+    Yields
+    ------
+    dtype : dtype
+    pattern : tuple
+        Structured tuple for use with `np.array`.
+    count : int
+        Number of objects stored in the dtype.
+    singleton : object
+        A singleton object. The returned pattern is constructed so that
+        all objects inside the datatype are set to the singleton.
+    """
+    obj = object()
+
+    dt = np.dtype([('b', 'O', (2, 3))])
+    p = ([[obj] * 3] * 2,)
+    yield pytest.param(dt, p, 6, obj, id="<subarray>")
+
+    dt = np.dtype([('a', 'i4'), ('b', 'O', (2, 3))])
+    p = (0, [[obj] * 3] * 2)
+    yield pytest.param(dt, p, 6, obj, id="<subarray in field>")
+
+    dt = np.dtype([('a', 'i4'),
+                   ('b', [('ba', 'O'), ('bb', 'i1')], (2, 3))])
+    p = (0, [[(obj, 0)] * 3] * 2)
+    yield pytest.param(dt, p, 6, obj, id="<structured subarray 1>")
+
+    dt = np.dtype([('a', 'i4'),
+                   ('b', [('ba', 'O'), ('bb', 'O')], (2, 3))])
+    p = (0, [[(obj, obj)] * 3] * 2)
+    yield pytest.param(dt, p, 12, obj, id="<structured subarray 2>")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.version_info >= (3, 12),
+    reason="Python 3.12 has immortal refcounts, this test will no longer "
+           "work. See gh-23986"
+)
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+class TestStructuredObjectRefcounting:
+    """These tests cover various uses of complicated structured types which
+    include objects and thus require reference counting.
+    """
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(['dt', 'pat', 'count', 'singleton'],
+                             iter_struct_object_dtypes())
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["creation_func", "creation_obj"], [
+        pytest.param(np.empty, None,
+             # None is probably used for too many things
+             marks=pytest.mark.skip("unreliable due to python's behaviour")),
+        (np.ones, 1),
+        (np.zeros, 0)])
+    def test_structured_object_create_delete(self, dt, pat, count, singleton,
+                                             creation_func, creation_obj):
+        """Structured object reference counting in creation and deletion"""
+        # The test assumes that 0, 1, and None are singletons.
+        gc.collect()
+        before = sys.getrefcount(creation_obj)
+        arr = creation_func(3, dt)
+
+        now = sys.getrefcount(creation_obj)
+        assert now - before == count * 3
+        del arr
+        now = sys.getrefcount(creation_obj)
+        assert now == before
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(['dt', 'pat', 'count', 'singleton'],
+                             iter_struct_object_dtypes())
+    def test_structured_object_item_setting(self, dt, pat, count, singleton):
+        """Structured object reference counting for simple item setting"""
+        one = 1
+
+        gc.collect()
+        before = sys.getrefcount(singleton)
+        arr = np.array([pat] * 3, dt)
+        assert sys.getrefcount(singleton) - before == count * 3
+        # Fill with `1` and check that it was replaced correctly:
+        before2 = sys.getrefcount(one)
+        arr[...] = one
+        after2 = sys.getrefcount(one)
+        assert after2 - before2 == count * 3
+        del arr
+        gc.collect()
+        assert sys.getrefcount(one) == before2
+        assert sys.getrefcount(singleton) == before
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(['dt', 'pat', 'count', 'singleton'],
+                             iter_struct_object_dtypes())
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        ['shape', 'index', 'items_changed'],
+        [((3,), ([0, 2],), 2),
+         ((3, 2), ([0, 2], slice(None)), 4),
+         ((3, 2), ([0, 2], [1]), 2),
+         ((3,), ([True, False, True]), 2)])
+    def test_structured_object_indexing(self, shape, index, items_changed,
+                                        dt, pat, count, singleton):
+        """Structured object reference counting for advanced indexing."""
+        # Use two small negative values (should be singletons, but less likely
+        # to run into race-conditions).  This failed in some threaded envs
+        # When using 0 and 1.  If it fails again, should remove all explicit
+        # checks, and rely on `pytest-leaks` reference count checker only.
+        val0 = -4
+        val1 = -5
+
+        arr = np.full(shape, val0, dt)
+
+        gc.collect()
+        before_val0 = sys.getrefcount(val0)
+        before_val1 = sys.getrefcount(val1)
+        # Test item getting:
+        part = arr[index]
+        after_val0 = sys.getrefcount(val0)
+        assert after_val0 - before_val0 == count * items_changed
+        del part
+        # Test item setting:
+        arr[index] = val1
+        gc.collect()
+        after_val0 = sys.getrefcount(val0)
+        after_val1 = sys.getrefcount(val1)
+        assert before_val0 - after_val0 == count * items_changed
+        assert after_val1 - before_val1 == count * items_changed
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(['dt', 'pat', 'count', 'singleton'],
+                             iter_struct_object_dtypes())
+    def test_structured_object_take_and_repeat(self, dt, pat, count, singleton):
+        """Structured object reference counting for specialized functions.
+        The older functions such as take and repeat use different code paths
+        then item setting (when writing this).
+        """
+        indices = [0, 1]
+
+        arr = np.array([pat] * 3, dt)
+        gc.collect()
+        before = sys.getrefcount(singleton)
+        res = arr.take(indices)
+        after = sys.getrefcount(singleton)
+        assert after - before == count * 2
+        new = res.repeat(10)
+        gc.collect()
+        after_repeat = sys.getrefcount(singleton)
+        assert after_repeat - after == count * 2 * 10
+
+
+class TestStructuredDtypeSparseFields:
+    """Tests subarray fields which contain sparse dtypes so that
+    not all memory is used by the dtype work. Such dtype's should
+    leave the underlying memory unchanged.
+    """
+    dtype = np.dtype([('a', {'names':['aa', 'ab'], 'formats':['f', 'f'],
+                             'offsets':[0, 4]}, (2, 3))])
+    sparse_dtype = np.dtype([('a', {'names':['ab'], 'formats':['f'],
+                                    'offsets':[4]}, (2, 3))])
+
+    def test_sparse_field_assignment(self):
+        arr = np.zeros(3, self.dtype)
+        sparse_arr = arr.view(self.sparse_dtype)
+
+        sparse_arr[...] = np.finfo(np.float32).max
+        # dtype is reduced when accessing the field, so shape is (3, 2, 3):
+        assert_array_equal(arr["a"]["aa"], np.zeros((3, 2, 3)))
+
+    def test_sparse_field_assignment_fancy(self):
+        # Fancy assignment goes to the copyswap function for complex types:
+        arr = np.zeros(3, self.dtype)
+        sparse_arr = arr.view(self.sparse_dtype)
+
+        sparse_arr[[0, 1, 2]] = np.finfo(np.float32).max
+        # dtype is reduced when accessing the field, so shape is (3, 2, 3):
+        assert_array_equal(arr["a"]["aa"], np.zeros((3, 2, 3)))
+
+
+class TestMonsterType:
+    """Test deeply nested subtypes."""
+
+    def test1(self):
+        simple1 = np.dtype({'names': ['r', 'b'], 'formats': ['u1', 'u1'],
+            'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Blue pixel']})
+        a = np.dtype([('yo', int), ('ye', simple1),
+            ('yi', np.dtype((int, (3, 2))))])
+        b = np.dtype([('yo', int), ('ye', simple1),
+            ('yi', np.dtype((int, (3, 2))))])
+        assert_dtype_equal(a, b)
+
+        c = np.dtype([('yo', int), ('ye', simple1),
+            ('yi', np.dtype((a, (3, 2))))])
+        d = np.dtype([('yo', int), ('ye', simple1),
+            ('yi', np.dtype((a, (3, 2))))])
+        assert_dtype_equal(c, d)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYSTON, reason="Pyston disables recursion checking")
+    def test_list_recursion(self):
+        l = list()
+        l.append(('f', l))
+        with pytest.raises(RecursionError):
+            np.dtype(l)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYSTON, reason="Pyston disables recursion checking")
+    def test_tuple_recursion(self):
+        d = np.int32
+        for i in range(100000):
+            d = (d, (1,))
+        with pytest.raises(RecursionError):
+            np.dtype(d)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYSTON, reason="Pyston disables recursion checking")
+    def test_dict_recursion(self):
+        d = dict(names=['self'], formats=[None], offsets=[0])
+        d['formats'][0] = d
+        with pytest.raises(RecursionError):
+            np.dtype(d)
+
+
+class TestMetadata:
+    def test_no_metadata(self):
+        d = np.dtype(int)
+        assert_(d.metadata is None)
+
+    def test_metadata_takes_dict(self):
+        d = np.dtype(int, metadata={'datum': 1})
+        assert_(d.metadata == {'datum': 1})
+
+    def test_metadata_rejects_nondict(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, int, metadata='datum')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, int, metadata=1)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, int, metadata=None)
+
+    def test_nested_metadata(self):
+        d = np.dtype([('a', np.dtype(int, metadata={'datum': 1}))])
+        assert_(d['a'].metadata == {'datum': 1})
+
+    def test_base_metadata_copied(self):
+        d = np.dtype((np.void, np.dtype('i4,i4', metadata={'datum': 1})))
+        assert_(d.metadata == {'datum': 1})
+
+class TestString:
+    def test_complex_dtype_str(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('top', [('tiles', ('>f4', (64, 64)), (1,)),
+                                ('rtile', '>f4', (64, 36))], (3,)),
+                       ('bottom', [('bleft', ('>f4', (8, 64)), (1,)),
+                                   ('bright', '>f4', (8, 36))])])
+        assert_equal(str(dt),
+                     "[('top', [('tiles', ('>f4', (64, 64)), (1,)), "
+                     "('rtile', '>f4', (64, 36))], (3,)), "
+                     "('bottom', [('bleft', ('>f4', (8, 64)), (1,)), "
+                     "('bright', '>f4', (8, 36))])]")
+
+        # If the sticky aligned flag is set to True, it makes the
+        # str() function use a dict representation with an 'aligned' flag
+        dt = np.dtype([('top', [('tiles', ('>f4', (64, 64)), (1,)),
+                                ('rtile', '>f4', (64, 36))],
+                                (3,)),
+                       ('bottom', [('bleft', ('>f4', (8, 64)), (1,)),
+                                   ('bright', '>f4', (8, 36))])],
+                       align=True)
+        assert_equal(str(dt),
+                    "{'names': ['top', 'bottom'],"
+                    " 'formats': [([('tiles', ('>f4', (64, 64)), (1,)), "
+                                   "('rtile', '>f4', (64, 36))], (3,)), "
+                                  "[('bleft', ('>f4', (8, 64)), (1,)), "
+                                   "('bright', '>f4', (8, 36))]],"
+                    " 'offsets': [0, 76800],"
+                    " 'itemsize': 80000,"
+                    " 'aligned': True}")
+        with np.printoptions(legacy='1.21'):
+            assert_equal(str(dt),
+                        "{'names':['top','bottom'], "
+                         "'formats':[([('tiles', ('>f4', (64, 64)), (1,)), "
+                                      "('rtile', '>f4', (64, 36))], (3,)),"
+                                     "[('bleft', ('>f4', (8, 64)), (1,)), "
+                                      "('bright', '>f4', (8, 36))]], "
+                         "'offsets':[0,76800], "
+                         "'itemsize':80000, "
+                         "'aligned':True}")
+        assert_equal(np.dtype(eval(str(dt))), dt)
+
+        dt = np.dtype({'names': ['r', 'g', 'b'], 'formats': ['u1', 'u1', 'u1'],
+                        'offsets': [0, 1, 2],
+                        'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Green pixel', 'Blue pixel']})
+        assert_equal(str(dt),
+                    "[(('Red pixel', 'r'), 'u1'), "
+                    "(('Green pixel', 'g'), 'u1'), "
+                    "(('Blue pixel', 'b'), 'u1')]")
+
+        dt = np.dtype({'names': ['rgba', 'r', 'g', 'b'],
+                       'formats': ['<u4', 'u1', 'u1', 'u1'],
+                       'offsets': [0, 0, 1, 2],
+                       'titles': ['Color', 'Red pixel',
+                                  'Green pixel', 'Blue pixel']})
+        assert_equal(str(dt),
+                    "{'names': ['rgba', 'r', 'g', 'b'],"
+                    " 'formats': ['<u4', 'u1', 'u1', 'u1'],"
+                    " 'offsets': [0, 0, 1, 2],"
+                    " 'titles': ['Color', 'Red pixel', "
+                               "'Green pixel', 'Blue pixel'],"
+                    " 'itemsize': 4}")
+
+        dt = np.dtype({'names': ['r', 'b'], 'formats': ['u1', 'u1'],
+                        'offsets': [0, 2],
+                        'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Blue pixel']})
+        assert_equal(str(dt),
+                    "{'names': ['r', 'b'],"
+                    " 'formats': ['u1', 'u1'],"
+                    " 'offsets': [0, 2],"
+                    " 'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Blue pixel'],"
+                    " 'itemsize': 3}")
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', '<m8[D]'), ('b', '<M8[us]')])
+        assert_equal(str(dt),
+                    "[('a', '<m8[D]'), ('b', '<M8[us]')]")
+
+    def test_repr_structured(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('top', [('tiles', ('>f4', (64, 64)), (1,)),
+                                ('rtile', '>f4', (64, 36))], (3,)),
+                       ('bottom', [('bleft', ('>f4', (8, 64)), (1,)),
+                                   ('bright', '>f4', (8, 36))])])
+        assert_equal(repr(dt),
+                     "dtype([('top', [('tiles', ('>f4', (64, 64)), (1,)), "
+                     "('rtile', '>f4', (64, 36))], (3,)), "
+                     "('bottom', [('bleft', ('>f4', (8, 64)), (1,)), "
+                     "('bright', '>f4', (8, 36))])])")
+
+        dt = np.dtype({'names': ['r', 'g', 'b'], 'formats': ['u1', 'u1', 'u1'],
+                        'offsets': [0, 1, 2],
+                        'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Green pixel', 'Blue pixel']},
+                        align=True)
+        assert_equal(repr(dt),
+                    "dtype([(('Red pixel', 'r'), 'u1'), "
+                    "(('Green pixel', 'g'), 'u1'), "
+                    "(('Blue pixel', 'b'), 'u1')], align=True)")
+
+    def test_repr_structured_not_packed(self):
+        dt = np.dtype({'names': ['rgba', 'r', 'g', 'b'],
+                       'formats': ['<u4', 'u1', 'u1', 'u1'],
+                       'offsets': [0, 0, 1, 2],
+                       'titles': ['Color', 'Red pixel',
+                                  'Green pixel', 'Blue pixel']}, align=True)
+        assert_equal(repr(dt),
+                    "dtype({'names': ['rgba', 'r', 'g', 'b'],"
+                    " 'formats': ['<u4', 'u1', 'u1', 'u1'],"
+                    " 'offsets': [0, 0, 1, 2],"
+                    " 'titles': ['Color', 'Red pixel', "
+                                "'Green pixel', 'Blue pixel'],"
+                    " 'itemsize': 4}, align=True)")
+
+        dt = np.dtype({'names': ['r', 'b'], 'formats': ['u1', 'u1'],
+                        'offsets': [0, 2],
+                        'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Blue pixel'],
+                        'itemsize': 4})
+        assert_equal(repr(dt),
+                    "dtype({'names': ['r', 'b'], "
+                    "'formats': ['u1', 'u1'], "
+                    "'offsets': [0, 2], "
+                    "'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Blue pixel'], "
+                    "'itemsize': 4})")
+
+    def test_repr_structured_datetime(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', '<M8[D]'), ('b', '<m8[us]')])
+        assert_equal(repr(dt),
+                    "dtype([('a', '<M8[D]'), ('b', '<m8[us]')])")
+
+    def test_repr_str_subarray(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(('<i2', (1,)))
+        assert_equal(repr(dt), "dtype(('<i2', (1,)))")
+        assert_equal(str(dt), "('<i2', (1,))")
+
+    def test_base_dtype_with_object_type(self):
+        # Issue gh-2798, should not error.
+        np.array(['a'], dtype="O").astype(("O", [("name", "O")]))
+
+    def test_empty_string_to_object(self):
+        # Pull request #4722
+        np.array(["", ""]).astype(object)
+
+    def test_void_subclass_unsized(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(np.record)
+        assert_equal(repr(dt), "dtype('V')")
+        assert_equal(str(dt), '|V0')
+        assert_equal(dt.name, 'record')
+
+    def test_void_subclass_sized(self):
+        dt = np.dtype((np.record, 2))
+        assert_equal(repr(dt), "dtype('V2')")
+        assert_equal(str(dt), '|V2')
+        assert_equal(dt.name, 'record16')
+
+    def test_void_subclass_fields(self):
+        dt = np.dtype((np.record, [('a', '<u2')]))
+        assert_equal(repr(dt), "dtype((numpy.record, [('a', '<u2')]))")
+        assert_equal(str(dt), "(numpy.record, [('a', '<u2')])")
+        assert_equal(dt.name, 'record16')
+
+
+class TestDtypeAttributeDeletion:
+
+    def test_dtype_non_writable_attributes_deletion(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(np.double)
+        attr = ["subdtype", "descr", "str", "name", "base", "shape",
+                "isbuiltin", "isnative", "isalignedstruct", "fields",
+                "metadata", "hasobject"]
+
+        for s in attr:
+            assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, dt, s)
+
+    def test_dtype_writable_attributes_deletion(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(np.double)
+        attr = ["names"]
+        for s in attr:
+            assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, dt, s)
+
+
+class TestDtypeAttributes:
+    def test_descr_has_trailing_void(self):
+        # see gh-6359
+        dtype = np.dtype({
+            'names': ['A', 'B'],
+            'formats': ['f4', 'f4'],
+            'offsets': [0, 8],
+            'itemsize': 16})
+        new_dtype = np.dtype(dtype.descr)
+        assert_equal(new_dtype.itemsize, 16)
+
+    def test_name_dtype_subclass(self):
+        # Ticket #4357
+        class user_def_subcls(np.void):
+            pass
+        assert_equal(np.dtype(user_def_subcls).name, 'user_def_subcls')
+
+    def test_zero_stride(self):
+        arr = np.ones(1, dtype="i8")
+        arr = np.broadcast_to(arr, 10)
+        assert arr.strides == (0,)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            arr.dtype = "i1"
+
+class TestDTypeMakeCanonical:
+    def check_canonical(self, dtype, canonical):
+        """
+        Check most properties relevant to "canonical" versions of a dtype,
+        which is mainly native byte order for datatypes supporting this.
+
+        The main work is checking structured dtypes with fields, where we
+        reproduce most the actual logic used in the C-code.
+        """
+        assert type(dtype) is type(canonical)
+
+        # a canonical DType should always have equivalent casting (both ways)
+        assert np.can_cast(dtype, canonical, casting="equiv")
+        assert np.can_cast(canonical, dtype, casting="equiv")
+        # a canonical dtype (and its fields) is always native (checks fields):
+        assert canonical.isnative
+
+        # Check that canonical of canonical is the same (no casting):
+        assert np.result_type(canonical) == canonical
+
+        if not dtype.names:
+            # The flags currently never change for unstructured dtypes
+            assert dtype.flags == canonical.flags
+            return
+
+        # Must have all the needs API flag set:
+        assert dtype.flags & 0b10000
+
+        # Check that the fields are identical (including titles):
+        assert dtype.fields.keys() == canonical.fields.keys()
+
+        def aligned_offset(offset, alignment):
+            # round up offset:
+            return - (-offset // alignment) * alignment
+
+        totalsize = 0
+        max_alignment = 1
+        for name in dtype.names:
+            # each field is also canonical:
+            new_field_descr = canonical.fields[name][0]
+            self.check_canonical(dtype.fields[name][0], new_field_descr)
+
+            # Must have the "inherited" object related flags:
+            expected = 0b11011 & new_field_descr.flags
+            assert (canonical.flags & expected) == expected
+
+            if canonical.isalignedstruct:
+                totalsize = aligned_offset(totalsize, new_field_descr.alignment)
+                max_alignment = max(new_field_descr.alignment, max_alignment)
+
+            assert canonical.fields[name][1] == totalsize
+            # if a title exists, they must match (otherwise empty tuple):
+            assert dtype.fields[name][2:] == canonical.fields[name][2:]
+
+            totalsize += new_field_descr.itemsize
+
+        if canonical.isalignedstruct:
+            totalsize = aligned_offset(totalsize, max_alignment)
+        assert canonical.itemsize == totalsize
+        assert canonical.alignment == max_alignment
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(">i4")
+        assert np.result_type(dt).isnative
+        assert np.result_type(dt).num == dt.num
+
+        # dtype with empty space:
+        struct_dt = np.dtype(">i4,<i1,i8,V3")[["f0", "f2"]]
+        canonical = np.result_type(struct_dt)
+        assert canonical.itemsize == 4+8
+        assert canonical.isnative
+
+        # aligned struct dtype with empty space:
+        struct_dt = np.dtype(">i1,<i4,i8,V3", align=True)[["f0", "f2"]]
+        canonical = np.result_type(struct_dt)
+        assert canonical.isalignedstruct
+        assert canonical.itemsize == np.dtype("i8").alignment + 8
+        assert canonical.isnative
+
+    def test_object_flag_not_inherited(self):
+        # The following dtype still indicates "object", because its included
+        # in the unaccessible space (maybe this could change at some point):
+        arr = np.ones(3, "i,O,i")[["f0", "f2"]]
+        assert arr.dtype.hasobject
+        canonical_dt = np.result_type(arr.dtype)
+        assert not canonical_dt.hasobject
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    @hypothesis.given(dtype=hynp.nested_dtypes())
+    def test_make_canonical_hypothesis(self, dtype):
+        canonical = np.result_type(dtype)
+        self.check_canonical(dtype, canonical)
+        # result_type with two arguments should always give identical results:
+        two_arg_result = np.result_type(dtype, dtype)
+        assert np.can_cast(two_arg_result, canonical, casting="no")
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    @hypothesis.given(
+            dtype=hypothesis.extra.numpy.array_dtypes(
+                subtype_strategy=hypothesis.extra.numpy.array_dtypes(),
+                min_size=5, max_size=10, allow_subarrays=True))
+    def test_structured(self, dtype):
+        # Pick 4 of the fields at random.  This will leave empty space in the
+        # dtype (since we do not canonicalize it here).
+        field_subset = random.sample(dtype.names, k=4)
+        dtype_with_empty_space = dtype[field_subset]
+        assert dtype_with_empty_space.itemsize == dtype.itemsize
+        canonicalized = np.result_type(dtype_with_empty_space)
+        self.check_canonical(dtype_with_empty_space, canonicalized)
+        # promotion with two arguments should always give identical results:
+        two_arg_result = np.promote_types(
+                dtype_with_empty_space, dtype_with_empty_space)
+        assert np.can_cast(two_arg_result, canonicalized, casting="no")
+
+        # Ensure that we also check aligned struct (check the opposite, in
+        # case hypothesis grows support for `align`.  Then repeat the test:
+        dtype_aligned = np.dtype(dtype.descr, align=not dtype.isalignedstruct)
+        dtype_with_empty_space = dtype_aligned[field_subset]
+        assert dtype_with_empty_space.itemsize == dtype_aligned.itemsize
+        canonicalized = np.result_type(dtype_with_empty_space)
+        self.check_canonical(dtype_with_empty_space, canonicalized)
+        # promotion with two arguments should always give identical results:
+        two_arg_result = np.promote_types(
+            dtype_with_empty_space, dtype_with_empty_space)
+        assert np.can_cast(two_arg_result, canonicalized, casting="no")
+
+
+class TestPickling:
+
+    def check_pickling(self, dtype):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            buf = pickle.dumps(dtype, proto)
+            # The dtype pickling itself pickles `np.dtype` if it is pickled
+            # as a singleton `dtype` should be stored in the buffer:
+            assert b"_DType_reconstruct" not in buf
+            assert b"dtype" in buf
+            pickled = pickle.loads(buf)
+            assert_equal(pickled, dtype)
+            assert_equal(pickled.descr, dtype.descr)
+            if dtype.metadata is not None:
+                assert_equal(pickled.metadata, dtype.metadata)
+            # Check the reconstructed dtype is functional
+            x = np.zeros(3, dtype=dtype)
+            y = np.zeros(3, dtype=pickled)
+            assert_equal(x, y)
+            assert_equal(x[0], y[0])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', [int, float, complex, np.int32, str, object,
+                                   np.compat.unicode, bool])
+    def test_builtin(self, t):
+        self.check_pickling(np.dtype(t))
+
+    def test_structured(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(([('a', '>f4', (2, 1)), ('b', '<f8', (1, 3))], (2, 2)))
+        self.check_pickling(dt)
+
+    def test_structured_aligned(self):
+        dt = np.dtype('i4, i1', align=True)
+        self.check_pickling(dt)
+
+    def test_structured_unaligned(self):
+        dt = np.dtype('i4, i1', align=False)
+        self.check_pickling(dt)
+
+    def test_structured_padded(self):
+        dt = np.dtype({
+            'names': ['A', 'B'],
+            'formats': ['f4', 'f4'],
+            'offsets': [0, 8],
+            'itemsize': 16})
+        self.check_pickling(dt)
+
+    def test_structured_titles(self):
+        dt = np.dtype({'names': ['r', 'b'],
+                       'formats': ['u1', 'u1'],
+                       'titles': ['Red pixel', 'Blue pixel']})
+        self.check_pickling(dt)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('base', ['m8', 'M8'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('unit', ['', 'Y', 'M', 'W', 'D', 'h', 'm', 's',
+                                      'ms', 'us', 'ns', 'ps', 'fs', 'as'])
+    def test_datetime(self, base, unit):
+        dt = np.dtype('%s[%s]' % (base, unit) if unit else base)
+        self.check_pickling(dt)
+        if unit:
+            dt = np.dtype('%s[7%s]' % (base, unit))
+            self.check_pickling(dt)
+
+    def test_metadata(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(int, metadata={'datum': 1})
+        self.check_pickling(dt)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("DType",
+        [type(np.dtype(t)) for t in np.typecodes['All']] +
+        [np.dtype(rational), np.dtype])
+    def test_pickle_types(self, DType):
+        # Check that DTypes (the classes/types) roundtrip when pickling
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            roundtrip_DType = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(DType, proto))
+            assert roundtrip_DType is DType
+
+
+class TestPromotion:
+    """Test cases related to more complex DType promotions.  Further promotion
+    tests are defined in `test_numeric.py`
+    """
+    @np._no_nep50_warning()
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["other", "expected", "expected_weak"],
+            [(2**16-1, np.complex64, None),
+             (2**32-1, np.complex128, np.complex64),
+             (np.float16(2), np.complex64, None),
+             (np.float32(2), np.complex64, None),
+             (np.longdouble(2), np.complex64, np.clongdouble),
+             # Base of the double value to sidestep any rounding issues:
+             (np.longdouble(np.nextafter(1.7e308, 0.)),
+                  np.complex128, np.clongdouble),
+             # Additionally use "nextafter" so the cast can't round down:
+             (np.longdouble(np.nextafter(1.7e308, np.inf)),
+                  np.clongdouble, None),
+             # repeat for complex scalars:
+             (np.complex64(2), np.complex64, None),
+             (np.clongdouble(2), np.complex64, np.clongdouble),
+             # Base of the double value to sidestep any rounding issues:
+             (np.clongdouble(np.nextafter(1.7e308, 0.) * 1j),
+                  np.complex128, np.clongdouble),
+             # Additionally use "nextafter" so the cast can't round down:
+             (np.clongdouble(np.nextafter(1.7e308, np.inf)),
+                  np.clongdouble, None),
+             ])
+    def test_complex_other_value_based(self,
+            weak_promotion, other, expected, expected_weak):
+        if weak_promotion and expected_weak is not None:
+            expected = expected_weak
+
+        # This would change if we modify the value based promotion
+        min_complex = np.dtype(np.complex64)
+
+        res = np.result_type(other, min_complex)
+        assert res == expected
+        # Check the same for a simple ufunc call that uses the same logic:
+        res = np.minimum(other, np.ones(3, dtype=min_complex)).dtype
+        assert res == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["other", "expected"],
+                 [(np.bool_, np.complex128),
+                  (np.int64, np.complex128),
+                  (np.float16, np.complex64),
+                  (np.float32, np.complex64),
+                  (np.float64, np.complex128),
+                  (np.longdouble, np.clongdouble),
+                  (np.complex64, np.complex64),
+                  (np.complex128, np.complex128),
+                  (np.clongdouble, np.clongdouble),
+                  ])
+    def test_complex_scalar_value_based(self, other, expected):
+        # This would change if we modify the value based promotion
+        complex_scalar = 1j
+
+        res = np.result_type(other, complex_scalar)
+        assert res == expected
+        # Check the same for a simple ufunc call that uses the same logic:
+        res = np.minimum(np.ones(3, dtype=other), complex_scalar).dtype
+        assert res == expected
+
+    def test_complex_pyscalar_promote_rational(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match=r".* no common DType exists for the given inputs"):
+            np.result_type(1j, rational)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match=r".* no common DType exists for the given inputs"):
+            np.result_type(1j, rational(1, 2))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("val", [2, 2**32, 2**63, 2**64, 2*100])
+    def test_python_integer_promotion(self, val):
+        # If we only path scalars (mainly python ones!), the result must take
+        # into account that the integer may be considered int32, int64, uint64,
+        # or object depending on the input value.  So test those paths!
+        expected_dtype = np.result_type(np.array(val).dtype, np.array(0).dtype)
+        assert np.result_type(val, 0) == expected_dtype
+        # For completeness sake, also check with a NumPy scalar as second arg:
+        assert np.result_type(val, np.int8(0)) == expected_dtype
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["other", "expected"],
+            [(1, rational), (1., np.float64)])
+    @np._no_nep50_warning()
+    def test_float_int_pyscalar_promote_rational(
+            self, weak_promotion, other, expected):
+        # Note that rationals are a bit akward as they promote with float64
+        # or default ints, but not float16 or uint8/int8 (which looks
+        # inconsistent here).  The new promotion fixes this (partially?)
+        if not weak_promotion and type(other) == float:
+            # The float version, checks float16 in the legacy path, which fails
+            # the integer version seems to check int8 (also), so it can
+            # pass.
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                    match=r".* do not have a common DType"):
+                np.result_type(other, rational)
+        else:
+            assert np.result_type(other, rational) == expected
+
+        assert np.result_type(other, rational(1, 2)) == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["dtypes", "expected"], [
+             # These promotions are not associative/commutative:
+             ([np.uint16, np.int16, np.float16], np.float32),
+             ([np.uint16, np.int8, np.float16], np.float32),
+             ([np.uint8, np.int16, np.float16], np.float32),
+             # The following promotions are not ambiguous, but cover code
+             # paths of abstract promotion (no particular logic being tested)
+             ([1, 1, np.float64], np.float64),
+             ([1, 1., np.complex128], np.complex128),
+             ([1, 1j, np.float64], np.complex128),
+             ([1., 1., np.int64], np.float64),
+             ([1., 1j, np.float64], np.complex128),
+             ([1j, 1j, np.float64], np.complex128),
+             ([1, True, np.bool_], np.int_),
+            ])
+    def test_permutations_do_not_influence_result(self, dtypes, expected):
+        # Tests that most permutations do not influence the result.  In the
+        # above some uint and int combintations promote to a larger integer
+        # type, which would then promote to a larger than necessary float.
+        for perm in permutations(dtypes):
+            assert np.result_type(*perm) == expected
+
+
+def test_rational_dtype():
+    # test for bug gh-5719
+    a = np.array([1111], dtype=rational).astype
+    assert_raises(OverflowError, a, 'int8')
+
+    # test that dtype detection finds user-defined types
+    x = rational(1)
+    assert_equal(np.array([x,x]).dtype, np.dtype(rational))
+
+
+def test_dtypes_are_true():
+    # test for gh-6294
+    assert bool(np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert bool(np.dtype('i8'))
+    assert bool(np.dtype([('a', 'i8'), ('b', 'f4')]))
+
+
+def test_invalid_dtype_string():
+    # test for gh-10440
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'f8,i8,[f8,i8]')
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, 'Fl\xfcgel')
+
+
+def test_keyword_argument():
+    # test for https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/16574#issuecomment-642660971
+    assert np.dtype(dtype=np.float64) == np.dtype(np.float64)
+
+
+def test_ulong_dtype():
+    # test for gh-21063
+    assert np.dtype("ulong") == np.dtype(np.uint)
+
+
+class TestFromDTypeAttribute:
+    def test_simple(self):
+        class dt:
+            dtype = np.dtype("f8")
+
+        assert np.dtype(dt) == np.float64
+        assert np.dtype(dt()) == np.float64
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYSTON, reason="Pyston disables recursion checking")
+    def test_recursion(self):
+        class dt:
+            pass
+
+        dt.dtype = dt
+        with pytest.raises(RecursionError):
+            np.dtype(dt)
+
+        dt_instance = dt()
+        dt_instance.dtype = dt
+        with pytest.raises(RecursionError):
+            np.dtype(dt_instance)
+
+    def test_void_subtype(self):
+        class dt(np.void):
+            # This code path is fully untested before, so it is unclear
+            # what this should be useful for. Note that if np.void is used
+            # numpy will think we are deallocating a base type [1.17, 2019-02].
+            dtype = np.dtype("f,f")
+
+        np.dtype(dt)
+        np.dtype(dt(1))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYSTON, reason="Pyston disables recursion checking")
+    def test_void_subtype_recursion(self):
+        class vdt(np.void):
+            pass
+
+        vdt.dtype = vdt
+
+        with pytest.raises(RecursionError):
+            np.dtype(vdt)
+
+        with pytest.raises(RecursionError):
+            np.dtype(vdt(1))
+
+
+class TestDTypeClasses:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", list(np.typecodes['All']) + [rational])
+    def test_basic_dtypes_subclass_properties(self, dtype):
+        # Note: Except for the isinstance and type checks, these attributes
+        #       are considered currently private and may change.
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+        assert isinstance(dtype, np.dtype)
+        assert type(dtype) is not np.dtype
+        if dtype.type.__name__ != "rational":
+            dt_name = type(dtype).__name__.lower().removesuffix("dtype")
+            if dt_name == "uint" or dt_name == "int":
+                # The scalar names has a `c` attached because "int" is Python
+                # int and that is long...
+                dt_name += "c"
+            sc_name = dtype.type.__name__
+            assert dt_name == sc_name.strip("_")
+            assert type(dtype).__module__ == "numpy.dtypes"
+
+            assert getattr(numpy.dtypes, type(dtype).__name__) is type(dtype)
+        else:
+            assert type(dtype).__name__ == "dtype[rational]"
+            assert type(dtype).__module__ == "numpy"
+
+        assert not type(dtype)._abstract
+
+        # the flexible dtypes and datetime/timedelta have additional parameters
+        # which are more than just storage information, these would need to be
+        # given when creating a dtype:
+        parametric = (np.void, np.str_, np.bytes_, np.datetime64, np.timedelta64)
+        if dtype.type not in parametric:
+            assert not type(dtype)._parametric
+            assert type(dtype)() is dtype
+        else:
+            assert type(dtype)._parametric
+            with assert_raises(TypeError):
+                type(dtype)()
+
+    def test_dtype_superclass(self):
+        assert type(np.dtype) is not type
+        assert isinstance(np.dtype, type)
+
+        assert type(np.dtype).__name__ == "_DTypeMeta"
+        assert type(np.dtype).__module__ == "numpy"
+        assert np.dtype._abstract
+
+    def test_is_numeric(self):
+        all_codes = set(np.typecodes['All'])
+        numeric_codes = set(np.typecodes['AllInteger'] +
+                            np.typecodes['AllFloat'] + '?')
+        non_numeric_codes = all_codes - numeric_codes
+
+        for code in numeric_codes:
+            assert type(np.dtype(code))._is_numeric
+
+        for code in non_numeric_codes:
+            assert not type(np.dtype(code))._is_numeric
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("int_", ["UInt", "Int"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", [8, 16, 32, 64])
+    def test_integer_alias_names(self, int_, size):
+        DType = getattr(numpy.dtypes, f"{int_}{size}DType")
+        sctype = getattr(numpy, f"{int_.lower()}{size}")
+        assert DType.type is sctype
+        assert DType.__name__.lower().removesuffix("dtype") == sctype.__name__
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name",
+            ["Half", "Float", "Double", "CFloat", "CDouble"])
+    def test_float_alias_names(self, name):
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+            getattr(numpy.dtypes, name + "DType") is numpy.dtypes.Float16DType
+
+
+class TestFromCTypes:
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def check(ctype, dtype):
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.dtype(ctype), dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.dtype(ctype()), dtype)
+
+    def test_array(self):
+        c8 = ctypes.c_uint8
+        self.check(     3 * c8,  (np.uint8, (3,)))
+        self.check(     1 * c8,  (np.uint8, (1,)))
+        self.check(     0 * c8,  (np.uint8, (0,)))
+        self.check(1 * (3 * c8), ((np.uint8, (3,)), (1,)))
+        self.check(3 * (1 * c8), ((np.uint8, (1,)), (3,)))
+
+    def test_padded_structure(self):
+        class PaddedStruct(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('b', ctypes.c_uint16)
+            ]
+        expected = np.dtype([
+            ('a', np.uint8),
+            ('b', np.uint16)
+        ], align=True)
+        self.check(PaddedStruct, expected)
+
+    def test_bit_fields(self):
+        class BitfieldStruct(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a', ctypes.c_uint8, 7),
+                ('b', ctypes.c_uint8, 1)
+            ]
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, BitfieldStruct)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, BitfieldStruct())
+
+    def test_pointer(self):
+        p_uint8 = ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint8)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, p_uint8)
+
+    def test_void_pointer(self):
+        self.check(ctypes.c_void_p, np.uintp)
+
+    def test_union(self):
+        class Union(ctypes.Union):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('b', ctypes.c_uint16),
+            ]
+        expected = np.dtype(dict(
+            names=['a', 'b'],
+            formats=[np.uint8, np.uint16],
+            offsets=[0, 0],
+            itemsize=2
+        ))
+        self.check(Union, expected)
+
+    def test_union_with_struct_packed(self):
+        class Struct(ctypes.Structure):
+            _pack_ = 1
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('one', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('two', ctypes.c_uint32)
+            ]
+
+        class Union(ctypes.Union):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('b', ctypes.c_uint16),
+                ('c', ctypes.c_uint32),
+                ('d', Struct),
+            ]
+        expected = np.dtype(dict(
+            names=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],
+            formats=['u1', np.uint16, np.uint32, [('one', 'u1'), ('two', np.uint32)]],
+            offsets=[0, 0, 0, 0],
+            itemsize=ctypes.sizeof(Union)
+        ))
+        self.check(Union, expected)
+
+    def test_union_packed(self):
+        class Struct(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('one', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('two', ctypes.c_uint32)
+            ]
+            _pack_ = 1
+        class Union(ctypes.Union):
+            _pack_ = 1
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('b', ctypes.c_uint16),
+                ('c', ctypes.c_uint32),
+                ('d', Struct),
+            ]
+        expected = np.dtype(dict(
+            names=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],
+            formats=['u1', np.uint16, np.uint32, [('one', 'u1'), ('two', np.uint32)]],
+            offsets=[0, 0, 0, 0],
+            itemsize=ctypes.sizeof(Union)
+        ))
+        self.check(Union, expected)
+
+    def test_packed_structure(self):
+        class PackedStructure(ctypes.Structure):
+            _pack_ = 1
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('b', ctypes.c_uint16)
+            ]
+        expected = np.dtype([
+            ('a', np.uint8),
+            ('b', np.uint16)
+        ])
+        self.check(PackedStructure, expected)
+
+    def test_large_packed_structure(self):
+        class PackedStructure(ctypes.Structure):
+            _pack_ = 2
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('b', ctypes.c_uint16),
+                ('c', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('d', ctypes.c_uint16),
+                ('e', ctypes.c_uint32),
+                ('f', ctypes.c_uint32),
+                ('g', ctypes.c_uint8)
+                ]
+        expected = np.dtype(dict(
+            formats=[np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint32, np.uint8 ],
+            offsets=[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16],
+            names=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'],
+            itemsize=18))
+        self.check(PackedStructure, expected)
+
+    def test_big_endian_structure_packed(self):
+        class BigEndStruct(ctypes.BigEndianStructure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('one', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('two', ctypes.c_uint32)
+            ]
+            _pack_ = 1
+        expected = np.dtype([('one', 'u1'), ('two', '>u4')])
+        self.check(BigEndStruct, expected)
+
+    def test_little_endian_structure_packed(self):
+        class LittleEndStruct(ctypes.LittleEndianStructure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('one', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('two', ctypes.c_uint32)
+            ]
+            _pack_ = 1
+        expected = np.dtype([('one', 'u1'), ('two', '<u4')])
+        self.check(LittleEndStruct, expected)
+
+    def test_little_endian_structure(self):
+        class PaddedStruct(ctypes.LittleEndianStructure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('b', ctypes.c_uint16)
+            ]
+        expected = np.dtype([
+            ('a', '<B'),
+            ('b', '<H')
+        ], align=True)
+        self.check(PaddedStruct, expected)
+
+    def test_big_endian_structure(self):
+        class PaddedStruct(ctypes.BigEndianStructure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a', ctypes.c_uint8),
+                ('b', ctypes.c_uint16)
+            ]
+        expected = np.dtype([
+            ('a', '>B'),
+            ('b', '>H')
+        ], align=True)
+        self.check(PaddedStruct, expected)
+
+    def test_simple_endian_types(self):
+        self.check(ctypes.c_uint16.__ctype_le__, np.dtype('<u2'))
+        self.check(ctypes.c_uint16.__ctype_be__, np.dtype('>u2'))
+        self.check(ctypes.c_uint8.__ctype_le__, np.dtype('u1'))
+        self.check(ctypes.c_uint8.__ctype_be__, np.dtype('u1'))
+
+    all_types = set(np.typecodes['All'])
+    all_pairs = permutations(all_types, 2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("pair", all_pairs)
+    def test_pairs(self, pair):
+        """
+        Check that np.dtype('x,y') matches [np.dtype('x'), np.dtype('y')]
+        Example: np.dtype('d,I') -> dtype([('f0', '<f8'), ('f1', '<u4')])
+        """
+        # gh-5645: check that np.dtype('i,L') can be used
+        pair_type = np.dtype('{},{}'.format(*pair))
+        expected = np.dtype([('f0', pair[0]), ('f1', pair[1])])
+        assert_equal(pair_type, expected)
+
+
+class TestUserDType:
+    @pytest.mark.leaks_references(reason="dynamically creates custom dtype.")
+    def test_custom_structured_dtype(self):
+        class mytype:
+            pass
+
+        blueprint = np.dtype([("field", object)])
+        dt = create_custom_field_dtype(blueprint, mytype, 0)
+        assert dt.type == mytype
+        # We cannot (currently) *create* this dtype with `np.dtype` because
+        # mytype does not inherit from `np.generic`.  This seems like an
+        # unnecessary restriction, but one that has been around forever:
+        assert np.dtype(mytype) == np.dtype("O")
+
+    def test_custom_structured_dtype_errors(self):
+        class mytype:
+            pass
+
+        blueprint = np.dtype([("field", object)])
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            # Tests what happens if fields are unset during creation
+            # which is currently rejected due to the containing object
+            # (see PyArray_RegisterDataType).
+            create_custom_field_dtype(blueprint, mytype, 1)
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            # Tests that a dtype must have its type field set up to np.dtype
+            # or in this case a builtin instance.
+            create_custom_field_dtype(blueprint, mytype, 2)
+
+
+class TestClassGetItem:
+    def test_dtype(self) -> None:
+        alias = np.dtype[Any]
+        assert isinstance(alias, types.GenericAlias)
+        assert alias.__origin__ is np.dtype
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("code", np.typecodes["All"])
+    def test_dtype_subclass(self, code: str) -> None:
+        cls = type(np.dtype(code))
+        alias = cls[Any]
+        assert isinstance(alias, types.GenericAlias)
+        assert alias.__origin__ is cls
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arg_len", range(4))
+    def test_subscript_tuple(self, arg_len: int) -> None:
+        arg_tup = (Any,) * arg_len
+        if arg_len == 1:
+            assert np.dtype[arg_tup]
+        else:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                np.dtype[arg_tup]
+
+    def test_subscript_scalar(self) -> None:
+        assert np.dtype[Any]
+
+
+def test_result_type_integers_and_unitless_timedelta64():
+    # Regression test for gh-20077.  The following call of `result_type`
+    # would cause a seg. fault.
+    td = np.timedelta64(4)
+    result = np.result_type(0, td)
+    assert_dtype_equal(result, td.dtype)
+
+
+def test_creating_dtype_with_dtype_class_errors():
+    # Regression test for #25031, calling `np.dtype` with itself segfaulted.
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Cannot convert np.dtype into a"):
+        np.array(np.ones(10), dtype=np.dtype)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_einsum.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_einsum.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..702be248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_einsum.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1248 @@
+import itertools
+import sys
+import platform
+
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_almost_equal,
+    assert_raises, suppress_warnings, assert_raises_regex, assert_allclose
+    )
+
+try:
+    COMPILERS = np.show_config(mode="dicts")["Compilers"]
+    USING_CLANG_CL = COMPILERS["c"]["name"] == "clang-cl"
+except TypeError:
+    USING_CLANG_CL = False
+
+# Setup for optimize einsum
+chars = 'abcdefghij'
+sizes = np.array([2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 6, 5, 4, 3])
+global_size_dict = dict(zip(chars, sizes))
+
+
+class TestEinsum:
+    def test_einsum_errors(self):
+        for do_opt in [True, False]:
+            # Need enough arguments
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "", optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # subscripts must be a string
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.einsum, 0, 0, optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # out parameter must be an array
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.einsum, "", 0, out='test',
+                          optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # order parameter must be a valid order
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "", 0, order='W',
+                          optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # casting parameter must be a valid casting
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "", 0, casting='blah',
+                          optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # dtype parameter must be a valid dtype
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.einsum, "", 0, dtype='bad_data_type',
+                          optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # other keyword arguments are rejected
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.einsum, "", 0, bad_arg=0,
+                          optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # issue 4528 revealed a segfault with this call
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.einsum, *(None,)*63, optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # number of operands must match count in subscripts string
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "", 0, 0, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, ",", 0, [0], [0],
+                          optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, ",", [0], optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # can't have more subscripts than dimensions in the operand
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i", 0, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "ij", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "...i", 0, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i...j", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i...", 0, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "ij...", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # invalid ellipsis
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i..", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, ".i...", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "j->..j", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "j->.j...", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # invalid subscript character
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i%...", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "...j$", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i->&", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # output subscripts must appear in input
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i->ij", [0, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # output subscripts may only be specified once
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "ij->jij", [[0, 0], [0, 0]],
+                          optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # dimensions much match when being collapsed
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "ii",
+                          np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3), optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "ii->i",
+                          np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3), optimize=do_opt)
+
+            # broadcasting to new dimensions must be enabled explicitly
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i", np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3),
+                          optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i->i", [[0, 1], [0, 1]],
+                          out=np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2), optimize=do_opt)
+            with assert_raises_regex(ValueError, "'b'"):
+                # gh-11221 - 'c' erroneously appeared in the error message
+                a = np.ones((3, 3, 4, 5, 6))
+                b = np.ones((3, 4, 5))
+                np.einsum('aabcb,abc', a, b)
+
+            # Check order kwarg, asanyarray allows 1d to pass through
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.einsum, "i->i", np.arange(6).reshape(-1, 1),
+                          optimize=do_opt, order='d')
+
+    def test_einsum_object_errors(self):
+        # Exceptions created by object arithmetic should
+        # successfully propagate
+
+        class CustomException(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        class DestructoBox:
+
+            def __init__(self, value, destruct):
+                self._val = value
+                self._destruct = destruct
+
+            def __add__(self, other):
+                tmp = self._val + other._val
+                if tmp >= self._destruct:
+                    raise CustomException
+                else:
+                    self._val = tmp
+                    return self
+
+            def __radd__(self, other):
+                if other == 0:
+                    return self
+                else:
+                    return self.__add__(other)
+
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                tmp = self._val * other._val
+                if tmp >= self._destruct:
+                    raise CustomException
+                else:
+                    self._val = tmp
+                    return self
+
+            def __rmul__(self, other):
+                if other == 0:
+                    return self
+                else:
+                    return self.__mul__(other)
+
+        a = np.array([DestructoBox(i, 5) for i in range(1, 10)],
+                     dtype='object').reshape(3, 3)
+
+        # raised from unbuffered_loop_nop1_ndim2
+        assert_raises(CustomException, np.einsum, "ij->i", a)
+
+        # raised from unbuffered_loop_nop1_ndim3
+        b = np.array([DestructoBox(i, 100) for i in range(0, 27)],
+                     dtype='object').reshape(3, 3, 3)
+        assert_raises(CustomException, np.einsum, "i...k->...", b)
+
+        # raised from unbuffered_loop_nop2_ndim2
+        b = np.array([DestructoBox(i, 55) for i in range(1, 4)],
+                     dtype='object')
+        assert_raises(CustomException, np.einsum, "ij, j", a, b)
+
+        # raised from unbuffered_loop_nop2_ndim3
+        assert_raises(CustomException, np.einsum, "ij, jh", a, a)
+
+        # raised from PyArray_EinsteinSum
+        assert_raises(CustomException, np.einsum, "ij->", a)
+
+    def test_einsum_views(self):
+        # pass-through
+        for do_opt in [True, False]:
+            a = np.arange(6)
+            a.shape = (2, 3)
+
+            b = np.einsum("...", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [Ellipsis], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+
+            b = np.einsum("ij", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, a)
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [0, 1], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, a)
+
+            # output is writeable whenever input is writeable
+            b = np.einsum("...", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.flags['WRITEABLE'])
+            a.flags['WRITEABLE'] = False
+            b = np.einsum("...", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(not b.flags['WRITEABLE'])
+
+            # transpose
+            a = np.arange(6)
+            a.shape = (2, 3)
+
+            b = np.einsum("ji", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, a.T)
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [1, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, a.T)
+
+            # diagonal
+            a = np.arange(9)
+            a.shape = (3, 3)
+
+            b = np.einsum("ii->i", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a[i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [0, 0], [0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a[i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            # diagonal with various ways of broadcasting an additional dimension
+            a = np.arange(27)
+            a.shape = (3, 3, 3)
+
+            b = np.einsum("...ii->...i", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [[x[i, i] for i in range(3)] for x in a])
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [Ellipsis, 0, 0], [Ellipsis, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [[x[i, i] for i in range(3)] for x in a])
+
+            b = np.einsum("ii...->...i", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [[x[i, i] for i in range(3)]
+                             for x in a.transpose(2, 0, 1)])
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [0, 0, Ellipsis], [Ellipsis, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [[x[i, i] for i in range(3)]
+                             for x in a.transpose(2, 0, 1)])
+
+            b = np.einsum("...ii->i...", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a[:, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [Ellipsis, 0, 0], [0, Ellipsis], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a[:, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum("jii->ij", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a[:, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [1, 0, 0], [0, 1], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a[:, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum("ii...->i...", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a.transpose(2, 0, 1)[:, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [0, 0, Ellipsis], [0, Ellipsis], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a.transpose(2, 0, 1)[:, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum("i...i->i...", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a.transpose(1, 0, 2)[:, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [0, Ellipsis, 0], [0, Ellipsis], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a.transpose(1, 0, 2)[:, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum("i...i->...i", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [[x[i, i] for i in range(3)]
+                             for x in a.transpose(1, 0, 2)])
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [0, Ellipsis, 0], [Ellipsis, 0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [[x[i, i] for i in range(3)]
+                             for x in a.transpose(1, 0, 2)])
+
+            # triple diagonal
+            a = np.arange(27)
+            a.shape = (3, 3, 3)
+
+            b = np.einsum("iii->i", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a[i, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [0, 0, 0], [0], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, [a[i, i, i] for i in range(3)])
+
+            # swap axes
+            a = np.arange(24)
+            a.shape = (2, 3, 4)
+
+            b = np.einsum("ijk->jik", a, optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, a.swapaxes(0, 1))
+
+            b = np.einsum(a, [0, 1, 2], [1, 0, 2], optimize=do_opt)
+            assert_(b.base is a)
+            assert_equal(b, a.swapaxes(0, 1))
+
+    @np._no_nep50_warning()
+    def check_einsum_sums(self, dtype, do_opt=False):
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+        # Check various sums.  Does many sizes to exercise unrolled loops.
+
+        # sum(a, axis=-1)
+        for n in range(1, 17):
+            a = np.arange(n, dtype=dtype)
+            b = np.sum(a, axis=-1)
+            if hasattr(b, 'astype'):
+                b = b.astype(dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum("i->", a, optimize=do_opt), b)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0], [], optimize=do_opt), b)
+
+        for n in range(1, 17):
+            a = np.arange(2*3*n, dtype=dtype).reshape(2, 3, n)
+            b = np.sum(a, axis=-1)
+            if hasattr(b, 'astype'):
+                b = b.astype(dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum("...i->...", a, optimize=do_opt), b)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [Ellipsis, 0], [Ellipsis], optimize=do_opt), b)
+
+        # sum(a, axis=0)
+        for n in range(1, 17):
+            a = np.arange(2*n, dtype=dtype).reshape(2, n)
+            b = np.sum(a, axis=0)
+            if hasattr(b, 'astype'):
+                b = b.astype(dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum("i...->...", a, optimize=do_opt), b)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0, Ellipsis], [Ellipsis], optimize=do_opt), b)
+
+        for n in range(1, 17):
+            a = np.arange(2*3*n, dtype=dtype).reshape(2, 3, n)
+            b = np.sum(a, axis=0)
+            if hasattr(b, 'astype'):
+                b = b.astype(dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum("i...->...", a, optimize=do_opt), b)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0, Ellipsis], [Ellipsis], optimize=do_opt), b)
+
+        # trace(a)
+        for n in range(1, 17):
+            a = np.arange(n*n, dtype=dtype).reshape(n, n)
+            b = np.trace(a)
+            if hasattr(b, 'astype'):
+                b = b.astype(dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum("ii", a, optimize=do_opt), b)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0, 0], optimize=do_opt), b)
+
+            # gh-15961: should accept numpy int64 type in subscript list
+            np_array = np.asarray([0, 0])
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, np_array, optimize=do_opt), b)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, list(np_array), optimize=do_opt), b)
+
+        # multiply(a, b)
+        assert_equal(np.einsum("..., ...", 3, 4), 12)  # scalar case
+        for n in range(1, 17):
+            a = np.arange(3 * n, dtype=dtype).reshape(3, n)
+            b = np.arange(2 * 3 * n, dtype=dtype).reshape(2, 3, n)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum("..., ...", a, b, optimize=do_opt),
+                         np.multiply(a, b))
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [Ellipsis], b, [Ellipsis], optimize=do_opt),
+                         np.multiply(a, b))
+
+        # inner(a,b)
+        for n in range(1, 17):
+            a = np.arange(2 * 3 * n, dtype=dtype).reshape(2, 3, n)
+            b = np.arange(n, dtype=dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum("...i, ...i", a, b, optimize=do_opt), np.inner(a, b))
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [Ellipsis, 0], b, [Ellipsis, 0], optimize=do_opt),
+                         np.inner(a, b))
+
+        for n in range(1, 11):
+            a = np.arange(n * 3 * 2, dtype=dtype).reshape(n, 3, 2)
+            b = np.arange(n, dtype=dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum("i..., i...", a, b, optimize=do_opt),
+                         np.inner(a.T, b.T).T)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0, Ellipsis], b, [0, Ellipsis], optimize=do_opt),
+                         np.inner(a.T, b.T).T)
+
+        # outer(a,b)
+        for n in range(1, 17):
+            a = np.arange(3, dtype=dtype)+1
+            b = np.arange(n, dtype=dtype)+1
+            assert_equal(np.einsum("i,j", a, b, optimize=do_opt),
+                         np.outer(a, b))
+            assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0], b, [1], optimize=do_opt),
+                         np.outer(a, b))
+
+        # Suppress the complex warnings for the 'as f8' tests
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(np.ComplexWarning)
+
+            # matvec(a,b) / a.dot(b) where a is matrix, b is vector
+            for n in range(1, 17):
+                a = np.arange(4*n, dtype=dtype).reshape(4, n)
+                b = np.arange(n, dtype=dtype)
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("ij, j", a, b, optimize=do_opt),
+                             np.dot(a, b))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0, 1], b, [1], optimize=do_opt),
+                             np.dot(a, b))
+
+                c = np.arange(4, dtype=dtype)
+                np.einsum("ij,j", a, b, out=c,
+                          dtype='f8', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt)
+                assert_equal(c,
+                             np.dot(a.astype('f8'),
+                                    b.astype('f8')).astype(dtype))
+                c[...] = 0
+                np.einsum(a, [0, 1], b, [1], out=c,
+                          dtype='f8', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt)
+                assert_equal(c,
+                             np.dot(a.astype('f8'),
+                                    b.astype('f8')).astype(dtype))
+
+            for n in range(1, 17):
+                a = np.arange(4*n, dtype=dtype).reshape(4, n)
+                b = np.arange(n, dtype=dtype)
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("ji,j", a.T, b.T, optimize=do_opt),
+                             np.dot(b.T, a.T))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum(a.T, [1, 0], b.T, [1], optimize=do_opt),
+                             np.dot(b.T, a.T))
+
+                c = np.arange(4, dtype=dtype)
+                np.einsum("ji,j", a.T, b.T, out=c,
+                          dtype='f8', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt)
+                assert_equal(c,
+                             np.dot(b.T.astype('f8'),
+                                    a.T.astype('f8')).astype(dtype))
+                c[...] = 0
+                np.einsum(a.T, [1, 0], b.T, [1], out=c,
+                          dtype='f8', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt)
+                assert_equal(c,
+                             np.dot(b.T.astype('f8'),
+                                    a.T.astype('f8')).astype(dtype))
+
+            # matmat(a,b) / a.dot(b) where a is matrix, b is matrix
+            for n in range(1, 17):
+                if n < 8 or dtype != 'f2':
+                    a = np.arange(4*n, dtype=dtype).reshape(4, n)
+                    b = np.arange(n*6, dtype=dtype).reshape(n, 6)
+                    assert_equal(np.einsum("ij,jk", a, b, optimize=do_opt),
+                                 np.dot(a, b))
+                    assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0, 1], b, [1, 2], optimize=do_opt),
+                                 np.dot(a, b))
+
+            for n in range(1, 17):
+                a = np.arange(4*n, dtype=dtype).reshape(4, n)
+                b = np.arange(n*6, dtype=dtype).reshape(n, 6)
+                c = np.arange(24, dtype=dtype).reshape(4, 6)
+                np.einsum("ij,jk", a, b, out=c, dtype='f8', casting='unsafe',
+                          optimize=do_opt)
+                assert_equal(c,
+                             np.dot(a.astype('f8'),
+                                    b.astype('f8')).astype(dtype))
+                c[...] = 0
+                np.einsum(a, [0, 1], b, [1, 2], out=c,
+                          dtype='f8', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt)
+                assert_equal(c,
+                             np.dot(a.astype('f8'),
+                                    b.astype('f8')).astype(dtype))
+
+            # matrix triple product (note this is not currently an efficient
+            # way to multiply 3 matrices)
+            a = np.arange(12, dtype=dtype).reshape(3, 4)
+            b = np.arange(20, dtype=dtype).reshape(4, 5)
+            c = np.arange(30, dtype=dtype).reshape(5, 6)
+            if dtype != 'f2':
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("ij,jk,kl", a, b, c, optimize=do_opt),
+                             a.dot(b).dot(c))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0, 1], b, [1, 2], c, [2, 3],
+                                       optimize=do_opt), a.dot(b).dot(c))
+
+            d = np.arange(18, dtype=dtype).reshape(3, 6)
+            np.einsum("ij,jk,kl", a, b, c, out=d,
+                      dtype='f8', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt)
+            tgt = a.astype('f8').dot(b.astype('f8'))
+            tgt = tgt.dot(c.astype('f8')).astype(dtype)
+            assert_equal(d, tgt)
+
+            d[...] = 0
+            np.einsum(a, [0, 1], b, [1, 2], c, [2, 3], out=d,
+                      dtype='f8', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt)
+            tgt = a.astype('f8').dot(b.astype('f8'))
+            tgt = tgt.dot(c.astype('f8')).astype(dtype)
+            assert_equal(d, tgt)
+
+            # tensordot(a, b)
+            if np.dtype(dtype) != np.dtype('f2'):
+                a = np.arange(60, dtype=dtype).reshape(3, 4, 5)
+                b = np.arange(24, dtype=dtype).reshape(4, 3, 2)
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("ijk, jil -> kl", a, b),
+                             np.tensordot(a, b, axes=([1, 0], [0, 1])))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0, 1, 2], b, [1, 0, 3], [2, 3]),
+                             np.tensordot(a, b, axes=([1, 0], [0, 1])))
+
+                c = np.arange(10, dtype=dtype).reshape(5, 2)
+                np.einsum("ijk,jil->kl", a, b, out=c,
+                          dtype='f8', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt)
+                assert_equal(c, np.tensordot(a.astype('f8'), b.astype('f8'),
+                             axes=([1, 0], [0, 1])).astype(dtype))
+                c[...] = 0
+                np.einsum(a, [0, 1, 2], b, [1, 0, 3], [2, 3], out=c,
+                          dtype='f8', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt)
+                assert_equal(c, np.tensordot(a.astype('f8'), b.astype('f8'),
+                             axes=([1, 0], [0, 1])).astype(dtype))
+
+        # logical_and(logical_and(a!=0, b!=0), c!=0)
+        neg_val = -2 if dtype.kind != "u" else np.iinfo(dtype).max - 1
+        a = np.array([1,   3,   neg_val, 0,  12,  13,   0,   1], dtype=dtype)
+        b = np.array([0,   3.5, 0., neg_val,  0,   1,    3,   12], dtype=dtype)
+        c = np.array([True, True, False, True, True, False, True, True])
+
+        assert_equal(np.einsum("i,i,i->i", a, b, c,
+                     dtype='?', casting='unsafe', optimize=do_opt),
+                     np.logical_and(np.logical_and(a != 0, b != 0), c != 0))
+        assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0], b, [0], c, [0], [0],
+                     dtype='?', casting='unsafe'),
+                     np.logical_and(np.logical_and(a != 0, b != 0), c != 0))
+
+        a = np.arange(9, dtype=dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.einsum(",i->", 3, a), 3*np.sum(a))
+        assert_equal(np.einsum(3, [], a, [0], []), 3*np.sum(a))
+        assert_equal(np.einsum("i,->", a, 3), 3*np.sum(a))
+        assert_equal(np.einsum(a, [0], 3, [], []), 3*np.sum(a))
+
+        # Various stride0, contiguous, and SSE aligned variants
+        for n in range(1, 25):
+            a = np.arange(n, dtype=dtype)
+            if np.dtype(dtype).itemsize > 1:
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("...,...", a, a, optimize=do_opt),
+                             np.multiply(a, a))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("i,i", a, a, optimize=do_opt), np.dot(a, a))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("i,->i", a, 2, optimize=do_opt), 2*a)
+                assert_equal(np.einsum(",i->i", 2, a, optimize=do_opt), 2*a)
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("i,->", a, 2, optimize=do_opt), 2*np.sum(a))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum(",i->", 2, a, optimize=do_opt), 2*np.sum(a))
+
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("...,...", a[1:], a[:-1], optimize=do_opt),
+                             np.multiply(a[1:], a[:-1]))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("i,i", a[1:], a[:-1], optimize=do_opt),
+                             np.dot(a[1:], a[:-1]))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("i,->i", a[1:], 2, optimize=do_opt), 2*a[1:])
+                assert_equal(np.einsum(",i->i", 2, a[1:], optimize=do_opt), 2*a[1:])
+                assert_equal(np.einsum("i,->", a[1:], 2, optimize=do_opt),
+                             2*np.sum(a[1:]))
+                assert_equal(np.einsum(",i->", 2, a[1:], optimize=do_opt),
+                             2*np.sum(a[1:]))
+
+        # An object array, summed as the data type
+        a = np.arange(9, dtype=object)
+
+        b = np.einsum("i->", a, dtype=dtype, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, np.sum(a))
+        if hasattr(b, "dtype"):
+            # Can be a python object when dtype is object
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype(dtype))
+
+        b = np.einsum(a, [0], [], dtype=dtype, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, np.sum(a))
+        if hasattr(b, "dtype"):
+            # Can be a python object when dtype is object
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype(dtype))
+
+        # A case which was failing (ticket #1885)
+        p = np.arange(2) + 1
+        q = np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2) + 3
+        r = np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2) + 7
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('z,mz,zm->', p, q, r), 253)
+
+        # singleton dimensions broadcast (gh-10343)
+        p = np.ones((10,2))
+        q = np.ones((1,2))
+        assert_array_equal(np.einsum('ij,ij->j', p, q, optimize=True),
+                           np.einsum('ij,ij->j', p, q, optimize=False))
+        assert_array_equal(np.einsum('ij,ij->j', p, q, optimize=True),
+                           [10.] * 2)
+
+        # a blas-compatible contraction broadcasting case which was failing
+        # for optimize=True (ticket #10930)
+        x = np.array([2., 3.])
+        y = np.array([4.])
+        assert_array_equal(np.einsum("i, i", x, y, optimize=False), 20.)
+        assert_array_equal(np.einsum("i, i", x, y, optimize=True), 20.)
+
+        # all-ones array was bypassing bug (ticket #10930)
+        p = np.ones((1, 5)) / 2
+        q = np.ones((5, 5)) / 2
+        for optimize in (True, False):
+            assert_array_equal(np.einsum("...ij,...jk->...ik", p, p,
+                                         optimize=optimize),
+                               np.einsum("...ij,...jk->...ik", p, q,
+                                         optimize=optimize))
+            assert_array_equal(np.einsum("...ij,...jk->...ik", p, q,
+                                         optimize=optimize),
+                               np.full((1, 5), 1.25))
+
+        # Cases which were failing (gh-10899)
+        x = np.eye(2, dtype=dtype)
+        y = np.ones(2, dtype=dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(np.einsum("ji,i->", x, y, optimize=optimize),
+                           [2.])  # contig_contig_outstride0_two
+        assert_array_equal(np.einsum("i,ij->", y, x, optimize=optimize),
+                           [2.])  # stride0_contig_outstride0_two
+        assert_array_equal(np.einsum("ij,i->", x, y, optimize=optimize),
+                           [2.])  # contig_stride0_outstride0_two
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_int8(self):
+        if (
+                (sys.platform == 'darwin' and platform.machine() == 'x86_64')
+                or
+                USING_CLANG_CL
+        ):
+            pytest.xfail('Fails on macOS x86-64 and when using clang-cl '
+                         'with Meson, see gh-23838')
+        self.check_einsum_sums('i1')
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_uint8(self):
+        if (
+                (sys.platform == 'darwin' and platform.machine() == 'x86_64')
+                or
+                USING_CLANG_CL
+        ):
+            pytest.xfail('Fails on macOS x86-64 and when using clang-cl '
+                         'with Meson, see gh-23838')
+        self.check_einsum_sums('u1')
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_int16(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('i2')
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_uint16(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('u2')
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_int32(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('i4')
+        self.check_einsum_sums('i4', True)
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_uint32(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('u4')
+        self.check_einsum_sums('u4', True)
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_int64(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('i8')
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_uint64(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('u8')
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_float16(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('f2')
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_float32(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('f4')
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_float64(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('f8')
+        self.check_einsum_sums('f8', True)
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_longdouble(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums(np.longdouble)
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_cfloat64(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('c8')
+        self.check_einsum_sums('c8', True)
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_cfloat128(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('c16')
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_clongdouble(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums(np.clongdouble)
+
+    def test_einsum_sums_object(self):
+        self.check_einsum_sums('object')
+        self.check_einsum_sums('object', True)
+
+    def test_einsum_misc(self):
+        # This call used to crash because of a bug in
+        # PyArray_AssignZero
+        a = np.ones((1, 2))
+        b = np.ones((2, 2, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('ij...,j...->i...', a, b), [[[2], [2]]])
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('ij...,j...->i...', a, b, optimize=True), [[[2], [2]]])
+
+        # Regression test for issue #10369 (test unicode inputs with Python 2)
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('ij...,j...->i...', a, b), [[[2], [2]]])
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('...i,...i', [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4]), 20)
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('...i,...i', [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4],
+                               optimize='greedy'), 20)
+
+        # The iterator had an issue with buffering this reduction
+        a = np.ones((5, 12, 4, 2, 3), np.int64)
+        b = np.ones((5, 12, 11), np.int64)
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('ijklm,ijn,ijn->', a, b, b),
+                     np.einsum('ijklm,ijn->', a, b))
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('ijklm,ijn,ijn->', a, b, b, optimize=True),
+                     np.einsum('ijklm,ijn->', a, b, optimize=True))
+
+        # Issue #2027, was a problem in the contiguous 3-argument
+        # inner loop implementation
+        a = np.arange(1, 3)
+        b = np.arange(1, 5).reshape(2, 2)
+        c = np.arange(1, 9).reshape(4, 2)
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('x,yx,zx->xzy', a, b, c),
+                     [[[1,  3], [3,  9], [5, 15], [7, 21]],
+                     [[8, 16], [16, 32], [24, 48], [32, 64]]])
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('x,yx,zx->xzy', a, b, c, optimize=True),
+                     [[[1,  3], [3,  9], [5, 15], [7, 21]],
+                     [[8, 16], [16, 32], [24, 48], [32, 64]]])
+
+        # Ensure explicitly setting out=None does not cause an error
+        # see issue gh-15776 and issue gh-15256
+        assert_equal(np.einsum('i,j', [1], [2], out=None), [[2]])
+
+    def test_object_loop(self):
+
+        class Mult:
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                return 42
+
+        objMult = np.array([Mult()])
+        objNULL = np.ndarray(buffer = b'\0' * np.intp(0).itemsize, shape=1, dtype=object)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.einsum("i,j", [1], objNULL)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.einsum("i,j", objNULL, [1])
+        assert np.einsum("i,j", objMult, objMult) == 42
+
+    def test_subscript_range(self):
+        # Issue #7741, make sure that all letters of Latin alphabet (both uppercase & lowercase) can be used
+        # when creating a subscript from arrays
+        a = np.ones((2, 3))
+        b = np.ones((3, 4))
+        np.einsum(a, [0, 20], b, [20, 2], [0, 2], optimize=False)
+        np.einsum(a, [0, 27], b, [27, 2], [0, 2], optimize=False)
+        np.einsum(a, [0, 51], b, [51, 2], [0, 2], optimize=False)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: np.einsum(a, [0, 52], b, [52, 2], [0, 2], optimize=False))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: np.einsum(a, [-1, 5], b, [5, 2], [-1, 2], optimize=False))
+
+    def test_einsum_broadcast(self):
+        # Issue #2455 change in handling ellipsis
+        # remove the 'middle broadcast' error
+        # only use the 'RIGHT' iteration in prepare_op_axes
+        # adds auto broadcast on left where it belongs
+        # broadcast on right has to be explicit
+        # We need to test the optimized parsing as well
+
+        A = np.arange(2 * 3 * 4).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+        B = np.arange(3)
+        ref = np.einsum('ijk,j->ijk', A, B, optimize=False)
+        for opt in [True, False]:
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('ij...,j...->ij...', A, B, optimize=opt), ref)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('ij...,...j->ij...', A, B, optimize=opt), ref)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('ij...,j->ij...', A, B, optimize=opt), ref)  # used to raise error
+
+        A = np.arange(12).reshape((4, 3))
+        B = np.arange(6).reshape((3, 2))
+        ref = np.einsum('ik,kj->ij', A, B, optimize=False)
+        for opt in [True, False]:
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('ik...,k...->i...', A, B, optimize=opt), ref)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('ik...,...kj->i...j', A, B, optimize=opt), ref)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('...k,kj', A, B, optimize=opt), ref)  # used to raise error
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('ik,k...->i...', A, B, optimize=opt), ref)  # used to raise error
+
+        dims = [2, 3, 4, 5]
+        a = np.arange(np.prod(dims)).reshape(dims)
+        v = np.arange(dims[2])
+        ref = np.einsum('ijkl,k->ijl', a, v, optimize=False)
+        for opt in [True, False]:
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('ijkl,k', a, v, optimize=opt), ref)
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('...kl,k', a, v, optimize=opt), ref)  # used to raise error
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('...kl,k...', a, v, optimize=opt), ref)
+
+        J, K, M = 160, 160, 120
+        A = np.arange(J * K * M).reshape(1, 1, 1, J, K, M)
+        B = np.arange(J * K * M * 3).reshape(J, K, M, 3)
+        ref = np.einsum('...lmn,...lmno->...o', A, B, optimize=False)
+        for opt in [True, False]:
+            assert_equal(np.einsum('...lmn,lmno->...o', A, B,
+                                   optimize=opt), ref)  # used to raise error
+
+    def test_einsum_fixedstridebug(self):
+        # Issue #4485 obscure einsum bug
+        # This case revealed a bug in nditer where it reported a stride
+        # as 'fixed' (0) when it was in fact not fixed during processing
+        # (0 or 4). The reason for the bug was that the check for a fixed
+        # stride was using the information from the 2D inner loop reuse
+        # to restrict the iteration dimensions it had to validate to be
+        # the same, but that 2D inner loop reuse logic is only triggered
+        # during the buffer copying step, and hence it was invalid to
+        # rely on those values. The fix is to check all the dimensions
+        # of the stride in question, which in the test case reveals that
+        # the stride is not fixed.
+        #
+        # NOTE: This test is triggered by the fact that the default buffersize,
+        #       used by einsum, is 8192, and 3*2731 = 8193, is larger than that
+        #       and results in a mismatch between the buffering and the
+        #       striding for operand A.
+        A = np.arange(2 * 3).reshape(2, 3).astype(np.float32)
+        B = np.arange(2 * 3 * 2731).reshape(2, 3, 2731).astype(np.int16)
+        es = np.einsum('cl, cpx->lpx',  A,  B)
+        tp = np.tensordot(A,  B,  axes=(0,  0))
+        assert_equal(es,  tp)
+        # The following is the original test case from the bug report,
+        # made repeatable by changing random arrays to aranges.
+        A = np.arange(3 * 3).reshape(3, 3).astype(np.float64)
+        B = np.arange(3 * 3 * 64 * 64).reshape(3, 3, 64, 64).astype(np.float32)
+        es = np.einsum('cl, cpxy->lpxy',  A, B)
+        tp = np.tensordot(A, B,  axes=(0, 0))
+        assert_equal(es, tp)
+
+    def test_einsum_fixed_collapsingbug(self):
+        # Issue #5147.
+        # The bug only occurred when output argument of einssum was used.
+        x = np.random.normal(0, 1, (5, 5, 5, 5))
+        y1 = np.zeros((5, 5))
+        np.einsum('aabb->ab', x, out=y1)
+        idx = np.arange(5)
+        y2 = x[idx[:, None], idx[:, None], idx, idx]
+        assert_equal(y1, y2)
+
+    def test_einsum_failed_on_p9_and_s390x(self):
+        # Issues gh-14692 and gh-12689
+        # Bug with signed vs unsigned char errored on power9 and s390x Linux
+        tensor = np.random.random_sample((10, 10, 10, 10))
+        x = np.einsum('ijij->', tensor)
+        y = tensor.trace(axis1=0, axis2=2).trace()
+        assert_allclose(x, y)
+
+    def test_einsum_all_contig_non_contig_output(self):
+        # Issue gh-5907, tests that the all contiguous special case
+        # actually checks the contiguity of the output
+        x = np.ones((5, 5))
+        out = np.ones(10)[::2]
+        correct_base = np.ones(10)
+        correct_base[::2] = 5
+        # Always worked (inner iteration is done with 0-stride):
+        np.einsum('mi,mi,mi->m', x, x, x, out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(out.base, correct_base)
+        # Example 1:
+        out = np.ones(10)[::2]
+        np.einsum('im,im,im->m', x, x, x, out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(out.base, correct_base)
+        # Example 2, buffering causes x to be contiguous but
+        # special cases do not catch the operation before:
+        out = np.ones((2, 2, 2))[..., 0]
+        correct_base = np.ones((2, 2, 2))
+        correct_base[..., 0] = 2
+        x = np.ones((2, 2), np.float32)
+        np.einsum('ij,jk->ik', x, x, out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(out.base, correct_base)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype",
+             np.typecodes["AllFloat"] + np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+    def test_different_paths(self, dtype):
+        # Test originally added to cover broken float16 path: gh-20305
+        # Likely most are covered elsewhere, at least partially.
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+        # Simple test, designed to exercise most specialized code paths,
+        # note the +0.5 for floats.  This makes sure we use a float value
+        # where the results must be exact.
+        arr = (np.arange(7) + 0.5).astype(dtype)
+        scalar = np.array(2, dtype=dtype)
+
+        # contig -> scalar:
+        res = np.einsum('i->', arr)
+        assert res == arr.sum()
+        # contig, contig -> contig:
+        res = np.einsum('i,i->i', arr, arr)
+        assert_array_equal(res, arr * arr)
+        # noncontig, noncontig -> contig:
+        res = np.einsum('i,i->i', arr.repeat(2)[::2], arr.repeat(2)[::2])
+        assert_array_equal(res, arr * arr)
+        # contig + contig -> scalar
+        assert np.einsum('i,i->', arr, arr) == (arr * arr).sum()
+        # contig + scalar -> contig (with out)
+        out = np.ones(7, dtype=dtype)
+        res = np.einsum('i,->i', arr, dtype.type(2), out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(res, arr * dtype.type(2))
+        # scalar + contig -> contig (with out)
+        res = np.einsum(',i->i', scalar, arr)
+        assert_array_equal(res, arr * dtype.type(2))
+        # scalar + contig -> scalar
+        res = np.einsum(',i->', scalar, arr)
+        # Use einsum to compare to not have difference due to sum round-offs:
+        assert res == np.einsum('i->', scalar * arr)
+        # contig + scalar -> scalar
+        res = np.einsum('i,->', arr, scalar)
+        # Use einsum to compare to not have difference due to sum round-offs:
+        assert res == np.einsum('i->', scalar * arr)
+        # contig + contig + contig -> scalar
+        arr = np.array([0.5, 0.5, 0.25, 4.5, 3.], dtype=dtype)
+        res = np.einsum('i,i,i->', arr, arr, arr)
+        assert_array_equal(res, (arr * arr * arr).sum())
+        # four arrays:
+        res = np.einsum('i,i,i,i->', arr, arr, arr, arr)
+        assert_array_equal(res, (arr * arr * arr * arr).sum())
+
+    def test_small_boolean_arrays(self):
+        # See gh-5946.
+        # Use array of True embedded in False.
+        a = np.zeros((16, 1, 1), dtype=np.bool_)[:2]
+        a[...] = True
+        out = np.zeros((16, 1, 1), dtype=np.bool_)[:2]
+        tgt = np.ones((2, 1, 1), dtype=np.bool_)
+        res = np.einsum('...ij,...jk->...ik', a, a, out=out)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt)
+
+    def test_out_is_res(self):
+        a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
+        res = np.einsum('...ij,...jk->...ik', a, a, out=a)
+        assert res is a
+
+    def optimize_compare(self, subscripts, operands=None):
+        # Tests all paths of the optimization function against
+        # conventional einsum
+        if operands is None:
+            args = [subscripts]
+            terms = subscripts.split('->')[0].split(',')
+            for term in terms:
+                dims = [global_size_dict[x] for x in term]
+                args.append(np.random.rand(*dims))
+        else:
+            args = [subscripts] + operands
+
+        noopt = np.einsum(*args, optimize=False)
+        opt = np.einsum(*args, optimize='greedy')
+        assert_almost_equal(opt, noopt)
+        opt = np.einsum(*args, optimize='optimal')
+        assert_almost_equal(opt, noopt)
+
+    def test_hadamard_like_products(self):
+        # Hadamard outer products
+        self.optimize_compare('a,ab,abc->abc')
+        self.optimize_compare('a,b,ab->ab')
+
+    def test_index_transformations(self):
+        # Simple index transformation cases
+        self.optimize_compare('ea,fb,gc,hd,abcd->efgh')
+        self.optimize_compare('ea,fb,abcd,gc,hd->efgh')
+        self.optimize_compare('abcd,ea,fb,gc,hd->efgh')
+
+    def test_complex(self):
+        # Long test cases
+        self.optimize_compare('acdf,jbje,gihb,hfac,gfac,gifabc,hfac')
+        self.optimize_compare('acdf,jbje,gihb,hfac,gfac,gifabc,hfac')
+        self.optimize_compare('cd,bdhe,aidb,hgca,gc,hgibcd,hgac')
+        self.optimize_compare('abhe,hidj,jgba,hiab,gab')
+        self.optimize_compare('bde,cdh,agdb,hica,ibd,hgicd,hiac')
+        self.optimize_compare('chd,bde,agbc,hiad,hgc,hgi,hiad')
+        self.optimize_compare('chd,bde,agbc,hiad,bdi,cgh,agdb')
+        self.optimize_compare('bdhe,acad,hiab,agac,hibd')
+
+    def test_collapse(self):
+        # Inner products
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,ab,c->')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,ab,c->c')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,ab,cd,cd->')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,ab,cd,cd->ac')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,ab,cd,cd->cd')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,ab,cd,cd,ef,ef->')
+
+    def test_expand(self):
+        # Outer products
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,cd,ef->abcdef')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,cd,ef->acdf')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,cd,de->abcde')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,cd,de->be')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,bcd,cd->abcd')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,bcd,cd->abd')
+
+    def test_edge_cases(self):
+        # Difficult edge cases for optimization
+        self.optimize_compare('eb,cb,fb->cef')
+        self.optimize_compare('dd,fb,be,cdb->cef')
+        self.optimize_compare('bca,cdb,dbf,afc->')
+        self.optimize_compare('dcc,fce,ea,dbf->ab')
+        self.optimize_compare('fdf,cdd,ccd,afe->ae')
+        self.optimize_compare('abcd,ad')
+        self.optimize_compare('ed,fcd,ff,bcf->be')
+        self.optimize_compare('baa,dcf,af,cde->be')
+        self.optimize_compare('bd,db,eac->ace')
+        self.optimize_compare('fff,fae,bef,def->abd')
+        self.optimize_compare('efc,dbc,acf,fd->abe')
+        self.optimize_compare('ba,ac,da->bcd')
+
+    def test_inner_product(self):
+        # Inner products
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,ab')
+        self.optimize_compare('ab,ba')
+        self.optimize_compare('abc,abc')
+        self.optimize_compare('abc,bac')
+        self.optimize_compare('abc,cba')
+
+    def test_random_cases(self):
+        # Randomly built test cases
+        self.optimize_compare('aab,fa,df,ecc->bde')
+        self.optimize_compare('ecb,fef,bad,ed->ac')
+        self.optimize_compare('bcf,bbb,fbf,fc->')
+        self.optimize_compare('bb,ff,be->e')
+        self.optimize_compare('bcb,bb,fc,fff->')
+        self.optimize_compare('fbb,dfd,fc,fc->')
+        self.optimize_compare('afd,ba,cc,dc->bf')
+        self.optimize_compare('adb,bc,fa,cfc->d')
+        self.optimize_compare('bbd,bda,fc,db->acf')
+        self.optimize_compare('dba,ead,cad->bce')
+        self.optimize_compare('aef,fbc,dca->bde')
+
+    def test_combined_views_mapping(self):
+        # gh-10792
+        a = np.arange(9).reshape(1, 1, 3, 1, 3)
+        b = np.einsum('bbcdc->d', a)
+        assert_equal(b, [12])
+
+    def test_broadcasting_dot_cases(self):
+        # Ensures broadcasting cases are not mistaken for GEMM
+
+        a = np.random.rand(1, 5, 4)
+        b = np.random.rand(4, 6)
+        c = np.random.rand(5, 6)
+        d = np.random.rand(10)
+
+        self.optimize_compare('ijk,kl,jl', operands=[a, b, c])
+        self.optimize_compare('ijk,kl,jl,i->i', operands=[a, b, c, d])
+
+        e = np.random.rand(1, 1, 5, 4)
+        f = np.random.rand(7, 7)
+        self.optimize_compare('abjk,kl,jl', operands=[e, b, c])
+        self.optimize_compare('abjk,kl,jl,ab->ab', operands=[e, b, c, f])
+
+        # Edge case found in gh-11308
+        g = np.arange(64).reshape(2, 4, 8)
+        self.optimize_compare('obk,ijk->ioj', operands=[g, g])
+
+    def test_output_order(self):
+        # Ensure output order is respected for optimize cases, the below
+        # conraction should yield a reshaped tensor view
+        # gh-16415
+
+        a = np.ones((2, 3, 5), order='F')
+        b = np.ones((4, 3), order='F')
+
+        for opt in [True, False]:
+            tmp = np.einsum('...ft,mf->...mt', a, b, order='a', optimize=opt)
+            assert_(tmp.flags.f_contiguous)
+
+            tmp = np.einsum('...ft,mf->...mt', a, b, order='f', optimize=opt)
+            assert_(tmp.flags.f_contiguous)
+
+            tmp = np.einsum('...ft,mf->...mt', a, b, order='c', optimize=opt)
+            assert_(tmp.flags.c_contiguous)
+
+            tmp = np.einsum('...ft,mf->...mt', a, b, order='k', optimize=opt)
+            assert_(tmp.flags.c_contiguous is False)
+            assert_(tmp.flags.f_contiguous is False)
+
+            tmp = np.einsum('...ft,mf->...mt', a, b, optimize=opt)
+            assert_(tmp.flags.c_contiguous is False)
+            assert_(tmp.flags.f_contiguous is False)
+
+        c = np.ones((4, 3), order='C')
+        for opt in [True, False]:
+            tmp = np.einsum('...ft,mf->...mt', a, c, order='a', optimize=opt)
+            assert_(tmp.flags.c_contiguous)
+
+        d = np.ones((2, 3, 5), order='C')
+        for opt in [True, False]:
+            tmp = np.einsum('...ft,mf->...mt', d, c, order='a', optimize=opt)
+            assert_(tmp.flags.c_contiguous)
+
+class TestEinsumPath:
+    def build_operands(self, string, size_dict=global_size_dict):
+
+        # Builds views based off initial operands
+        operands = [string]
+        terms = string.split('->')[0].split(',')
+        for term in terms:
+            dims = [size_dict[x] for x in term]
+            operands.append(np.random.rand(*dims))
+
+        return operands
+
+    def assert_path_equal(self, comp, benchmark):
+        # Checks if list of tuples are equivalent
+        ret = (len(comp) == len(benchmark))
+        assert_(ret)
+        for pos in range(len(comp) - 1):
+            ret &= isinstance(comp[pos + 1], tuple)
+            ret &= (comp[pos + 1] == benchmark[pos + 1])
+        assert_(ret)
+
+    def test_memory_contraints(self):
+        # Ensure memory constraints are satisfied
+
+        outer_test = self.build_operands('a,b,c->abc')
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*outer_test, optimize=('greedy', 0))
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 1, 2)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*outer_test, optimize=('optimal', 0))
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 1, 2)])
+
+        long_test = self.build_operands('acdf,jbje,gihb,hfac')
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*long_test, optimize=('greedy', 0))
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 1, 2, 3)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*long_test, optimize=('optimal', 0))
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 1, 2, 3)])
+
+    def test_long_paths(self):
+        # Long complex cases
+
+        # Long test 1
+        long_test1 = self.build_operands('acdf,jbje,gihb,hfac,gfac,gifabc,hfac')
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*long_test1, optimize='greedy')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path',
+                                      (3, 6), (3, 4), (2, 4), (2, 3), (0, 2), (0, 1)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*long_test1, optimize='optimal')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path',
+                                      (3, 6), (3, 4), (2, 4), (2, 3), (0, 2), (0, 1)])
+
+        # Long test 2
+        long_test2 = self.build_operands('chd,bde,agbc,hiad,bdi,cgh,agdb')
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*long_test2, optimize='greedy')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path',
+                                      (3, 4), (0, 3), (3, 4), (1, 3), (1, 2), (0, 1)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*long_test2, optimize='optimal')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path',
+                                      (0, 5), (1, 4), (3, 4), (1, 3), (1, 2), (0, 1)])
+
+    def test_edge_paths(self):
+        # Difficult edge cases
+
+        # Edge test1
+        edge_test1 = self.build_operands('eb,cb,fb->cef')
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test1, optimize='greedy')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 2), (0, 1)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test1, optimize='optimal')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 2), (0, 1)])
+
+        # Edge test2
+        edge_test2 = self.build_operands('dd,fb,be,cdb->cef')
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test2, optimize='greedy')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 3), (0, 1), (0, 1)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test2, optimize='optimal')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 3), (0, 1), (0, 1)])
+
+        # Edge test3
+        edge_test3 = self.build_operands('bca,cdb,dbf,afc->')
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test3, optimize='greedy')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (1, 2), (0, 2), (0, 1)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test3, optimize='optimal')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (1, 2), (0, 2), (0, 1)])
+
+        # Edge test4
+        edge_test4 = self.build_operands('dcc,fce,ea,dbf->ab')
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test4, optimize='greedy')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (1, 2), (0, 1), (0, 1)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test4, optimize='optimal')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (1, 2), (0, 2), (0, 1)])
+
+        # Edge test5
+        edge_test4 = self.build_operands('a,ac,ab,ad,cd,bd,bc->',
+                                         size_dict={"a": 20, "b": 20, "c": 20, "d": 20})
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test4, optimize='greedy')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 1), (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*edge_test4, optimize='optimal')
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 1), (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)])
+
+    def test_path_type_input(self):
+        # Test explicit path handling
+        path_test = self.build_operands('dcc,fce,ea,dbf->ab')
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*path_test, optimize=False)
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (0, 1, 2, 3)])
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*path_test, optimize=True)
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, ['einsum_path', (1, 2), (0, 1), (0, 1)])
+
+        exp_path = ['einsum_path', (0, 2), (0, 2), (0, 1)]
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*path_test, optimize=exp_path)
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, exp_path)
+
+        # Double check einsum works on the input path
+        noopt = np.einsum(*path_test, optimize=False)
+        opt = np.einsum(*path_test, optimize=exp_path)
+        assert_almost_equal(noopt, opt)
+
+    def test_path_type_input_internal_trace(self):
+        #gh-20962
+        path_test = self.build_operands('cab,cdd->ab')
+        exp_path = ['einsum_path', (1,), (0, 1)]
+
+        path, path_str = np.einsum_path(*path_test, optimize=exp_path)
+        self.assert_path_equal(path, exp_path)
+
+        # Double check einsum works on the input path
+        noopt = np.einsum(*path_test, optimize=False)
+        opt = np.einsum(*path_test, optimize=exp_path)
+        assert_almost_equal(noopt, opt)
+
+    def test_path_type_input_invalid(self):
+        path_test = self.build_operands('ab,bc,cd,de->ae')
+        exp_path = ['einsum_path', (2, 3), (0, 1)]
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, np.einsum, *path_test, optimize=exp_path)
+        assert_raises(
+            RuntimeError, np.einsum_path, *path_test, optimize=exp_path)
+
+        path_test = self.build_operands('a,a,a->a')
+        exp_path = ['einsum_path', (1,), (0, 1)]
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, np.einsum, *path_test, optimize=exp_path)
+        assert_raises(
+            RuntimeError, np.einsum_path, *path_test, optimize=exp_path)
+
+    def test_spaces(self):
+        #gh-10794
+        arr = np.array([[1]])
+        for sp in itertools.product(['', ' '], repeat=4):
+            # no error for any spacing
+            np.einsum('{}...a{}->{}...a{}'.format(*sp), arr)
+
+def test_overlap():
+    a = np.arange(9, dtype=int).reshape(3, 3)
+    b = np.arange(9, dtype=int).reshape(3, 3)
+    d = np.dot(a, b)
+    # sanity check
+    c = np.einsum('ij,jk->ik', a, b)
+    assert_equal(c, d)
+    #gh-10080, out overlaps one of the operands
+    c = np.einsum('ij,jk->ik', a, b, out=b)
+    assert_equal(c, d)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_errstate.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_errstate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a5647f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_errstate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import pytest
+import sysconfig
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_, assert_raises, IS_WASM
+
+# The floating point emulation on ARM EABI systems lacking a hardware FPU is
+# known to be buggy. This is an attempt to identify these hosts. It may not
+# catch all possible cases, but it catches the known cases of gh-413 and
+# gh-15562.
+hosttype = sysconfig.get_config_var('HOST_GNU_TYPE')
+arm_softfloat = False if hosttype is None else hosttype.endswith('gnueabi')
+
+class TestErrstate:
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(arm_softfloat,
+                        reason='platform/cpu issue with FPU (gh-413,-15562)')
+    def test_invalid(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='raise', under='ignore'):
+            a = -np.arange(3)
+            # This should work
+            with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                np.sqrt(a)
+            # While this should fail!
+            with assert_raises(FloatingPointError):
+                np.sqrt(a)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(arm_softfloat,
+                        reason='platform/cpu issue with FPU (gh-15562)')
+    def test_divide(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='raise', under='ignore'):
+            a = -np.arange(3)
+            # This should work
+            with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+                a // 0
+            # While this should fail!
+            with assert_raises(FloatingPointError):
+                a // 0
+            # As should this, see gh-15562
+            with assert_raises(FloatingPointError):
+                a // a
+
+    def test_errcall(self):
+        def foo(*args):
+            print(args)
+
+        olderrcall = np.geterrcall()
+        with np.errstate(call=foo):
+            assert_(np.geterrcall() is foo, 'call is not foo')
+            with np.errstate(call=None):
+                assert_(np.geterrcall() is None, 'call is not None')
+        assert_(np.geterrcall() is olderrcall, 'call is not olderrcall')
+
+    def test_errstate_decorator(self):
+        @np.errstate(all='ignore')
+        def foo():
+            a = -np.arange(3)
+            a // 0
+            
+        foo()
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_extint128.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_extint128.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b64915f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_extint128.py
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+import itertools
+import contextlib
+import operator
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.core._multiarray_tests as mt
+
+from numpy.testing import assert_raises, assert_equal
+
+
+INT64_MAX = np.iinfo(np.int64).max
+INT64_MIN = np.iinfo(np.int64).min
+INT64_MID = 2**32
+
+# int128 is not two's complement, the sign bit is separate
+INT128_MAX = 2**128 - 1
+INT128_MIN = -INT128_MAX
+INT128_MID = 2**64
+
+INT64_VALUES = (
+    [INT64_MIN + j for j in range(20)] +
+    [INT64_MAX - j for j in range(20)] +
+    [INT64_MID + j for j in range(-20, 20)] +
+    [2*INT64_MID + j for j in range(-20, 20)] +
+    [INT64_MID//2 + j for j in range(-20, 20)] +
+    list(range(-70, 70))
+)
+
+INT128_VALUES = (
+    [INT128_MIN + j for j in range(20)] +
+    [INT128_MAX - j for j in range(20)] +
+    [INT128_MID + j for j in range(-20, 20)] +
+    [2*INT128_MID + j for j in range(-20, 20)] +
+    [INT128_MID//2 + j for j in range(-20, 20)] +
+    list(range(-70, 70)) +
+    [False]  # negative zero
+)
+
+INT64_POS_VALUES = [x for x in INT64_VALUES if x > 0]
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def exc_iter(*args):
+    """
+    Iterate over Cartesian product of *args, and if an exception is raised,
+    add information of the current iterate.
+    """
+
+    value = [None]
+
+    def iterate():
+        for v in itertools.product(*args):
+            value[0] = v
+            yield v
+
+    try:
+        yield iterate()
+    except Exception:
+        import traceback
+        msg = "At: %r\n%s" % (repr(value[0]),
+                              traceback.format_exc())
+        raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+
+def test_safe_binop():
+    # Test checked arithmetic routines
+
+    ops = [
+        (operator.add, 1),
+        (operator.sub, 2),
+        (operator.mul, 3)
+    ]
+
+    with exc_iter(ops, INT64_VALUES, INT64_VALUES) as it:
+        for xop, a, b in it:
+            pyop, op = xop
+            c = pyop(a, b)
+
+            if not (INT64_MIN <= c <= INT64_MAX):
+                assert_raises(OverflowError, mt.extint_safe_binop, a, b, op)
+            else:
+                d = mt.extint_safe_binop(a, b, op)
+                if c != d:
+                    # assert_equal is slow
+                    assert_equal(d, c)
+
+
+def test_to_128():
+    with exc_iter(INT64_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, in it:
+            b = mt.extint_to_128(a)
+            if a != b:
+                assert_equal(b, a)
+
+
+def test_to_64():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, in it:
+            if not (INT64_MIN <= a <= INT64_MAX):
+                assert_raises(OverflowError, mt.extint_to_64, a)
+            else:
+                b = mt.extint_to_64(a)
+                if a != b:
+                    assert_equal(b, a)
+
+
+def test_mul_64_64():
+    with exc_iter(INT64_VALUES, INT64_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, b in it:
+            c = a * b
+            d = mt.extint_mul_64_64(a, b)
+            if c != d:
+                assert_equal(d, c)
+
+
+def test_add_128():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES, INT128_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, b in it:
+            c = a + b
+            if not (INT128_MIN <= c <= INT128_MAX):
+                assert_raises(OverflowError, mt.extint_add_128, a, b)
+            else:
+                d = mt.extint_add_128(a, b)
+                if c != d:
+                    assert_equal(d, c)
+
+
+def test_sub_128():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES, INT128_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, b in it:
+            c = a - b
+            if not (INT128_MIN <= c <= INT128_MAX):
+                assert_raises(OverflowError, mt.extint_sub_128, a, b)
+            else:
+                d = mt.extint_sub_128(a, b)
+                if c != d:
+                    assert_equal(d, c)
+
+
+def test_neg_128():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, in it:
+            b = -a
+            c = mt.extint_neg_128(a)
+            if b != c:
+                assert_equal(c, b)
+
+
+def test_shl_128():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, in it:
+            if a < 0:
+                b = -(((-a) << 1) & (2**128-1))
+            else:
+                b = (a << 1) & (2**128-1)
+            c = mt.extint_shl_128(a)
+            if b != c:
+                assert_equal(c, b)
+
+
+def test_shr_128():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, in it:
+            if a < 0:
+                b = -((-a) >> 1)
+            else:
+                b = a >> 1
+            c = mt.extint_shr_128(a)
+            if b != c:
+                assert_equal(c, b)
+
+
+def test_gt_128():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES, INT128_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, b in it:
+            c = a > b
+            d = mt.extint_gt_128(a, b)
+            if c != d:
+                assert_equal(d, c)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+def test_divmod_128_64():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES, INT64_POS_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, b in it:
+            if a >= 0:
+                c, cr = divmod(a, b)
+            else:
+                c, cr = divmod(-a, b)
+                c = -c
+                cr = -cr
+
+            d, dr = mt.extint_divmod_128_64(a, b)
+
+            if c != d or d != dr or b*d + dr != a:
+                assert_equal(d, c)
+                assert_equal(dr, cr)
+                assert_equal(b*d + dr, a)
+
+
+def test_floordiv_128_64():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES, INT64_POS_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, b in it:
+            c = a // b
+            d = mt.extint_floordiv_128_64(a, b)
+
+            if c != d:
+                assert_equal(d, c)
+
+
+def test_ceildiv_128_64():
+    with exc_iter(INT128_VALUES, INT64_POS_VALUES) as it:
+        for a, b in it:
+            c = (a + b - 1) // b
+            d = mt.extint_ceildiv_128_64(a, b)
+
+            if c != d:
+                assert_equal(d, c)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_function_base.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_function_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79f1ecfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_function_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+import pytest
+from numpy import (
+    logspace, linspace, geomspace, dtype, array, sctypes, arange, isnan,
+    ndarray, sqrt, nextafter, stack, errstate
+    )
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_array_equal, assert_allclose,
+    )
+
+
+class PhysicalQuantity(float):
+    def __new__(cls, value):
+        return float.__new__(cls, value)
+
+    def __add__(self, x):
+        assert_(isinstance(x, PhysicalQuantity))
+        return PhysicalQuantity(float(x) + float(self))
+    __radd__ = __add__
+
+    def __sub__(self, x):
+        assert_(isinstance(x, PhysicalQuantity))
+        return PhysicalQuantity(float(self) - float(x))
+
+    def __rsub__(self, x):
+        assert_(isinstance(x, PhysicalQuantity))
+        return PhysicalQuantity(float(x) - float(self))
+
+    def __mul__(self, x):
+        return PhysicalQuantity(float(x) * float(self))
+    __rmul__ = __mul__
+
+    def __div__(self, x):
+        return PhysicalQuantity(float(self) / float(x))
+
+    def __rdiv__(self, x):
+        return PhysicalQuantity(float(x) / float(self))
+
+
+class PhysicalQuantity2(ndarray):
+    __array_priority__ = 10
+
+
+class TestLogspace:
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        y = logspace(0, 6)
+        assert_(len(y) == 50)
+        y = logspace(0, 6, num=100)
+        assert_(y[-1] == 10 ** 6)
+        y = logspace(0, 6, endpoint=False)
+        assert_(y[-1] < 10 ** 6)
+        y = logspace(0, 6, num=7)
+        assert_array_equal(y, [1, 10, 100, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6])
+
+    def test_start_stop_array(self):
+        start = array([0., 1.])
+        stop = array([6., 7.])
+        t1 = logspace(start, stop, 6)
+        t2 = stack([logspace(_start, _stop, 6)
+                    for _start, _stop in zip(start, stop)], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(t1, t2)
+        t3 = logspace(start, stop[0], 6)
+        t4 = stack([logspace(_start, stop[0], 6)
+                    for _start in start], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(t3, t4)
+        t5 = logspace(start, stop, 6, axis=-1)
+        assert_equal(t5, t2.T)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("axis", [0, 1, -1])
+    def test_base_array(self, axis: int):
+        start = 1
+        stop = 2
+        num = 6
+        base = array([1, 2])
+        t1 = logspace(start, stop, num=num, base=base, axis=axis)
+        t2 = stack(
+            [logspace(start, stop, num=num, base=_base) for _base in base],
+            axis=(axis + 1) % t1.ndim,
+        )
+        assert_equal(t1, t2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("axis", [0, 1, -1])
+    def test_stop_base_array(self, axis: int):
+        start = 1
+        stop = array([2, 3])
+        num = 6
+        base = array([1, 2])
+        t1 = logspace(start, stop, num=num, base=base, axis=axis)
+        t2 = stack(
+            [logspace(start, _stop, num=num, base=_base)
+             for _stop, _base in zip(stop, base)],
+            axis=(axis + 1) % t1.ndim,
+        )
+        assert_equal(t1, t2)
+
+    def test_dtype(self):
+        y = logspace(0, 6, dtype='float32')
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('float32'))
+        y = logspace(0, 6, dtype='float64')
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('float64'))
+        y = logspace(0, 6, dtype='int32')
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('int32'))
+
+    def test_physical_quantities(self):
+        a = PhysicalQuantity(1.0)
+        b = PhysicalQuantity(5.0)
+        assert_equal(logspace(a, b), logspace(1.0, 5.0))
+
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        a = array(1).view(PhysicalQuantity2)
+        b = array(7).view(PhysicalQuantity2)
+        ls = logspace(a, b)
+        assert type(ls) is PhysicalQuantity2
+        assert_equal(ls, logspace(1.0, 7.0))
+        ls = logspace(a, b, 1)
+        assert type(ls) is PhysicalQuantity2
+        assert_equal(ls, logspace(1.0, 7.0, 1))
+
+
+class TestGeomspace:
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        y = geomspace(1, 1e6)
+        assert_(len(y) == 50)
+        y = geomspace(1, 1e6, num=100)
+        assert_(y[-1] == 10 ** 6)
+        y = geomspace(1, 1e6, endpoint=False)
+        assert_(y[-1] < 10 ** 6)
+        y = geomspace(1, 1e6, num=7)
+        assert_array_equal(y, [1, 10, 100, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6])
+
+        y = geomspace(8, 2, num=3)
+        assert_allclose(y, [8, 4, 2])
+        assert_array_equal(y.imag, 0)
+
+        y = geomspace(-1, -100, num=3)
+        assert_array_equal(y, [-1, -10, -100])
+        assert_array_equal(y.imag, 0)
+
+        y = geomspace(-100, -1, num=3)
+        assert_array_equal(y, [-100, -10, -1])
+        assert_array_equal(y.imag, 0)
+
+    def test_boundaries_match_start_and_stop_exactly(self):
+        # make sure that the boundaries of the returned array exactly
+        # equal 'start' and 'stop' - this isn't obvious because
+        # np.exp(np.log(x)) isn't necessarily exactly equal to x
+        start = 0.3
+        stop = 20.3
+
+        y = geomspace(start, stop, num=1)
+        assert_equal(y[0], start)
+
+        y = geomspace(start, stop, num=1, endpoint=False)
+        assert_equal(y[0], start)
+
+        y = geomspace(start, stop, num=3)
+        assert_equal(y[0], start)
+        assert_equal(y[-1], stop)
+
+        y = geomspace(start, stop, num=3, endpoint=False)
+        assert_equal(y[0], start)
+
+    def test_nan_interior(self):
+        with errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            y = geomspace(-3, 3, num=4)
+
+        assert_equal(y[0], -3.0)
+        assert_(isnan(y[1:-1]).all())
+        assert_equal(y[3], 3.0)
+
+        with errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            y = geomspace(-3, 3, num=4, endpoint=False)
+
+        assert_equal(y[0], -3.0)
+        assert_(isnan(y[1:]).all())
+
+    def test_complex(self):
+        # Purely imaginary
+        y = geomspace(1j, 16j, num=5)
+        assert_allclose(y, [1j, 2j, 4j, 8j, 16j])
+        assert_array_equal(y.real, 0)
+
+        y = geomspace(-4j, -324j, num=5)
+        assert_allclose(y, [-4j, -12j, -36j, -108j, -324j])
+        assert_array_equal(y.real, 0)
+
+        y = geomspace(1+1j, 1000+1000j, num=4)
+        assert_allclose(y, [1+1j, 10+10j, 100+100j, 1000+1000j])
+
+        y = geomspace(-1+1j, -1000+1000j, num=4)
+        assert_allclose(y, [-1+1j, -10+10j, -100+100j, -1000+1000j])
+
+        # Logarithmic spirals
+        y = geomspace(-1, 1, num=3, dtype=complex)
+        assert_allclose(y, [-1, 1j, +1])
+
+        y = geomspace(0+3j, -3+0j, 3)
+        assert_allclose(y, [0+3j, -3/sqrt(2)+3j/sqrt(2), -3+0j])
+        y = geomspace(0+3j, 3+0j, 3)
+        assert_allclose(y, [0+3j, 3/sqrt(2)+3j/sqrt(2), 3+0j])
+        y = geomspace(-3+0j, 0-3j, 3)
+        assert_allclose(y, [-3+0j, -3/sqrt(2)-3j/sqrt(2), 0-3j])
+        y = geomspace(0+3j, -3+0j, 3)
+        assert_allclose(y, [0+3j, -3/sqrt(2)+3j/sqrt(2), -3+0j])
+        y = geomspace(-2-3j, 5+7j, 7)
+        assert_allclose(y, [-2-3j, -0.29058977-4.15771027j,
+                            2.08885354-4.34146838j, 4.58345529-3.16355218j,
+                            6.41401745-0.55233457j, 6.75707386+3.11795092j,
+                            5+7j])
+
+        # Type promotion should prevent the -5 from becoming a NaN
+        y = geomspace(3j, -5, 2)
+        assert_allclose(y, [3j, -5])
+        y = geomspace(-5, 3j, 2)
+        assert_allclose(y, [-5, 3j])
+
+    def test_dtype(self):
+        y = geomspace(1, 1e6, dtype='float32')
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('float32'))
+        y = geomspace(1, 1e6, dtype='float64')
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('float64'))
+        y = geomspace(1, 1e6, dtype='int32')
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('int32'))
+
+        # Native types
+        y = geomspace(1, 1e6, dtype=float)
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('float_'))
+        y = geomspace(1, 1e6, dtype=complex)
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('complex'))
+
+    def test_start_stop_array_scalar(self):
+        lim1 = array([120, 100], dtype="int8")
+        lim2 = array([-120, -100], dtype="int8")
+        lim3 = array([1200, 1000], dtype="uint16")
+        t1 = geomspace(lim1[0], lim1[1], 5)
+        t2 = geomspace(lim2[0], lim2[1], 5)
+        t3 = geomspace(lim3[0], lim3[1], 5)
+        t4 = geomspace(120.0, 100.0, 5)
+        t5 = geomspace(-120.0, -100.0, 5)
+        t6 = geomspace(1200.0, 1000.0, 5)
+
+        # t3 uses float32, t6 uses float64
+        assert_allclose(t1, t4, rtol=1e-2)
+        assert_allclose(t2, t5, rtol=1e-2)
+        assert_allclose(t3, t6, rtol=1e-5)
+
+    def test_start_stop_array(self):
+        # Try to use all special cases.
+        start = array([1.e0, 32., 1j, -4j, 1+1j, -1])
+        stop = array([1.e4, 2., 16j, -324j, 10000+10000j, 1])
+        t1 = geomspace(start, stop, 5)
+        t2 = stack([geomspace(_start, _stop, 5)
+                    for _start, _stop in zip(start, stop)], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(t1, t2)
+        t3 = geomspace(start, stop[0], 5)
+        t4 = stack([geomspace(_start, stop[0], 5)
+                    for _start in start], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(t3, t4)
+        t5 = geomspace(start, stop, 5, axis=-1)
+        assert_equal(t5, t2.T)
+
+    def test_physical_quantities(self):
+        a = PhysicalQuantity(1.0)
+        b = PhysicalQuantity(5.0)
+        assert_equal(geomspace(a, b), geomspace(1.0, 5.0))
+
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        a = array(1).view(PhysicalQuantity2)
+        b = array(7).view(PhysicalQuantity2)
+        gs = geomspace(a, b)
+        assert type(gs) is PhysicalQuantity2
+        assert_equal(gs, geomspace(1.0, 7.0))
+        gs = geomspace(a, b, 1)
+        assert type(gs) is PhysicalQuantity2
+        assert_equal(gs, geomspace(1.0, 7.0, 1))
+
+    def test_bounds(self):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, geomspace, 0, 10)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, geomspace, 10, 0)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, geomspace, 0, 0)
+
+
+class TestLinspace:
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        y = linspace(0, 10)
+        assert_(len(y) == 50)
+        y = linspace(2, 10, num=100)
+        assert_(y[-1] == 10)
+        y = linspace(2, 10, endpoint=False)
+        assert_(y[-1] < 10)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, linspace, 0, 10, num=-1)
+
+    def test_corner(self):
+        y = list(linspace(0, 1, 1))
+        assert_(y == [0.0], y)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, linspace, 0, 1, num=2.5)
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        t1 = linspace(0, 1, 0).dtype
+        t2 = linspace(0, 1, 1).dtype
+        t3 = linspace(0, 1, 2).dtype
+        assert_equal(t1, t2)
+        assert_equal(t2, t3)
+
+    def test_dtype(self):
+        y = linspace(0, 6, dtype='float32')
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('float32'))
+        y = linspace(0, 6, dtype='float64')
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('float64'))
+        y = linspace(0, 6, dtype='int32')
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, dtype('int32'))
+
+    def test_start_stop_array_scalar(self):
+        lim1 = array([-120, 100], dtype="int8")
+        lim2 = array([120, -100], dtype="int8")
+        lim3 = array([1200, 1000], dtype="uint16")
+        t1 = linspace(lim1[0], lim1[1], 5)
+        t2 = linspace(lim2[0], lim2[1], 5)
+        t3 = linspace(lim3[0], lim3[1], 5)
+        t4 = linspace(-120.0, 100.0, 5)
+        t5 = linspace(120.0, -100.0, 5)
+        t6 = linspace(1200.0, 1000.0, 5)
+        assert_equal(t1, t4)
+        assert_equal(t2, t5)
+        assert_equal(t3, t6)
+
+    def test_start_stop_array(self):
+        start = array([-120, 120], dtype="int8")
+        stop = array([100, -100], dtype="int8")
+        t1 = linspace(start, stop, 5)
+        t2 = stack([linspace(_start, _stop, 5)
+                    for _start, _stop in zip(start, stop)], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(t1, t2)
+        t3 = linspace(start, stop[0], 5)
+        t4 = stack([linspace(_start, stop[0], 5)
+                    for _start in start], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(t3, t4)
+        t5 = linspace(start, stop, 5, axis=-1)
+        assert_equal(t5, t2.T)
+
+    def test_complex(self):
+        lim1 = linspace(1 + 2j, 3 + 4j, 5)
+        t1 = array([1.0+2.j, 1.5+2.5j,  2.0+3j, 2.5+3.5j, 3.0+4j])
+        lim2 = linspace(1j, 10, 5)
+        t2 = array([0.0+1.j, 2.5+0.75j, 5.0+0.5j, 7.5+0.25j, 10.0+0j])
+        assert_equal(lim1, t1)
+        assert_equal(lim2, t2)
+
+    def test_physical_quantities(self):
+        a = PhysicalQuantity(0.0)
+        b = PhysicalQuantity(1.0)
+        assert_equal(linspace(a, b), linspace(0.0, 1.0))
+
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        a = array(0).view(PhysicalQuantity2)
+        b = array(1).view(PhysicalQuantity2)
+        ls = linspace(a, b)
+        assert type(ls) is PhysicalQuantity2
+        assert_equal(ls, linspace(0.0, 1.0))
+        ls = linspace(a, b, 1)
+        assert type(ls) is PhysicalQuantity2
+        assert_equal(ls, linspace(0.0, 1.0, 1))
+
+    def test_array_interface(self):
+        # Regression test for https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/6659
+        # Ensure that start/stop can be objects that implement
+        # __array_interface__ and are convertible to numeric scalars
+
+        class Arrayish:
+            """
+            A generic object that supports the __array_interface__ and hence
+            can in principle be converted to a numeric scalar, but is not
+            otherwise recognized as numeric, but also happens to support
+            multiplication by floats.
+
+            Data should be an object that implements the buffer interface,
+            and contains at least 4 bytes.
+            """
+
+            def __init__(self, data):
+                self._data = data
+
+            @property
+            def __array_interface__(self):
+                return {'shape': (), 'typestr': '<i4', 'data': self._data,
+                        'version': 3}
+
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                # For the purposes of this test any multiplication is an
+                # identity operation :)
+                return self
+
+        one = Arrayish(array(1, dtype='<i4'))
+        five = Arrayish(array(5, dtype='<i4'))
+
+        assert_equal(linspace(one, five), linspace(1, 5))
+
+    def test_denormal_numbers(self):
+        # Regression test for gh-5437. Will probably fail when compiled
+        # with ICC, which flushes denormals to zero
+        for ftype in sctypes['float']:
+            stop = nextafter(ftype(0), ftype(1)) * 5  # A denormal number
+            assert_(any(linspace(0, stop, 10, endpoint=False, dtype=ftype)))
+
+    def test_equivalent_to_arange(self):
+        for j in range(1000):
+            assert_equal(linspace(0, j, j+1, dtype=int),
+                         arange(j+1, dtype=int))
+
+    def test_retstep(self):
+        for num in [0, 1, 2]:
+            for ept in [False, True]:
+                y = linspace(0, 1, num, endpoint=ept, retstep=True)
+                assert isinstance(y, tuple) and len(y) == 2
+                if num == 2:
+                    y0_expect = [0.0, 1.0] if ept else [0.0, 0.5]
+                    assert_array_equal(y[0], y0_expect)
+                    assert_equal(y[1], y0_expect[1])
+                elif num == 1 and not ept:
+                    assert_array_equal(y[0], [0.0])
+                    assert_equal(y[1], 1.0)
+                else:
+                    assert_array_equal(y[0], [0.0][:num])
+                    assert isnan(y[1])
+
+    def test_object(self):
+        start = array(1, dtype='O')
+        stop = array(2, dtype='O')
+        y = linspace(start, stop, 3)
+        assert_array_equal(y, array([1., 1.5, 2.]))
+                    
+    def test_round_negative(self):
+        y = linspace(-1, 3, num=8, dtype=int)
+        t = array([-1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3], dtype=int)
+        assert_array_equal(y, t)
+
+    def test_any_step_zero_and_not_mult_inplace(self):
+        # any_step_zero is True, _mult_inplace is False
+        start = array([0.0, 1.0])
+        stop = array([2.0, 1.0])
+        y = linspace(start, stop, 3)
+        assert_array_equal(y, array([[0.0, 1.0], [1.0, 1.0], [2.0, 1.0]]))
+    
+
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_getlimits.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_getlimits.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f646e2bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_getlimits.py
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+""" Test functions for limits module.
+
+"""
+import warnings
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from numpy.core import finfo, iinfo
+from numpy import half, single, double, longdouble
+from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_, assert_raises
+from numpy.core.getlimits import _discovered_machar, _float_ma
+
+##################################################
+
+class TestPythonFloat:
+    def test_singleton(self):
+        ftype = finfo(float)
+        ftype2 = finfo(float)
+        assert_equal(id(ftype), id(ftype2))
+
+class TestHalf:
+    def test_singleton(self):
+        ftype = finfo(half)
+        ftype2 = finfo(half)
+        assert_equal(id(ftype), id(ftype2))
+
+class TestSingle:
+    def test_singleton(self):
+        ftype = finfo(single)
+        ftype2 = finfo(single)
+        assert_equal(id(ftype), id(ftype2))
+
+class TestDouble:
+    def test_singleton(self):
+        ftype = finfo(double)
+        ftype2 = finfo(double)
+        assert_equal(id(ftype), id(ftype2))
+
+class TestLongdouble:
+    def test_singleton(self):
+        ftype = finfo(longdouble)
+        ftype2 = finfo(longdouble)
+        assert_equal(id(ftype), id(ftype2))
+
+def assert_finfo_equal(f1, f2):
+    # assert two finfo instances have the same attributes
+    for attr in ('bits', 'eps', 'epsneg', 'iexp', 'machep',
+                 'max', 'maxexp', 'min', 'minexp', 'negep', 'nexp',
+                 'nmant', 'precision', 'resolution', 'tiny',
+                 'smallest_normal', 'smallest_subnormal'):
+        assert_equal(getattr(f1, attr), getattr(f2, attr),
+                     f'finfo instances {f1} and {f2} differ on {attr}')
+
+def assert_iinfo_equal(i1, i2):
+    # assert two iinfo instances have the same attributes
+    for attr in ('bits', 'min', 'max'):
+        assert_equal(getattr(i1, attr), getattr(i2, attr),
+                     f'iinfo instances {i1} and {i2} differ on {attr}')
+
+class TestFinfo:
+    def test_basic(self):
+        dts = list(zip(['f2', 'f4', 'f8', 'c8', 'c16'],
+                       [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.complex64,
+                        np.complex128]))
+        for dt1, dt2 in dts:
+            assert_finfo_equal(finfo(dt1), finfo(dt2))
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, finfo, 'i4')
+
+    def test_regression_gh23108(self):
+        # np.float32(1.0) and np.float64(1.0) have the same hash and are
+        # equal under the == operator
+        f1 = np.finfo(np.float32(1.0))
+        f2 = np.finfo(np.float64(1.0))
+        assert f1 != f2
+
+    def test_regression_gh23867(self):
+        class NonHashableWithDtype:
+            __hash__ = None
+            dtype = np.dtype('float32')
+  
+        x = NonHashableWithDtype()
+        assert np.finfo(x) == np.finfo(x.dtype)
+        
+
+class TestIinfo:
+    def test_basic(self):
+        dts = list(zip(['i1', 'i2', 'i4', 'i8',
+                   'u1', 'u2', 'u4', 'u8'],
+                  [np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64,
+                   np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64]))
+        for dt1, dt2 in dts:
+            assert_iinfo_equal(iinfo(dt1), iinfo(dt2))
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, iinfo, 'f4')
+
+    def test_unsigned_max(self):
+        types = np.sctypes['uint']
+        for T in types:
+            with np.errstate(over="ignore"):
+                max_calculated = T(0) - T(1)
+            assert_equal(iinfo(T).max, max_calculated)
+
+class TestRepr:
+    def test_iinfo_repr(self):
+        expected = "iinfo(min=-32768, max=32767, dtype=int16)"
+        assert_equal(repr(np.iinfo(np.int16)), expected)
+
+    def test_finfo_repr(self):
+        expected = "finfo(resolution=1e-06, min=-3.4028235e+38," + \
+                   " max=3.4028235e+38, dtype=float32)"
+        assert_equal(repr(np.finfo(np.float32)), expected)
+
+
+def test_instances():
+    # Test the finfo and iinfo results on numeric instances agree with
+    # the results on the corresponding types
+
+    for c in [int, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64]:
+        class_iinfo = iinfo(c)
+        instance_iinfo = iinfo(c(12))
+
+        assert_iinfo_equal(class_iinfo, instance_iinfo)
+
+    for c in [float, np.float16, np.float32, np.float64]:
+        class_finfo = finfo(c)
+        instance_finfo = finfo(c(1.2))
+        assert_finfo_equal(class_finfo, instance_finfo)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        iinfo(10.)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        iinfo('hi')
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        finfo(np.int64(1))
+
+
+def assert_ma_equal(discovered, ma_like):
+    # Check MachAr-like objects same as calculated MachAr instances
+    for key, value in discovered.__dict__.items():
+        assert_equal(value, getattr(ma_like, key))
+        if hasattr(value, 'shape'):
+            assert_equal(value.shape, getattr(ma_like, key).shape)
+            assert_equal(value.dtype, getattr(ma_like, key).dtype)
+
+
+def test_known_types():
+    # Test we are correctly compiling parameters for known types
+    for ftype, ma_like in ((np.float16, _float_ma[16]),
+                           (np.float32, _float_ma[32]),
+                           (np.float64, _float_ma[64])):
+        assert_ma_equal(_discovered_machar(ftype), ma_like)
+    # Suppress warning for broken discovery of double double on PPC
+    with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+        ld_ma = _discovered_machar(np.longdouble)
+    bytes = np.dtype(np.longdouble).itemsize
+    if (ld_ma.it, ld_ma.maxexp) == (63, 16384) and bytes in (12, 16):
+        # 80-bit extended precision
+        assert_ma_equal(ld_ma, _float_ma[80])
+    elif (ld_ma.it, ld_ma.maxexp) == (112, 16384) and bytes == 16:
+        # IEE 754 128-bit
+        assert_ma_equal(ld_ma, _float_ma[128])
+
+
+def test_subnormal_warning():
+    """Test that the subnormal is zero warning is not being raised."""
+    with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+        ld_ma = _discovered_machar(np.longdouble)
+    bytes = np.dtype(np.longdouble).itemsize
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter('always')
+        if (ld_ma.it, ld_ma.maxexp) == (63, 16384) and bytes in (12, 16):
+            # 80-bit extended precision
+            ld_ma.smallest_subnormal
+            assert len(w) == 0
+        elif (ld_ma.it, ld_ma.maxexp) == (112, 16384) and bytes == 16:
+            # IEE 754 128-bit
+            ld_ma.smallest_subnormal
+            assert len(w) == 0
+        else:
+            # Double double
+            ld_ma.smallest_subnormal
+            # This test may fail on some platforms
+            assert len(w) == 0
+
+
+def test_plausible_finfo():
+    # Assert that finfo returns reasonable results for all types
+    for ftype in np.sctypes['float'] + np.sctypes['complex']:
+        info = np.finfo(ftype)
+        assert_(info.nmant > 1)
+        assert_(info.minexp < -1)
+        assert_(info.maxexp > 1)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_half.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_half.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbc1bf6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_half.py
@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+import platform
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy import uint16, float16, float32, float64
+from numpy.testing import assert_, assert_equal, _OLD_PROMOTION, IS_WASM
+
+
+def assert_raises_fpe(strmatch, callable, *args, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        callable(*args, **kwargs)
+    except FloatingPointError as exc:
+        assert_(str(exc).find(strmatch) >= 0,
+                "Did not raise floating point %s error" % strmatch)
+    else:
+        assert_(False,
+                "Did not raise floating point %s error" % strmatch)
+
+class TestHalf:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        # An array of all possible float16 values
+        self.all_f16 = np.arange(0x10000, dtype=uint16)
+        self.all_f16.dtype = float16
+
+        # NaN value can cause an invalid FP exception if HW is been used
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            self.all_f32 = np.array(self.all_f16, dtype=float32)
+            self.all_f64 = np.array(self.all_f16, dtype=float64)
+
+        # An array of all non-NaN float16 values, in sorted order
+        self.nonan_f16 = np.concatenate(
+                                (np.arange(0xfc00, 0x7fff, -1, dtype=uint16),
+                                 np.arange(0x0000, 0x7c01, 1, dtype=uint16)))
+        self.nonan_f16.dtype = float16
+        self.nonan_f32 = np.array(self.nonan_f16, dtype=float32)
+        self.nonan_f64 = np.array(self.nonan_f16, dtype=float64)
+
+        # An array of all finite float16 values, in sorted order
+        self.finite_f16 = self.nonan_f16[1:-1]
+        self.finite_f32 = self.nonan_f32[1:-1]
+        self.finite_f64 = self.nonan_f64[1:-1]
+
+    def test_half_conversions(self):
+        """Checks that all 16-bit values survive conversion
+           to/from 32-bit and 64-bit float"""
+        # Because the underlying routines preserve the NaN bits, every
+        # value is preserved when converting to/from other floats.
+
+        # Convert from float32 back to float16
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            b = np.array(self.all_f32, dtype=float16)
+        # avoid testing NaNs due to differ bits wither Q/SNaNs
+        b_nn = b == b
+        assert_equal(self.all_f16[b_nn].view(dtype=uint16),
+                     b[b_nn].view(dtype=uint16))
+
+        # Convert from float64 back to float16
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            b = np.array(self.all_f64, dtype=float16)
+        b_nn = b == b
+        assert_equal(self.all_f16[b_nn].view(dtype=uint16),
+                     b[b_nn].view(dtype=uint16))
+
+        # Convert float16 to longdouble and back
+        # This doesn't necessarily preserve the extra NaN bits,
+        # so exclude NaNs.
+        a_ld = np.array(self.nonan_f16, dtype=np.longdouble)
+        b = np.array(a_ld, dtype=float16)
+        assert_equal(self.nonan_f16.view(dtype=uint16),
+                     b.view(dtype=uint16))
+
+        # Check the range for which all integers can be represented
+        i_int = np.arange(-2048, 2049)
+        i_f16 = np.array(i_int, dtype=float16)
+        j = np.array(i_f16, dtype=int)
+        assert_equal(i_int, j)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("string_dt", ["S", "U"])
+    def test_half_conversion_to_string(self, string_dt):
+        # Currently uses S/U32 (which is sufficient for float32)
+        expected_dt = np.dtype(f"{string_dt}32")
+        assert np.promote_types(np.float16, string_dt) == expected_dt
+        assert np.promote_types(string_dt, np.float16) == expected_dt
+
+        arr = np.ones(3, dtype=np.float16).astype(string_dt)
+        assert arr.dtype == expected_dt
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("string_dt", ["S", "U"])
+    def test_half_conversion_from_string(self, string_dt):
+        string = np.array("3.1416", dtype=string_dt)
+        assert string.astype(np.float16) == np.array(3.1416, dtype=np.float16)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("offset", [None, "up", "down"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("shift", [None, "up", "down"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("float_t", [np.float32, np.float64])
+    @np._no_nep50_warning()
+    def test_half_conversion_rounding(self, float_t, shift, offset):
+        # Assumes that round to even is used during casting.
+        max_pattern = np.float16(np.finfo(np.float16).max).view(np.uint16)
+
+        # Test all (positive) finite numbers, denormals are most interesting
+        # however:
+        f16s_patterns = np.arange(0, max_pattern+1, dtype=np.uint16)
+        f16s_float = f16s_patterns.view(np.float16).astype(float_t)
+
+        # Shift the values by half a bit up or a down (or do not shift),
+        if shift == "up":
+            f16s_float = 0.5 * (f16s_float[:-1] + f16s_float[1:])[1:]
+        elif shift == "down":
+            f16s_float = 0.5 * (f16s_float[:-1] + f16s_float[1:])[:-1]
+        else:
+            f16s_float = f16s_float[1:-1]
+
+        # Increase the float by a minimal value:
+        if offset == "up":
+            f16s_float = np.nextafter(f16s_float, float_t(np.inf))
+        elif offset == "down":
+            f16s_float = np.nextafter(f16s_float, float_t(-np.inf))
+
+        # Convert back to float16 and its bit pattern:
+        res_patterns = f16s_float.astype(np.float16).view(np.uint16)
+
+        # The above calculations tries the original values, or the exact
+        # mid points between the float16 values. It then further offsets them
+        # by as little as possible. If no offset occurs, "round to even"
+        # logic will be necessary, an arbitrarily small offset should cause
+        # normal up/down rounding always.
+
+        # Calculate the expected pattern:
+        cmp_patterns = f16s_patterns[1:-1].copy()
+
+        if shift == "down" and offset != "up":
+            shift_pattern = -1
+        elif shift == "up" and offset != "down":
+            shift_pattern = 1
+        else:
+            # There cannot be a shift, either shift is None, so all rounding
+            # will go back to original, or shift is reduced by offset too much.
+            shift_pattern = 0
+
+        # If rounding occurs, is it normal rounding or round to even?
+        if offset is None:
+            # Round to even occurs, modify only non-even, cast to allow + (-1)
+            cmp_patterns[0::2].view(np.int16)[...] += shift_pattern
+        else:
+            cmp_patterns.view(np.int16)[...] += shift_pattern
+
+        assert_equal(res_patterns, cmp_patterns)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["float_t", "uint_t", "bits"],
+                             [(np.float32, np.uint32, 23),
+                              (np.float64, np.uint64, 52)])
+    def test_half_conversion_denormal_round_even(self, float_t, uint_t, bits):
+        # Test specifically that all bits are considered when deciding
+        # whether round to even should occur (i.e. no bits are lost at the
+        # end. Compare also gh-12721. The most bits can get lost for the
+        # smallest denormal:
+        smallest_value = np.uint16(1).view(np.float16).astype(float_t)
+        assert smallest_value == 2**-24
+
+        # Will be rounded to zero based on round to even rule:
+        rounded_to_zero = smallest_value / float_t(2)
+        assert rounded_to_zero.astype(np.float16) == 0
+
+        # The significand will be all 0 for the float_t, test that we do not
+        # lose the lower ones of these:
+        for i in range(bits):
+            # slightly increasing the value should make it round up:
+            larger_pattern = rounded_to_zero.view(uint_t) | uint_t(1 << i)
+            larger_value = larger_pattern.view(float_t)
+            assert larger_value.astype(np.float16) == smallest_value
+
+    def test_nans_infs(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            # Check some of the ufuncs
+            assert_equal(np.isnan(self.all_f16), np.isnan(self.all_f32))
+            assert_equal(np.isinf(self.all_f16), np.isinf(self.all_f32))
+            assert_equal(np.isfinite(self.all_f16), np.isfinite(self.all_f32))
+            assert_equal(np.signbit(self.all_f16), np.signbit(self.all_f32))
+            assert_equal(np.spacing(float16(65504)), np.inf)
+
+            # Check comparisons of all values with NaN
+            nan = float16(np.nan)
+
+            assert_(not (self.all_f16 == nan).any())
+            assert_(not (nan == self.all_f16).any())
+
+            assert_((self.all_f16 != nan).all())
+            assert_((nan != self.all_f16).all())
+
+            assert_(not (self.all_f16 < nan).any())
+            assert_(not (nan < self.all_f16).any())
+
+            assert_(not (self.all_f16 <= nan).any())
+            assert_(not (nan <= self.all_f16).any())
+
+            assert_(not (self.all_f16 > nan).any())
+            assert_(not (nan > self.all_f16).any())
+
+            assert_(not (self.all_f16 >= nan).any())
+            assert_(not (nan >= self.all_f16).any())
+
+    def test_half_values(self):
+        """Confirms a small number of known half values"""
+        a = np.array([1.0, -1.0,
+                      2.0, -2.0,
+                      0.0999755859375, 0.333251953125,  # 1/10, 1/3
+                      65504, -65504,           # Maximum magnitude
+                      2.0**(-14), -2.0**(-14),  # Minimum normal
+                      2.0**(-24), -2.0**(-24),  # Minimum subnormal
+                      0, -1/1e1000,            # Signed zeros
+                      np.inf, -np.inf])
+        b = np.array([0x3c00, 0xbc00,
+                      0x4000, 0xc000,
+                      0x2e66, 0x3555,
+                      0x7bff, 0xfbff,
+                      0x0400, 0x8400,
+                      0x0001, 0x8001,
+                      0x0000, 0x8000,
+                      0x7c00, 0xfc00], dtype=uint16)
+        b.dtype = float16
+        assert_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_half_rounding(self):
+        """Checks that rounding when converting to half is correct"""
+        a = np.array([2.0**-25 + 2.0**-35,  # Rounds to minimum subnormal
+                      2.0**-25,       # Underflows to zero (nearest even mode)
+                      2.0**-26,       # Underflows to zero
+                      1.0+2.0**-11 + 2.0**-16,  # rounds to 1.0+2**(-10)
+                      1.0+2.0**-11,   # rounds to 1.0 (nearest even mode)
+                      1.0+2.0**-12,   # rounds to 1.0
+                      65519,          # rounds to 65504
+                      65520],         # rounds to inf
+                      dtype=float64)
+        rounded = [2.0**-24,
+                   0.0,
+                   0.0,
+                   1.0+2.0**(-10),
+                   1.0,
+                   1.0,
+                   65504,
+                   np.inf]
+
+        # Check float64->float16 rounding
+        with np.errstate(over="ignore"):
+            b = np.array(a, dtype=float16)
+        assert_equal(b, rounded)
+
+        # Check float32->float16 rounding
+        a = np.array(a, dtype=float32)
+        with np.errstate(over="ignore"):
+            b = np.array(a, dtype=float16)
+        assert_equal(b, rounded)
+
+    def test_half_correctness(self):
+        """Take every finite float16, and check the casting functions with
+           a manual conversion."""
+
+        # Create an array of all finite float16s
+        a_bits = self.finite_f16.view(dtype=uint16)
+
+        # Convert to 64-bit float manually
+        a_sgn = (-1.0)**((a_bits & 0x8000) >> 15)
+        a_exp = np.array((a_bits & 0x7c00) >> 10, dtype=np.int32) - 15
+        a_man = (a_bits & 0x03ff) * 2.0**(-10)
+        # Implicit bit of normalized floats
+        a_man[a_exp != -15] += 1
+        # Denormalized exponent is -14
+        a_exp[a_exp == -15] = -14
+
+        a_manual = a_sgn * a_man * 2.0**a_exp
+
+        a32_fail = np.nonzero(self.finite_f32 != a_manual)[0]
+        if len(a32_fail) != 0:
+            bad_index = a32_fail[0]
+            assert_equal(self.finite_f32, a_manual,
+                 "First non-equal is half value 0x%x -> %g != %g" %
+                            (a_bits[bad_index],
+                             self.finite_f32[bad_index],
+                             a_manual[bad_index]))
+
+        a64_fail = np.nonzero(self.finite_f64 != a_manual)[0]
+        if len(a64_fail) != 0:
+            bad_index = a64_fail[0]
+            assert_equal(self.finite_f64, a_manual,
+                 "First non-equal is half value 0x%x -> %g != %g" %
+                            (a_bits[bad_index],
+                             self.finite_f64[bad_index],
+                             a_manual[bad_index]))
+
+    def test_half_ordering(self):
+        """Make sure comparisons are working right"""
+
+        # All non-NaN float16 values in reverse order
+        a = self.nonan_f16[::-1].copy()
+
+        # 32-bit float copy
+        b = np.array(a, dtype=float32)
+
+        # Should sort the same
+        a.sort()
+        b.sort()
+        assert_equal(a, b)
+
+        # Comparisons should work
+        assert_((a[:-1] <= a[1:]).all())
+        assert_(not (a[:-1] > a[1:]).any())
+        assert_((a[1:] >= a[:-1]).all())
+        assert_(not (a[1:] < a[:-1]).any())
+        # All != except for +/-0
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(a[:-1] < a[1:])[0].size, a.size-2)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(a[1:] > a[:-1])[0].size, a.size-2)
+
+    def test_half_funcs(self):
+        """Test the various ArrFuncs"""
+
+        # fill
+        assert_equal(np.arange(10, dtype=float16),
+                     np.arange(10, dtype=float32))
+
+        # fillwithscalar
+        a = np.zeros((5,), dtype=float16)
+        a.fill(1)
+        assert_equal(a, np.ones((5,), dtype=float16))
+
+        # nonzero and copyswap
+        a = np.array([0, 0, -1, -1/1e20, 0, 2.0**-24, 7.629e-6], dtype=float16)
+        assert_equal(a.nonzero()[0],
+                     [2, 5, 6])
+        a = a.byteswap()
+        a = a.view(a.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        assert_equal(a.nonzero()[0],
+                     [2, 5, 6])
+
+        # dot
+        a = np.arange(0, 10, 0.5, dtype=float16)
+        b = np.ones((20,), dtype=float16)
+        assert_equal(np.dot(a, b),
+                     95)
+
+        # argmax
+        a = np.array([0, -np.inf, -2, 0.5, 12.55, 7.3, 2.1, 12.4], dtype=float16)
+        assert_equal(a.argmax(),
+                     4)
+        a = np.array([0, -np.inf, -2, np.inf, 12.55, np.nan, 2.1, 12.4], dtype=float16)
+        assert_equal(a.argmax(),
+                     5)
+
+        # getitem
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype=float16)
+        for i in range(10):
+            assert_equal(a.item(i), i)
+
+    def test_spacing_nextafter(self):
+        """Test np.spacing and np.nextafter"""
+        # All non-negative finite #'s
+        a = np.arange(0x7c00, dtype=uint16)
+        hinf = np.array((np.inf,), dtype=float16)
+        hnan = np.array((np.nan,), dtype=float16)
+        a_f16 = a.view(dtype=float16)
+
+        assert_equal(np.spacing(a_f16[:-1]), a_f16[1:]-a_f16[:-1])
+
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(a_f16[:-1], hinf), a_f16[1:])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(a_f16[0], -hinf), -a_f16[1])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(a_f16[1:], -hinf), a_f16[:-1])
+
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(hinf, a_f16), a_f16[-1])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(-hinf, a_f16), -a_f16[-1])
+
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(hinf, hinf), hinf)
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(hinf, -hinf), a_f16[-1])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(-hinf, hinf), -a_f16[-1])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(-hinf, -hinf), -hinf)
+
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(a_f16, hnan), hnan[0])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(hnan, a_f16), hnan[0])
+
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(hnan, hnan), hnan)
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(hinf, hnan), hnan)
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(hnan, hinf), hnan)
+
+        # switch to negatives
+        a |= 0x8000
+
+        assert_equal(np.spacing(a_f16[0]), np.spacing(a_f16[1]))
+        assert_equal(np.spacing(a_f16[1:]), a_f16[:-1]-a_f16[1:])
+
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(a_f16[0], hinf), -a_f16[1])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(a_f16[1:], hinf), a_f16[:-1])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(a_f16[:-1], -hinf), a_f16[1:])
+
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(hinf, a_f16), -a_f16[-1])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(-hinf, a_f16), a_f16[-1])
+
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(a_f16, hnan), hnan[0])
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(hnan, a_f16), hnan[0])
+
+    def test_half_ufuncs(self):
+        """Test the various ufuncs"""
+
+        a = np.array([0, 1, 2, 4, 2], dtype=float16)
+        b = np.array([-2, 5, 1, 4, 3], dtype=float16)
+        c = np.array([0, -1, -np.inf, np.nan, 6], dtype=float16)
+
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, b), [-2, 6, 3, 8, 5])
+        assert_equal(np.subtract(a, b), [2, -4, 1, 0, -1])
+        assert_equal(np.multiply(a, b), [0, 5, 2, 16, 6])
+        assert_equal(np.divide(a, b), [0, 0.199951171875, 2, 1, 0.66650390625])
+
+        assert_equal(np.equal(a, b), [False, False, False, True, False])
+        assert_equal(np.not_equal(a, b), [True, True, True, False, True])
+        assert_equal(np.less(a, b), [False, True, False, False, True])
+        assert_equal(np.less_equal(a, b), [False, True, False, True, True])
+        assert_equal(np.greater(a, b), [True, False, True, False, False])
+        assert_equal(np.greater_equal(a, b), [True, False, True, True, False])
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and(a, b), [False, True, True, True, True])
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or(a, b), [True, True, True, True, True])
+        assert_equal(np.logical_xor(a, b), [True, False, False, False, False])
+        assert_equal(np.logical_not(a), [True, False, False, False, False])
+
+        assert_equal(np.isnan(c), [False, False, False, True, False])
+        assert_equal(np.isinf(c), [False, False, True, False, False])
+        assert_equal(np.isfinite(c), [True, True, False, False, True])
+        assert_equal(np.signbit(b), [True, False, False, False, False])
+
+        assert_equal(np.copysign(b, a), [2, 5, 1, 4, 3])
+
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(a, b), [0, 5, 2, 4, 3])
+
+        x = np.maximum(b, c)
+        assert_(np.isnan(x[3]))
+        x[3] = 0
+        assert_equal(x, [0, 5, 1, 0, 6])
+
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(a, b), [-2, 1, 1, 4, 2])
+
+        x = np.minimum(b, c)
+        assert_(np.isnan(x[3]))
+        x[3] = 0
+        assert_equal(x, [-2, -1, -np.inf, 0, 3])
+
+        assert_equal(np.fmax(a, b), [0, 5, 2, 4, 3])
+        assert_equal(np.fmax(b, c), [0, 5, 1, 4, 6])
+        assert_equal(np.fmin(a, b), [-2, 1, 1, 4, 2])
+        assert_equal(np.fmin(b, c), [-2, -1, -np.inf, 4, 3])
+
+        assert_equal(np.floor_divide(a, b), [0, 0, 2, 1, 0])
+        assert_equal(np.remainder(a, b), [0, 1, 0, 0, 2])
+        assert_equal(np.divmod(a, b), ([0, 0, 2, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0, 2]))
+        assert_equal(np.square(b), [4, 25, 1, 16, 9])
+        assert_equal(np.reciprocal(b), [-0.5, 0.199951171875, 1, 0.25, 0.333251953125])
+        assert_equal(np.ones_like(b), [1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.conjugate(b), b)
+        assert_equal(np.absolute(b), [2, 5, 1, 4, 3])
+        assert_equal(np.negative(b), [2, -5, -1, -4, -3])
+        assert_equal(np.positive(b), b)
+        assert_equal(np.sign(b), [-1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.modf(b), ([0, 0, 0, 0, 0], b))
+        assert_equal(np.frexp(b), ([-0.5, 0.625, 0.5, 0.5, 0.75], [2, 3, 1, 3, 2]))
+        assert_equal(np.ldexp(b, [0, 1, 2, 4, 2]), [-2, 10, 4, 64, 12])
+
+    @np._no_nep50_warning()
+    def test_half_coercion(self, weak_promotion):
+        """Test that half gets coerced properly with the other types"""
+        a16 = np.array((1,), dtype=float16)
+        a32 = np.array((1,), dtype=float32)
+        b16 = float16(1)
+        b32 = float32(1)
+
+        assert np.power(a16, 2).dtype == float16
+        assert np.power(a16, 2.0).dtype == float16
+        assert np.power(a16, b16).dtype == float16
+        expected_dt = float32 if weak_promotion else float16
+        assert np.power(a16, b32).dtype == expected_dt
+        assert np.power(a16, a16).dtype == float16
+        assert np.power(a16, a32).dtype == float32
+
+        expected_dt = float16 if weak_promotion else float64
+        assert np.power(b16, 2).dtype == expected_dt
+        assert np.power(b16, 2.0).dtype == expected_dt
+        assert np.power(b16, b16).dtype, float16
+        assert np.power(b16, b32).dtype, float32
+        assert np.power(b16, a16).dtype, float16
+        assert np.power(b16, a32).dtype, float32
+
+        assert np.power(a32, a16).dtype == float32
+        assert np.power(a32, b16).dtype == float32
+        expected_dt = float32 if weak_promotion else float16
+        assert np.power(b32, a16).dtype == expected_dt
+        assert np.power(b32, b16).dtype == float32
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(platform.machine() == "armv5tel",
+                        reason="See gh-413.")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM,
+                        reason="fp exceptions don't work in wasm.")
+    def test_half_fpe(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='raise'):
+            sx16 = np.array((1e-4,), dtype=float16)
+            bx16 = np.array((1e4,), dtype=float16)
+            sy16 = float16(1e-4)
+            by16 = float16(1e4)
+
+            # Underflow errors
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a*b, sx16, sx16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a*b, sx16, sy16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a*b, sy16, sx16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a*b, sy16, sy16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a/b, sx16, bx16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a/b, sx16, by16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a/b, sy16, bx16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a/b, sy16, by16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a/b,
+                                             float16(2.**-14), float16(2**11))
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a/b,
+                                             float16(-2.**-14), float16(2**11))
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a/b,
+                                             float16(2.**-14+2**-24), float16(2))
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a/b,
+                                             float16(-2.**-14-2**-24), float16(2))
+            assert_raises_fpe('underflow', lambda a, b:a/b,
+                                             float16(2.**-14+2**-23), float16(4))
+
+            # Overflow errors
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a*b, bx16, bx16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a*b, bx16, by16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a*b, by16, bx16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a*b, by16, by16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a/b, bx16, sx16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a/b, bx16, sy16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a/b, by16, sx16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a/b, by16, sy16)
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a+b,
+                                             float16(65504), float16(17))
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', lambda a, b:a-b,
+                                             float16(-65504), float16(17))
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', np.nextafter, float16(65504), float16(np.inf))
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', np.nextafter, float16(-65504), float16(-np.inf))
+            assert_raises_fpe('overflow', np.spacing, float16(65504))
+
+            # Invalid value errors
+            assert_raises_fpe('invalid', np.divide, float16(np.inf), float16(np.inf))
+            assert_raises_fpe('invalid', np.spacing, float16(np.inf))
+            assert_raises_fpe('invalid', np.spacing, float16(np.nan))
+
+            # These should not raise
+            float16(65472)+float16(32)
+            float16(2**-13)/float16(2)
+            float16(2**-14)/float16(2**10)
+            np.spacing(float16(-65504))
+            np.nextafter(float16(65504), float16(-np.inf))
+            np.nextafter(float16(-65504), float16(np.inf))
+            np.nextafter(float16(np.inf), float16(0))
+            np.nextafter(float16(-np.inf), float16(0))
+            np.nextafter(float16(0), float16(np.nan))
+            np.nextafter(float16(np.nan), float16(0))
+            float16(2**-14)/float16(2**10)
+            float16(-2**-14)/float16(2**10)
+            float16(2**-14+2**-23)/float16(2)
+            float16(-2**-14-2**-23)/float16(2)
+
+    def test_half_array_interface(self):
+        """Test that half is compatible with __array_interface__"""
+        class Dummy:
+            pass
+
+        a = np.ones((1,), dtype=float16)
+        b = Dummy()
+        b.__array_interface__ = a.__array_interface__
+        c = np.array(b)
+        assert_(c.dtype == float16)
+        assert_equal(a, c)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_hashtable.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_hashtable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bace4c05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_hashtable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import pytest
+
+import random
+from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import identityhash_tester
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("key_length", [1, 3, 6])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("length", [1, 16, 2000])
+def test_identity_hashtable(key_length, length):
+    # use a 30 object pool for everything (duplicates will happen)
+    pool = [object() for i in range(20)]
+    keys_vals = []
+    for i in range(length):
+        keys = tuple(random.choices(pool, k=key_length))
+        keys_vals.append((keys, random.choice(pool)))
+
+    dictionary = dict(keys_vals)
+
+    # add a random item at the end:
+    keys_vals.append(random.choice(keys_vals))
+    # the expected one could be different with duplicates:
+    expected = dictionary[keys_vals[-1][0]]
+
+    res = identityhash_tester(key_length, keys_vals, replace=True)
+    assert res is expected
+
+    # check that ensuring one duplicate definitely raises:
+    keys_vals.insert(0, keys_vals[-2])
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+        identityhash_tester(key_length, keys_vals)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_indexerrors.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_indexerrors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0e9a8c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_indexerrors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+        assert_raises, assert_raises_regex,
+        )
+
+
+class TestIndexErrors:
+    '''Tests to exercise indexerrors not covered by other tests.'''
+
+    def test_arraytypes_fasttake(self):
+        'take from a 0-length dimension'
+        x = np.empty((2, 3, 0, 4))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, x.take, [0], axis=2)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, x.take, [1], axis=2)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, x.take, [0], axis=2, mode='wrap')
+        assert_raises(IndexError, x.take, [0], axis=2, mode='clip')
+
+    def test_take_from_object(self):
+        # Check exception taking from object array
+        d = np.zeros(5, dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, d.take, [6])
+
+        # Check exception taking from 0-d array
+        d = np.zeros((5, 0), dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, d.take, [1], axis=1)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, d.take, [0], axis=1)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, d.take, [0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, d.take, [0], mode='wrap')
+        assert_raises(IndexError, d.take, [0], mode='clip')
+
+    def test_multiindex_exceptions(self):
+        a = np.empty(5, dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.item, 20)
+        a = np.empty((5, 0), dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.item, (0, 0))
+
+        a = np.empty(5, dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.itemset, 20, 0)
+        a = np.empty((5, 0), dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.itemset, (0, 0), 0)
+
+    def test_put_exceptions(self):
+        a = np.zeros((5, 5))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.put, 100, 0)
+        a = np.zeros((5, 5), dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.put, 100, 0)
+        a = np.zeros((5, 5, 0))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.put, 100, 0)
+        a = np.zeros((5, 5, 0), dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.put, 100, 0)
+
+    def test_iterators_exceptions(self):
+        "cases in iterators.c"
+        def assign(obj, ind, val):
+            obj[ind] = val
+
+        a = np.zeros([1, 2, 3])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 5, None, 2])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 5, 0, 2])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a, (0, 5, None, 2), 1))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a, (0, 5, 0, 2),  1))
+
+        a = np.zeros([1, 0, 3])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0, None, 2])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a, (0, 0, None, 2), 1))
+
+        a = np.zeros([1, 2, 3])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.flat[10])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a.flat, 10, 5))
+        a = np.zeros([1, 0, 3])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.flat[10])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a.flat, 10, 5))
+
+        a = np.zeros([1, 2, 3])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.flat[np.array(10)])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a.flat, np.array(10), 5))
+        a = np.zeros([1, 0, 3])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.flat[np.array(10)])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a.flat, np.array(10), 5))
+
+        a = np.zeros([1, 2, 3])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.flat[np.array([10])])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a.flat, np.array([10]), 5))
+        a = np.zeros([1, 0, 3])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.flat[np.array([10])])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a.flat, np.array([10]), 5))
+
+    def test_mapping(self):
+        "cases from mapping.c"
+
+        def assign(obj, ind, val):
+            obj[ind] = val
+
+        a = np.zeros((0, 10))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[12])
+
+        a = np.zeros((3, 5))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[(10, 20)])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a, (10, 20), 1))
+        a = np.zeros((3, 0))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[(1, 0)])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a, (1, 0), 1))
+
+        a = np.zeros((10,))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a, 10, 1))
+        a = np.zeros((0,))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a, 10, 1))
+
+        a = np.zeros((3, 5))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[(1, [1, 20])])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a, (1, [1, 20]), 1))
+        a = np.zeros((3, 0))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[(1, [0, 1])])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: assign(a, (1, [0, 1]), 1))
+
+    def test_mapping_error_message(self):
+        a = np.zeros((3, 5))
+        index = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+        assert_raises_regex(
+                IndexError,
+                "too many indices for array: "
+                "array is 2-dimensional, but 5 were indexed",
+                lambda: a[index])
+
+    def test_methods(self):
+        "cases from methods.c"
+
+        a = np.zeros((3, 3))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.item(100))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.itemset(100, 1))
+        a = np.zeros((0, 3))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.item(100))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a.itemset(100, 1))
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_indexing.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_indexing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04293670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_indexing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1417 @@
+import sys
+import warnings
+import functools
+import operator
+
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import array_indexing
+from itertools import product
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_raises_regex,
+    assert_array_equal, assert_warns, HAS_REFCOUNT, IS_WASM
+    )
+
+
+class TestIndexing:
+    def test_index_no_floats(self):
+        a = np.array([[[5]]])
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0.0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, 0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0,:])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, 0.0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, 0.0,:])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0,:,:])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0, 0.0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, 0, 0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0.0, 0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, -1.4])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, 0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4,:])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, -1.4])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, -1.4,:])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4,:,:])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0, -1.4])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, 0, 0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, -1.4, 0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0:, 0.0])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0:, 0.0,:])
+
+    def test_slicing_no_floats(self):
+        a = np.array([[5]])
+
+        # start as float.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0:])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0:, 0.0:2])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0::2, :0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0:1:2,:])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:, 0.0:])
+        # stop as float.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:0.0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:0, 1:2.0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:0.0:2, :0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:0.0,:])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:, 0:4.0:2])
+        # step as float.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[::1.0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0:, :2:2.0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1::4.0, :0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[::5.0,:])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:, 0:4:2.0])
+        # mixed.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1.0:2:2.0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1.0::2.0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[0:, :2.0:2.0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1.0:1:4.0, :0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[1.0:5.0:5.0,:])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[:, 0.4:4.0:2.0])
+        # should still get the DeprecationWarning if step = 0.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[::0.0])
+
+    def test_index_no_array_to_index(self):
+        # No non-scalar arrays.
+        a = np.array([[[1]]])
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a[a:a:a])
+
+    def test_none_index(self):
+        # `None` index adds newaxis
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        assert_equal(a[None], a[np.newaxis])
+        assert_equal(a[None].ndim, a.ndim + 1)
+
+    def test_empty_tuple_index(self):
+        # Empty tuple index creates a view
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        assert_equal(a[()], a)
+        assert_(a[()].base is a)
+        a = np.array(0)
+        assert_(isinstance(a[()], np.int_))
+
+    def test_void_scalar_empty_tuple(self):
+        s = np.zeros((), dtype='V4')
+        assert_equal(s[()].dtype, s.dtype)
+        assert_equal(s[()], s)
+        assert_equal(type(s[...]), np.ndarray)
+
+    def test_same_kind_index_casting(self):
+        # Indexes should be cast with same-kind and not safe, even if that
+        # is somewhat unsafe. So test various different code paths.
+        index = np.arange(5)
+        u_index = index.astype(np.uintp)
+        arr = np.arange(10)
+
+        assert_array_equal(arr[index], arr[u_index])
+        arr[u_index] = np.arange(5)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, np.arange(10))
+
+        arr = np.arange(10).reshape(5, 2)
+        assert_array_equal(arr[index], arr[u_index])
+
+        arr[u_index] = np.arange(5)[:,None]
+        assert_array_equal(arr, np.arange(5)[:,None].repeat(2, axis=1))
+
+        arr = np.arange(25).reshape(5, 5)
+        assert_array_equal(arr[u_index, u_index], arr[index, index])
+
+    def test_empty_fancy_index(self):
+        # Empty list index creates an empty array
+        # with the same dtype (but with weird shape)
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        assert_equal(a[[]], [])
+        assert_equal(a[[]].dtype, a.dtype)
+
+        b = np.array([], dtype=np.intp)
+        assert_equal(a[[]], [])
+        assert_equal(a[[]].dtype, a.dtype)
+
+        b = np.array([])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, b)
+
+    def test_ellipsis_index(self):
+        a = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
+                      [4, 5, 6],
+                      [7, 8, 9]])
+        assert_(a[...] is not a)
+        assert_equal(a[...], a)
+        # `a[...]` was `a` in numpy <1.9.
+        assert_(a[...].base is a)
+
+        # Slicing with ellipsis can skip an
+        # arbitrary number of dimensions
+        assert_equal(a[0, ...], a[0])
+        assert_equal(a[0, ...], a[0,:])
+        assert_equal(a[..., 0], a[:, 0])
+
+        # Slicing with ellipsis always results
+        # in an array, not a scalar
+        assert_equal(a[0, ..., 1], np.array(2))
+
+        # Assignment with `(Ellipsis,)` on 0-d arrays
+        b = np.array(1)
+        b[(Ellipsis,)] = 2
+        assert_equal(b, 2)
+
+    def test_single_int_index(self):
+        # Single integer index selects one row
+        a = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
+                      [4, 5, 6],
+                      [7, 8, 9]])
+
+        assert_equal(a[0], [1, 2, 3])
+        assert_equal(a[-1], [7, 8, 9])
+
+        # Index out of bounds produces IndexError
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, 1 << 30)
+        # Index overflow produces IndexError
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, 1 << 64)
+
+    def test_single_bool_index(self):
+        # Single boolean index
+        a = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
+                      [4, 5, 6],
+                      [7, 8, 9]])
+
+        assert_equal(a[np.array(True)], a[None])
+        assert_equal(a[np.array(False)], a[None][0:0])
+
+    def test_boolean_shape_mismatch(self):
+        arr = np.ones((5, 4, 3))
+
+        index = np.array([True])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, arr.__getitem__, index)
+
+        index = np.array([False] * 6)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, arr.__getitem__, index)
+
+        index = np.zeros((4, 4), dtype=bool)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, arr.__getitem__, index)
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, arr.__getitem__, (slice(None), index))
+
+    def test_boolean_indexing_onedim(self):
+        # Indexing a 2-dimensional array with
+        # boolean array of length one
+        a = np.array([[ 0.,  0.,  0.]])
+        b = np.array([ True], dtype=bool)
+        assert_equal(a[b], a)
+        # boolean assignment
+        a[b] = 1.
+        assert_equal(a, [[1., 1., 1.]])
+
+    def test_boolean_assignment_value_mismatch(self):
+        # A boolean assignment should fail when the shape of the values
+        # cannot be broadcast to the subscription. (see also gh-3458)
+        a = np.arange(4)
+
+        def f(a, v):
+            a[a > -1] = v
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, f, a, [])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, f, a, [1, 2, 3])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, f, a[:1], [1, 2, 3])
+
+    def test_boolean_assignment_needs_api(self):
+        # See also gh-7666
+        # This caused a segfault on Python 2 due to the GIL not being
+        # held when the iterator does not need it, but the transfer function
+        # does
+        arr = np.zeros(1000)
+        indx = np.zeros(1000, dtype=bool)
+        indx[:100] = True
+        arr[indx] = np.ones(100, dtype=object)
+
+        expected = np.zeros(1000)
+        expected[:100] = 1
+        assert_array_equal(arr, expected)
+
+    def test_boolean_indexing_twodim(self):
+        # Indexing a 2-dimensional array with
+        # 2-dimensional boolean array
+        a = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
+                      [4, 5, 6],
+                      [7, 8, 9]])
+        b = np.array([[ True, False,  True],
+                      [False,  True, False],
+                      [ True, False,  True]])
+        assert_equal(a[b], [1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
+        assert_equal(a[b[1]], [[4, 5, 6]])
+        assert_equal(a[b[0]], a[b[2]])
+
+        # boolean assignment
+        a[b] = 0
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 2, 0],
+                         [4, 0, 6],
+                         [0, 8, 0]])
+
+    def test_boolean_indexing_list(self):
+        # Regression test for #13715. It's a use-after-free bug which the
+        # test won't directly catch, but it will show up in valgrind.
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        b = [True, False, True]
+        # Two variants of the test because the first takes a fast path
+        assert_equal(a[b], [1, 3])
+        assert_equal(a[None, b], [[1, 3]])
+
+    def test_reverse_strides_and_subspace_bufferinit(self):
+        # This tests that the strides are not reversed for simple and
+        # subspace fancy indexing.
+        a = np.ones(5)
+        b = np.zeros(5, dtype=np.intp)[::-1]
+        c = np.arange(5)[::-1]
+
+        a[b] = c
+        # If the strides are not reversed, the 0 in the arange comes last.
+        assert_equal(a[0], 0)
+
+        # This also tests that the subspace buffer is initialized:
+        a = np.ones((5, 2))
+        c = np.arange(10).reshape(5, 2)[::-1]
+        a[b, :] = c
+        assert_equal(a[0], [0, 1])
+
+    def test_reversed_strides_result_allocation(self):
+        # Test a bug when calculating the output strides for a result array
+        # when the subspace size was 1 (and test other cases as well)
+        a = np.arange(10)[:, None]
+        i = np.arange(10)[::-1]
+        assert_array_equal(a[i], a[i.copy('C')])
+
+        a = np.arange(20).reshape(-1, 2)
+
+    def test_uncontiguous_subspace_assignment(self):
+        # During development there was a bug activating a skip logic
+        # based on ndim instead of size.
+        a = np.full((3, 4, 2), -1)
+        b = np.full((3, 4, 2), -1)
+
+        a[[0, 1]] = np.arange(2 * 4 * 2).reshape(2, 4, 2).T
+        b[[0, 1]] = np.arange(2 * 4 * 2).reshape(2, 4, 2).T.copy()
+
+        assert_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_too_many_fancy_indices_special_case(self):
+        # Just documents behaviour, this is a small limitation.
+        a = np.ones((1,) * 32)  # 32 is NPY_MAXDIMS
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, (np.array([0]),) * 32)
+
+    def test_scalar_array_bool(self):
+        # NumPy bools can be used as boolean index (python ones as of yet not)
+        a = np.array(1)
+        assert_equal(a[np.bool_(True)], a[np.array(True)])
+        assert_equal(a[np.bool_(False)], a[np.array(False)])
+
+        # After deprecating bools as integers:
+        #a = np.array([0,1,2])
+        #assert_equal(a[True, :], a[None, :])
+        #assert_equal(a[:, True], a[:, None])
+        #
+        #assert_(not np.may_share_memory(a, a[True, :]))
+
+    def test_everything_returns_views(self):
+        # Before `...` would return a itself.
+        a = np.arange(5)
+
+        assert_(a is not a[()])
+        assert_(a is not a[...])
+        assert_(a is not a[:])
+
+    def test_broaderrors_indexing(self):
+        a = np.zeros((5, 5))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ([0, 1], [0, 1, 2]))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, ([0, 1], [0, 1, 2]), 0)
+
+    def test_trivial_fancy_out_of_bounds(self):
+        a = np.zeros(5)
+        ind = np.ones(20, dtype=np.intp)
+        ind[-1] = 10
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ind)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, ind, 0)
+        ind = np.ones(20, dtype=np.intp)
+        ind[0] = 11
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ind)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, ind, 0)
+
+    def test_trivial_fancy_not_possible(self):
+        # Test that the fast path for trivial assignment is not incorrectly
+        # used when the index is not contiguous or 1D, see also gh-11467.
+        a = np.arange(6)
+        idx = np.arange(6, dtype=np.intp).reshape(2, 1, 3)[:, :, 0]
+        assert_array_equal(a[idx], idx)
+
+        # this case must not go into the fast path, note that idx is
+        # a non-contiuguous none 1D array here.
+        a[idx] = -1
+        res = np.arange(6)
+        res[0] = -1
+        res[3] = -1
+        assert_array_equal(a, res)
+
+    def test_nonbaseclass_values(self):
+        class SubClass(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_finalize__(self, old):
+                # Have array finalize do funny things
+                self.fill(99)
+
+        a = np.zeros((5, 5))
+        s = a.copy().view(type=SubClass)
+        s.fill(1)
+
+        a[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], :] = s
+        assert_((a == 1).all())
+
+        # Subspace is last, so transposing might want to finalize
+        a[:, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]] = s
+        assert_((a == 1).all())
+
+        a.fill(0)
+        a[...] = s
+        assert_((a == 1).all())
+
+    def test_array_like_values(self):
+        # Similar to the above test, but use a memoryview instead
+        a = np.zeros((5, 5))
+        s = np.arange(25, dtype=np.float64).reshape(5, 5)
+
+        a[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], :] = memoryview(s)
+        assert_array_equal(a, s)
+
+        a[:, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]] = memoryview(s)
+        assert_array_equal(a, s)
+
+        a[...] = memoryview(s)
+        assert_array_equal(a, s)
+
+    def test_subclass_writeable(self):
+        d = np.rec.array([('NGC1001', 11), ('NGC1002', 1.), ('NGC1003', 1.)],
+                         dtype=[('target', 'S20'), ('V_mag', '>f4')])
+        ind = np.array([False,  True,  True], dtype=bool)
+        assert_(d[ind].flags.writeable)
+        ind = np.array([0, 1])
+        assert_(d[ind].flags.writeable)
+        assert_(d[...].flags.writeable)
+        assert_(d[0].flags.writeable)
+
+    def test_memory_order(self):
+        # This is not necessary to preserve. Memory layouts for
+        # more complex indices are not as simple.
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        b = np.arange(10).reshape(5,2).T
+        assert_(a[b].flags.f_contiguous)
+
+        # Takes a different implementation branch:
+        a = a.reshape(-1, 1)
+        assert_(a[b, 0].flags.f_contiguous)
+
+    def test_scalar_return_type(self):
+        # Full scalar indices should return scalars and object
+        # arrays should not call PyArray_Return on their items
+        class Zero:
+            # The most basic valid indexing
+            def __index__(self):
+                return 0
+
+        z = Zero()
+
+        class ArrayLike:
+            # Simple array, should behave like the array
+            def __array__(self):
+                return np.array(0)
+
+        a = np.zeros(())
+        assert_(isinstance(a[()], np.float_))
+        a = np.zeros(1)
+        assert_(isinstance(a[z], np.float_))
+        a = np.zeros((1, 1))
+        assert_(isinstance(a[z, np.array(0)], np.float_))
+        assert_(isinstance(a[z, ArrayLike()], np.float_))
+
+        # And object arrays do not call it too often:
+        b = np.array(0)
+        a = np.array(0, dtype=object)
+        a[()] = b
+        assert_(isinstance(a[()], np.ndarray))
+        a = np.array([b, None])
+        assert_(isinstance(a[z], np.ndarray))
+        a = np.array([[b, None]])
+        assert_(isinstance(a[z, np.array(0)], np.ndarray))
+        assert_(isinstance(a[z, ArrayLike()], np.ndarray))
+
+    def test_small_regressions(self):
+        # Reference count of intp for index checks
+        a = np.array([0])
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            refcount = sys.getrefcount(np.dtype(np.intp))
+        # item setting always checks indices in separate function:
+        a[np.array([0], dtype=np.intp)] = 1
+        a[np.array([0], dtype=np.uint8)] = 1
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__setitem__,
+                      np.array([1], dtype=np.intp), 1)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__setitem__,
+                      np.array([1], dtype=np.uint8), 1)
+
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(np.dtype(np.intp)), refcount)
+
+    def test_unaligned(self):
+        v = (np.zeros(64, dtype=np.int8) + ord('a'))[1:-7]
+        d = v.view(np.dtype("S8"))
+        # unaligned source
+        x = (np.zeros(16, dtype=np.int8) + ord('a'))[1:-7]
+        x = x.view(np.dtype("S8"))
+        x[...] = np.array("b" * 8, dtype="S")
+        b = np.arange(d.size)
+        #trivial
+        assert_equal(d[b], d)
+        d[b] = x
+        # nontrivial
+        # unaligned index array
+        b = np.zeros(d.size + 1).view(np.int8)[1:-(np.intp(0).itemsize - 1)]
+        b = b.view(np.intp)[:d.size]
+        b[...] = np.arange(d.size)
+        assert_equal(d[b.astype(np.int16)], d)
+        d[b.astype(np.int16)] = x
+        # boolean
+        d[b % 2 == 0]
+        d[b % 2 == 0] = x[::2]
+
+    def test_tuple_subclass(self):
+        arr = np.ones((5, 5))
+
+        # A tuple subclass should also be an nd-index
+        class TupleSubclass(tuple):
+            pass
+        index = ([1], [1])
+        index = TupleSubclass(index)
+        assert_(arr[index].shape == (1,))
+        # Unlike the non nd-index:
+        assert_(arr[index,].shape != (1,))
+
+    def test_broken_sequence_not_nd_index(self):
+        # See gh-5063:
+        # If we have an object which claims to be a sequence, but fails
+        # on item getting, this should not be converted to an nd-index (tuple)
+        # If this object happens to be a valid index otherwise, it should work
+        # This object here is very dubious and probably bad though:
+        class SequenceLike:
+            def __index__(self):
+                return 0
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1
+
+            def __getitem__(self, item):
+                raise IndexError('Not possible')
+
+        arr = np.arange(10)
+        assert_array_equal(arr[SequenceLike()], arr[SequenceLike(),])
+
+        # also test that field indexing does not segfault
+        # for a similar reason, by indexing a structured array
+        arr = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('f1', 'i8'), ('f2', 'i8')])
+        assert_array_equal(arr[SequenceLike()], arr[SequenceLike(),])
+
+    def test_indexing_array_weird_strides(self):
+        # See also gh-6221
+        # the shapes used here come from the issue and create the correct
+        # size for the iterator buffering size.
+        x = np.ones(10)
+        x2 = np.ones((10, 2))
+        ind = np.arange(10)[:, None, None, None]
+        ind = np.broadcast_to(ind, (10, 55, 4, 4))
+
+        # single advanced index case
+        assert_array_equal(x[ind], x[ind.copy()])
+        # higher dimensional advanced index
+        zind = np.zeros(4, dtype=np.intp)
+        assert_array_equal(x2[ind, zind], x2[ind.copy(), zind])
+
+    def test_indexing_array_negative_strides(self):
+        # From gh-8264,
+        # core dumps if negative strides are used in iteration
+        arro = np.zeros((4, 4))
+        arr = arro[::-1, ::-1]
+
+        slices = (slice(None), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+        arr[slices] = 10
+        assert_array_equal(arr, 10.)
+
+    def test_character_assignment(self):
+        # This is an example a function going through CopyObject which
+        # used to have an untested special path for scalars
+        # (the character special dtype case, should be deprecated probably)
+        arr = np.zeros((1, 5), dtype="c")
+        arr[0] = np.str_("asdfg")  # must assign as a sequence
+        assert_array_equal(arr[0], np.array("asdfg", dtype="c"))
+        assert arr[0, 1] == b"s"  # make sure not all were set to "a" for both
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("index",
+            [True, False, np.array([0])])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("num", [32, 40])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("original_ndim", [1, 32])
+    def test_too_many_advanced_indices(self, index, num, original_ndim):
+        # These are limitations based on the number of arguments we can process.
+        # For `num=32` (and all boolean cases), the result is actually define;
+        # but the use of NpyIter (NPY_MAXARGS) limits it for technical reasons.
+        arr = np.ones((1,) * original_ndim)
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
+            arr[(index,) * num]
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
+            arr[(index,) * num] = 1.
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="no threading")
+    def test_structured_advanced_indexing(self):
+        # Test that copyswap(n) used by integer array indexing is threadsafe
+        # for structured datatypes, see gh-15387. This test can behave randomly.
+        from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+        # Create a deeply nested dtype to make a failure more likely:
+        dt = np.dtype([("", "f8")])
+        dt = np.dtype([("", dt)] * 2)
+        dt = np.dtype([("", dt)] * 2)
+        # The array should be large enough to likely run into threading issues
+        arr = np.random.uniform(size=(6000, 8)).view(dt)[:, 0]
+
+        rng = np.random.default_rng()
+        def func(arr):
+            indx = rng.integers(0, len(arr), size=6000, dtype=np.intp)
+            arr[indx]
+
+        tpe = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=8)
+        futures = [tpe.submit(func, arr) for _ in range(10)]
+        for f in futures:
+            f.result()
+
+        assert arr.dtype is dt
+
+    def test_nontuple_ndindex(self):
+        a = np.arange(25).reshape((5, 5))
+        assert_equal(a[[0, 1]], np.array([a[0], a[1]]))
+        assert_equal(a[[0, 1], [0, 1]], np.array([0, 6]))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, [slice(None)])
+
+
+class TestFieldIndexing:
+    def test_scalar_return_type(self):
+        # Field access on an array should return an array, even if it
+        # is 0-d.
+        a = np.zeros((), [('a','f8')])
+        assert_(isinstance(a['a'], np.ndarray))
+        assert_(isinstance(a[['a']], np.ndarray))
+
+
+class TestBroadcastedAssignments:
+    def assign(self, a, ind, val):
+        a[ind] = val
+        return a
+
+    def test_prepending_ones(self):
+        a = np.zeros((3, 2))
+
+        a[...] = np.ones((1, 3, 2))
+        # Fancy with subspace with and without transpose
+        a[[0, 1, 2], :] = np.ones((1, 3, 2))
+        a[:, [0, 1]] = np.ones((1, 3, 2))
+        # Fancy without subspace (with broadcasting)
+        a[[[0], [1], [2]], [0, 1]] = np.ones((1, 3, 2))
+
+    def test_prepend_not_one(self):
+        assign = self.assign
+        s_ = np.s_
+        a = np.zeros(5)
+
+        # Too large and not only ones.
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, s_[...],  np.ones((2, 1)))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, s_[[1, 2, 3],], np.ones((2, 1)))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, s_[[[1], [2]],], np.ones((2,2,1)))
+
+    def test_simple_broadcasting_errors(self):
+        assign = self.assign
+        s_ = np.s_
+        a = np.zeros((5, 1))
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, s_[...], np.zeros((5, 2)))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, s_[...], np.zeros((5, 0)))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, s_[:, [0]], np.zeros((5, 2)))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, s_[:, [0]], np.zeros((5, 0)))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, s_[[0], :], np.zeros((2, 1)))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("index", [
+            (..., [1, 2], slice(None)),
+            ([0, 1], ..., 0),
+            (..., [1, 2], [1, 2])])
+    def test_broadcast_error_reports_correct_shape(self, index):
+        values = np.zeros((100, 100))  # will never broadcast below  
+
+        arr = np.zeros((3, 4, 5, 6, 7))
+        # We currently report without any spaces (could be changed)
+        shape_str = str(arr[index].shape).replace(" ", "")
+        
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+            arr[index] = values
+
+        assert str(e.value).endswith(shape_str)
+
+    def test_index_is_larger(self):
+        # Simple case of fancy index broadcasting of the index.
+        a = np.zeros((5, 5))
+        a[[[0], [1], [2]], [0, 1, 2]] = [2, 3, 4]
+
+        assert_((a[:3, :3] == [2, 3, 4]).all())
+
+    def test_broadcast_subspace(self):
+        a = np.zeros((100, 100))
+        v = np.arange(100)[:,None]
+        b = np.arange(100)[::-1]
+        a[b] = v
+        assert_((a[::-1] == v).all())
+
+
+class TestSubclasses:
+    def test_basic(self):
+        # Test that indexing in various ways produces SubClass instances,
+        # and that the base is set up correctly: the original subclass
+        # instance for views, and a new ndarray for advanced/boolean indexing
+        # where a copy was made (latter a regression test for gh-11983).
+        class SubClass(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        s = a.view(SubClass)
+        s_slice = s[:3]
+        assert_(type(s_slice) is SubClass)
+        assert_(s_slice.base is s)
+        assert_array_equal(s_slice, a[:3])
+
+        s_fancy = s[[0, 1, 2]]
+        assert_(type(s_fancy) is SubClass)
+        assert_(s_fancy.base is not s)
+        assert_(type(s_fancy.base) is np.ndarray)
+        assert_array_equal(s_fancy, a[[0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(s_fancy.base, a[[0, 1, 2]])
+
+        s_bool = s[s > 0]
+        assert_(type(s_bool) is SubClass)
+        assert_(s_bool.base is not s)
+        assert_(type(s_bool.base) is np.ndarray)
+        assert_array_equal(s_bool, a[a > 0])
+        assert_array_equal(s_bool.base, a[a > 0])
+
+    def test_fancy_on_read_only(self):
+        # Test that fancy indexing on read-only SubClass does not make a
+        # read-only copy (gh-14132)
+        class SubClass(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        s = a.view(SubClass)
+        s.flags.writeable = False
+        s_fancy = s[[0, 1, 2]]
+        assert_(s_fancy.flags.writeable)
+
+
+    def test_finalize_gets_full_info(self):
+        # Array finalize should be called on the filled array.
+        class SubClass(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_finalize__(self, old):
+                self.finalize_status = np.array(self)
+                self.old = old
+
+        s = np.arange(10).view(SubClass)
+        new_s = s[:3]
+        assert_array_equal(new_s.finalize_status, new_s)
+        assert_array_equal(new_s.old, s)
+
+        new_s = s[[0,1,2,3]]
+        assert_array_equal(new_s.finalize_status, new_s)
+        assert_array_equal(new_s.old, s)
+
+        new_s = s[s > 0]
+        assert_array_equal(new_s.finalize_status, new_s)
+        assert_array_equal(new_s.old, s)
+
+
+class TestFancyIndexingCast:
+    def test_boolean_index_cast_assign(self):
+        # Setup the boolean index and float arrays.
+        shape = (8, 63)
+        bool_index = np.zeros(shape).astype(bool)
+        bool_index[0, 1] = True
+        zero_array = np.zeros(shape)
+
+        # Assigning float is fine.
+        zero_array[bool_index] = np.array([1])
+        assert_equal(zero_array[0, 1], 1)
+
+        # Fancy indexing works, although we get a cast warning.
+        assert_warns(np.ComplexWarning,
+                     zero_array.__setitem__, ([0], [1]), np.array([2 + 1j]))
+        assert_equal(zero_array[0, 1], 2)  # No complex part
+
+        # Cast complex to float, throwing away the imaginary portion.
+        assert_warns(np.ComplexWarning,
+                     zero_array.__setitem__, bool_index, np.array([1j]))
+        assert_equal(zero_array[0, 1], 0)
+
+class TestFancyIndexingEquivalence:
+    def test_object_assign(self):
+        # Check that the field and object special case using copyto is active.
+        # The right hand side cannot be converted to an array here.
+        a = np.arange(5, dtype=object)
+        b = a.copy()
+        a[:3] = [1, (1,2), 3]
+        b[[0, 1, 2]] = [1, (1,2), 3]
+        assert_array_equal(a, b)
+
+        # test same for subspace fancy indexing
+        b = np.arange(5, dtype=object)[None, :]
+        b[[0], :3] = [[1, (1,2), 3]]
+        assert_array_equal(a, b[0])
+
+        # Check that swapping of axes works.
+        # There was a bug that made the later assignment throw a ValueError
+        # do to an incorrectly transposed temporary right hand side (gh-5714)
+        b = b.T
+        b[:3, [0]] = [[1], [(1,2)], [3]]
+        assert_array_equal(a, b[:, 0])
+
+        # Another test for the memory order of the subspace
+        arr = np.ones((3, 4, 5), dtype=object)
+        # Equivalent slicing assignment for comparison
+        cmp_arr = arr.copy()
+        cmp_arr[:1, ...] = [[[1], [2], [3], [4]]]
+        arr[[0], ...] = [[[1], [2], [3], [4]]]
+        assert_array_equal(arr, cmp_arr)
+        arr = arr.copy('F')
+        arr[[0], ...] = [[[1], [2], [3], [4]]]
+        assert_array_equal(arr, cmp_arr)
+
+    def test_cast_equivalence(self):
+        # Yes, normal slicing uses unsafe casting.
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        b = a.copy()
+
+        a[:3] = np.array(['2', '-3', '-1'])
+        b[[0, 2, 1]] = np.array(['2', '-1', '-3'])
+        assert_array_equal(a, b)
+
+        # test the same for subspace fancy indexing
+        b = np.arange(5)[None, :]
+        b[[0], :3] = np.array([['2', '-3', '-1']])
+        assert_array_equal(a, b[0])
+
+
+class TestMultiIndexingAutomated:
+    """
+    These tests use code to mimic the C-Code indexing for selection.
+
+    NOTE:
+
+        * This still lacks tests for complex item setting.
+        * If you change behavior of indexing, you might want to modify
+          these tests to try more combinations.
+        * Behavior was written to match numpy version 1.8. (though a
+          first version matched 1.7.)
+        * Only tuple indices are supported by the mimicking code.
+          (and tested as of writing this)
+        * Error types should match most of the time as long as there
+          is only one error. For multiple errors, what gets raised
+          will usually not be the same one. They are *not* tested.
+
+    Update 2016-11-30: It is probably not worth maintaining this test
+    indefinitely and it can be dropped if maintenance becomes a burden.
+
+    """
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.a = np.arange(np.prod([3, 1, 5, 6])).reshape(3, 1, 5, 6)
+        self.b = np.empty((3, 0, 5, 6))
+        self.complex_indices = ['skip', Ellipsis,
+            0,
+            # Boolean indices, up to 3-d for some special cases of eating up
+            # dimensions, also need to test all False
+            np.array([True, False, False]),
+            np.array([[True, False], [False, True]]),
+            np.array([[[False, False], [False, False]]]),
+            # Some slices:
+            slice(-5, 5, 2),
+            slice(1, 1, 100),
+            slice(4, -1, -2),
+            slice(None, None, -3),
+            # Some Fancy indexes:
+            np.empty((0, 1, 1), dtype=np.intp),  # empty and can be broadcast
+            np.array([0, 1, -2]),
+            np.array([[2], [0], [1]]),
+            np.array([[0, -1], [0, 1]], dtype=np.dtype('intp').newbyteorder()),
+            np.array([2, -1], dtype=np.int8),
+            np.zeros([1]*31, dtype=int),  # trigger too large array.
+            np.array([0., 1.])]  # invalid datatype
+        # Some simpler indices that still cover a bit more
+        self.simple_indices = [Ellipsis, None, -1, [1], np.array([True]),
+                               'skip']
+        # Very simple ones to fill the rest:
+        self.fill_indices = [slice(None, None), 0]
+
+    def _get_multi_index(self, arr, indices):
+        """Mimic multi dimensional indexing.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arr : ndarray
+            Array to be indexed.
+        indices : tuple of index objects
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        out : ndarray
+            An array equivalent to the indexing operation (but always a copy).
+            `arr[indices]` should be identical.
+        no_copy : bool
+            Whether the indexing operation requires a copy. If this is `True`,
+            `np.may_share_memory(arr, arr[indices])` should be `True` (with
+            some exceptions for scalars and possibly 0-d arrays).
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        While the function may mostly match the errors of normal indexing this
+        is generally not the case.
+        """
+        in_indices = list(indices)
+        indices = []
+        # if False, this is a fancy or boolean index
+        no_copy = True
+        # number of fancy/scalar indexes that are not consecutive
+        num_fancy = 0
+        # number of dimensions indexed by a "fancy" index
+        fancy_dim = 0
+        # NOTE: This is a funny twist (and probably OK to change).
+        # The boolean array has illegal indexes, but this is
+        # allowed if the broadcast fancy-indices are 0-sized.
+        # This variable is to catch that case.
+        error_unless_broadcast_to_empty = False
+
+        # We need to handle Ellipsis and make arrays from indices, also
+        # check if this is fancy indexing (set no_copy).
+        ndim = 0
+        ellipsis_pos = None  # define here mostly to replace all but first.
+        for i, indx in enumerate(in_indices):
+            if indx is None:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(indx, np.ndarray) and indx.dtype == bool:
+                no_copy = False
+                if indx.ndim == 0:
+                    raise IndexError
+                # boolean indices can have higher dimensions
+                ndim += indx.ndim
+                fancy_dim += indx.ndim
+                continue
+            if indx is Ellipsis:
+                if ellipsis_pos is None:
+                    ellipsis_pos = i
+                    continue  # do not increment ndim counter
+                raise IndexError
+            if isinstance(indx, slice):
+                ndim += 1
+                continue
+            if not isinstance(indx, np.ndarray):
+                # This could be open for changes in numpy.
+                # numpy should maybe raise an error if casting to intp
+                # is not safe. It rejects np.array([1., 2.]) but not
+                # [1., 2.] as index (same for ie. np.take).
+                # (Note the importance of empty lists if changing this here)
+                try:
+                    indx = np.array(indx, dtype=np.intp)
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise IndexError
+                in_indices[i] = indx
+            elif indx.dtype.kind != 'b' and indx.dtype.kind != 'i':
+                raise IndexError('arrays used as indices must be of '
+                                 'integer (or boolean) type')
+            if indx.ndim != 0:
+                no_copy = False
+            ndim += 1
+            fancy_dim += 1
+
+        if arr.ndim - ndim < 0:
+            # we can't take more dimensions then we have, not even for 0-d
+            # arrays.  since a[()] makes sense, but not a[(),]. We will
+            # raise an error later on, unless a broadcasting error occurs
+            # first.
+            raise IndexError
+
+        if ndim == 0 and None not in in_indices:
+            # Well we have no indexes or one Ellipsis. This is legal.
+            return arr.copy(), no_copy
+
+        if ellipsis_pos is not None:
+            in_indices[ellipsis_pos:ellipsis_pos+1] = ([slice(None, None)] *
+                                                       (arr.ndim - ndim))
+
+        for ax, indx in enumerate(in_indices):
+            if isinstance(indx, slice):
+                # convert to an index array
+                indx = np.arange(*indx.indices(arr.shape[ax]))
+                indices.append(['s', indx])
+                continue
+            elif indx is None:
+                # this is like taking a slice with one element from a new axis:
+                indices.append(['n', np.array([0], dtype=np.intp)])
+                arr = arr.reshape((arr.shape[:ax] + (1,) + arr.shape[ax:]))
+                continue
+            if isinstance(indx, np.ndarray) and indx.dtype == bool:
+                if indx.shape != arr.shape[ax:ax+indx.ndim]:
+                    raise IndexError
+
+                try:
+                    flat_indx = np.ravel_multi_index(np.nonzero(indx),
+                                    arr.shape[ax:ax+indx.ndim], mode='raise')
+                except Exception:
+                    error_unless_broadcast_to_empty = True
+                    # fill with 0s instead, and raise error later
+                    flat_indx = np.array([0]*indx.sum(), dtype=np.intp)
+                # concatenate axis into a single one:
+                if indx.ndim != 0:
+                    arr = arr.reshape((arr.shape[:ax]
+                                  + (np.prod(arr.shape[ax:ax+indx.ndim]),)
+                                  + arr.shape[ax+indx.ndim:]))
+                    indx = flat_indx
+                else:
+                    # This could be changed, a 0-d boolean index can
+                    # make sense (even outside the 0-d indexed array case)
+                    # Note that originally this is could be interpreted as
+                    # integer in the full integer special case.
+                    raise IndexError
+            else:
+                # If the index is a singleton, the bounds check is done
+                # before the broadcasting. This used to be different in <1.9
+                if indx.ndim == 0:
+                    if indx >= arr.shape[ax] or indx < -arr.shape[ax]:
+                        raise IndexError
+            if indx.ndim == 0:
+                # The index is a scalar. This used to be two fold, but if
+                # fancy indexing was active, the check was done later,
+                # possibly after broadcasting it away (1.7. or earlier).
+                # Now it is always done.
+                if indx >= arr.shape[ax] or indx < - arr.shape[ax]:
+                    raise IndexError
+            if (len(indices) > 0 and
+                    indices[-1][0] == 'f' and
+                    ax != ellipsis_pos):
+                # NOTE: There could still have been a 0-sized Ellipsis
+                # between them. Checked that with ellipsis_pos.
+                indices[-1].append(indx)
+            else:
+                # We have a fancy index that is not after an existing one.
+                # NOTE: A 0-d array triggers this as well, while one may
+                # expect it to not trigger it, since a scalar would not be
+                # considered fancy indexing.
+                num_fancy += 1
+                indices.append(['f', indx])
+
+        if num_fancy > 1 and not no_copy:
+            # We have to flush the fancy indexes left
+            new_indices = indices[:]
+            axes = list(range(arr.ndim))
+            fancy_axes = []
+            new_indices.insert(0, ['f'])
+            ni = 0
+            ai = 0
+            for indx in indices:
+                ni += 1
+                if indx[0] == 'f':
+                    new_indices[0].extend(indx[1:])
+                    del new_indices[ni]
+                    ni -= 1
+                    for ax in range(ai, ai + len(indx[1:])):
+                        fancy_axes.append(ax)
+                        axes.remove(ax)
+                ai += len(indx) - 1  # axis we are at
+            indices = new_indices
+            # and now we need to transpose arr:
+            arr = arr.transpose(*(fancy_axes + axes))
+
+        # We only have one 'f' index now and arr is transposed accordingly.
+        # Now handle newaxis by reshaping...
+        ax = 0
+        for indx in indices:
+            if indx[0] == 'f':
+                if len(indx) == 1:
+                    continue
+                # First of all, reshape arr to combine fancy axes into one:
+                orig_shape = arr.shape
+                orig_slice = orig_shape[ax:ax + len(indx[1:])]
+                arr = arr.reshape((arr.shape[:ax]
+                                    + (np.prod(orig_slice).astype(int),)
+                                    + arr.shape[ax + len(indx[1:]):]))
+
+                # Check if broadcasting works
+                res = np.broadcast(*indx[1:])
+                # unfortunately the indices might be out of bounds. So check
+                # that first, and use mode='wrap' then. However only if
+                # there are any indices...
+                if res.size != 0:
+                    if error_unless_broadcast_to_empty:
+                        raise IndexError
+                    for _indx, _size in zip(indx[1:], orig_slice):
+                        if _indx.size == 0:
+                            continue
+                        if np.any(_indx >= _size) or np.any(_indx < -_size):
+                                raise IndexError
+                if len(indx[1:]) == len(orig_slice):
+                    if np.prod(orig_slice) == 0:
+                        # Work around for a crash or IndexError with 'wrap'
+                        # in some 0-sized cases.
+                        try:
+                            mi = np.ravel_multi_index(indx[1:], orig_slice,
+                                                      mode='raise')
+                        except Exception:
+                            # This happens with 0-sized orig_slice (sometimes?)
+                            # here it is a ValueError, but indexing gives a:
+                            raise IndexError('invalid index into 0-sized')
+                    else:
+                        mi = np.ravel_multi_index(indx[1:], orig_slice,
+                                                  mode='wrap')
+                else:
+                    # Maybe never happens...
+                    raise ValueError
+                arr = arr.take(mi.ravel(), axis=ax)
+                try:
+                    arr = arr.reshape((arr.shape[:ax]
+                                        + mi.shape
+                                        + arr.shape[ax+1:]))
+                except ValueError:
+                    # too many dimensions, probably
+                    raise IndexError
+                ax += mi.ndim
+                continue
+
+            # If we are here, we have a 1D array for take:
+            arr = arr.take(indx[1], axis=ax)
+            ax += 1
+
+        return arr, no_copy
+
+    def _check_multi_index(self, arr, index):
+        """Check a multi index item getting and simple setting.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arr : ndarray
+            Array to be indexed, must be a reshaped arange.
+        index : tuple of indexing objects
+            Index being tested.
+        """
+        # Test item getting
+        try:
+            mimic_get, no_copy = self._get_multi_index(arr, index)
+        except Exception as e:
+            if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+                prev_refcount = sys.getrefcount(arr)
+            assert_raises(type(e), arr.__getitem__, index)
+            assert_raises(type(e), arr.__setitem__, index, 0)
+            if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+                assert_equal(prev_refcount, sys.getrefcount(arr))
+            return
+
+        self._compare_index_result(arr, index, mimic_get, no_copy)
+
+    def _check_single_index(self, arr, index):
+        """Check a single index item getting and simple setting.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arr : ndarray
+            Array to be indexed, must be an arange.
+        index : indexing object
+            Index being tested. Must be a single index and not a tuple
+            of indexing objects (see also `_check_multi_index`).
+        """
+        try:
+            mimic_get, no_copy = self._get_multi_index(arr, (index,))
+        except Exception as e:
+            if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+                prev_refcount = sys.getrefcount(arr)
+            assert_raises(type(e), arr.__getitem__, index)
+            assert_raises(type(e), arr.__setitem__, index, 0)
+            if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+                assert_equal(prev_refcount, sys.getrefcount(arr))
+            return
+
+        self._compare_index_result(arr, index, mimic_get, no_copy)
+
+    def _compare_index_result(self, arr, index, mimic_get, no_copy):
+        """Compare mimicked result to indexing result.
+        """
+        arr = arr.copy()
+        indexed_arr = arr[index]
+        assert_array_equal(indexed_arr, mimic_get)
+        # Check if we got a view, unless its a 0-sized or 0-d array.
+        # (then its not a view, and that does not matter)
+        if indexed_arr.size != 0 and indexed_arr.ndim != 0:
+            assert_(np.may_share_memory(indexed_arr, arr) == no_copy)
+            # Check reference count of the original array
+            if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+                if no_copy:
+                    # refcount increases by one:
+                    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(arr), 3)
+                else:
+                    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(arr), 2)
+
+        # Test non-broadcast setitem:
+        b = arr.copy()
+        b[index] = mimic_get + 1000
+        if b.size == 0:
+            return  # nothing to compare here...
+        if no_copy and indexed_arr.ndim != 0:
+            # change indexed_arr in-place to manipulate original:
+            indexed_arr += 1000
+            assert_array_equal(arr, b)
+            return
+        # Use the fact that the array is originally an arange:
+        arr.flat[indexed_arr.ravel()] += 1000
+        assert_array_equal(arr, b)
+
+    def test_boolean(self):
+        a = np.array(5)
+        assert_equal(a[np.array(True)], 5)
+        a[np.array(True)] = 1
+        assert_equal(a, 1)
+        # NOTE: This is different from normal broadcasting, as
+        # arr[boolean_array] works like in a multi index. Which means
+        # it is aligned to the left. This is probably correct for
+        # consistency with arr[boolean_array,] also no broadcasting
+        # is done at all
+        self._check_multi_index(
+            self.a, (np.zeros_like(self.a, dtype=bool),))
+        self._check_multi_index(
+            self.a, (np.zeros_like(self.a, dtype=bool)[..., 0],))
+        self._check_multi_index(
+            self.a, (np.zeros_like(self.a, dtype=bool)[None, ...],))
+
+    def test_multidim(self):
+        # Automatically test combinations with complex indexes on 2nd (or 1st)
+        # spot and the simple ones in one other spot.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            # This is so that np.array(True) is not accepted in a full integer
+            # index, when running the file separately.
+            warnings.filterwarnings('error', '', DeprecationWarning)
+            warnings.filterwarnings('error', '', np.VisibleDeprecationWarning)
+
+            def isskip(idx):
+                return isinstance(idx, str) and idx == "skip"
+
+            for simple_pos in [0, 2, 3]:
+                tocheck = [self.fill_indices, self.complex_indices,
+                           self.fill_indices, self.fill_indices]
+                tocheck[simple_pos] = self.simple_indices
+                for index in product(*tocheck):
+                    index = tuple(i for i in index if not isskip(i))
+                    self._check_multi_index(self.a, index)
+                    self._check_multi_index(self.b, index)
+
+        # Check very simple item getting:
+        self._check_multi_index(self.a, (0, 0, 0, 0))
+        self._check_multi_index(self.b, (0, 0, 0, 0))
+        # Also check (simple cases of) too many indices:
+        assert_raises(IndexError, self.a.__getitem__, (0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, self.a.__setitem__, (0, 0, 0, 0, 0), 0)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, self.a.__getitem__, (0, 0, [1], 0, 0))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, self.a.__setitem__, (0, 0, [1], 0, 0), 0)
+
+    def test_1d(self):
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        for index in self.complex_indices:
+            self._check_single_index(a, index)
+
+class TestFloatNonIntegerArgument:
+    """
+    These test that ``TypeError`` is raised when you try to use
+    non-integers as arguments to for indexing and slicing e.g. ``a[0.0:5]``
+    and ``a[0.5]``, or other functions like ``array.reshape(1., -1)``.
+
+    """
+    def test_valid_indexing(self):
+        # These should raise no errors.
+        a = np.array([[[5]]])
+
+        a[np.array([0])]
+        a[[0, 0]]
+        a[:, [0, 0]]
+        a[:, 0,:]
+        a[:,:,:]
+
+    def test_valid_slicing(self):
+        # These should raise no errors.
+        a = np.array([[[5]]])
+
+        a[::]
+        a[0:]
+        a[:2]
+        a[0:2]
+        a[::2]
+        a[1::2]
+        a[:2:2]
+        a[1:2:2]
+
+    def test_non_integer_argument_errors(self):
+        a = np.array([[5]])
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (1., 1., -1))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (np.array(1.), -1))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.take, a, [0], 1.)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.take, a, [0], np.float64(1.))
+
+    def test_non_integer_sequence_multiplication(self):
+        # NumPy scalar sequence multiply should not work with non-integers
+        def mult(a, b):
+            return a * b
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mult, [1], np.float_(3))
+        # following should be OK
+        mult([1], np.int_(3))
+
+    def test_reduce_axis_float_index(self):
+        d = np.zeros((3,3,3))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.min, d, 0.5)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.min, d, (0.5, 1))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.min, d, (1, 2.2))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.min, d, (.2, 1.2))
+
+
+class TestBooleanIndexing:
+    # Using a boolean as integer argument/indexing is an error.
+    def test_bool_as_int_argument_errors(self):
+        a = np.array([[[1]]])
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (True, -1))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (np.bool_(True), -1))
+        # Note that operator.index(np.array(True)) does not work, a boolean
+        # array is thus also deprecated, but not with the same message:
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.index, np.array(True))
+        assert_warns(DeprecationWarning, operator.index, np.True_)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.take, args=(a, [0], False))
+
+    def test_boolean_indexing_weirdness(self):
+        # Weird boolean indexing things
+        a = np.ones((2, 3, 4))
+        assert a[False, True, ...].shape == (0, 2, 3, 4)
+        assert a[True, [0, 1], True, True, [1], [[2]]].shape == (1, 2)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[False, [0, 1], ...])
+
+    def test_boolean_indexing_fast_path(self):
+        # These used to either give the wrong error, or incorrectly give no
+        # error.
+        a = np.ones((3, 3))
+
+        # This used to incorrectly work (and give an array of shape (0,))
+        idx1 = np.array([[False]*9])
+        assert_raises_regex(IndexError,
+            "boolean index did not match indexed array along dimension 0; "
+            "dimension is 3 but corresponding boolean dimension is 1",
+            lambda: a[idx1])
+
+        # This used to incorrectly give a ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together
+        idx2 = np.array([[False]*8 + [True]])
+        assert_raises_regex(IndexError,
+            "boolean index did not match indexed array along dimension 0; "
+            "dimension is 3 but corresponding boolean dimension is 1",
+            lambda: a[idx2])
+
+        # This is the same as it used to be. The above two should work like this.
+        idx3 = np.array([[False]*10])
+        assert_raises_regex(IndexError,
+            "boolean index did not match indexed array along dimension 0; "
+            "dimension is 3 but corresponding boolean dimension is 1",
+            lambda: a[idx3])
+
+        # This used to give ValueError: non-broadcastable operand
+        a = np.ones((1, 1, 2))
+        idx = np.array([[[True], [False]]])
+        assert_raises_regex(IndexError,
+            "boolean index did not match indexed array along dimension 1; "
+            "dimension is 1 but corresponding boolean dimension is 2",
+            lambda: a[idx])
+
+
+class TestArrayToIndexDeprecation:
+    """Creating an index from array not 0-D is an error.
+
+    """
+    def test_array_to_index_error(self):
+        # so no exception is expected. The raising is effectively tested above.
+        a = np.array([[[1]]])
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.index, np.array([1]))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.reshape, a, (a, -1))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.take, a, [0], a)
+
+
+class TestNonIntegerArrayLike:
+    """Tests that array_likes only valid if can safely cast to integer.
+
+    For instance, lists give IndexError when they cannot be safely cast to
+    an integer.
+
+    """
+    def test_basic(self):
+        a = np.arange(10)
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, [0.5, 1.5])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, (['1', '2'],))
+
+        # The following is valid
+        a.__getitem__([])
+
+
+class TestMultipleEllipsisError:
+    """An index can only have a single ellipsis.
+
+    """
+    def test_basic(self):
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[..., ...])
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ((Ellipsis,) * 2,))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ((Ellipsis,) * 3,))
+
+
+class TestCApiAccess:
+    def test_getitem(self):
+        subscript = functools.partial(array_indexing, 0)
+
+        # 0-d arrays don't work:
+        assert_raises(IndexError, subscript, np.ones(()), 0)
+        # Out of bound values:
+        assert_raises(IndexError, subscript, np.ones(10), 11)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, subscript, np.ones(10), -11)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, subscript, np.ones((10, 10)), 11)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, subscript, np.ones((10, 10)), -11)
+
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        assert_array_equal(a[4], subscript(a, 4))
+        a = a.reshape(5, 2)
+        assert_array_equal(a[-4], subscript(a, -4))
+
+    def test_setitem(self):
+        assign = functools.partial(array_indexing, 1)
+
+        # Deletion is impossible:
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, np.ones(10), 0)
+        # 0-d arrays don't work:
+        assert_raises(IndexError, assign, np.ones(()), 0, 0)
+        # Out of bound values:
+        assert_raises(IndexError, assign, np.ones(10), 11, 0)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, assign, np.ones(10), -11, 0)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, assign, np.ones((10, 10)), 11, 0)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, assign, np.ones((10, 10)), -11, 0)
+
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        assign(a, 4, 10)
+        assert_(a[4] == 10)
+
+        a = a.reshape(5, 2)
+        assign(a, 4, 10)
+        assert_array_equal(a[-1], [10, 10])
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_item_selection.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_item_selection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5660ef58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_item_selection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_raises, assert_array_equal, HAS_REFCOUNT
+    )
+
+
+class TestTake:
+    def test_simple(self):
+        a = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+        a_str = [[b'1', b'2'], [b'3', b'4']]
+        modes = ['raise', 'wrap', 'clip']
+        indices = [-1, 4]
+        index_arrays = [np.empty(0, dtype=np.intp),
+                        np.empty(tuple(), dtype=np.intp),
+                        np.empty((1, 1), dtype=np.intp)]
+        real_indices = {'raise': {-1: 1, 4: IndexError},
+                        'wrap': {-1: 1, 4: 0},
+                        'clip': {-1: 0, 4: 1}}
+        # Currently all types but object, use the same function generation.
+        # So it should not be necessary to test all. However test also a non
+        # refcounted struct on top of object, which has a size that hits the
+        # default (non-specialized) path.
+        types = int, object, np.dtype([('', 'i2', 3)])
+        for t in types:
+            # ta works, even if the array may be odd if buffer interface is used
+            ta = np.array(a if np.issubdtype(t, np.number) else a_str, dtype=t)
+            tresult = list(ta.T.copy())
+            for index_array in index_arrays:
+                if index_array.size != 0:
+                    tresult[0].shape = (2,) + index_array.shape
+                    tresult[1].shape = (2,) + index_array.shape
+                for mode in modes:
+                    for index in indices:
+                        real_index = real_indices[mode][index]
+                        if real_index is IndexError and index_array.size != 0:
+                            index_array.put(0, index)
+                            assert_raises(IndexError, ta.take, index_array,
+                                          mode=mode, axis=1)
+                        elif index_array.size != 0:
+                            index_array.put(0, index)
+                            res = ta.take(index_array, mode=mode, axis=1)
+                            assert_array_equal(res, tresult[real_index])
+                        else:
+                            res = ta.take(index_array, mode=mode, axis=1)
+                            assert_(res.shape == (2,) + index_array.shape)
+
+    def test_refcounting(self):
+        objects = [object() for i in range(10)]
+        for mode in ('raise', 'clip', 'wrap'):
+            a = np.array(objects)
+            b = np.array([2, 2, 4, 5, 3, 5])
+            a.take(b, out=a[:6], mode=mode)
+            del a
+            if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+                assert_(all(sys.getrefcount(o) == 3 for o in objects))
+            # not contiguous, example:
+            a = np.array(objects * 2)[::2]
+            a.take(b, out=a[:6], mode=mode)
+            del a
+            if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+                assert_(all(sys.getrefcount(o) == 3 for o in objects))
+
+    def test_unicode_mode(self):
+        d = np.arange(10)
+        k = b'\xc3\xa4'.decode("UTF8")
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.take, 5, mode=k)
+
+    def test_empty_partition(self):
+        # In reference to github issue #6530
+        a_original = np.array([0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10])
+        a = a_original.copy()
+
+        # An empty partition should be a successful no-op
+        a.partition(np.array([], dtype=np.int16))
+
+        assert_array_equal(a, a_original)
+
+    def test_empty_argpartition(self):
+        # In reference to github issue #6530
+        a = np.array([0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10])
+        a = a.argpartition(np.array([], dtype=np.int16))
+
+        b = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+        assert_array_equal(a, b)
+
+
+class TestPutMask:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", list(np.typecodes["All"]) + ["i,O"])
+    def test_simple(self, dtype):
+        if dtype.lower() == "m":
+            dtype += "8[ns]"
+
+        # putmask is weird and doesn't care about value length (even shorter)
+        vals = np.arange(1001).astype(dtype=dtype)
+
+        mask = np.random.randint(2, size=1000).astype(bool)
+        # Use vals.dtype in case of flexible dtype (i.e. string)
+        arr = np.zeros(1000, dtype=vals.dtype)
+        zeros = arr.copy()
+
+        np.putmask(arr, mask, vals)
+        assert_array_equal(arr[mask], vals[:len(mask)][mask])
+        assert_array_equal(arr[~mask], zeros[~mask])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", list(np.typecodes["All"])[1:] + ["i,O"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ["raise", "wrap", "clip"])
+    def test_empty(self, dtype, mode):
+        arr = np.zeros(1000, dtype=dtype)
+        arr_copy = arr.copy()
+        mask = np.random.randint(2, size=1000).astype(bool)
+
+        # Allowing empty values like this is weird...
+        np.put(arr, mask, [])
+        assert_array_equal(arr, arr_copy)
+
+
+class TestPut:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", list(np.typecodes["All"])[1:] + ["i,O"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ["raise", "wrap", "clip"])
+    def test_simple(self, dtype, mode):
+        if dtype.lower() == "m":
+            dtype += "8[ns]"
+
+        # put is weird and doesn't care about value length (even shorter)
+        vals = np.arange(1001).astype(dtype=dtype)
+
+        # Use vals.dtype in case of flexible dtype (i.e. string)
+        arr = np.zeros(1000, dtype=vals.dtype)
+        zeros = arr.copy()
+
+        if mode == "clip":
+            # Special because 0 and -1 value are "reserved" for clip test
+            indx = np.random.permutation(len(arr) - 2)[:-500] + 1
+
+            indx[-1] = 0
+            indx[-2] = len(arr) - 1
+            indx_put = indx.copy()
+            indx_put[-1] = -1389
+            indx_put[-2] = 1321
+        else:
+            # Avoid duplicates (for simplicity) and fill half only
+            indx = np.random.permutation(len(arr) - 3)[:-500]
+            indx_put = indx
+            if mode == "wrap":
+                indx_put = indx_put + len(arr)
+
+        np.put(arr, indx_put, vals, mode=mode)
+        assert_array_equal(arr[indx], vals[:len(indx)])
+        untouched = np.ones(len(arr), dtype=bool)
+        untouched[indx] = False
+        assert_array_equal(arr[untouched], zeros[:untouched.sum()])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", list(np.typecodes["All"])[1:] + ["i,O"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ["raise", "wrap", "clip"])
+    def test_empty(self, dtype, mode):
+        arr = np.zeros(1000, dtype=dtype)
+        arr_copy = arr.copy()
+
+        # Allowing empty values like this is weird...
+        np.put(arr, [1, 2, 3], [])
+        assert_array_equal(arr, arr_copy)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_limited_api.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_limited_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..725de19b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_limited_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+import pytest
+
+from numpy.testing import IS_WASM
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="Can't start subprocess")
+@pytest.mark.xfail(
+    sysconfig.get_config_var("Py_DEBUG"),
+    reason=(
+        "Py_LIMITED_API is incompatible with Py_DEBUG, Py_TRACE_REFS, "
+        "and Py_REF_DEBUG"
+    ),
+)
+def test_limited_api(tmp_path):
+    """Test building a third-party C extension with the limited API."""
+    # Based in part on test_cython from random.tests.test_extending
+
+    here = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+    ext_dir = os.path.join(here, "examples", "limited_api")
+
+    cytest = str(tmp_path / "limited_api")
+
+    shutil.copytree(ext_dir, cytest)
+    # build the examples and "install" them into a temporary directory
+
+    install_log = str(tmp_path / "tmp_install_log.txt")
+    subprocess.check_output(
+        [
+            sys.executable,
+            "setup.py",
+            "build",
+            "install",
+            "--prefix", str(tmp_path / "installdir"),
+            "--single-version-externally-managed",
+            "--record",
+            install_log,
+        ],
+        cwd=cytest,
+    )
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_longdouble.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_longdouble.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45721950
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_longdouble.py
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+import warnings
+import platform
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_warns, assert_array_equal,
+    temppath, IS_MUSL
+    )
+from numpy.core.tests._locales import CommaDecimalPointLocale
+
+
+LD_INFO = np.finfo(np.longdouble)
+longdouble_longer_than_double = (LD_INFO.eps < np.finfo(np.double).eps)
+
+
+_o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+string_to_longdouble_inaccurate = (_o != np.longdouble(repr(_o)))
+del _o
+
+
+def test_scalar_extraction():
+    """Confirm that extracting a value doesn't convert to python float"""
+    o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+    a = np.array([o, o, o])
+    assert_equal(a[1], o)
+
+
+# Conversions string -> long double
+
+# 0.1 not exactly representable in base 2 floating point.
+repr_precision = len(repr(np.longdouble(0.1)))
+# +2 from macro block starting around line 842 in scalartypes.c.src.
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(IS_MUSL,
+                    reason="test flaky on musllinux")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(LD_INFO.precision + 2 >= repr_precision,
+                    reason="repr precision not enough to show eps")
+def test_repr_roundtrip():
+    # We will only see eps in repr if within printing precision.
+    o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+    assert_equal(np.longdouble(repr(o)), o, "repr was %s" % repr(o))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate, reason="Need strtold_l")
+def test_repr_roundtrip_bytes():
+    o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+    assert_equal(np.longdouble(repr(o).encode("ascii")), o)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate, reason="Need strtold_l")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("strtype", (np.str_, np.bytes_, str, bytes))
+def test_array_and_stringlike_roundtrip(strtype):
+    """
+    Test that string representations of long-double roundtrip both
+    for array casting and scalar coercion, see also gh-15608.
+    """
+    o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+
+    if strtype in (np.bytes_, bytes):
+        o_str = strtype(repr(o).encode("ascii"))
+    else:
+        o_str = strtype(repr(o))
+
+    # Test that `o` is correctly coerced from the string-like
+    assert o == np.longdouble(o_str)
+
+    # Test that arrays also roundtrip correctly:
+    o_strarr = np.asarray([o] * 3, dtype=strtype)
+    assert (o == o_strarr.astype(np.longdouble)).all()
+
+    # And array coercion and casting to string give the same as scalar repr:
+    assert (o_strarr == o_str).all()
+    assert (np.asarray([o] * 3).astype(strtype) == o_str).all()
+
+
+def test_bogus_string():
+    assert_raises(ValueError, np.longdouble, "spam")
+    assert_raises(ValueError, np.longdouble, "1.0 flub")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate, reason="Need strtold_l")
+def test_fromstring():
+    o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+    s = (" " + repr(o))*5
+    a = np.array([o]*5)
+    assert_equal(np.fromstring(s, sep=" ", dtype=np.longdouble), a,
+                 err_msg="reading '%s'" % s)
+
+
+def test_fromstring_complex():
+    for ctype in ["complex", "cdouble", "cfloat"]:
+        # Check spacing between separator
+        assert_equal(np.fromstring("1, 2 ,  3  ,4", sep=",", dtype=ctype),
+                     np.array([1., 2., 3., 4.]))
+        # Real component not specified
+        assert_equal(np.fromstring("1j, -2j,  3j, 4e1j", sep=",", dtype=ctype),
+                     np.array([1.j, -2.j, 3.j, 40.j]))
+        # Both components specified
+        assert_equal(np.fromstring("1+1j,2-2j, -3+3j,  -4e1+4j", sep=",", dtype=ctype),
+                     np.array([1. + 1.j, 2. - 2.j, - 3. + 3.j, - 40. + 4j]))
+        # Spaces at wrong places
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.fromstring("1+2 j,3", dtype=ctype, sep=","),
+                         np.array([1.]))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.fromstring("1+ 2j,3", dtype=ctype, sep=","),
+                         np.array([1.]))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.fromstring("1 +2j,3", dtype=ctype, sep=","),
+                         np.array([1.]))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.fromstring("1+j", dtype=ctype, sep=","),
+                         np.array([1.]))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.fromstring("1+", dtype=ctype, sep=","),
+                         np.array([1.]))
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.fromstring("1j+1", dtype=ctype, sep=","),
+                         np.array([1j]))
+
+
+def test_fromstring_bogus():
+    with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        assert_equal(np.fromstring("1. 2. 3. flop 4.", dtype=float, sep=" "),
+                     np.array([1., 2., 3.]))
+
+
+def test_fromstring_empty():
+    with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        assert_equal(np.fromstring("xxxxx", sep="x"),
+                     np.array([]))
+
+
+def test_fromstring_missing():
+    with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        assert_equal(np.fromstring("1xx3x4x5x6", sep="x"),
+                     np.array([1]))
+
+
+class TestFileBased:
+
+    ldbl = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+    tgt = np.array([ldbl]*5)
+    out = ''.join([repr(t) + '\n' for t in tgt])
+
+    def test_fromfile_bogus(self):
+        with temppath() as path:
+            with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                f.write("1. 2. 3. flop 4.\n")
+
+            with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=float, sep=" ")
+        assert_equal(res, np.array([1., 2., 3.]))
+
+    def test_fromfile_complex(self):
+        for ctype in ["complex", "cdouble", "cfloat"]:
+            # Check spacing between separator and only real component specified
+            with temppath() as path:
+                with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("1, 2 ,  3  ,4\n")
+
+                res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=ctype, sep=",")
+            assert_equal(res, np.array([1., 2., 3., 4.]))
+
+            # Real component not specified
+            with temppath() as path:
+                with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("1j, -2j,  3j, 4e1j\n")
+
+                res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=ctype, sep=",")
+            assert_equal(res, np.array([1.j, -2.j, 3.j, 40.j]))
+
+            # Both components specified
+            with temppath() as path:
+                with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("1+1j,2-2j, -3+3j,  -4e1+4j\n")
+
+                res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=ctype, sep=",")
+            assert_equal(res, np.array([1. + 1.j, 2. - 2.j, - 3. + 3.j, - 40. + 4j]))
+
+            # Spaces at wrong places
+            with temppath() as path:
+                with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("1+2 j,3\n")
+
+                with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=ctype, sep=",")
+            assert_equal(res, np.array([1.]))
+
+            # Spaces at wrong places
+            with temppath() as path:
+                with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("1+ 2j,3\n")
+
+                with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=ctype, sep=",")
+            assert_equal(res, np.array([1.]))
+
+            # Spaces at wrong places
+            with temppath() as path:
+                with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("1 +2j,3\n")
+
+                with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=ctype, sep=",")
+            assert_equal(res, np.array([1.]))
+
+            # Spaces at wrong places
+            with temppath() as path:
+                with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("1+j\n")
+
+                with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=ctype, sep=",")
+            assert_equal(res, np.array([1.]))
+
+            # Spaces at wrong places
+            with temppath() as path:
+                with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("1+\n")
+
+                with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=ctype, sep=",")
+            assert_equal(res, np.array([1.]))
+
+            # Spaces at wrong places
+            with temppath() as path:
+                with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("1j+1\n")
+
+                with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=ctype, sep=",")
+            assert_equal(res, np.array([1.j]))
+
+
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate,
+                        reason="Need strtold_l")
+    def test_fromfile(self):
+        with temppath() as path:
+            with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                f.write(self.out)
+            res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=np.longdouble, sep="\n")
+        assert_equal(res, self.tgt)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate,
+                        reason="Need strtold_l")
+    def test_genfromtxt(self):
+        with temppath() as path:
+            with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                f.write(self.out)
+            res = np.genfromtxt(path, dtype=np.longdouble)
+        assert_equal(res, self.tgt)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate,
+                        reason="Need strtold_l")
+    def test_loadtxt(self):
+        with temppath() as path:
+            with open(path, 'w') as f:
+                f.write(self.out)
+            res = np.loadtxt(path, dtype=np.longdouble)
+        assert_equal(res, self.tgt)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate,
+                        reason="Need strtold_l")
+    def test_tofile_roundtrip(self):
+        with temppath() as path:
+            self.tgt.tofile(path, sep=" ")
+            res = np.fromfile(path, dtype=np.longdouble, sep=" ")
+        assert_equal(res, self.tgt)
+
+
+# Conversions long double -> string
+
+
+def test_repr_exact():
+    o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+    assert_(repr(o) != '1')
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(longdouble_longer_than_double, reason="BUG #2376")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate,
+                    reason="Need strtold_l")
+def test_format():
+    o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+    assert_("{0:.40g}".format(o) != '1')
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(longdouble_longer_than_double, reason="BUG #2376")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate,
+                    reason="Need strtold_l")
+def test_percent():
+    o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+    assert_("%.40g" % o != '1')
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(longdouble_longer_than_double,
+                    reason="array repr problem")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(string_to_longdouble_inaccurate,
+                    reason="Need strtold_l")
+def test_array_repr():
+    o = 1 + LD_INFO.eps
+    a = np.array([o])
+    b = np.array([1], dtype=np.longdouble)
+    if not np.all(a != b):
+        raise ValueError("precision loss creating arrays")
+    assert_(repr(a) != repr(b))
+
+#
+# Locale tests: scalar types formatting should be independent of the locale
+#
+
+class TestCommaDecimalPointLocale(CommaDecimalPointLocale):
+
+    def test_repr_roundtrip_foreign(self):
+        o = 1.5
+        assert_equal(o, np.longdouble(repr(o)))
+
+    def test_fromstring_foreign_repr(self):
+        f = 1.234
+        a = np.fromstring(repr(f), dtype=float, sep=" ")
+        assert_equal(a[0], f)
+
+    def test_fromstring_best_effort_float(self):
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.fromstring("1,234", dtype=float, sep=" "),
+                         np.array([1.]))
+
+    def test_fromstring_best_effort(self):
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.fromstring("1,234", dtype=np.longdouble, sep=" "),
+                         np.array([1.]))
+
+    def test_fromstring_foreign(self):
+        s = "1.234"
+        a = np.fromstring(s, dtype=np.longdouble, sep=" ")
+        assert_equal(a[0], np.longdouble(s))
+
+    def test_fromstring_foreign_sep(self):
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+        b = np.fromstring("1,2,3,4,", dtype=np.longdouble, sep=",")
+        assert_array_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_fromstring_foreign_value(self):
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            b = np.fromstring("1,234", dtype=np.longdouble, sep=" ")
+            assert_array_equal(b[0], 1)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("int_val", [
+    # cases discussed in gh-10723
+    # and gh-9968
+    2 ** 1024, 0])
+def test_longdouble_from_int(int_val):
+    # for issue gh-9968
+    str_val = str(int_val)
+    # we'll expect a RuntimeWarning on platforms
+    # with np.longdouble equivalent to np.double
+    # for large integer input
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', RuntimeWarning)
+        # can be inf==inf on some platforms
+        assert np.longdouble(int_val) == np.longdouble(str_val)
+        # we can't directly compare the int and
+        # max longdouble value on all platforms
+        if np.allclose(np.finfo(np.longdouble).max,
+                       np.finfo(np.double).max) and w:
+            assert w[0].category is RuntimeWarning
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bool_val", [
+    True, False])
+def test_longdouble_from_bool(bool_val):
+    assert np.longdouble(bool_val) == np.longdouble(int(bool_val))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not (IS_MUSL and platform.machine() == "x86_64"),
+    reason="only need to run on musllinux_x86_64"
+)
+def test_musllinux_x86_64_signature():
+    # this test may fail if you're emulating musllinux_x86_64 on a different
+    # architecture, but should pass natively.
+    known_sigs = [b'\xcd\xcc\xcc\xcc\xcc\xcc\xcc\xcc\xfb\xbf']
+    sig = (np.longdouble(-1.0) / np.longdouble(10.0)
+           ).newbyteorder('<').tobytes()[:10]
+    assert sig in known_sigs
+
+
+def test_eps_positive():
+    # np.finfo('g').eps should be positive on all platforms. If this isn't true
+    # then something may have gone wrong with the MachArLike, e.g. if
+    # np.core.getlimits._discovered_machar didn't work properly
+    assert np.finfo(np.longdouble).eps > 0.
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_machar.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_machar.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a66ec51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_machar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""
+Test machar. Given recent changes to hardcode type data, we might want to get
+rid of both MachAr and this test at some point.
+
+"""
+from numpy.core._machar import MachAr
+import numpy.core.numerictypes as ntypes
+from numpy import errstate, array
+
+
+class TestMachAr:
+    def _run_machar_highprec(self):
+        # Instantiate MachAr instance with high enough precision to cause
+        # underflow
+        try:
+            hiprec = ntypes.float96
+            MachAr(lambda v: array(v, hiprec))
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Fixme, this needs to raise a 'skip' exception.
+            "Skipping test: no ntypes.float96 available on this platform."
+
+    def test_underlow(self):
+        # Regression test for #759:
+        # instantiating MachAr for dtype = np.float96 raises spurious warning.
+        with errstate(all='raise'):
+            try:
+                self._run_machar_highprec()
+            except FloatingPointError as e:
+                msg = "Caught %s exception, should not have been raised." % e
+                raise AssertionError(msg)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_overlap.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_overlap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fd4c4d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_overlap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+import itertools
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import solve_diophantine, internal_overlap
+from numpy.core import _umath_tests
+from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import as_strided
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_raises, assert_equal, assert_array_equal
+    )
+
+
+ndims = 2
+size = 10
+shape = tuple([size] * ndims)
+
+MAY_SHARE_BOUNDS = 0
+MAY_SHARE_EXACT = -1
+
+
+def _indices_for_nelems(nelems):
+    """Returns slices of length nelems, from start onwards, in direction sign."""
+
+    if nelems == 0:
+        return [size // 2]  # int index
+
+    res = []
+    for step in (1, 2):
+        for sign in (-1, 1):
+            start = size // 2 - nelems * step * sign // 2
+            stop = start + nelems * step * sign
+            res.append(slice(start, stop, step * sign))
+
+    return res
+
+
+def _indices_for_axis():
+    """Returns (src, dst) pairs of indices."""
+
+    res = []
+    for nelems in (0, 2, 3):
+        ind = _indices_for_nelems(nelems)
+        res.extend(itertools.product(ind, ind))  # all assignments of size "nelems"
+
+    return res
+
+
+def _indices(ndims):
+    """Returns ((axis0_src, axis0_dst), (axis1_src, axis1_dst), ... ) index pairs."""
+
+    ind = _indices_for_axis()
+    return itertools.product(ind, repeat=ndims)
+
+
+def _check_assignment(srcidx, dstidx):
+    """Check assignment arr[dstidx] = arr[srcidx] works."""
+
+    arr = np.arange(np.prod(shape)).reshape(shape)
+
+    cpy = arr.copy()
+
+    cpy[dstidx] = arr[srcidx]
+    arr[dstidx] = arr[srcidx]
+
+    assert_(np.all(arr == cpy),
+            'assigning arr[%s] = arr[%s]' % (dstidx, srcidx))
+
+
+def test_overlapping_assignments():
+    # Test automatically generated assignments which overlap in memory.
+
+    inds = _indices(ndims)
+
+    for ind in inds:
+        srcidx = tuple([a[0] for a in ind])
+        dstidx = tuple([a[1] for a in ind])
+
+        _check_assignment(srcidx, dstidx)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+def test_diophantine_fuzz():
+    # Fuzz test the diophantine solver
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+
+    max_int = np.iinfo(np.intp).max
+
+    for ndim in range(10):
+        feasible_count = 0
+        infeasible_count = 0
+
+        min_count = 500//(ndim + 1)
+
+        while min(feasible_count, infeasible_count) < min_count:
+            # Ensure big and small integer problems
+            A_max = 1 + rng.randint(0, 11, dtype=np.intp)**6
+            U_max = rng.randint(0, 11, dtype=np.intp)**6
+
+            A_max = min(max_int, A_max)
+            U_max = min(max_int-1, U_max)
+
+            A = tuple(int(rng.randint(1, A_max+1, dtype=np.intp))
+                      for j in range(ndim))
+            U = tuple(int(rng.randint(0, U_max+2, dtype=np.intp))
+                      for j in range(ndim))
+
+            b_ub = min(max_int-2, sum(a*ub for a, ub in zip(A, U)))
+            b = int(rng.randint(-1, b_ub+2, dtype=np.intp))
+
+            if ndim == 0 and feasible_count < min_count:
+                b = 0
+
+            X = solve_diophantine(A, U, b)
+
+            if X is None:
+                # Check the simplified decision problem agrees
+                X_simplified = solve_diophantine(A, U, b, simplify=1)
+                assert_(X_simplified is None, (A, U, b, X_simplified))
+
+                # Check no solution exists (provided the problem is
+                # small enough so that brute force checking doesn't
+                # take too long)
+                ranges = tuple(range(0, a*ub+1, a) for a, ub in zip(A, U))
+
+                size = 1
+                for r in ranges:
+                    size *= len(r)
+                if size < 100000:
+                    assert_(not any(sum(w) == b for w in itertools.product(*ranges)))
+                    infeasible_count += 1
+            else:
+                # Check the simplified decision problem agrees
+                X_simplified = solve_diophantine(A, U, b, simplify=1)
+                assert_(X_simplified is not None, (A, U, b, X_simplified))
+
+                # Check validity
+                assert_(sum(a*x for a, x in zip(A, X)) == b)
+                assert_(all(0 <= x <= ub for x, ub in zip(X, U)))
+                feasible_count += 1
+
+
+def test_diophantine_overflow():
+    # Smoke test integer overflow detection
+    max_intp = np.iinfo(np.intp).max
+    max_int64 = np.iinfo(np.int64).max
+
+    if max_int64 <= max_intp:
+        # Check that the algorithm works internally in 128-bit;
+        # solving this problem requires large intermediate numbers
+        A = (max_int64//2, max_int64//2 - 10)
+        U = (max_int64//2, max_int64//2 - 10)
+        b = 2*(max_int64//2) - 10
+
+        assert_equal(solve_diophantine(A, U, b), (1, 1))
+
+
+def check_may_share_memory_exact(a, b):
+    got = np.may_share_memory(a, b, max_work=MAY_SHARE_EXACT)
+
+    assert_equal(np.may_share_memory(a, b),
+                 np.may_share_memory(a, b, max_work=MAY_SHARE_BOUNDS))
+
+    a.fill(0)
+    b.fill(0)
+    a.fill(1)
+    exact = b.any()
+
+    err_msg = ""
+    if got != exact:
+        err_msg = "    " + "\n    ".join([
+            "base_a - base_b = %r" % (a.__array_interface__['data'][0] - b.__array_interface__['data'][0],),
+            "shape_a = %r" % (a.shape,),
+            "shape_b = %r" % (b.shape,),
+            "strides_a = %r" % (a.strides,),
+            "strides_b = %r" % (b.strides,),
+            "size_a = %r" % (a.size,),
+            "size_b = %r" % (b.size,)
+        ])
+
+    assert_equal(got, exact, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+
+def test_may_share_memory_manual():
+    # Manual test cases for may_share_memory
+
+    # Base arrays
+    xs0 = [
+        np.zeros([13, 21, 23, 22], dtype=np.int8),
+        np.zeros([13, 21, 23*2, 22], dtype=np.int8)[:,:,::2,:]
+    ]
+
+    # Generate all negative stride combinations
+    xs = []
+    for x in xs0:
+        for ss in itertools.product(*(([slice(None), slice(None, None, -1)],)*4)):
+            xp = x[ss]
+            xs.append(xp)
+
+    for x in xs:
+        # The default is a simple extent check
+        assert_(np.may_share_memory(x[:,0,:], x[:,1,:]))
+        assert_(np.may_share_memory(x[:,0,:], x[:,1,:], max_work=None))
+
+        # Exact checks
+        check_may_share_memory_exact(x[:,0,:], x[:,1,:])
+        check_may_share_memory_exact(x[:,::7], x[:,3::3])
+
+        try:
+            xp = x.ravel()
+            if xp.flags.owndata:
+                continue
+            xp = xp.view(np.int16)
+        except ValueError:
+            continue
+
+        # 0-size arrays cannot overlap
+        check_may_share_memory_exact(x.ravel()[6:6],
+                                     xp.reshape(13, 21, 23, 11)[:,::7])
+
+        # Test itemsize is dealt with
+        check_may_share_memory_exact(x[:,::7],
+                                     xp.reshape(13, 21, 23, 11))
+        check_may_share_memory_exact(x[:,::7],
+                                     xp.reshape(13, 21, 23, 11)[:,3::3])
+        check_may_share_memory_exact(x.ravel()[6:7],
+                                     xp.reshape(13, 21, 23, 11)[:,::7])
+
+    # Check unit size
+    x = np.zeros([1], dtype=np.int8)
+    check_may_share_memory_exact(x, x)
+    check_may_share_memory_exact(x, x.copy())
+
+
+def iter_random_view_pairs(x, same_steps=True, equal_size=False):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+
+    if equal_size and same_steps:
+        raise ValueError()
+
+    def random_slice(n, step):
+        start = rng.randint(0, n+1, dtype=np.intp)
+        stop = rng.randint(start, n+1, dtype=np.intp)
+        if rng.randint(0, 2, dtype=np.intp) == 0:
+            stop, start = start, stop
+            step *= -1
+        return slice(start, stop, step)
+
+    def random_slice_fixed_size(n, step, size):
+        start = rng.randint(0, n+1 - size*step)
+        stop = start + (size-1)*step + 1
+        if rng.randint(0, 2) == 0:
+            stop, start = start-1, stop-1
+            if stop < 0:
+                stop = None
+            step *= -1
+        return slice(start, stop, step)
+
+    # First a few regular views
+    yield x, x
+    for j in range(1, 7, 3):
+        yield x[j:], x[:-j]
+        yield x[...,j:], x[...,:-j]
+
+    # An array with zero stride internal overlap
+    strides = list(x.strides)
+    strides[0] = 0
+    xp = as_strided(x, shape=x.shape, strides=strides)
+    yield x, xp
+    yield xp, xp
+
+    # An array with non-zero stride internal overlap
+    strides = list(x.strides)
+    if strides[0] > 1:
+        strides[0] = 1
+    xp = as_strided(x, shape=x.shape, strides=strides)
+    yield x, xp
+    yield xp, xp
+
+    # Then discontiguous views
+    while True:
+        steps = tuple(rng.randint(1, 11, dtype=np.intp)
+                      if rng.randint(0, 5, dtype=np.intp) == 0 else 1
+                      for j in range(x.ndim))
+        s1 = tuple(random_slice(p, s) for p, s in zip(x.shape, steps))
+
+        t1 = np.arange(x.ndim)
+        rng.shuffle(t1)
+
+        if equal_size:
+            t2 = t1
+        else:
+            t2 = np.arange(x.ndim)
+            rng.shuffle(t2)
+
+        a = x[s1]
+
+        if equal_size:
+            if a.size == 0:
+                continue
+
+            steps2 = tuple(rng.randint(1, max(2, p//(1+pa)))
+                           if rng.randint(0, 5) == 0 else 1
+                           for p, s, pa in zip(x.shape, s1, a.shape))
+            s2 = tuple(random_slice_fixed_size(p, s, pa)
+                       for p, s, pa in zip(x.shape, steps2, a.shape))
+        elif same_steps:
+            steps2 = steps
+        else:
+            steps2 = tuple(rng.randint(1, 11, dtype=np.intp)
+                           if rng.randint(0, 5, dtype=np.intp) == 0 else 1
+                           for j in range(x.ndim))
+
+        if not equal_size:
+            s2 = tuple(random_slice(p, s) for p, s in zip(x.shape, steps2))
+
+        a = a.transpose(t1)
+        b = x[s2].transpose(t2)
+
+        yield a, b
+
+
+def check_may_share_memory_easy_fuzz(get_max_work, same_steps, min_count):
+    # Check that overlap problems with common strides are solved with
+    # little work.
+    x = np.zeros([17,34,71,97], dtype=np.int16)
+
+    feasible = 0
+    infeasible = 0
+
+    pair_iter = iter_random_view_pairs(x, same_steps)
+
+    while min(feasible, infeasible) < min_count:
+        a, b = next(pair_iter)
+
+        bounds_overlap = np.may_share_memory(a, b)
+        may_share_answer = np.may_share_memory(a, b)
+        easy_answer = np.may_share_memory(a, b, max_work=get_max_work(a, b))
+        exact_answer = np.may_share_memory(a, b, max_work=MAY_SHARE_EXACT)
+
+        if easy_answer != exact_answer:
+            # assert_equal is slow...
+            assert_equal(easy_answer, exact_answer)
+
+        if may_share_answer != bounds_overlap:
+            assert_equal(may_share_answer, bounds_overlap)
+
+        if bounds_overlap:
+            if exact_answer:
+                feasible += 1
+            else:
+                infeasible += 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+def test_may_share_memory_easy_fuzz():
+    # Check that overlap problems with common strides are always
+    # solved with little work.
+
+    check_may_share_memory_easy_fuzz(get_max_work=lambda a, b: 1,
+                                     same_steps=True,
+                                     min_count=2000)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+def test_may_share_memory_harder_fuzz():
+    # Overlap problems with not necessarily common strides take more
+    # work.
+    #
+    # The work bound below can't be reduced much. Harder problems can
+    # also exist but not be detected here, as the set of problems
+    # comes from RNG.
+
+    check_may_share_memory_easy_fuzz(get_max_work=lambda a, b: max(a.size, b.size)//2,
+                                     same_steps=False,
+                                     min_count=2000)
+
+
+def test_shares_memory_api():
+    x = np.zeros([4, 5, 6], dtype=np.int8)
+
+    assert_equal(np.shares_memory(x, x), True)
+    assert_equal(np.shares_memory(x, x.copy()), False)
+
+    a = x[:,::2,::3]
+    b = x[:,::3,::2]
+    assert_equal(np.shares_memory(a, b), True)
+    assert_equal(np.shares_memory(a, b, max_work=None), True)
+    assert_raises(np.TooHardError, np.shares_memory, a, b, max_work=1)
+
+
+def test_may_share_memory_bad_max_work():
+    x = np.zeros([1])
+    assert_raises(OverflowError, np.may_share_memory, x, x, max_work=10**100)
+    assert_raises(OverflowError, np.shares_memory, x, x, max_work=10**100)
+
+
+def test_internal_overlap_diophantine():
+    def check(A, U, exists=None):
+        X = solve_diophantine(A, U, 0, require_ub_nontrivial=1)
+
+        if exists is None:
+            exists = (X is not None)
+
+        if X is not None:
+            assert_(sum(a*x for a, x in zip(A, X)) == sum(a*u//2 for a, u in zip(A, U)))
+            assert_(all(0 <= x <= u for x, u in zip(X, U)))
+            assert_(any(x != u//2 for x, u in zip(X, U)))
+
+        if exists:
+            assert_(X is not None, repr(X))
+        else:
+            assert_(X is None, repr(X))
+
+    # Smoke tests
+    check((3, 2), (2*2, 3*2), exists=True)
+    check((3*2, 2), (15*2, (3-1)*2), exists=False)
+
+
+def test_internal_overlap_slices():
+    # Slicing an array never generates internal overlap
+
+    x = np.zeros([17,34,71,97], dtype=np.int16)
+
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+
+    def random_slice(n, step):
+        start = rng.randint(0, n+1, dtype=np.intp)
+        stop = rng.randint(start, n+1, dtype=np.intp)
+        if rng.randint(0, 2, dtype=np.intp) == 0:
+            stop, start = start, stop
+            step *= -1
+        return slice(start, stop, step)
+
+    cases = 0
+    min_count = 5000
+
+    while cases < min_count:
+        steps = tuple(rng.randint(1, 11, dtype=np.intp)
+                      if rng.randint(0, 5, dtype=np.intp) == 0 else 1
+                      for j in range(x.ndim))
+        t1 = np.arange(x.ndim)
+        rng.shuffle(t1)
+        s1 = tuple(random_slice(p, s) for p, s in zip(x.shape, steps))
+        a = x[s1].transpose(t1)
+
+        assert_(not internal_overlap(a))
+        cases += 1
+
+
+def check_internal_overlap(a, manual_expected=None):
+    got = internal_overlap(a)
+
+    # Brute-force check
+    m = set()
+    ranges = tuple(range(n) for n in a.shape)
+    for v in itertools.product(*ranges):
+        offset = sum(s*w for s, w in zip(a.strides, v))
+        if offset in m:
+            expected = True
+            break
+        else:
+            m.add(offset)
+    else:
+        expected = False
+
+    # Compare
+    if got != expected:
+        assert_equal(got, expected, err_msg=repr((a.strides, a.shape)))
+    if manual_expected is not None and expected != manual_expected:
+        assert_equal(expected, manual_expected)
+    return got
+
+
+def test_internal_overlap_manual():
+    # Stride tricks can construct arrays with internal overlap
+
+    # We don't care about memory bounds, the array is not
+    # read/write accessed
+    x = np.arange(1).astype(np.int8)
+
+    # Check low-dimensional special cases
+
+    check_internal_overlap(x, False) # 1-dim
+    check_internal_overlap(x.reshape([]), False) # 0-dim
+
+    a = as_strided(x, strides=(3, 4), shape=(4, 4))
+    check_internal_overlap(a, False)
+
+    a = as_strided(x, strides=(3, 4), shape=(5, 4))
+    check_internal_overlap(a, True)
+
+    a = as_strided(x, strides=(0,), shape=(0,))
+    check_internal_overlap(a, False)
+
+    a = as_strided(x, strides=(0,), shape=(1,))
+    check_internal_overlap(a, False)
+
+    a = as_strided(x, strides=(0,), shape=(2,))
+    check_internal_overlap(a, True)
+
+    a = as_strided(x, strides=(0, -9993), shape=(87, 22))
+    check_internal_overlap(a, True)
+
+    a = as_strided(x, strides=(0, -9993), shape=(1, 22))
+    check_internal_overlap(a, False)
+
+    a = as_strided(x, strides=(0, -9993), shape=(0, 22))
+    check_internal_overlap(a, False)
+
+
+def test_internal_overlap_fuzz():
+    # Fuzz check; the brute-force check is fairly slow
+
+    x = np.arange(1).astype(np.int8)
+
+    overlap = 0
+    no_overlap = 0
+    min_count = 100
+
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+
+    while min(overlap, no_overlap) < min_count:
+        ndim = rng.randint(1, 4, dtype=np.intp)
+
+        strides = tuple(rng.randint(-1000, 1000, dtype=np.intp)
+                        for j in range(ndim))
+        shape = tuple(rng.randint(1, 30, dtype=np.intp)
+                      for j in range(ndim))
+
+        a = as_strided(x, strides=strides, shape=shape)
+        result = check_internal_overlap(a)
+
+        if result:
+            overlap += 1
+        else:
+            no_overlap += 1
+
+
+def test_non_ndarray_inputs():
+    # Regression check for gh-5604
+
+    class MyArray:
+        def __init__(self, data):
+            self.data = data
+
+        @property
+        def __array_interface__(self):
+            return self.data.__array_interface__
+
+    class MyArray2:
+        def __init__(self, data):
+            self.data = data
+
+        def __array__(self):
+            return self.data
+
+    for cls in [MyArray, MyArray2]:
+        x = np.arange(5)
+
+        assert_(np.may_share_memory(cls(x[::2]), x[1::2]))
+        assert_(not np.shares_memory(cls(x[::2]), x[1::2]))
+
+        assert_(np.shares_memory(cls(x[1::3]), x[::2]))
+        assert_(np.may_share_memory(cls(x[1::3]), x[::2]))
+
+
+def view_element_first_byte(x):
+    """Construct an array viewing the first byte of each element of `x`"""
+    from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import DummyArray
+    interface = dict(x.__array_interface__)
+    interface['typestr'] = '|b1'
+    interface['descr'] = [('', '|b1')]
+    return np.asarray(DummyArray(interface, x))
+
+
+def assert_copy_equivalent(operation, args, out, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Check that operation(*args, out=out) produces results
+    equivalent to out[...] = operation(*args, out=out.copy())
+    """
+
+    kwargs['out'] = out
+    kwargs2 = dict(kwargs)
+    kwargs2['out'] = out.copy()
+
+    out_orig = out.copy()
+    out[...] = operation(*args, **kwargs2)
+    expected = out.copy()
+    out[...] = out_orig
+
+    got = operation(*args, **kwargs).copy()
+
+    if (got != expected).any():
+        assert_equal(got, expected)
+
+
+class TestUFunc:
+    """
+    Test ufunc call memory overlap handling
+    """
+
+    def check_unary_fuzz(self, operation, get_out_axis_size, dtype=np.int16,
+                             count=5000):
+        shapes = [7, 13, 8, 21, 29, 32]
+
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+
+        for ndim in range(1, 6):
+            x = rng.randint(0, 2**16, size=shapes[:ndim]).astype(dtype)
+
+            it = iter_random_view_pairs(x, same_steps=False, equal_size=True)
+
+            min_count = count // (ndim + 1)**2
+
+            overlapping = 0
+            while overlapping < min_count:
+                a, b = next(it)
+
+                a_orig = a.copy()
+                b_orig = b.copy()
+
+                if get_out_axis_size is None:
+                    assert_copy_equivalent(operation, [a], out=b)
+
+                    if np.shares_memory(a, b):
+                        overlapping += 1
+                else:
+                    for axis in itertools.chain(range(ndim), [None]):
+                        a[...] = a_orig
+                        b[...] = b_orig
+
+                        # Determine size for reduction axis (None if scalar)
+                        outsize, scalarize = get_out_axis_size(a, b, axis)
+                        if outsize == 'skip':
+                            continue
+
+                        # Slice b to get an output array of the correct size
+                        sl = [slice(None)] * ndim
+                        if axis is None:
+                            if outsize is None:
+                                sl = [slice(0, 1)] + [0]*(ndim - 1)
+                            else:
+                                sl = [slice(0, outsize)] + [0]*(ndim - 1)
+                        else:
+                            if outsize is None:
+                                k = b.shape[axis]//2
+                                if ndim == 1:
+                                    sl[axis] = slice(k, k + 1)
+                                else:
+                                    sl[axis] = k
+                            else:
+                                assert b.shape[axis] >= outsize
+                                sl[axis] = slice(0, outsize)
+                        b_out = b[tuple(sl)]
+
+                        if scalarize:
+                            b_out = b_out.reshape([])
+
+                        if np.shares_memory(a, b_out):
+                            overlapping += 1
+
+                        # Check result
+                        assert_copy_equivalent(operation, [a], out=b_out, axis=axis)
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    def test_unary_ufunc_call_fuzz(self):
+        self.check_unary_fuzz(np.invert, None, np.int16)
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    def test_unary_ufunc_call_complex_fuzz(self):
+        # Complex typically has a smaller alignment than itemsize
+        self.check_unary_fuzz(np.negative, None, np.complex128, count=500)
+
+    def test_binary_ufunc_accumulate_fuzz(self):
+        def get_out_axis_size(a, b, axis):
+            if axis is None:
+                if a.ndim == 1:
+                    return a.size, False
+                else:
+                    return 'skip', False  # accumulate doesn't support this
+            else:
+                return a.shape[axis], False
+
+        self.check_unary_fuzz(np.add.accumulate, get_out_axis_size,
+                              dtype=np.int16, count=500)
+
+    def test_binary_ufunc_reduce_fuzz(self):
+        def get_out_axis_size(a, b, axis):
+            return None, (axis is None or a.ndim == 1)
+
+        self.check_unary_fuzz(np.add.reduce, get_out_axis_size,
+                              dtype=np.int16, count=500)
+
+    def test_binary_ufunc_reduceat_fuzz(self):
+        def get_out_axis_size(a, b, axis):
+            if axis is None:
+                if a.ndim == 1:
+                    return a.size, False
+                else:
+                    return 'skip', False  # reduceat doesn't support this
+            else:
+                return a.shape[axis], False
+
+        def do_reduceat(a, out, axis):
+            if axis is None:
+                size = len(a)
+                step = size//len(out)
+            else:
+                size = a.shape[axis]
+                step = a.shape[axis] // out.shape[axis]
+            idx = np.arange(0, size, step)
+            return np.add.reduceat(a, idx, out=out, axis=axis)
+
+        self.check_unary_fuzz(do_reduceat, get_out_axis_size,
+                              dtype=np.int16, count=500)
+
+    def test_binary_ufunc_reduceat_manual(self):
+        def check(ufunc, a, ind, out):
+            c1 = ufunc.reduceat(a.copy(), ind.copy(), out=out.copy())
+            c2 = ufunc.reduceat(a, ind, out=out)
+            assert_array_equal(c1, c2)
+
+        # Exactly same input/output arrays
+        a = np.arange(10000, dtype=np.int16)
+        check(np.add, a, a[::-1].copy(), a)
+
+        # Overlap with index
+        a = np.arange(10000, dtype=np.int16)
+        check(np.add, a, a[::-1], a)
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    def test_unary_gufunc_fuzz(self):
+        shapes = [7, 13, 8, 21, 29, 32]
+        gufunc = _umath_tests.euclidean_pdist
+
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+
+        for ndim in range(2, 6):
+            x = rng.rand(*shapes[:ndim])
+
+            it = iter_random_view_pairs(x, same_steps=False, equal_size=True)
+
+            min_count = 500 // (ndim + 1)**2
+
+            overlapping = 0
+            while overlapping < min_count:
+                a, b = next(it)
+
+                if min(a.shape[-2:]) < 2 or min(b.shape[-2:]) < 2 or a.shape[-1] < 2:
+                    continue
+
+                # Ensure the shapes are so that euclidean_pdist is happy
+                if b.shape[-1] > b.shape[-2]:
+                    b = b[...,0,:]
+                else:
+                    b = b[...,:,0]
+
+                n = a.shape[-2]
+                p = n * (n - 1) // 2
+                if p <= b.shape[-1] and p > 0:
+                    b = b[...,:p]
+                else:
+                    n = max(2, int(np.sqrt(b.shape[-1]))//2)
+                    p = n * (n - 1) // 2
+                    a = a[...,:n,:]
+                    b = b[...,:p]
+
+                # Call
+                if np.shares_memory(a, b):
+                    overlapping += 1
+
+                with np.errstate(over='ignore', invalid='ignore'):
+                    assert_copy_equivalent(gufunc, [a], out=b)
+
+    def test_ufunc_at_manual(self):
+        def check(ufunc, a, ind, b=None):
+            a0 = a.copy()
+            if b is None:
+                ufunc.at(a0, ind.copy())
+                c1 = a0.copy()
+                ufunc.at(a, ind)
+                c2 = a.copy()
+            else:
+                ufunc.at(a0, ind.copy(), b.copy())
+                c1 = a0.copy()
+                ufunc.at(a, ind, b)
+                c2 = a.copy()
+            assert_array_equal(c1, c2)
+
+        # Overlap with index
+        a = np.arange(10000, dtype=np.int16)
+        check(np.invert, a[::-1], a)
+
+        # Overlap with second data array
+        a = np.arange(100, dtype=np.int16)
+        ind = np.arange(0, 100, 2, dtype=np.int16)
+        check(np.add, a, ind, a[25:75])
+
+    def test_unary_ufunc_1d_manual(self):
+        # Exercise ufunc fast-paths (that avoid creation of an `np.nditer`)
+
+        def check(a, b):
+            a_orig = a.copy()
+            b_orig = b.copy()
+
+            b0 = b.copy()
+            c1 = ufunc(a, out=b0)
+            c2 = ufunc(a, out=b)
+            assert_array_equal(c1, c2)
+
+            # Trigger "fancy ufunc loop" code path
+            mask = view_element_first_byte(b).view(np.bool_)
+
+            a[...] = a_orig
+            b[...] = b_orig
+            c1 = ufunc(a, out=b.copy(), where=mask.copy()).copy()
+
+            a[...] = a_orig
+            b[...] = b_orig
+            c2 = ufunc(a, out=b, where=mask.copy()).copy()
+
+            # Also, mask overlapping with output
+            a[...] = a_orig
+            b[...] = b_orig
+            c3 = ufunc(a, out=b, where=mask).copy()
+
+            assert_array_equal(c1, c2)
+            assert_array_equal(c1, c3)
+
+        dtypes = [np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64, np.float32,
+                  np.float64, np.complex64, np.complex128]
+        dtypes = [np.dtype(x) for x in dtypes]
+
+        for dtype in dtypes:
+            if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer):
+                ufunc = np.invert
+            else:
+                ufunc = np.reciprocal
+
+            n = 1000
+            k = 10
+            indices = [
+                np.index_exp[:n],
+                np.index_exp[k:k+n],
+                np.index_exp[n-1::-1],
+                np.index_exp[k+n-1:k-1:-1],
+                np.index_exp[:2*n:2],
+                np.index_exp[k:k+2*n:2],
+                np.index_exp[2*n-1::-2],
+                np.index_exp[k+2*n-1:k-1:-2],
+            ]
+
+            for xi, yi in itertools.product(indices, indices):
+                v = np.arange(1, 1 + n*2 + k, dtype=dtype)
+                x = v[xi]
+                y = v[yi]
+
+                with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+                    check(x, y)
+
+                    # Scalar cases
+                    check(x[:1], y)
+                    check(x[-1:], y)
+                    check(x[:1].reshape([]), y)
+                    check(x[-1:].reshape([]), y)
+
+    def test_unary_ufunc_where_same(self):
+        # Check behavior at wheremask overlap
+        ufunc = np.invert
+
+        def check(a, out, mask):
+            c1 = ufunc(a, out=out.copy(), where=mask.copy())
+            c2 = ufunc(a, out=out, where=mask)
+            assert_array_equal(c1, c2)
+
+        # Check behavior with same input and output arrays
+        x = np.arange(100).astype(np.bool_)
+        check(x, x, x)
+        check(x, x.copy(), x)
+        check(x, x, x.copy())
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    def test_binary_ufunc_1d_manual(self):
+        ufunc = np.add
+
+        def check(a, b, c):
+            c0 = c.copy()
+            c1 = ufunc(a, b, out=c0)
+            c2 = ufunc(a, b, out=c)
+            assert_array_equal(c1, c2)
+
+        for dtype in [np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64,
+                      np.float32, np.float64, np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+            # Check different data dependency orders
+
+            n = 1000
+            k = 10
+
+            indices = []
+            for p in [1, 2]:
+                indices.extend([
+                    np.index_exp[:p*n:p],
+                    np.index_exp[k:k+p*n:p],
+                    np.index_exp[p*n-1::-p],
+                    np.index_exp[k+p*n-1:k-1:-p],
+                ])
+
+            for x, y, z in itertools.product(indices, indices, indices):
+                v = np.arange(6*n).astype(dtype)
+                x = v[x]
+                y = v[y]
+                z = v[z]
+
+                check(x, y, z)
+
+                # Scalar cases
+                check(x[:1], y, z)
+                check(x[-1:], y, z)
+                check(x[:1].reshape([]), y, z)
+                check(x[-1:].reshape([]), y, z)
+                check(x, y[:1], z)
+                check(x, y[-1:], z)
+                check(x, y[:1].reshape([]), z)
+                check(x, y[-1:].reshape([]), z)
+
+    def test_inplace_op_simple_manual(self):
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+        x = rng.rand(200, 200)  # bigger than bufsize
+
+        x += x.T
+        assert_array_equal(x - x.T, 0)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_policy.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_policy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a381fa1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_mem_policy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+import asyncio
+import gc
+import os
+import pytest
+import numpy as np
+import threading
+import warnings
+from numpy.testing import extbuild, assert_warns, IS_WASM
+import sys
+
+
+# FIXME: numpy.testing.extbuild uses `numpy.distutils`, so this won't work on
+# Python 3.12 and up. It's an internal test utility, so for now we just skip
+# these tests.
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def get_module(tmp_path):
+    """ Add a memory policy that returns a false pointer 64 bytes into the
+    actual allocation, and fill the prefix with some text. Then check at each
+    memory manipulation that the prefix exists, to make sure all alloc/realloc/
+    free/calloc go via the functions here.
+    """
+    if sys.platform.startswith('cygwin'):
+        pytest.skip('link fails on cygwin')
+    if IS_WASM:
+        pytest.skip("Can't build module inside Wasm")
+    functions = [
+        ("get_default_policy", "METH_NOARGS", """
+             Py_INCREF(PyDataMem_DefaultHandler);
+             return PyDataMem_DefaultHandler;
+         """),
+        ("set_secret_data_policy", "METH_NOARGS", """
+             PyObject *secret_data =
+                 PyCapsule_New(&secret_data_handler, "mem_handler", NULL);
+             if (secret_data == NULL) {
+                 return NULL;
+             }
+             PyObject *old = PyDataMem_SetHandler(secret_data);
+             Py_DECREF(secret_data);
+             return old;
+         """),
+        ("set_old_policy", "METH_O", """
+             PyObject *old;
+             if (args != NULL && PyCapsule_CheckExact(args)) {
+                 old = PyDataMem_SetHandler(args);
+             }
+             else {
+                 old = PyDataMem_SetHandler(NULL);
+             }
+             return old;
+         """),
+        ("get_array", "METH_NOARGS", """
+            char *buf = (char *)malloc(20);
+            npy_intp dims[1];
+            dims[0] = 20;
+            PyArray_Descr *descr =  PyArray_DescrNewFromType(NPY_UINT8);
+            return PyArray_NewFromDescr(&PyArray_Type, descr, 1, dims, NULL,
+                                        buf, NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE, NULL);
+         """),
+        ("set_own", "METH_O", """
+            if (!PyArray_Check(args)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                             "need an ndarray");
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            PyArray_ENABLEFLAGS((PyArrayObject*)args, NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA);
+            // Maybe try this too?
+            // PyArray_BASE(PyArrayObject *)args) = NULL;
+            Py_RETURN_NONE;
+         """),
+        ("get_array_with_base", "METH_NOARGS", """
+            char *buf = (char *)malloc(20);
+            npy_intp dims[1];
+            dims[0] = 20;
+            PyArray_Descr *descr =  PyArray_DescrNewFromType(NPY_UINT8);
+            PyObject *arr = PyArray_NewFromDescr(&PyArray_Type, descr, 1, dims,
+                                                 NULL, buf,
+                                                 NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE, NULL);
+            if (arr == NULL) return NULL;
+            PyObject *obj = PyCapsule_New(buf, "buf capsule",
+                                          (PyCapsule_Destructor)&warn_on_free);
+            if (obj == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(arr);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            if (PyArray_SetBaseObject((PyArrayObject *)arr, obj) < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(arr);
+                Py_DECREF(obj);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            return arr;
+
+         """),
+    ]
+    prologue = '''
+        #define NPY_TARGET_VERSION NPY_1_22_API_VERSION
+        #define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+        #include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+        /*
+         * This struct allows the dynamic configuration of the allocator funcs
+         * of the `secret_data_allocator`. It is provided here for
+         * demonstration purposes, as a valid `ctx` use-case scenario.
+         */
+        typedef struct {
+            void *(*malloc)(size_t);
+            void *(*calloc)(size_t, size_t);
+            void *(*realloc)(void *, size_t);
+            void (*free)(void *);
+        } SecretDataAllocatorFuncs;
+
+        NPY_NO_EXPORT void *
+        shift_alloc(void *ctx, size_t sz) {
+            SecretDataAllocatorFuncs *funcs = (SecretDataAllocatorFuncs *)ctx;
+            char *real = (char *)funcs->malloc(sz + 64);
+            if (real == NULL) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            snprintf(real, 64, "originally allocated %ld", (unsigned long)sz);
+            return (void *)(real + 64);
+        }
+        NPY_NO_EXPORT void *
+        shift_zero(void *ctx, size_t sz, size_t cnt) {
+            SecretDataAllocatorFuncs *funcs = (SecretDataAllocatorFuncs *)ctx;
+            char *real = (char *)funcs->calloc(sz + 64, cnt);
+            if (real == NULL) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            snprintf(real, 64, "originally allocated %ld via zero",
+                     (unsigned long)sz);
+            return (void *)(real + 64);
+        }
+        NPY_NO_EXPORT void
+        shift_free(void *ctx, void * p, npy_uintp sz) {
+            SecretDataAllocatorFuncs *funcs = (SecretDataAllocatorFuncs *)ctx;
+            if (p == NULL) {
+                return ;
+            }
+            char *real = (char *)p - 64;
+            if (strncmp(real, "originally allocated", 20) != 0) {
+                fprintf(stdout, "uh-oh, unmatched shift_free, "
+                        "no appropriate prefix\\n");
+                /* Make C runtime crash by calling free on the wrong address */
+                funcs->free((char *)p + 10);
+                /* funcs->free(real); */
+            }
+            else {
+                npy_uintp i = (npy_uintp)atoi(real +20);
+                if (i != sz) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "uh-oh, unmatched shift_free"
+                            "(ptr, %ld) but allocated %ld\\n", sz, i);
+                    /* This happens in some places, only print */
+                    funcs->free(real);
+                }
+                else {
+                    funcs->free(real);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        NPY_NO_EXPORT void *
+        shift_realloc(void *ctx, void * p, npy_uintp sz) {
+            SecretDataAllocatorFuncs *funcs = (SecretDataAllocatorFuncs *)ctx;
+            if (p != NULL) {
+                char *real = (char *)p - 64;
+                if (strncmp(real, "originally allocated", 20) != 0) {
+                    fprintf(stdout, "uh-oh, unmatched shift_realloc\\n");
+                    return realloc(p, sz);
+                }
+                return (void *)((char *)funcs->realloc(real, sz + 64) + 64);
+            }
+            else {
+                char *real = (char *)funcs->realloc(p, sz + 64);
+                if (real == NULL) {
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                snprintf(real, 64, "originally allocated "
+                         "%ld  via realloc", (unsigned long)sz);
+                return (void *)(real + 64);
+            }
+        }
+        /* As an example, we use the standard {m|c|re}alloc/free funcs. */
+        static SecretDataAllocatorFuncs secret_data_handler_ctx = {
+            malloc,
+            calloc,
+            realloc,
+            free
+        };
+        static PyDataMem_Handler secret_data_handler = {
+            "secret_data_allocator",
+            1,
+            {
+                &secret_data_handler_ctx, /* ctx */
+                shift_alloc,              /* malloc */
+                shift_zero,               /* calloc */
+                shift_realloc,            /* realloc */
+                shift_free                /* free */
+            }
+        };
+        void warn_on_free(void *capsule) {
+            PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_UserWarning, "in warn_on_free", 1);
+            void * obj = PyCapsule_GetPointer(capsule,
+                                              PyCapsule_GetName(capsule));
+            free(obj);
+        };
+        '''
+    more_init = "import_array();"
+    try:
+        import mem_policy
+        return mem_policy
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    # if it does not exist, build and load it
+    return extbuild.build_and_import_extension('mem_policy',
+                                               functions,
+                                               prologue=prologue,
+                                               include_dirs=[np.get_include()],
+                                               build_dir=tmp_path,
+                                               more_init=more_init)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info >= (3, 12), reason="no numpy.distutils")
+def test_set_policy(get_module):
+
+    get_handler_name = np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name
+    get_handler_version = np.core.multiarray.get_handler_version
+    orig_policy_name = get_handler_name()
+
+    a = np.arange(10).reshape((2, 5))  # a doesn't own its own data
+    assert get_handler_name(a) is None
+    assert get_handler_version(a) is None
+    assert get_handler_name(a.base) == orig_policy_name
+    assert get_handler_version(a.base) == 1
+
+    orig_policy = get_module.set_secret_data_policy()
+
+    b = np.arange(10).reshape((2, 5))  # b doesn't own its own data
+    assert get_handler_name(b) is None
+    assert get_handler_version(b) is None
+    assert get_handler_name(b.base) == 'secret_data_allocator'
+    assert get_handler_version(b.base) == 1
+
+    if orig_policy_name == 'default_allocator':
+        get_module.set_old_policy(None)  # tests PyDataMem_SetHandler(NULL)
+        assert get_handler_name() == 'default_allocator'
+    else:
+        get_module.set_old_policy(orig_policy)
+        assert get_handler_name() == orig_policy_name
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info >= (3, 12), reason="no numpy.distutils")
+def test_default_policy_singleton(get_module):
+    get_handler_name = np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name
+
+    # set the policy to default
+    orig_policy = get_module.set_old_policy(None)
+
+    assert get_handler_name() == 'default_allocator'
+
+    # re-set the policy to default
+    def_policy_1 = get_module.set_old_policy(None)
+
+    assert get_handler_name() == 'default_allocator'
+
+    # set the policy to original
+    def_policy_2 = get_module.set_old_policy(orig_policy)
+
+    # since default policy is a singleton,
+    # these should be the same object
+    assert def_policy_1 is def_policy_2 is get_module.get_default_policy()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info >= (3, 12), reason="no numpy.distutils")
+def test_policy_propagation(get_module):
+    # The memory policy goes hand-in-hand with flags.owndata
+
+    class MyArr(np.ndarray):
+        pass
+
+    get_handler_name = np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name
+    orig_policy_name = get_handler_name()
+    a = np.arange(10).view(MyArr).reshape((2, 5))
+    assert get_handler_name(a) is None
+    assert a.flags.owndata is False
+
+    assert get_handler_name(a.base) is None
+    assert a.base.flags.owndata is False
+
+    assert get_handler_name(a.base.base) == orig_policy_name
+    assert a.base.base.flags.owndata is True
+
+
+async def concurrent_context1(get_module, orig_policy_name, event):
+    if orig_policy_name == 'default_allocator':
+        get_module.set_secret_data_policy()
+        assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == 'secret_data_allocator'
+    else:
+        get_module.set_old_policy(None)
+        assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == 'default_allocator'
+    event.set()
+
+
+async def concurrent_context2(get_module, orig_policy_name, event):
+    await event.wait()
+    # the policy is not affected by changes in parallel contexts
+    assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == orig_policy_name
+    # change policy in the child context
+    if orig_policy_name == 'default_allocator':
+        get_module.set_secret_data_policy()
+        assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == 'secret_data_allocator'
+    else:
+        get_module.set_old_policy(None)
+        assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == 'default_allocator'
+
+
+async def async_test_context_locality(get_module):
+    orig_policy_name = np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name()
+
+    event = asyncio.Event()
+    # the child contexts inherit the parent policy
+    concurrent_task1 = asyncio.create_task(
+        concurrent_context1(get_module, orig_policy_name, event))
+    concurrent_task2 = asyncio.create_task(
+        concurrent_context2(get_module, orig_policy_name, event))
+    await concurrent_task1
+    await concurrent_task2
+
+    # the parent context is not affected by child policy changes
+    assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == orig_policy_name
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info >= (3, 12), reason="no numpy.distutils")
+def test_context_locality(get_module):
+    if (sys.implementation.name == 'pypy'
+            and sys.pypy_version_info[:3] < (7, 3, 6)):
+        pytest.skip('no context-locality support in PyPy < 7.3.6')
+    asyncio.run(async_test_context_locality(get_module))
+
+
+def concurrent_thread1(get_module, event):
+    get_module.set_secret_data_policy()
+    assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == 'secret_data_allocator'
+    event.set()
+
+
+def concurrent_thread2(get_module, event):
+    event.wait()
+    # the policy is not affected by changes in parallel threads
+    assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == 'default_allocator'
+    # change policy in the child thread
+    get_module.set_secret_data_policy()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info >= (3, 12), reason="no numpy.distutils")
+def test_thread_locality(get_module):
+    orig_policy_name = np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name()
+
+    event = threading.Event()
+    # the child threads do not inherit the parent policy
+    concurrent_task1 = threading.Thread(target=concurrent_thread1,
+                                        args=(get_module, event))
+    concurrent_task2 = threading.Thread(target=concurrent_thread2,
+                                        args=(get_module, event))
+    concurrent_task1.start()
+    concurrent_task2.start()
+    concurrent_task1.join()
+    concurrent_task2.join()
+
+    # the parent thread is not affected by child policy changes
+    assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name() == orig_policy_name
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info >= (3, 12), reason="no numpy.distutils")
+@pytest.mark.skip(reason="too slow, see gh-23975")
+def test_new_policy(get_module):
+    a = np.arange(10)
+    orig_policy_name = np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name(a)
+
+    orig_policy = get_module.set_secret_data_policy()
+
+    b = np.arange(10)
+    assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name(b) == 'secret_data_allocator'
+
+    # test array manipulation. This is slow
+    if orig_policy_name == 'default_allocator':
+        # when the np.core.test tests recurse into this test, the
+        # policy will be set so this "if" will be false, preventing
+        # infinite recursion
+        #
+        # if needed, debug this by
+        # - running tests with -- -s (to not capture stdout/stderr
+        # - setting verbose=2
+        # - setting extra_argv=['-vv'] here
+        assert np.core.test('full', verbose=1, extra_argv=[])
+        # also try the ma tests, the pickling test is quite tricky
+        assert np.ma.test('full', verbose=1, extra_argv=[])
+
+    get_module.set_old_policy(orig_policy)
+
+    c = np.arange(10)
+    assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name(c) == orig_policy_name
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info >= (3, 12), reason="no numpy.distutils")
+@pytest.mark.xfail(sys.implementation.name == "pypy",
+                   reason=("bad interaction between getenv and "
+                           "os.environ inside pytest"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("policy", ["0", "1", None])
+def test_switch_owner(get_module, policy):
+    a = get_module.get_array()
+    assert np.core.multiarray.get_handler_name(a) is None
+    get_module.set_own(a)
+
+    if policy is None:
+        # See what we expect to be set based on the env variable
+        policy = os.getenv("NUMPY_WARN_IF_NO_MEM_POLICY", "0") == "1"
+        oldval = None
+    else:
+        policy = policy == "1"
+        oldval = np.core._multiarray_umath._set_numpy_warn_if_no_mem_policy(
+            policy)
+    try:
+        # The policy should be NULL, so we have to assume we can call
+        # "free".  A warning is given if the policy == "1"
+        if policy:
+            with assert_warns(RuntimeWarning) as w:
+                del a
+                gc.collect()
+        else:
+            del a
+            gc.collect()
+
+    finally:
+        if oldval is not None:
+            np.core._multiarray_umath._set_numpy_warn_if_no_mem_policy(oldval)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info >= (3, 12), reason="no numpy.distutils")
+def test_owner_is_base(get_module):
+    a = get_module.get_array_with_base()
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match='warn_on_free'):
+        del a
+        gc.collect()
+        gc.collect()
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_memmap.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_memmap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad074b31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_memmap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+import sys
+import os
+import mmap
+import pytest
+from pathlib import Path
+from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile, TemporaryFile
+
+from numpy import (
+    memmap, sum, average, prod, ndarray, isscalar, add, subtract, multiply)
+
+from numpy import arange, allclose, asarray
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_array_equal, suppress_warnings, IS_PYPY,
+    break_cycles
+    )
+
+class TestMemmap:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.tmpfp = NamedTemporaryFile(prefix='mmap')
+        self.shape = (3, 4)
+        self.dtype = 'float32'
+        self.data = arange(12, dtype=self.dtype)
+        self.data.resize(self.shape)
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        self.tmpfp.close()
+        self.data = None
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            break_cycles()
+            break_cycles()
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self):
+        # Write data to file
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, mode='w+',
+                    shape=self.shape)
+        fp[:] = self.data[:]
+        del fp  # Test __del__ machinery, which handles cleanup
+
+        # Read data back from file
+        newfp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, mode='r',
+                       shape=self.shape)
+        assert_(allclose(self.data, newfp))
+        assert_array_equal(self.data, newfp)
+        assert_equal(newfp.flags.writeable, False)
+
+    def test_open_with_filename(self, tmp_path):
+        tmpname = tmp_path / 'mmap'
+        fp = memmap(tmpname, dtype=self.dtype, mode='w+',
+                       shape=self.shape)
+        fp[:] = self.data[:]
+        del fp
+
+    def test_unnamed_file(self):
+        with TemporaryFile() as f:
+            fp = memmap(f, dtype=self.dtype, shape=self.shape)
+            del fp
+
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        offset = 1
+        mode = "w+"
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, mode=mode,
+                    shape=self.shape, offset=offset)
+        assert_equal(offset, fp.offset)
+        assert_equal(mode, fp.mode)
+        del fp
+
+    def test_filename(self, tmp_path):
+        tmpname = tmp_path / "mmap"
+        fp = memmap(tmpname, dtype=self.dtype, mode='w+',
+                       shape=self.shape)
+        abspath = Path(os.path.abspath(tmpname))
+        fp[:] = self.data[:]
+        assert_equal(abspath, fp.filename)
+        b = fp[:1]
+        assert_equal(abspath, b.filename)
+        del b
+        del fp
+
+    def test_path(self, tmp_path):
+        tmpname = tmp_path / "mmap"
+        fp = memmap(Path(tmpname), dtype=self.dtype, mode='w+',
+                       shape=self.shape)
+        # os.path.realpath does not resolve symlinks on Windows
+        # see: https://bugs.python.org/issue9949
+        # use Path.resolve, just as memmap class does internally
+        abspath = str(Path(tmpname).resolve())
+        fp[:] = self.data[:]
+        assert_equal(abspath, str(fp.filename.resolve()))
+        b = fp[:1]
+        assert_equal(abspath, str(b.filename.resolve()))
+        del b
+        del fp
+
+    def test_filename_fileobj(self):
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, mode="w+",
+                    shape=self.shape)
+        assert_equal(fp.filename, self.tmpfp.name)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == 'gnu0',
+                        reason="Known to fail on hurd")
+    def test_flush(self):
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, mode='w+',
+                    shape=self.shape)
+        fp[:] = self.data[:]
+        assert_equal(fp[0], self.data[0])
+        fp.flush()
+
+    def test_del(self):
+        # Make sure a view does not delete the underlying mmap
+        fp_base = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, mode='w+',
+                    shape=self.shape)
+        fp_base[0] = 5
+        fp_view = fp_base[0:1]
+        assert_equal(fp_view[0], 5)
+        del fp_view
+        # Should still be able to access and assign values after
+        # deleting the view
+        assert_equal(fp_base[0], 5)
+        fp_base[0] = 6
+        assert_equal(fp_base[0], 6)
+
+    def test_arithmetic_drops_references(self):
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, mode='w+',
+                    shape=self.shape)
+        tmp = (fp + 10)
+        if isinstance(tmp, memmap):
+            assert_(tmp._mmap is not fp._mmap)
+
+    def test_indexing_drops_references(self):
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, mode='w+',
+                    shape=self.shape)
+        tmp = fp[(1, 2), (2, 3)]
+        if isinstance(tmp, memmap):
+            assert_(tmp._mmap is not fp._mmap)
+
+    def test_slicing_keeps_references(self):
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, mode='w+',
+                    shape=self.shape)
+        assert_(fp[:2, :2]._mmap is fp._mmap)
+
+    def test_view(self):
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, shape=self.shape)
+        new1 = fp.view()
+        new2 = new1.view()
+        assert_(new1.base is fp)
+        assert_(new2.base is fp)
+        new_array = asarray(fp)
+        assert_(new_array.base is fp)
+
+    def test_ufunc_return_ndarray(self):
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, shape=self.shape)
+        fp[:] = self.data
+
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(FutureWarning, "np.average currently does not preserve")
+            for unary_op in [sum, average, prod]:
+                result = unary_op(fp)
+                assert_(isscalar(result))
+                assert_(result.__class__ is self.data[0, 0].__class__)
+
+                assert_(unary_op(fp, axis=0).__class__ is ndarray)
+                assert_(unary_op(fp, axis=1).__class__ is ndarray)
+
+        for binary_op in [add, subtract, multiply]:
+            assert_(binary_op(fp, self.data).__class__ is ndarray)
+            assert_(binary_op(self.data, fp).__class__ is ndarray)
+            assert_(binary_op(fp, fp).__class__ is ndarray)
+
+        fp += 1
+        assert(fp.__class__ is memmap)
+        add(fp, 1, out=fp)
+        assert(fp.__class__ is memmap)
+
+    def test_getitem(self):
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, shape=self.shape)
+        fp[:] = self.data
+
+        assert_(fp[1:, :-1].__class__ is memmap)
+        # Fancy indexing returns a copy that is not memmapped
+        assert_(fp[[0, 1]].__class__ is ndarray)
+
+    def test_memmap_subclass(self):
+        class MemmapSubClass(memmap):
+            pass
+
+        fp = MemmapSubClass(self.tmpfp, dtype=self.dtype, shape=self.shape)
+        fp[:] = self.data
+
+        # We keep previous behavior for subclasses of memmap, i.e. the
+        # ufunc and __getitem__ output is never turned into a ndarray
+        assert_(sum(fp, axis=0).__class__ is MemmapSubClass)
+        assert_(sum(fp).__class__ is MemmapSubClass)
+        assert_(fp[1:, :-1].__class__ is MemmapSubClass)
+        assert(fp[[0, 1]].__class__ is MemmapSubClass)
+
+    def test_mmap_offset_greater_than_allocation_granularity(self):
+        size = 5 * mmap.ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY
+        offset = mmap.ALLOCATIONGRANULARITY + 1
+        fp = memmap(self.tmpfp, shape=size, mode='w+', offset=offset)
+        assert_(fp.offset == offset)
+
+    def test_no_shape(self):
+        self.tmpfp.write(b'a'*16)
+        mm = memmap(self.tmpfp, dtype='float64')
+        assert_equal(mm.shape, (2,))
+
+    def test_empty_array(self):
+        # gh-12653
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='empty file'):
+            memmap(self.tmpfp, shape=(0,4), mode='w+')
+
+        self.tmpfp.write(b'\0')
+
+        # ok now the file is not empty
+        memmap(self.tmpfp, shape=(0,4), mode='w+')
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_multiarray.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_multiarray.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ace40049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_multiarray.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10054 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc
+import tempfile
+import sys
+import warnings
+import operator
+import io
+import itertools
+import functools
+import ctypes
+import os
+import gc
+import re
+import weakref
+import pytest
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+from numpy.compat import pickle
+
+import pathlib
+import builtins
+from decimal import Decimal
+import mmap
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.core._multiarray_tests as _multiarray_tests
+from numpy.core._rational_tests import rational
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_raises, assert_warns, assert_equal, assert_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal, assert_raises_regex, assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_allclose, IS_PYPY, IS_PYSTON, HAS_REFCOUNT, assert_array_less,
+    runstring, temppath, suppress_warnings, break_cycles, _SUPPORTS_SVE,
+    )
+from numpy.testing._private.utils import requires_memory, _no_tracing
+from numpy.core.tests._locales import CommaDecimalPointLocale
+from numpy.lib.recfunctions import repack_fields
+from numpy.core.multiarray import _get_ndarray_c_version
+
+# Need to test an object that does not fully implement math interface
+from datetime import timedelta, datetime
+
+
+def assert_arg_sorted(arr, arg):
+    # resulting array should be sorted and arg values should be unique
+    assert_equal(arr[arg], np.sort(arr))
+    assert_equal(np.sort(arg), np.arange(len(arg)))
+
+
+def _aligned_zeros(shape, dtype=float, order="C", align=None):
+    """
+    Allocate a new ndarray with aligned memory.
+
+    The ndarray is guaranteed *not* aligned to twice the requested alignment.
+    Eg, if align=4, guarantees it is not aligned to 8. If align=None uses
+    dtype.alignment."""
+    dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+    if dtype == np.dtype(object):
+        # Can't do this, fall back to standard allocation (which
+        # should always be sufficiently aligned)
+        if align is not None:
+            raise ValueError("object array alignment not supported")
+        return np.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype, order=order)
+    if align is None:
+        align = dtype.alignment
+    if not hasattr(shape, '__len__'):
+        shape = (shape,)
+    size = functools.reduce(operator.mul, shape) * dtype.itemsize
+    buf = np.empty(size + 2*align + 1, np.uint8)
+
+    ptr = buf.__array_interface__['data'][0]
+    offset = ptr % align
+    if offset != 0:
+        offset = align - offset
+    if (ptr % (2*align)) == 0:
+        offset += align
+
+    # Note: slices producing 0-size arrays do not necessarily change
+    # data pointer --- so we use and allocate size+1
+    buf = buf[offset:offset+size+1][:-1]
+    buf.fill(0)
+    data = np.ndarray(shape, dtype, buf, order=order)
+    return data
+
+
+class TestFlags:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.a = np.arange(10)
+
+    def test_writeable(self):
+        mydict = locals()
+        self.a.flags.writeable = False
+        assert_raises(ValueError, runstring, 'self.a[0] = 3', mydict)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, runstring, 'self.a[0:1].itemset(3)', mydict)
+        self.a.flags.writeable = True
+        self.a[0] = 5
+        self.a[0] = 0
+
+    def test_writeable_any_base(self):
+        # Ensure that any base being writeable is sufficient to change flag;
+        # this is especially interesting for arrays from an array interface.
+        arr = np.arange(10)
+
+        class subclass(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        # Create subclass so base will not be collapsed, this is OK to change
+        view1 = arr.view(subclass)
+        view2 = view1[...]
+        arr.flags.writeable = False
+        view2.flags.writeable = False
+        view2.flags.writeable = True  # Can be set to True again.
+
+        arr = np.arange(10)
+
+        class frominterface:
+            def __init__(self, arr):
+                self.arr = arr
+                self.__array_interface__ = arr.__array_interface__
+
+        view1 = np.asarray(frominterface)
+        view2 = view1[...]
+        view2.flags.writeable = False
+        view2.flags.writeable = True
+
+        view1.flags.writeable = False
+        view2.flags.writeable = False
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            # Must assume not writeable, since only base is not:
+            view2.flags.writeable = True
+
+    def test_writeable_from_readonly(self):
+        # gh-9440 - make sure fromstring, from buffer on readonly buffers
+        # set writeable False
+        data = b'\x00' * 100
+        vals = np.frombuffer(data, 'B')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, vals.setflags, write=True)
+        types = np.dtype( [('vals', 'u1'), ('res3', 'S4')] )
+        values = np.core.records.fromstring(data, types)
+        vals = values['vals']
+        assert_raises(ValueError, vals.setflags, write=True)
+
+    def test_writeable_from_buffer(self):
+        data = bytearray(b'\x00' * 100)
+        vals = np.frombuffer(data, 'B')
+        assert_(vals.flags.writeable)
+        vals.setflags(write=False)
+        assert_(vals.flags.writeable is False)
+        vals.setflags(write=True)
+        assert_(vals.flags.writeable)
+        types = np.dtype( [('vals', 'u1'), ('res3', 'S4')] )
+        values = np.core.records.fromstring(data, types)
+        vals = values['vals']
+        assert_(vals.flags.writeable)
+        vals.setflags(write=False)
+        assert_(vals.flags.writeable is False)
+        vals.setflags(write=True)
+        assert_(vals.flags.writeable)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY, reason="PyPy always copies")
+    def test_writeable_pickle(self):
+        import pickle
+        # Small arrays will be copied without setting base.
+        # See condition for using PyArray_SetBaseObject in
+        # array_setstate.
+        a = np.arange(1000)
+        for v in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL):
+            vals = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a, v))
+            assert_(vals.flags.writeable)
+            assert_(isinstance(vals.base, bytes))
+
+    def test_writeable_from_c_data(self):
+        # Test that the writeable flag can be changed for an array wrapping
+        # low level C-data, but not owning its data.
+        # Also see that this is deprecated to change from python.
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import get_c_wrapping_array
+
+        arr_writeable = get_c_wrapping_array(True)
+        assert not arr_writeable.flags.owndata
+        assert arr_writeable.flags.writeable
+        view = arr_writeable[...]
+
+        # Toggling the writeable flag works on the view:
+        view.flags.writeable = False
+        assert not view.flags.writeable
+        view.flags.writeable = True
+        assert view.flags.writeable
+        # Flag can be unset on the arr_writeable:
+        arr_writeable.flags.writeable = False
+
+        arr_readonly = get_c_wrapping_array(False)
+        assert not arr_readonly.flags.owndata
+        assert not arr_readonly.flags.writeable
+
+        for arr in [arr_writeable, arr_readonly]:
+            view = arr[...]
+            view.flags.writeable = False  # make sure it is readonly
+            arr.flags.writeable = False
+            assert not arr.flags.writeable
+
+            with assert_raises(ValueError):
+                view.flags.writeable = True
+
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
+                with assert_raises(DeprecationWarning):
+                    arr.flags.writeable = True
+
+            with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                arr.flags.writeable = True
+
+    def test_warnonwrite(self):
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        a.flags._warn_on_write = True
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.filterwarnings('always')
+            a[1] = 10
+            a[2] = 10
+            # only warn once
+            assert_(len(w) == 1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["flag", "flag_value", "writeable"],
+            [("writeable", True, True),
+             # Delete _warn_on_write after deprecation and simplify
+             # the parameterization:
+             ("_warn_on_write", True, False),
+             ("writeable", False, False)])
+    def test_readonly_flag_protocols(self, flag, flag_value, writeable):
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        setattr(a.flags, flag, flag_value)
+
+        class MyArr():
+            __array_struct__ = a.__array_struct__
+
+        assert memoryview(a).readonly is not writeable
+        assert a.__array_interface__['data'][1] is not writeable
+        assert np.asarray(MyArr()).flags.writeable is writeable
+
+    def test_otherflags(self):
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags.carray, True)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags['C'], True)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags.farray, False)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags.behaved, True)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags.fnc, False)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags.forc, True)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags.owndata, True)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags.writeable, True)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags.aligned, True)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags.writebackifcopy, False)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags['X'], False)
+        assert_equal(self.a.flags['WRITEBACKIFCOPY'], False)
+
+    def test_string_align(self):
+        a = np.zeros(4, dtype=np.dtype('|S4'))
+        assert_(a.flags.aligned)
+        # not power of two are accessed byte-wise and thus considered aligned
+        a = np.zeros(5, dtype=np.dtype('|S4'))
+        assert_(a.flags.aligned)
+
+    def test_void_align(self):
+        a = np.zeros(4, dtype=np.dtype([("a", "i4"), ("b", "i4")]))
+        assert_(a.flags.aligned)
+
+
+class TestHash:
+    # see #3793
+    def test_int(self):
+        for st, ut, s in [(np.int8, np.uint8, 8),
+                          (np.int16, np.uint16, 16),
+                          (np.int32, np.uint32, 32),
+                          (np.int64, np.uint64, 64)]:
+            for i in range(1, s):
+                assert_equal(hash(st(-2**i)), hash(-2**i),
+                             err_msg="%r: -2**%d" % (st, i))
+                assert_equal(hash(st(2**(i - 1))), hash(2**(i - 1)),
+                             err_msg="%r: 2**%d" % (st, i - 1))
+                assert_equal(hash(st(2**i - 1)), hash(2**i - 1),
+                             err_msg="%r: 2**%d - 1" % (st, i))
+
+                i = max(i - 1, 1)
+                assert_equal(hash(ut(2**(i - 1))), hash(2**(i - 1)),
+                             err_msg="%r: 2**%d" % (ut, i - 1))
+                assert_equal(hash(ut(2**i - 1)), hash(2**i - 1),
+                             err_msg="%r: 2**%d - 1" % (ut, i))
+
+
+class TestAttributes:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.one = np.arange(10)
+        self.two = np.arange(20).reshape(4, 5)
+        self.three = np.arange(60, dtype=np.float64).reshape(2, 5, 6)
+
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        assert_equal(self.one.shape, (10,))
+        assert_equal(self.two.shape, (4, 5))
+        assert_equal(self.three.shape, (2, 5, 6))
+        self.three.shape = (10, 3, 2)
+        assert_equal(self.three.shape, (10, 3, 2))
+        self.three.shape = (2, 5, 6)
+        assert_equal(self.one.strides, (self.one.itemsize,))
+        num = self.two.itemsize
+        assert_equal(self.two.strides, (5*num, num))
+        num = self.three.itemsize
+        assert_equal(self.three.strides, (30*num, 6*num, num))
+        assert_equal(self.one.ndim, 1)
+        assert_equal(self.two.ndim, 2)
+        assert_equal(self.three.ndim, 3)
+        num = self.two.itemsize
+        assert_equal(self.two.size, 20)
+        assert_equal(self.two.nbytes, 20*num)
+        assert_equal(self.two.itemsize, self.two.dtype.itemsize)
+        assert_equal(self.two.base, np.arange(20))
+
+    def test_dtypeattr(self):
+        assert_equal(self.one.dtype, np.dtype(np.int_))
+        assert_equal(self.three.dtype, np.dtype(np.float_))
+        assert_equal(self.one.dtype.char, 'l')
+        assert_equal(self.three.dtype.char, 'd')
+        assert_(self.three.dtype.str[0] in '<>')
+        assert_equal(self.one.dtype.str[1], 'i')
+        assert_equal(self.three.dtype.str[1], 'f')
+
+    def test_int_subclassing(self):
+        # Regression test for https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/3526
+
+        numpy_int = np.int_(0)
+
+        # int_ doesn't inherit from Python int, because it's not fixed-width
+        assert_(not isinstance(numpy_int, int))
+
+    def test_stridesattr(self):
+        x = self.one
+
+        def make_array(size, offset, strides):
+            return np.ndarray(size, buffer=x, dtype=int,
+                              offset=offset*x.itemsize,
+                              strides=strides*x.itemsize)
+
+        assert_equal(make_array(4, 4, -1), np.array([4, 3, 2, 1]))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, make_array, 4, 4, -2)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, make_array, 4, 2, -1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, make_array, 8, 3, 1)
+        assert_equal(make_array(8, 3, 0), np.array([3]*8))
+        # Check behavior reported in gh-2503:
+        assert_raises(ValueError, make_array, (2, 3), 5, np.array([-2, -3]))
+        make_array(0, 0, 10)
+
+    def test_set_stridesattr(self):
+        x = self.one
+
+        def make_array(size, offset, strides):
+            try:
+                r = np.ndarray([size], dtype=int, buffer=x,
+                               offset=offset*x.itemsize)
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise RuntimeError(e)
+            r.strides = strides = strides*x.itemsize
+            return r
+
+        assert_equal(make_array(4, 4, -1), np.array([4, 3, 2, 1]))
+        assert_equal(make_array(7, 3, 1), np.array([3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, make_array, 4, 4, -2)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, make_array, 4, 2, -1)
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, make_array, 8, 3, 1)
+        # Check that the true extent of the array is used.
+        # Test relies on as_strided base not exposing a buffer.
+        x = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(np.arange(1), (10, 10), (0, 0))
+
+        def set_strides(arr, strides):
+            arr.strides = strides
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, set_strides, x, (10*x.itemsize, x.itemsize))
+
+        # Test for offset calculations:
+        x = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(np.arange(10, dtype=np.int8)[-1],
+                                                    shape=(10,), strides=(-1,))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, set_strides, x[::-1], -1)
+        a = x[::-1]
+        a.strides = 1
+        a[::2].strides = 2
+
+        # test 0d
+        arr_0d = np.array(0)
+        arr_0d.strides = ()
+        assert_raises(TypeError, set_strides, arr_0d, None)
+
+    def test_fill(self):
+        for t in "?bhilqpBHILQPfdgFDGO":
+            x = np.empty((3, 2, 1), t)
+            y = np.empty((3, 2, 1), t)
+            x.fill(1)
+            y[...] = 1
+            assert_equal(x, y)
+
+    def test_fill_max_uint64(self):
+        x = np.empty((3, 2, 1), dtype=np.uint64)
+        y = np.empty((3, 2, 1), dtype=np.uint64)
+        value = 2**64 - 1
+        y[...] = value
+        x.fill(value)
+        assert_array_equal(x, y)
+
+    def test_fill_struct_array(self):
+        # Filling from a scalar
+        x = np.array([(0, 0.0), (1, 1.0)], dtype='i4,f8')
+        x.fill(x[0])
+        assert_equal(x['f1'][1], x['f1'][0])
+        # Filling from a tuple that can be converted
+        # to a scalar
+        x = np.zeros(2, dtype=[('a', 'f8'), ('b', 'i4')])
+        x.fill((3.5, -2))
+        assert_array_equal(x['a'], [3.5, 3.5])
+        assert_array_equal(x['b'], [-2, -2])
+
+    def test_fill_readonly(self):
+        # gh-22922
+        a = np.zeros(11)
+        a.setflags(write=False)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=".*read-only"):
+            a.fill(0)
+
+
+class TestArrayConstruction:
+    def test_array(self):
+        d = np.ones(6)
+        r = np.array([d, d])
+        assert_equal(r, np.ones((2, 6)))
+
+        d = np.ones(6)
+        tgt = np.ones((2, 6))
+        r = np.array([d, d])
+        assert_equal(r, tgt)
+        tgt[1] = 2
+        r = np.array([d, d + 1])
+        assert_equal(r, tgt)
+
+        d = np.ones(6)
+        r = np.array([[d, d]])
+        assert_equal(r, np.ones((1, 2, 6)))
+
+        d = np.ones(6)
+        r = np.array([[d, d], [d, d]])
+        assert_equal(r, np.ones((2, 2, 6)))
+
+        d = np.ones((6, 6))
+        r = np.array([d, d])
+        assert_equal(r, np.ones((2, 6, 6)))
+
+        d = np.ones((6, ))
+        r = np.array([[d, d + 1], d + 2], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(len(r), 2)
+        assert_equal(r[0], [d, d + 1])
+        assert_equal(r[1], d + 2)
+
+        tgt = np.ones((2, 3), dtype=bool)
+        tgt[0, 2] = False
+        tgt[1, 0:2] = False
+        r = np.array([[True, True, False], [False, False, True]])
+        assert_equal(r, tgt)
+        r = np.array([[True, False], [True, False], [False, True]])
+        assert_equal(r, tgt.T)
+
+    def test_array_empty(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.array)
+
+    def test_0d_array_shape(self):
+        assert np.ones(np.array(3)).shape == (3,)
+
+    def test_array_copy_false(self):
+        d = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        e = np.array(d, copy=False)
+        d[1] = 3
+        assert_array_equal(e, [1, 3, 3])
+        e = np.array(d, copy=False, order='F')
+        d[1] = 4
+        assert_array_equal(e, [1, 4, 3])
+        e[2] = 7
+        assert_array_equal(d, [1, 4, 7])
+
+    def test_array_copy_true(self):
+        d = np.array([[1,2,3], [1, 2, 3]])
+        e = np.array(d, copy=True)
+        d[0, 1] = 3
+        e[0, 2] = -7
+        assert_array_equal(e, [[1, 2, -7], [1, 2, 3]])
+        assert_array_equal(d, [[1, 3, 3], [1, 2, 3]])
+        e = np.array(d, copy=True, order='F')
+        d[0, 1] = 5
+        e[0, 2] = 7
+        assert_array_equal(e, [[1, 3, 7], [1, 2, 3]])
+        assert_array_equal(d, [[1, 5, 3], [1,2,3]])
+
+    def test_array_cont(self):
+        d = np.ones(10)[::2]
+        assert_(np.ascontiguousarray(d).flags.c_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.ascontiguousarray(d).flags.f_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.asfortranarray(d).flags.c_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.asfortranarray(d).flags.f_contiguous)
+        d = np.ones((10, 10))[::2,::2]
+        assert_(np.ascontiguousarray(d).flags.c_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.asfortranarray(d).flags.f_contiguous)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func",
+            [np.array,
+             np.asarray,
+             np.asanyarray,
+             np.ascontiguousarray,
+             np.asfortranarray])
+    def test_bad_arguments_error(self, func):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            func(3, dtype="bad dtype")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            func()  # missing arguments
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)  # too many arguments
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func",
+            [np.array,
+             np.asarray,
+             np.asanyarray,
+             np.ascontiguousarray,
+             np.asfortranarray])
+    def test_array_as_keyword(self, func):
+        # This should likely be made positional only, but do not change
+        # the name accidentally.
+        if func is np.array:
+            func(object=3)
+        else:
+            func(a=3)
+
+
+class TestAssignment:
+    def test_assignment_broadcasting(self):
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+
+        # Broadcasting the input to the output
+        a[...] = np.arange(3)
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2]])
+        a[...] = np.arange(2).reshape(2, 1)
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]])
+
+        # For compatibility with <= 1.5, a limited version of broadcasting
+        # the output to the input.
+        #
+        # This behavior is inconsistent with NumPy broadcasting
+        # in general, because it only uses one of the two broadcasting
+        # rules (adding a new "1" dimension to the left of the shape),
+        # applied to the output instead of an input. In NumPy 2.0, this kind
+        # of broadcasting assignment will likely be disallowed.
+        a[...] = np.arange(6)[::-1].reshape(1, 2, 3)
+        assert_equal(a, [[5, 4, 3], [2, 1, 0]])
+        # The other type of broadcasting would require a reduction operation.
+
+        def assign(a, b):
+            a[...] = b
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, np.arange(12).reshape(2, 2, 3))
+
+    def test_assignment_errors(self):
+        # Address issue #2276
+        class C:
+            pass
+        a = np.zeros(1)
+
+        def assign(v):
+            a[0] = v
+
+        assert_raises((AttributeError, TypeError), assign, C())
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, [1])
+
+    def test_unicode_assignment(self):
+        # gh-5049
+        from numpy.core.numeric import set_string_function
+
+        @contextmanager
+        def inject_str(s):
+            """ replace ndarray.__str__ temporarily """
+            set_string_function(lambda x: s, repr=False)
+            try:
+                yield
+            finally:
+                set_string_function(None, repr=False)
+
+        a1d = np.array(['test'])
+        a0d = np.array('done')
+        with inject_str('bad'):
+            a1d[0] = a0d  # previously this would invoke __str__
+        assert_equal(a1d[0], 'done')
+
+        # this would crash for the same reason
+        np.array([np.array('\xe5\xe4\xf6')])
+
+    def test_stringlike_empty_list(self):
+        # gh-8902
+        u = np.array(['done'])
+        b = np.array([b'done'])
+
+        class bad_sequence:
+            def __getitem__(self): pass
+            def __len__(self): raise RuntimeError
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, operator.setitem, u, 0, [])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, operator.setitem, b, 0, [])
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, operator.setitem, u, 0, bad_sequence())
+        assert_raises(ValueError, operator.setitem, b, 0, bad_sequence())
+
+    def test_longdouble_assignment(self):
+        # only relevant if longdouble is larger than float
+        # we're looking for loss of precision
+
+        for dtype in (np.longdouble, np.longcomplex):
+            # gh-8902
+            tinyb = np.nextafter(np.longdouble(0), 1).astype(dtype)
+            tinya = np.nextafter(np.longdouble(0), -1).astype(dtype)
+
+            # construction
+            tiny1d = np.array([tinya])
+            assert_equal(tiny1d[0], tinya)
+
+            # scalar = scalar
+            tiny1d[0] = tinyb
+            assert_equal(tiny1d[0], tinyb)
+
+            # 0d = scalar
+            tiny1d[0, ...] = tinya
+            assert_equal(tiny1d[0], tinya)
+
+            # 0d = 0d
+            tiny1d[0, ...] = tinyb[...]
+            assert_equal(tiny1d[0], tinyb)
+
+            # scalar = 0d
+            tiny1d[0] = tinyb[...]
+            assert_equal(tiny1d[0], tinyb)
+
+            arr = np.array([np.array(tinya)])
+            assert_equal(arr[0], tinya)
+
+    def test_cast_to_string(self):
+        # cast to str should do "str(scalar)", not "str(scalar.item())"
+        # Example: In python2, str(float) is truncated, so we want to avoid
+        # str(np.float64(...).item()) as this would incorrectly truncate.
+        a = np.zeros(1, dtype='S20')
+        a[:] = np.array(['1.12345678901234567890'], dtype='f8')
+        assert_equal(a[0], b"1.1234567890123457")
+
+
+class TestDtypedescr:
+    def test_construction(self):
+        d1 = np.dtype('i4')
+        assert_equal(d1, np.dtype(np.int32))
+        d2 = np.dtype('f8')
+        assert_equal(d2, np.dtype(np.float64))
+
+    def test_byteorders(self):
+        assert_(np.dtype('<i4') != np.dtype('>i4'))
+        assert_(np.dtype([('a', '<i4')]) != np.dtype([('a', '>i4')]))
+
+    def test_structured_non_void(self):
+        fields = [('a', '<i2'), ('b', '<i2')]
+        dt_int = np.dtype(('i4', fields))
+        assert_equal(str(dt_int), "(numpy.int32, [('a', '<i2'), ('b', '<i2')])")
+
+        # gh-9821
+        arr_int = np.zeros(4, dt_int)
+        assert_equal(repr(arr_int),
+            "array([0, 0, 0, 0], dtype=(numpy.int32, [('a', '<i2'), ('b', '<i2')]))")
+
+
+class TestZeroRank:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.d = np.array(0), np.array('x', object)
+
+    def test_ellipsis_subscript(self):
+        a, b = self.d
+        assert_equal(a[...], 0)
+        assert_equal(b[...], 'x')
+        assert_(a[...].base is a)  # `a[...] is a` in numpy <1.9.
+        assert_(b[...].base is b)  # `b[...] is b` in numpy <1.9.
+
+    def test_empty_subscript(self):
+        a, b = self.d
+        assert_equal(a[()], 0)
+        assert_equal(b[()], 'x')
+        assert_(type(a[()]) is a.dtype.type)
+        assert_(type(b[()]) is str)
+
+    def test_invalid_subscript(self):
+        a, b = self.d
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda x: x[0], a)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda x: x[0], b)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda x: x[np.array([], int)], a)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda x: x[np.array([], int)], b)
+
+    def test_ellipsis_subscript_assignment(self):
+        a, b = self.d
+        a[...] = 42
+        assert_equal(a, 42)
+        b[...] = ''
+        assert_equal(b.item(), '')
+
+    def test_empty_subscript_assignment(self):
+        a, b = self.d
+        a[()] = 42
+        assert_equal(a, 42)
+        b[()] = ''
+        assert_equal(b.item(), '')
+
+    def test_invalid_subscript_assignment(self):
+        a, b = self.d
+
+        def assign(x, i, v):
+            x[i] = v
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, assign, a, 0, 42)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, assign, b, 0, '')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, assign, a, (), '')
+
+    def test_newaxis(self):
+        a, b = self.d
+        assert_equal(a[np.newaxis].shape, (1,))
+        assert_equal(a[..., np.newaxis].shape, (1,))
+        assert_equal(a[np.newaxis, ...].shape, (1,))
+        assert_equal(a[..., np.newaxis].shape, (1,))
+        assert_equal(a[np.newaxis, ..., np.newaxis].shape, (1, 1))
+        assert_equal(a[..., np.newaxis, np.newaxis].shape, (1, 1))
+        assert_equal(a[np.newaxis, np.newaxis, ...].shape, (1, 1))
+        assert_equal(a[(np.newaxis,)*10].shape, (1,)*10)
+
+    def test_invalid_newaxis(self):
+        a, b = self.d
+
+        def subscript(x, i):
+            x[i]
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, subscript, a, (np.newaxis, 0))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, subscript, a, (np.newaxis,)*50)
+
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        x = np.ndarray(())
+        x[()] = 5
+        assert_equal(x[()], 5)
+        y = np.ndarray((), buffer=x)
+        y[()] = 6
+        assert_equal(x[()], 6)
+
+        # strides and shape must be the same length
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.ndarray((2,), strides=())
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.ndarray((), strides=(2,))
+
+    def test_output(self):
+        x = np.array(2)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.add, x, [1], x)
+
+    def test_real_imag(self):
+        # contiguity checks are for gh-11245
+        x = np.array(1j)
+        xr = x.real
+        xi = x.imag
+
+        assert_equal(xr, np.array(0))
+        assert_(type(xr) is np.ndarray)
+        assert_equal(xr.flags.contiguous, True)
+        assert_equal(xr.flags.f_contiguous, True)
+
+        assert_equal(xi, np.array(1))
+        assert_(type(xi) is np.ndarray)
+        assert_equal(xi.flags.contiguous, True)
+        assert_equal(xi.flags.f_contiguous, True)
+
+
+class TestScalarIndexing:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.d = np.array([0, 1])[0]
+
+    def test_ellipsis_subscript(self):
+        a = self.d
+        assert_equal(a[...], 0)
+        assert_equal(a[...].shape, ())
+
+    def test_empty_subscript(self):
+        a = self.d
+        assert_equal(a[()], 0)
+        assert_equal(a[()].shape, ())
+
+    def test_invalid_subscript(self):
+        a = self.d
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda x: x[0], a)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, lambda x: x[np.array([], int)], a)
+
+    def test_invalid_subscript_assignment(self):
+        a = self.d
+
+        def assign(x, i, v):
+            x[i] = v
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, assign, a, 0, 42)
+
+    def test_newaxis(self):
+        a = self.d
+        assert_equal(a[np.newaxis].shape, (1,))
+        assert_equal(a[..., np.newaxis].shape, (1,))
+        assert_equal(a[np.newaxis, ...].shape, (1,))
+        assert_equal(a[..., np.newaxis].shape, (1,))
+        assert_equal(a[np.newaxis, ..., np.newaxis].shape, (1, 1))
+        assert_equal(a[..., np.newaxis, np.newaxis].shape, (1, 1))
+        assert_equal(a[np.newaxis, np.newaxis, ...].shape, (1, 1))
+        assert_equal(a[(np.newaxis,)*10].shape, (1,)*10)
+
+    def test_invalid_newaxis(self):
+        a = self.d
+
+        def subscript(x, i):
+            x[i]
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, subscript, a, (np.newaxis, 0))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, subscript, a, (np.newaxis,)*50)
+
+    def test_overlapping_assignment(self):
+        # With positive strides
+        a = np.arange(4)
+        a[:-1] = a[1:]
+        assert_equal(a, [1, 2, 3, 3])
+
+        a = np.arange(4)
+        a[1:] = a[:-1]
+        assert_equal(a, [0, 0, 1, 2])
+
+        # With positive and negative strides
+        a = np.arange(4)
+        a[:] = a[::-1]
+        assert_equal(a, [3, 2, 1, 0])
+
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+        a[::-1,:] = a[:, ::-1]
+        assert_equal(a, [[5, 4, 3], [2, 1, 0]])
+
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+        a[::-1, ::-1] = a[:, ::-1]
+        assert_equal(a, [[3, 4, 5], [0, 1, 2]])
+
+        # With just one element overlapping
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        a[:3] = a[2:]
+        assert_equal(a, [2, 3, 4, 3, 4])
+
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        a[2:] = a[:3]
+        assert_equal(a, [0, 1, 0, 1, 2])
+
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        a[2::-1] = a[2:]
+        assert_equal(a, [4, 3, 2, 3, 4])
+
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        a[2:] = a[2::-1]
+        assert_equal(a, [0, 1, 2, 1, 0])
+
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        a[2::-1] = a[:1:-1]
+        assert_equal(a, [2, 3, 4, 3, 4])
+
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        a[:1:-1] = a[2::-1]
+        assert_equal(a, [0, 1, 0, 1, 2])
+
+
+class TestCreation:
+    """
+    Test the np.array constructor
+    """
+    def test_from_attribute(self):
+        class x:
+            def __array__(self, dtype=None):
+                pass
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, x())
+
+    def test_from_string(self):
+        types = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['Float']
+        nstr = ['123', '123']
+        result = np.array([123, 123], dtype=int)
+        for type in types:
+            msg = 'String conversion for %s' % type
+            assert_equal(np.array(nstr, dtype=type), result, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_void(self):
+        arr = np.array([], dtype='V')
+        assert arr.dtype == 'V8'  # current default
+        # Same length scalars (those that go to the same void) work:
+        arr = np.array([b"1234", b"1234"], dtype="V")
+        assert arr.dtype == "V4"
+
+        # Promoting different lengths will fail (pre 1.20 this worked)
+        # by going via S5 and casting to V5.
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.array([b"1234", b"12345"], dtype="V")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.array([b"12345", b"1234"], dtype="V")
+
+        # Check the same for the casting path:
+        arr = np.array([b"1234", b"1234"], dtype="O").astype("V")
+        assert arr.dtype == "V4"
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.array([b"1234", b"12345"], dtype="O").astype("V")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("idx",
+            [pytest.param(Ellipsis, id="arr"), pytest.param((), id="scalar")])
+    def test_structured_void_promotion(self, idx):
+        arr = np.array(
+            [np.array(1, dtype="i,i")[idx], np.array(2, dtype='i,i')[idx]],
+            dtype="V")
+        assert_array_equal(arr, np.array([(1, 1), (2, 2)], dtype="i,i"))
+        # The following fails to promote the two dtypes, resulting in an error
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.array(
+                [np.array(1, dtype="i,i")[idx], np.array(2, dtype='i,i,i')[idx]],
+                dtype="V")
+
+
+    def test_too_big_error(self):
+        # 45341 is the smallest integer greater than sqrt(2**31 - 1).
+        # 3037000500 is the smallest integer greater than sqrt(2**63 - 1).
+        # We want to make sure that the square byte array with those dimensions
+        # is too big on 32 or 64 bit systems respectively.
+        if np.iinfo('intp').max == 2**31 - 1:
+            shape = (46341, 46341)
+        elif np.iinfo('intp').max == 2**63 - 1:
+            shape = (3037000500, 3037000500)
+        else:
+            return
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.empty, shape, dtype=np.int8)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.zeros, shape, dtype=np.int8)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.ones, shape, dtype=np.int8)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(np.dtype(np.intp).itemsize != 8,
+                        reason="malloc may not fail on 32 bit systems")
+    def test_malloc_fails(self):
+        # This test is guaranteed to fail due to a too large allocation
+        with assert_raises(np.core._exceptions._ArrayMemoryError):
+            np.empty(np.iinfo(np.intp).max, dtype=np.uint8)
+
+    def test_zeros(self):
+        types = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        for dt in types:
+            d = np.zeros((13,), dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(d), 0)
+            # true for ieee floats
+            assert_equal(d.sum(), 0)
+            assert_(not d.any())
+
+            d = np.zeros(2, dtype='(2,4)i4')
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(d), 0)
+            assert_equal(d.sum(), 0)
+            assert_(not d.any())
+
+            d = np.zeros(2, dtype='4i4')
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(d), 0)
+            assert_equal(d.sum(), 0)
+            assert_(not d.any())
+
+            d = np.zeros(2, dtype='(2,4)i4, (2,4)i4')
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(d), 0)
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    def test_zeros_big(self):
+        # test big array as they might be allocated different by the system
+        types = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        for dt in types:
+            d = np.zeros((30 * 1024**2,), dtype=dt)
+            assert_(not d.any())
+            # This test can fail on 32-bit systems due to insufficient
+            # contiguous memory. Deallocating the previous array increases the
+            # chance of success.
+            del(d)
+
+    def test_zeros_obj(self):
+        # test initialization from PyLong(0)
+        d = np.zeros((13,), dtype=object)
+        assert_array_equal(d, [0] * 13)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(d), 0)
+
+    def test_zeros_obj_obj(self):
+        d = np.zeros(10, dtype=[('k', object, 2)])
+        assert_array_equal(d['k'], 0)
+
+    def test_zeros_like_like_zeros(self):
+        # test zeros_like returns the same as zeros
+        for c in np.typecodes['All']:
+            if c == 'V':
+                continue
+            d = np.zeros((3,3), dtype=c)
+            assert_array_equal(np.zeros_like(d), d)
+            assert_equal(np.zeros_like(d).dtype, d.dtype)
+        # explicitly check some special cases
+        d = np.zeros((3,3), dtype='S5')
+        assert_array_equal(np.zeros_like(d), d)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros_like(d).dtype, d.dtype)
+        d = np.zeros((3,3), dtype='U5')
+        assert_array_equal(np.zeros_like(d), d)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros_like(d).dtype, d.dtype)
+
+        d = np.zeros((3,3), dtype='<i4')
+        assert_array_equal(np.zeros_like(d), d)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros_like(d).dtype, d.dtype)
+        d = np.zeros((3,3), dtype='>i4')
+        assert_array_equal(np.zeros_like(d), d)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros_like(d).dtype, d.dtype)
+
+        d = np.zeros((3,3), dtype='<M8[s]')
+        assert_array_equal(np.zeros_like(d), d)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros_like(d).dtype, d.dtype)
+        d = np.zeros((3,3), dtype='>M8[s]')
+        assert_array_equal(np.zeros_like(d), d)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros_like(d).dtype, d.dtype)
+
+        d = np.zeros((3,3), dtype='f4,f4')
+        assert_array_equal(np.zeros_like(d), d)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros_like(d).dtype, d.dtype)
+
+    def test_empty_unicode(self):
+        # don't throw decode errors on garbage memory
+        for i in range(5, 100, 5):
+            d = np.empty(i, dtype='U')
+            str(d)
+
+    def test_sequence_non_homogeneous(self):
+        assert_equal(np.array([4, 2**80]).dtype, object)
+        assert_equal(np.array([4, 2**80, 4]).dtype, object)
+        assert_equal(np.array([2**80, 4]).dtype, object)
+        assert_equal(np.array([2**80] * 3).dtype, object)
+        assert_equal(np.array([[1, 1],[1j, 1j]]).dtype, complex)
+        assert_equal(np.array([[1j, 1j],[1, 1]]).dtype, complex)
+        assert_equal(np.array([[1, 1, 1],[1, 1j, 1.], [1, 1, 1]]).dtype, complex)
+
+    def test_non_sequence_sequence(self):
+        """Should not segfault.
+
+        Class Fail breaks the sequence protocol for new style classes, i.e.,
+        those derived from object. Class Map is a mapping type indicated by
+        raising a ValueError. At some point we may raise a warning instead
+        of an error in the Fail case.
+
+        """
+        class Fail:
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1
+
+            def __getitem__(self, index):
+                raise ValueError()
+
+        class Map:
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1
+
+            def __getitem__(self, index):
+                raise KeyError()
+
+        a = np.array([Map()])
+        assert_(a.shape == (1,))
+        assert_(a.dtype == np.dtype(object))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, [Fail()])
+
+    def test_no_len_object_type(self):
+        # gh-5100, want object array from iterable object without len()
+        class Point2:
+            def __init__(self):
+                pass
+
+            def __getitem__(self, ind):
+                if ind in [0, 1]:
+                    return ind
+                else:
+                    raise IndexError()
+        d = np.array([Point2(), Point2(), Point2()])
+        assert_equal(d.dtype, np.dtype(object))
+
+    def test_false_len_sequence(self):
+        # gh-7264, segfault for this example
+        class C:
+            def __getitem__(self, i):
+                raise IndexError
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 42
+
+        a = np.array(C()) # segfault?
+        assert_equal(len(a), 0)
+
+    def test_false_len_iterable(self):
+        # Special case where a bad __getitem__ makes us fall back on __iter__:
+        class C:
+            def __getitem__(self, x):
+                raise Exception
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return iter(())
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 2
+
+        a = np.empty(2)
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            a[:] = C()  # Segfault!
+
+        np.array(C()) == list(C())
+
+    def test_failed_len_sequence(self):
+        # gh-7393
+        class A:
+            def __init__(self, data):
+                self._data = data
+            def __getitem__(self, item):
+                return type(self)(self._data[item])
+            def __len__(self):
+                return len(self._data)
+
+        # len(d) should give 3, but len(d[0]) will fail
+        d = A([1,2,3])
+        assert_equal(len(np.array(d)), 3)
+
+    def test_array_too_big(self):
+        # Test that array creation succeeds for arrays addressable by intp
+        # on the byte level and fails for too large arrays.
+        buf = np.zeros(100)
+
+        max_bytes = np.iinfo(np.intp).max
+        for dtype in ["intp", "S20", "b"]:
+            dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+            itemsize = dtype.itemsize
+
+            np.ndarray(buffer=buf, strides=(0,),
+                       shape=(max_bytes//itemsize,), dtype=dtype)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.ndarray, buffer=buf, strides=(0,),
+                          shape=(max_bytes//itemsize + 1,), dtype=dtype)
+
+    def _ragged_creation(self, seq):
+        # without dtype=object, the ragged object raises
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=".*detected shape was"):
+            a = np.array(seq)
+
+        return np.array(seq, dtype=object)
+
+    def test_ragged_ndim_object(self):
+        # Lists of mismatching depths are treated as object arrays
+        a = self._ragged_creation([[1], 2, 3])
+        assert_equal(a.shape, (3,))
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, object)
+
+        a = self._ragged_creation([1, [2], 3])
+        assert_equal(a.shape, (3,))
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, object)
+
+        a = self._ragged_creation([1, 2, [3]])
+        assert_equal(a.shape, (3,))
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, object)
+
+    def test_ragged_shape_object(self):
+        # The ragged dimension of a list is turned into an object array
+        a = self._ragged_creation([[1, 1], [2], [3]])
+        assert_equal(a.shape, (3,))
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, object)
+
+        a = self._ragged_creation([[1], [2, 2], [3]])
+        assert_equal(a.shape, (3,))
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, object)
+
+        a = self._ragged_creation([[1], [2], [3, 3]])
+        assert a.shape == (3,)
+        assert a.dtype == object
+
+    def test_array_of_ragged_array(self):
+        outer = np.array([None, None])
+        outer[0] = outer[1] = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        assert np.array(outer).shape == (2,)
+        assert np.array([outer]).shape == (1, 2)
+
+        outer_ragged = np.array([None, None])
+        outer_ragged[0] = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        outer_ragged[1] = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+        # should both of these emit deprecation warnings?
+        assert np.array(outer_ragged).shape == (2,)
+        assert np.array([outer_ragged]).shape == (1, 2,)
+
+    def test_deep_nonragged_object(self):
+        # None of these should raise, even though they are missing dtype=object
+        a = np.array([[[Decimal(1)]]])
+        a = np.array([1, Decimal(1)])
+        a = np.array([[1], [Decimal(1)]])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [object, "O,O", "O,(3)O", "(2,3)O"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("function", [
+            np.ndarray, np.empty,
+            lambda shape, dtype: np.empty_like(np.empty(shape, dtype=dtype))])
+    def test_object_initialized_to_None(self, function, dtype):
+        # NumPy has support for object fields to be NULL (meaning None)
+        # but generally, we should always fill with the proper None, and
+        # downstream may rely on that.  (For fully initialized arrays!)
+        arr = function(3, dtype=dtype)
+        # We expect a fill value of None, which is not NULL:
+        expected = np.array(None).tobytes()
+        expected = expected * (arr.nbytes // len(expected))
+        assert arr.tobytes() == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func", [
+        np.array, np.asarray, np.asanyarray, np.ascontiguousarray,
+        np.asfortranarray])
+    def test_creation_from_dtypemeta(self, func):
+        dtype = np.dtype('i')
+        arr1 = func([1, 2, 3], dtype=dtype)
+        arr2 = func([1, 2, 3], dtype=type(dtype))
+        assert_array_equal(arr1, arr2)
+        assert arr2.dtype == dtype
+
+
+class TestStructured:
+    def test_subarray_field_access(self):
+        a = np.zeros((3, 5), dtype=[('a', ('i4', (2, 2)))])
+        a['a'] = np.arange(60).reshape(3, 5, 2, 2)
+
+        # Since the subarray is always in C-order, a transpose
+        # does not swap the subarray:
+        assert_array_equal(a.T['a'], a['a'].transpose(1, 0, 2, 3))
+
+        # In Fortran order, the subarray gets appended
+        # like in all other cases, not prepended as a special case
+        b = a.copy(order='F')
+        assert_equal(a['a'].shape, b['a'].shape)
+        assert_equal(a.T['a'].shape, a.T.copy()['a'].shape)
+
+    def test_subarray_comparison(self):
+        # Check that comparisons between record arrays with
+        # multi-dimensional field types work properly
+        a = np.rec.fromrecords(
+            [([1, 2, 3], 'a', [[1, 2], [3, 4]]), ([3, 3, 3], 'b', [[0, 0], [0, 0]])],
+            dtype=[('a', ('f4', 3)), ('b', object), ('c', ('i4', (2, 2)))])
+        b = a.copy()
+        assert_equal(a == b, [True, True])
+        assert_equal(a != b, [False, False])
+        b[1].b = 'c'
+        assert_equal(a == b, [True, False])
+        assert_equal(a != b, [False, True])
+        for i in range(3):
+            b[0].a = a[0].a
+            b[0].a[i] = 5
+            assert_equal(a == b, [False, False])
+            assert_equal(a != b, [True, True])
+        for i in range(2):
+            for j in range(2):
+                b = a.copy()
+                b[0].c[i, j] = 10
+                assert_equal(a == b, [False, True])
+                assert_equal(a != b, [True, False])
+
+        # Check that broadcasting with a subarray works, including cases that
+        # require promotion to work:
+        a = np.array([[(0,)], [(1,)]], dtype=[('a', 'f8')])
+        b = np.array([(0,), (0,), (1,)], dtype=[('a', 'f8')])
+        assert_equal(a == b, [[True, True, False], [False, False, True]])
+        assert_equal(b == a, [[True, True, False], [False, False, True]])
+        a = np.array([[(0,)], [(1,)]], dtype=[('a', 'f8', (1,))])
+        b = np.array([(0,), (0,), (1,)], dtype=[('a', 'f8', (1,))])
+        assert_equal(a == b, [[True, True, False], [False, False, True]])
+        assert_equal(b == a, [[True, True, False], [False, False, True]])
+        a = np.array([[([0, 0],)], [([1, 1],)]], dtype=[('a', 'f8', (2,))])
+        b = np.array([([0, 0],), ([0, 1],), ([1, 1],)], dtype=[('a', 'f8', (2,))])
+        assert_equal(a == b, [[True, False, False], [False, False, True]])
+        assert_equal(b == a, [[True, False, False], [False, False, True]])
+
+        # Check that broadcasting Fortran-style arrays with a subarray work
+        a = np.array([[([0, 0],)], [([1, 1],)]], dtype=[('a', 'f8', (2,))], order='F')
+        b = np.array([([0, 0],), ([0, 1],), ([1, 1],)], dtype=[('a', 'f8', (2,))])
+        assert_equal(a == b, [[True, False, False], [False, False, True]])
+        assert_equal(b == a, [[True, False, False], [False, False, True]])
+
+        # Check that incompatible sub-array shapes don't result to broadcasting
+        x = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('a', ('f4', (1, 2))), ('b', 'i1')])
+        y = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('a', ('f4', (2,))), ('b', 'i1')])
+        # The main importance is that it does not return True:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            x == y
+
+        x = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('a', ('f4', (2, 1))), ('b', 'i1')])
+        y = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('a', ('f4', (2,))), ('b', 'i1')])
+        # The main importance is that it does not return True:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            x == y
+
+    def test_empty_structured_array_comparison(self):
+        # Check that comparison works on empty arrays with nontrivially
+        # shaped fields
+        a = np.zeros(0, [('a', '<f8', (1, 1))])
+        assert_equal(a, a)
+        a = np.zeros(0, [('a', '<f8', (1,))])
+        assert_equal(a, a)
+        a = np.zeros((0, 0), [('a', '<f8', (1, 1))])
+        assert_equal(a, a)
+        a = np.zeros((1, 0, 1), [('a', '<f8', (1, 1))])
+        assert_equal(a, a)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("op", [operator.eq, operator.ne])
+    def test_structured_array_comparison_bad_broadcasts(self, op):
+        a = np.zeros(3, dtype='i,i')
+        b = np.array([], dtype="i,i")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            op(a, b)
+
+    def test_structured_comparisons_with_promotion(self):
+        # Check that structured arrays can be compared so long as their
+        # dtypes promote fine:
+        a = np.array([(5, 42), (10, 1)], dtype=[('a', '>i8'), ('b', '<f8')])
+        b = np.array([(5, 43), (10, 1)], dtype=[('a', '<i8'), ('b', '>f8')])
+        assert_equal(a == b, [False, True])
+        assert_equal(a != b, [True, False])
+
+        a = np.array([(5, 42), (10, 1)], dtype=[('a', '>f8'), ('b', '<f8')])
+        b = np.array([(5, 43), (10, 1)], dtype=[('a', '<i8'), ('b', '>i8')])
+        assert_equal(a == b, [False, True])
+        assert_equal(a != b, [True, False])
+
+        # Including with embedded subarray dtype (although subarray comparison
+        # itself may still be a bit weird and compare the raw data)
+        a = np.array([(5, 42), (10, 1)], dtype=[('a', '10>f8'), ('b', '5<f8')])
+        b = np.array([(5, 43), (10, 1)], dtype=[('a', '10<i8'), ('b', '5>i8')])
+        assert_equal(a == b, [False, True])
+        assert_equal(a != b, [True, False])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("op", [
+            operator.eq, lambda x, y: operator.eq(y, x),
+            operator.ne, lambda x, y: operator.ne(y, x)])
+    def test_void_comparison_failures(self, op):
+        # In principle, one could decide to return an array of False for some
+        # if comparisons are impossible.  But right now we return TypeError
+        # when "void" dtype are involved.
+        x = np.zeros(3, dtype=[('a', 'i1')])
+        y = np.zeros(3)
+        # Cannot compare non-structured to structured:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            op(x, y)
+
+        # Added title prevents promotion, but casts are OK:
+        y = np.zeros(3, dtype=[(('title', 'a'), 'i1')])
+        assert np.can_cast(y.dtype, x.dtype)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            op(x, y)
+
+        x = np.zeros(3, dtype="V7")
+        y = np.zeros(3, dtype="V8")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            op(x, y)
+
+    def test_casting(self):
+        # Check that casting a structured array to change its byte order
+        # works
+        a = np.array([(1,)], dtype=[('a', '<i4')])
+        assert_(np.can_cast(a.dtype, [('a', '>i4')], casting='unsafe'))
+        b = a.astype([('a', '>i4')])
+        assert_equal(b, a.byteswap().newbyteorder())
+        assert_equal(a['a'][0], b['a'][0])
+
+        # Check that equality comparison works on structured arrays if
+        # they are 'equiv'-castable
+        a = np.array([(5, 42), (10, 1)], dtype=[('a', '>i4'), ('b', '<f8')])
+        b = np.array([(5, 42), (10, 1)], dtype=[('a', '<i4'), ('b', '>f8')])
+        assert_(np.can_cast(a.dtype, b.dtype, casting='equiv'))
+        assert_equal(a == b, [True, True])
+
+        # Check that 'equiv' casting can change byte order
+        assert_(np.can_cast(a.dtype, b.dtype, casting='equiv'))
+        c = a.astype(b.dtype, casting='equiv')
+        assert_equal(a == c, [True, True])
+
+        # Check that 'safe' casting can change byte order and up-cast
+        # fields
+        t = [('a', '<i8'), ('b', '>f8')]
+        assert_(np.can_cast(a.dtype, t, casting='safe'))
+        c = a.astype(t, casting='safe')
+        assert_equal((c == np.array([(5, 42), (10, 1)], dtype=t)),
+                     [True, True])
+
+        # Check that 'same_kind' casting can change byte order and
+        # change field widths within a "kind"
+        t = [('a', '<i4'), ('b', '>f4')]
+        assert_(np.can_cast(a.dtype, t, casting='same_kind'))
+        c = a.astype(t, casting='same_kind')
+        assert_equal((c == np.array([(5, 42), (10, 1)], dtype=t)),
+                     [True, True])
+
+        # Check that casting fails if the casting rule should fail on
+        # any of the fields
+        t = [('a', '>i8'), ('b', '<f4')]
+        assert_(not np.can_cast(a.dtype, t, casting='safe'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, a.astype, t, casting='safe')
+        t = [('a', '>i2'), ('b', '<f8')]
+        assert_(not np.can_cast(a.dtype, t, casting='equiv'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, a.astype, t, casting='equiv')
+        t = [('a', '>i8'), ('b', '<i2')]
+        assert_(not np.can_cast(a.dtype, t, casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, a.astype, t, casting='same_kind')
+        assert_(not np.can_cast(a.dtype, b.dtype, casting='no'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, a.astype, b.dtype, casting='no')
+
+        # Check that non-'unsafe' casting can't change the set of field names
+        for casting in ['no', 'safe', 'equiv', 'same_kind']:
+            t = [('a', '>i4')]
+            assert_(not np.can_cast(a.dtype, t, casting=casting))
+            t = [('a', '>i4'), ('b', '<f8'), ('c', 'i4')]
+            assert_(not np.can_cast(a.dtype, t, casting=casting))
+
+    def test_objview(self):
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/3286
+        a = np.array([], dtype=[('a', 'f'), ('b', 'f'), ('c', 'O')])
+        a[['a', 'b']]  # TypeError?
+
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/3253
+        dat2 = np.zeros(3, [('A', 'i'), ('B', '|O')])
+        dat2[['B', 'A']]  # TypeError?
+
+    def test_setfield(self):
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/3126
+        struct_dt = np.dtype([('elem', 'i4', 5),])
+        dt = np.dtype([('field', 'i4', 10),('struct', struct_dt)])
+        x = np.zeros(1, dt)
+        x[0]['field'] = np.ones(10, dtype='i4')
+        x[0]['struct'] = np.ones(1, dtype=struct_dt)
+        assert_equal(x[0]['field'], np.ones(10, dtype='i4'))
+
+    def test_setfield_object(self):
+        # make sure object field assignment with ndarray value
+        # on void scalar mimics setitem behavior
+        b = np.zeros(1, dtype=[('x', 'O')])
+        # next line should work identically to b['x'][0] = np.arange(3)
+        b[0]['x'] = np.arange(3)
+        assert_equal(b[0]['x'], np.arange(3))
+
+        # check that broadcasting check still works
+        c = np.zeros(1, dtype=[('x', 'O', 5)])
+
+        def testassign():
+            c[0]['x'] = np.arange(3)
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, testassign)
+
+    def test_zero_width_string(self):
+        # Test for PR #6430 / issues #473, #4955, #2585
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('I', int), ('S', 'S0')])
+
+        x = np.zeros(4, dtype=dt)
+
+        assert_equal(x['S'], [b'', b'', b'', b''])
+        assert_equal(x['S'].itemsize, 0)
+
+        x['S'] = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+        assert_equal(x['S'], [b'', b'', b'', b''])
+        assert_equal(x['I'], [0, 0, 0, 0])
+
+        # Variation on test case from #4955
+        x['S'][x['I'] == 0] = 'hello'
+        assert_equal(x['S'], [b'', b'', b'', b''])
+        assert_equal(x['I'], [0, 0, 0, 0])
+
+        # Variation on test case from #2585
+        x['S'] = 'A'
+        assert_equal(x['S'], [b'', b'', b'', b''])
+        assert_equal(x['I'], [0, 0, 0, 0])
+
+        # Allow zero-width dtypes in ndarray constructor
+        y = np.ndarray(4, dtype=x['S'].dtype)
+        assert_equal(y.itemsize, 0)
+        assert_equal(x['S'], y)
+
+        # More tests for indexing an array with zero-width fields
+        assert_equal(np.zeros(4, dtype=[('a', 'S0,S0'),
+                                        ('b', 'u1')])['a'].itemsize, 0)
+        assert_equal(np.empty(3, dtype='S0,S0').itemsize, 0)
+        assert_equal(np.zeros(4, dtype='S0,u1')['f0'].itemsize, 0)
+
+        xx = x['S'].reshape((2, 2))
+        assert_equal(xx.itemsize, 0)
+        assert_equal(xx, [[b'', b''], [b'', b'']])
+        # check for no uninitialized memory due to viewing S0 array
+        assert_equal(xx[:].dtype, xx.dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(eval(repr(xx), dict(array=np.array)), xx)
+
+        b = io.BytesIO()
+        np.save(b, xx)
+
+        b.seek(0)
+        yy = np.load(b)
+        assert_equal(yy.itemsize, 0)
+        assert_equal(xx, yy)
+
+        with temppath(suffix='.npy') as tmp:
+            np.save(tmp, xx)
+            yy = np.load(tmp)
+            assert_equal(yy.itemsize, 0)
+            assert_equal(xx, yy)
+
+    def test_base_attr(self):
+        a = np.zeros(3, dtype='i4,f4')
+        b = a[0]
+        assert_(b.base is a)
+
+    def test_assignment(self):
+        def testassign(arr, v):
+            c = arr.copy()
+            c[0] = v  # assign using setitem
+            c[1:] = v # assign using "dtype_transfer" code paths
+            return c
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('foo', 'i8'), ('bar', 'i8')])
+        arr = np.ones(2, dt)
+        v1 = np.array([(2,3)], dtype=[('foo', 'i8'), ('bar', 'i8')])
+        v2 = np.array([(2,3)], dtype=[('bar', 'i8'), ('foo', 'i8')])
+        v3 = np.array([(2,3)], dtype=[('bar', 'i8'), ('baz', 'i8')])
+        v4 = np.array([(2,)],  dtype=[('bar', 'i8')])
+        v5 = np.array([(2,3)], dtype=[('foo', 'f8'), ('bar', 'f8')])
+        w = arr.view({'names': ['bar'], 'formats': ['i8'], 'offsets': [8]})
+
+        ans = np.array([(2,3),(2,3)], dtype=dt)
+        assert_equal(testassign(arr, v1), ans)
+        assert_equal(testassign(arr, v2), ans)
+        assert_equal(testassign(arr, v3), ans)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: testassign(arr, v4))
+        assert_equal(testassign(arr, v5), ans)
+        w[:] = 4
+        assert_equal(arr, np.array([(1,4),(1,4)], dtype=dt))
+
+        # test field-reordering, assignment by position, and self-assignment
+        a = np.array([(1,2,3)],
+                     dtype=[('foo', 'i8'), ('bar', 'i8'), ('baz', 'f4')])
+        a[['foo', 'bar']] = a[['bar', 'foo']]
+        assert_equal(a[0].item(), (2,1,3))
+
+        # test that this works even for 'simple_unaligned' structs
+        # (ie, that PyArray_EquivTypes cares about field order too)
+        a = np.array([(1,2)], dtype=[('a', 'i4'), ('b', 'i4')])
+        a[['a', 'b']] = a[['b', 'a']]
+        assert_equal(a[0].item(), (2,1))
+
+    def test_scalar_assignment(self):
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            arr = np.arange(25).reshape(5, 5)
+            arr.itemset(3)
+
+    def test_structuredscalar_indexing(self):
+        # test gh-7262
+        x = np.empty(shape=1, dtype="(2)3S,(2)3U")
+        assert_equal(x[["f0","f1"]][0], x[0][["f0","f1"]])
+        assert_equal(x[0], x[0][()])
+
+    def test_multiindex_titles(self):
+        a = np.zeros(4, dtype=[(('a', 'b'), 'i'), ('c', 'i'), ('d', 'i')])
+        assert_raises(KeyError, lambda : a[['a','c']])
+        assert_raises(KeyError, lambda : a[['a','a']])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda : a[['b','b']])  # field exists, but repeated
+        a[['b','c']]  # no exception
+
+    def test_structured_cast_promotion_fieldorder(self):
+        # gh-15494
+        # dtypes with different field names are not promotable
+        A = ("a", "<i8")
+        B = ("b", ">i8")
+        ab = np.array([(1, 2)], dtype=[A, B])
+        ba = np.array([(1, 2)], dtype=[B, A])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.concatenate, ab, ba)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.result_type, ab.dtype, ba.dtype)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.promote_types, ab.dtype, ba.dtype)
+
+        # dtypes with same field names/order but different memory offsets
+        # and byte-order are promotable to packed nbo.
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types(ab.dtype, ba[['a', 'b']].dtype),
+                     repack_fields(ab.dtype.newbyteorder('N')))
+
+        # gh-13667
+        # dtypes with different fieldnames but castable field types are castable
+        assert_equal(np.can_cast(ab.dtype, ba.dtype), True)
+        assert_equal(ab.astype(ba.dtype).dtype, ba.dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.can_cast('f8,i8', [('f0', 'f8'), ('f1', 'i8')]), True)
+        assert_equal(np.can_cast('f8,i8', [('f1', 'f8'), ('f0', 'i8')]), True)
+        assert_equal(np.can_cast('f8,i8', [('f1', 'i8'), ('f0', 'f8')]), False)
+        assert_equal(np.can_cast('f8,i8', [('f1', 'i8'), ('f0', 'f8')],
+                                 casting='unsafe'), True)
+
+        ab[:] = ba  # make sure assignment still works
+
+        # tests of type-promotion of corresponding fields
+        dt1 = np.dtype([("", "i4")])
+        dt2 = np.dtype([("", "i8")])
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types(dt1, dt2), np.dtype([('f0', 'i8')]))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types(dt2, dt1), np.dtype([('f0', 'i8')]))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.promote_types, dt1, np.dtype([("", "V3")]))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('i4,f8', 'i8,f4'),
+                     np.dtype([('f0', 'i8'), ('f1', 'f8')]))
+        # test nested case
+        dt1nest = np.dtype([("", dt1)])
+        dt2nest = np.dtype([("", dt2)])
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types(dt1nest, dt2nest),
+                     np.dtype([('f0', np.dtype([('f0', 'i8')]))]))
+
+        # note that offsets are lost when promoting:
+        dt = np.dtype({'names': ['x'], 'formats': ['i4'], 'offsets': [8]})
+        a = np.ones(3, dtype=dt)
+        assert_equal(np.concatenate([a, a]).dtype, np.dtype([('x', 'i4')]))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype_dict", [
+            dict(names=["a", "b"], formats=["i4", "f"], itemsize=100),
+            dict(names=["a", "b"], formats=["i4", "f"],
+                 offsets=[0, 12])])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("align", [True, False])
+    def test_structured_promotion_packs(self, dtype_dict, align):
+        # Structured dtypes are packed when promoted (we consider the packed
+        # form to be "canonical"), so tere is no extra padding.
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype_dict, align=align)
+        # Remove non "canonical" dtype options:
+        dtype_dict.pop("itemsize", None)
+        dtype_dict.pop("offsets", None)
+        expected = np.dtype(dtype_dict, align=align)
+
+        res = np.promote_types(dtype, dtype)
+        assert res.itemsize == expected.itemsize
+        assert res.fields == expected.fields
+
+        # But the "expected" one, should just be returned unchanged:
+        res = np.promote_types(expected, expected)
+        assert res is expected
+
+    def test_structured_asarray_is_view(self):
+        # A scalar viewing an array preserves its view even when creating a
+        # new array. This test documents behaviour, it may not be the best
+        # desired behaviour.
+        arr = np.array([1], dtype="i,i")
+        scalar = arr[0]
+        assert not scalar.flags.owndata  # view into the array
+        assert np.asarray(scalar).base is scalar
+        # But never when a dtype is passed in:
+        assert np.asarray(scalar, dtype=scalar.dtype).base is None
+        # A scalar which owns its data does not have this property.
+        # It is not easy to create one, one method is to use pickle:
+        scalar = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(scalar))
+        assert scalar.flags.owndata
+        assert np.asarray(scalar).base is None
+
+class TestBool:
+    def test_test_interning(self):
+        a0 = np.bool_(0)
+        b0 = np.bool_(False)
+        assert_(a0 is b0)
+        a1 = np.bool_(1)
+        b1 = np.bool_(True)
+        assert_(a1 is b1)
+        assert_(np.array([True])[0] is a1)
+        assert_(np.array(True)[()] is a1)
+
+    def test_sum(self):
+        d = np.ones(101, dtype=bool)
+        assert_equal(d.sum(), d.size)
+        assert_equal(d[::2].sum(), d[::2].size)
+        assert_equal(d[::-2].sum(), d[::-2].size)
+
+        d = np.frombuffer(b'\xff\xff' * 100, dtype=bool)
+        assert_equal(d.sum(), d.size)
+        assert_equal(d[::2].sum(), d[::2].size)
+        assert_equal(d[::-2].sum(), d[::-2].size)
+
+    def check_count_nonzero(self, power, length):
+        powers = [2 ** i for i in range(length)]
+        for i in range(2**power):
+            l = [(i & x) != 0 for x in powers]
+            a = np.array(l, dtype=bool)
+            c = builtins.sum(l)
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a), c)
+            av = a.view(np.uint8)
+            av *= 3
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a), c)
+            av *= 4
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a), c)
+            av[av != 0] = 0xFF
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a), c)
+
+    def test_count_nonzero(self):
+        # check all 12 bit combinations in a length 17 array
+        # covers most cases of the 16 byte unrolled code
+        self.check_count_nonzero(12, 17)
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    def test_count_nonzero_all(self):
+        # check all combinations in a length 17 array
+        # covers all cases of the 16 byte unrolled code
+        self.check_count_nonzero(17, 17)
+
+    def test_count_nonzero_unaligned(self):
+        # prevent mistakes as e.g. gh-4060
+        for o in range(7):
+            a = np.zeros((18,), dtype=bool)[o+1:]
+            a[:o] = True
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a), builtins.sum(a.tolist()))
+            a = np.ones((18,), dtype=bool)[o+1:]
+            a[:o] = False
+            assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a), builtins.sum(a.tolist()))
+
+    def _test_cast_from_flexible(self, dtype):
+        # empty string -> false
+        for n in range(3):
+            v = np.array(b'', (dtype, n))
+            assert_equal(bool(v), False)
+            assert_equal(bool(v[()]), False)
+            assert_equal(v.astype(bool), False)
+            assert_(isinstance(v.astype(bool), np.ndarray))
+            assert_(v[()].astype(bool) is np.False_)
+
+        # anything else -> true
+        for n in range(1, 4):
+            for val in [b'a', b'0', b' ']:
+                v = np.array(val, (dtype, n))
+                assert_equal(bool(v), True)
+                assert_equal(bool(v[()]), True)
+                assert_equal(v.astype(bool), True)
+                assert_(isinstance(v.astype(bool), np.ndarray))
+                assert_(v[()].astype(bool) is np.True_)
+
+    def test_cast_from_void(self):
+        self._test_cast_from_flexible(np.void)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="See gh-9847")
+    def test_cast_from_unicode(self):
+        self._test_cast_from_flexible(np.str_)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="See gh-9847")
+    def test_cast_from_bytes(self):
+        self._test_cast_from_flexible(np.bytes_)
+
+
+class TestZeroSizeFlexible:
+    @staticmethod
+    def _zeros(shape, dtype=str):
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+        if dtype == np.void:
+            return np.zeros(shape, dtype=(dtype, 0))
+
+        # not constructable directly
+        dtype = np.dtype([('x', dtype, 0)])
+        return np.zeros(shape, dtype=dtype)['x']
+
+    def test_create(self):
+        zs = self._zeros(10, bytes)
+        assert_equal(zs.itemsize, 0)
+        zs = self._zeros(10, np.void)
+        assert_equal(zs.itemsize, 0)
+        zs = self._zeros(10, str)
+        assert_equal(zs.itemsize, 0)
+
+    def _test_sort_partition(self, name, kinds, **kwargs):
+        # Previously, these would all hang
+        for dt in [bytes, np.void, str]:
+            zs = self._zeros(10, dt)
+            sort_method = getattr(zs, name)
+            sort_func = getattr(np, name)
+            for kind in kinds:
+                sort_method(kind=kind, **kwargs)
+                sort_func(zs, kind=kind, **kwargs)
+
+    def test_sort(self):
+        self._test_sort_partition('sort', kinds='qhs')
+
+    def test_argsort(self):
+        self._test_sort_partition('argsort', kinds='qhs')
+
+    def test_partition(self):
+        self._test_sort_partition('partition', kinds=['introselect'], kth=2)
+
+    def test_argpartition(self):
+        self._test_sort_partition('argpartition', kinds=['introselect'], kth=2)
+
+    def test_resize(self):
+        # previously an error
+        for dt in [bytes, np.void, str]:
+            zs = self._zeros(10, dt)
+            zs.resize(25)
+            zs.resize((10, 10))
+
+    def test_view(self):
+        for dt in [bytes, np.void, str]:
+            zs = self._zeros(10, dt)
+
+            # viewing as itself should be allowed
+            assert_equal(zs.view(dt).dtype, np.dtype(dt))
+
+            # viewing as any non-empty type gives an empty result
+            assert_equal(zs.view((dt, 1)).shape, (0,))
+
+    def test_dumps(self):
+        zs = self._zeros(10, int)
+        assert_equal(zs, pickle.loads(zs.dumps()))
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            for dt in [bytes, np.void, str]:
+                zs = self._zeros(10, dt)
+                p = pickle.dumps(zs, protocol=proto)
+                zs2 = pickle.loads(p)
+
+                assert_equal(zs.dtype, zs2.dtype)
+
+    def test_pickle_empty(self):
+        """Checking if an empty array pickled and un-pickled will not cause a
+        segmentation fault"""
+        arr = np.array([]).reshape(999999, 0)
+        pk_dmp = pickle.dumps(arr)
+        pk_load = pickle.loads(pk_dmp)
+
+        assert pk_load.size == 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL < 5,
+                        reason="requires pickle protocol 5")
+    def test_pickle_with_buffercallback(self):
+        array = np.arange(10)
+        buffers = []
+        bytes_string = pickle.dumps(array, buffer_callback=buffers.append,
+                                    protocol=5)
+        array_from_buffer = pickle.loads(bytes_string, buffers=buffers)
+        # when using pickle protocol 5 with buffer callbacks,
+        # array_from_buffer is reconstructed from a buffer holding a view
+        # to the initial array's data, so modifying an element in array
+        # should modify it in array_from_buffer too.
+        array[0] = -1
+        assert array_from_buffer[0] == -1, array_from_buffer[0]
+
+
+class TestMethods:
+
+    sort_kinds = ['quicksort', 'heapsort', 'stable']
+
+    def test_all_where(self):
+        a = np.array([[True, False, True],
+                      [False, False, False],
+                      [True, True, True]])
+        wh_full = np.array([[True, False, True],
+                            [False, False, False],
+                            [True, False, True]])
+        wh_lower = np.array([[False],
+                             [False],
+                             [True]])
+        for _ax in [0, None]:
+            assert_equal(a.all(axis=_ax, where=wh_lower),
+                        np.all(a[wh_lower[:,0],:], axis=_ax))
+            assert_equal(np.all(a, axis=_ax, where=wh_lower),
+                         a[wh_lower[:,0],:].all(axis=_ax))
+
+        assert_equal(a.all(where=wh_full), True)
+        assert_equal(np.all(a, where=wh_full), True)
+        assert_equal(a.all(where=False), True)
+        assert_equal(np.all(a, where=False), True)
+
+    def test_any_where(self):
+        a = np.array([[True, False, True],
+                      [False, False, False],
+                      [True, True, True]])
+        wh_full = np.array([[False, True, False],
+                            [True, True, True],
+                            [False, False, False]])
+        wh_middle = np.array([[False],
+                              [True],
+                              [False]])
+        for _ax in [0, None]:
+            assert_equal(a.any(axis=_ax, where=wh_middle),
+                         np.any(a[wh_middle[:,0],:], axis=_ax))
+            assert_equal(np.any(a, axis=_ax, where=wh_middle),
+                         a[wh_middle[:,0],:].any(axis=_ax))
+        assert_equal(a.any(where=wh_full), False)
+        assert_equal(np.any(a, where=wh_full), False)
+        assert_equal(a.any(where=False), False)
+        assert_equal(np.any(a, where=False), False)
+
+    def test_compress(self):
+        tgt = [[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
+        arr = np.arange(10).reshape(2, 5)
+        out = arr.compress([0, 1], axis=0)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[1, 3], [6, 8]]
+        out = arr.compress([0, 1, 0, 1, 0], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[1], [6]]
+        arr = np.arange(10).reshape(2, 5)
+        out = arr.compress([0, 1], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+        arr = np.arange(10).reshape(2, 5)
+        out = arr.compress([0, 1])
+        assert_equal(out, 1)
+
+    def test_choose(self):
+        x = 2*np.ones((3,), dtype=int)
+        y = 3*np.ones((3,), dtype=int)
+        x2 = 2*np.ones((2, 3), dtype=int)
+        y2 = 3*np.ones((2, 3), dtype=int)
+        ind = np.array([0, 0, 1])
+
+        A = ind.choose((x, y))
+        assert_equal(A, [2, 2, 3])
+
+        A = ind.choose((x2, y2))
+        assert_equal(A, [[2, 2, 3], [2, 2, 3]])
+
+        A = ind.choose((x, y2))
+        assert_equal(A, [[2, 2, 3], [2, 2, 3]])
+
+        oned = np.ones(1)
+        # gh-12031, caused SEGFAULT
+        assert_raises(TypeError, oned.choose,np.void(0), [oned])
+
+        out = np.array(0)
+        ret = np.choose(np.array(1), [10, 20, 30], out=out)
+        assert out is ret
+        assert_equal(out[()], 20)
+
+        # gh-6272 check overlap on out
+        x = np.arange(5)
+        y = np.choose([0,0,0], [x[:3], x[:3], x[:3]], out=x[1:4], mode='wrap')
+        assert_equal(y, np.array([0, 1, 2]))
+
+    def test_prod(self):
+        ba = [1, 2, 10, 11, 6, 5, 4]
+        ba2 = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 9], [10, 3, 4, 5]]
+
+        for ctype in [np.int16, np.uint16, np.int32, np.uint32,
+                      np.float32, np.float64, np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+            a = np.array(ba, ctype)
+            a2 = np.array(ba2, ctype)
+            if ctype in ['1', 'b']:
+                assert_raises(ArithmeticError, a.prod)
+                assert_raises(ArithmeticError, a2.prod, axis=1)
+            else:
+                assert_equal(a.prod(axis=0), 26400)
+                assert_array_equal(a2.prod(axis=0),
+                                   np.array([50, 36, 84, 180], ctype))
+                assert_array_equal(a2.prod(axis=-1),
+                                   np.array([24, 1890, 600], ctype))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [None, object])
+    def test_repeat(self, dtype):
+        m = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], dtype=dtype)
+        m_rect = m.reshape((2, 3))
+
+        A = m.repeat([1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2])
+        assert_equal(A, [1, 2, 2, 2, 3,
+                         3, 4, 5, 6, 6])
+
+        A = m.repeat(2)
+        assert_equal(A, [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3,
+                         4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6])
+
+        A = m_rect.repeat([2, 1], axis=0)
+        assert_equal(A, [[1, 2, 3],
+                         [1, 2, 3],
+                         [4, 5, 6]])
+
+        A = m_rect.repeat([1, 3, 2], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(A, [[1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3],
+                         [4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6]])
+
+        A = m_rect.repeat(2, axis=0)
+        assert_equal(A, [[1, 2, 3],
+                         [1, 2, 3],
+                         [4, 5, 6],
+                         [4, 5, 6]])
+
+        A = m_rect.repeat(2, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(A, [[1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3],
+                         [4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6]])
+
+    def test_reshape(self):
+        arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]])
+
+        tgt = [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]]
+        assert_equal(arr.reshape(2, 6), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]]
+        assert_equal(arr.reshape(3, 4), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[1, 10, 8, 6], [4, 2, 11, 9], [7, 5, 3, 12]]
+        assert_equal(arr.reshape((3, 4), order='F'), tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[1, 4, 7, 10], [2, 5, 8, 11], [3, 6, 9, 12]]
+        assert_equal(arr.T.reshape((3, 4), order='C'), tgt)
+
+    def test_round(self):
+        def check_round(arr, expected, *round_args):
+            assert_equal(arr.round(*round_args), expected)
+            # With output array
+            out = np.zeros_like(arr)
+            res = arr.round(*round_args, out=out)
+            assert_equal(out, expected)
+            assert out is res
+
+        check_round(np.array([1.2, 1.5]), [1, 2])
+        check_round(np.array(1.5), 2)
+        check_round(np.array([12.2, 15.5]), [10, 20], -1)
+        check_round(np.array([12.15, 15.51]), [12.2, 15.5], 1)
+        # Complex rounding
+        check_round(np.array([4.5 + 1.5j]), [4 + 2j])
+        check_round(np.array([12.5 + 15.5j]), [10 + 20j], -1)
+
+    def test_squeeze(self):
+        a = np.array([[[1], [2], [3]]])
+        assert_equal(a.squeeze(), [1, 2, 3])
+        assert_equal(a.squeeze(axis=(0,)), [[1], [2], [3]])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.squeeze, axis=(1,))
+        assert_equal(a.squeeze(axis=(2,)), [[1, 2, 3]])
+
+    def test_transpose(self):
+        a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+        assert_equal(a.transpose(), [[1, 3], [2, 4]])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: a.transpose(0))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: a.transpose(0, 0))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: a.transpose(0, 1, 2))
+
+    def test_sort(self):
+        # test ordering for floats and complex containing nans. It is only
+        # necessary to check the less-than comparison, so sorts that
+        # only follow the insertion sort path are sufficient. We only
+        # test doubles and complex doubles as the logic is the same.
+
+        # check doubles
+        msg = "Test real sort order with nans"
+        a = np.array([np.nan, 1, 0])
+        b = np.sort(a)
+        assert_equal(b, a[::-1], msg)
+        # check complex
+        msg = "Test complex sort order with nans"
+        a = np.zeros(9, dtype=np.complex128)
+        a.real += [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0]
+        a.imag += [np.nan, 1, 0, np.nan, np.nan, 1, 0, 1, 0]
+        b = np.sort(a)
+        assert_equal(b, a[::-1], msg)
+
+    # all c scalar sorts use the same code with different types
+    # so it suffices to run a quick check with one type. The number
+    # of sorted items must be greater than ~50 to check the actual
+    # algorithm because quick and merge sort fall over to insertion
+    # sort for small arrays.
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64,
+                                       np.float16, np.float32, np.float64,
+                                       np.longdouble])
+    def test_sort_unsigned(self, dtype):
+        a = np.arange(101, dtype=dtype)
+        b = a[::-1].copy()
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "scalar sort, kind=%s" % kind
+            c = a.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+            c = b.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype',
+                             [np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64, np.float16,
+                              np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble])
+    def test_sort_signed(self, dtype):
+        a = np.arange(-50, 51, dtype=dtype)
+        b = a[::-1].copy()
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "scalar sort, kind=%s" % (kind)
+            c = a.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+            c = b.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('part', ['real', 'imag'])
+    def test_sort_complex(self, part, dtype):
+        # test complex sorts. These use the same code as the scalars
+        # but the compare function differs.
+        cdtype = {
+            np.single: np.csingle,
+            np.double: np.cdouble,
+            np.longdouble: np.clongdouble,
+        }[dtype]
+        a = np.arange(-50, 51, dtype=dtype)
+        b = a[::-1].copy()
+        ai = (a * (1+1j)).astype(cdtype)
+        bi = (b * (1+1j)).astype(cdtype)
+        setattr(ai, part, 1)
+        setattr(bi, part, 1)
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "complex sort, %s part == 1, kind=%s" % (part, kind)
+            c = ai.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, ai, msg)
+            c = bi.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, ai, msg)
+
+    def test_sort_complex_byte_swapping(self):
+        # test sorting of complex arrays requiring byte-swapping, gh-5441
+        for endianness in '<>':
+            for dt in np.typecodes['Complex']:
+                arr = np.array([1+3.j, 2+2.j, 3+1.j], dtype=endianness + dt)
+                c = arr.copy()
+                c.sort()
+                msg = 'byte-swapped complex sort, dtype={0}'.format(dt)
+                assert_equal(c, arr, msg)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [np.bytes_, np.str_])
+    def test_sort_string(self, dtype):
+        # np.array will perform the encoding to bytes for us in the bytes test
+        a = np.array(['aaaaaaaa' + chr(i) for i in range(101)], dtype=dtype)
+        b = a[::-1].copy()
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "kind=%s" % kind
+            c = a.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+            c = b.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+
+    def test_sort_object(self):
+        # test object array sorts.
+        a = np.empty((101,), dtype=object)
+        a[:] = list(range(101))
+        b = a[::-1]
+        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm']:
+            msg = "kind=%s" % kind
+            c = a.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+            c = b.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dt", [
+            np.dtype([('f', float), ('i', int)]),
+            np.dtype([('f', float), ('i', object)])])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("step", [1, 2])
+    def test_sort_structured(self, dt, step):
+        # test record array sorts.
+        a = np.array([(i, i) for i in range(101*step)], dtype=dt)
+        b = a[::-1]
+        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm']:
+            msg = "kind=%s" % kind
+            c = a.copy()[::step]
+            indx = c.argsort(kind=kind)
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a[::step], msg)
+            assert_equal(a[::step][indx], a[::step], msg)
+            c = b.copy()[::step]
+            indx = c.argsort(kind=kind)
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a[step-1::step], msg)
+            assert_equal(b[::step][indx], a[step-1::step], msg)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ['datetime64[D]', 'timedelta64[D]'])
+    def test_sort_time(self, dtype):
+        # test datetime64 and timedelta64 sorts.
+        a = np.arange(0, 101, dtype=dtype)
+        b = a[::-1]
+        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm']:
+            msg = "kind=%s" % kind
+            c = a.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+            c = b.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+
+    def test_sort_axis(self):
+        # check axis handling. This should be the same for all type
+        # specific sorts, so we only check it for one type and one kind
+        a = np.array([[3, 2], [1, 0]])
+        b = np.array([[1, 0], [3, 2]])
+        c = np.array([[2, 3], [0, 1]])
+        d = a.copy()
+        d.sort(axis=0)
+        assert_equal(d, b, "test sort with axis=0")
+        d = a.copy()
+        d.sort(axis=1)
+        assert_equal(d, c, "test sort with axis=1")
+        d = a.copy()
+        d.sort()
+        assert_equal(d, c, "test sort with default axis")
+
+    def test_sort_size_0(self):
+        # check axis handling for multidimensional empty arrays
+        a = np.array([])
+        a.shape = (3, 2, 1, 0)
+        for axis in range(-a.ndim, a.ndim):
+            msg = 'test empty array sort with axis={0}'.format(axis)
+            assert_equal(np.sort(a, axis=axis), a, msg)
+        msg = 'test empty array sort with axis=None'
+        assert_equal(np.sort(a, axis=None), a.ravel(), msg)
+
+    def test_sort_bad_ordering(self):
+        # test generic class with bogus ordering,
+        # should not segfault.
+        class Boom:
+            def __lt__(self, other):
+                return True
+
+        a = np.array([Boom()] * 100, dtype=object)
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "kind=%s" % kind
+            c = a.copy()
+            c.sort(kind=kind)
+            assert_equal(c, a, msg)
+
+    def test_void_sort(self):
+        # gh-8210 - previously segfaulted
+        for i in range(4):
+            rand = np.random.randint(256, size=4000, dtype=np.uint8)
+            arr = rand.view('V4')
+            arr[::-1].sort()
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('val', 'i4', (1,))])
+        for i in range(4):
+            rand = np.random.randint(256, size=4000, dtype=np.uint8)
+            arr = rand.view(dt)
+            arr[::-1].sort()
+
+    def test_sort_raises(self):
+        #gh-9404
+        arr = np.array([0, datetime.now(), 1], dtype=object)
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, arr.sort, kind=kind)
+        #gh-3879
+        class Raiser:
+            def raises_anything(*args, **kwargs):
+                raise TypeError("SOMETHING ERRORED")
+            __eq__ = __ne__ = __lt__ = __gt__ = __ge__ = __le__ = raises_anything
+        arr = np.array([[Raiser(), n] for n in range(10)]).reshape(-1)
+        np.random.shuffle(arr)
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, arr.sort, kind=kind)
+
+    def test_sort_degraded(self):
+        # test degraded dataset would take minutes to run with normal qsort
+        d = np.arange(1000000)
+        do = d.copy()
+        x = d
+        # create a median of 3 killer where each median is the sorted second
+        # last element of the quicksort partition
+        while x.size > 3:
+            mid = x.size // 2
+            x[mid], x[-2] = x[-2], x[mid]
+            x = x[:-2]
+
+        assert_equal(np.sort(d), do)
+        assert_equal(d[np.argsort(d)], do)
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        def assert_fortran(arr):
+            assert_(arr.flags.fortran)
+            assert_(arr.flags.f_contiguous)
+            assert_(not arr.flags.c_contiguous)
+
+        def assert_c(arr):
+            assert_(not arr.flags.fortran)
+            assert_(not arr.flags.f_contiguous)
+            assert_(arr.flags.c_contiguous)
+
+        a = np.empty((2, 2), order='F')
+        # Test copying a Fortran array
+        assert_c(a.copy())
+        assert_c(a.copy('C'))
+        assert_fortran(a.copy('F'))
+        assert_fortran(a.copy('A'))
+
+        # Now test starting with a C array.
+        a = np.empty((2, 2), order='C')
+        assert_c(a.copy())
+        assert_c(a.copy('C'))
+        assert_fortran(a.copy('F'))
+        assert_c(a.copy('A'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ['O', np.int32, 'i,O'])
+    def test__deepcopy__(self, dtype):
+        # Force the entry of NULLs into array
+        a = np.empty(4, dtype=dtype)
+        ctypes.memset(a.ctypes.data, 0, a.nbytes)
+
+        # Ensure no error is raised, see gh-21833
+        b = a.__deepcopy__({})
+
+        a[0] = 42
+        with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
+            assert_array_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test__deepcopy__catches_failure(self):
+        class MyObj:
+            def __deepcopy__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                raise RuntimeError
+
+        arr = np.array([1, MyObj(), 3], dtype='O')
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            arr.__deepcopy__({})
+
+    def test_sort_order(self):
+        # Test sorting an array with fields
+        x1 = np.array([21, 32, 14])
+        x2 = np.array(['my', 'first', 'name'])
+        x3 = np.array([3.1, 4.5, 6.2])
+        r = np.rec.fromarrays([x1, x2, x3], names='id,word,number')
+
+        r.sort(order=['id'])
+        assert_equal(r.id, np.array([14, 21, 32]))
+        assert_equal(r.word, np.array(['name', 'my', 'first']))
+        assert_equal(r.number, np.array([6.2, 3.1, 4.5]))
+
+        r.sort(order=['word'])
+        assert_equal(r.id, np.array([32, 21, 14]))
+        assert_equal(r.word, np.array(['first', 'my', 'name']))
+        assert_equal(r.number, np.array([4.5, 3.1, 6.2]))
+
+        r.sort(order=['number'])
+        assert_equal(r.id, np.array([21, 32, 14]))
+        assert_equal(r.word, np.array(['my', 'first', 'name']))
+        assert_equal(r.number, np.array([3.1, 4.5, 6.2]))
+
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'duplicate',
+            lambda: r.sort(order=['id', 'id']))
+
+        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+            strtype = '>i2'
+        else:
+            strtype = '<i2'
+        mydtype = [('name', 'U5'), ('col2', strtype)]
+        r = np.array([('a', 1), ('b', 255), ('c', 3), ('d', 258)],
+                     dtype=mydtype)
+        r.sort(order='col2')
+        assert_equal(r['col2'], [1, 3, 255, 258])
+        assert_equal(r, np.array([('a', 1), ('c', 3), ('b', 255), ('d', 258)],
+                                 dtype=mydtype))
+
+    def test_argsort(self):
+        # all c scalar argsorts use the same code with different types
+        # so it suffices to run a quick check with one type. The number
+        # of sorted items must be greater than ~50 to check the actual
+        # algorithm because quick and merge sort fall over to insertion
+        # sort for small arrays.
+
+        for dtype in [np.int32, np.uint32, np.float32]:
+            a = np.arange(101, dtype=dtype)
+            b = a[::-1].copy()
+            for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+                msg = "scalar argsort, kind=%s, dtype=%s" % (kind, dtype)
+                assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), a, msg)
+                assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), b, msg)
+
+        # test complex argsorts. These use the same code as the scalars
+        # but the compare function differs.
+        ai = a*1j + 1
+        bi = b*1j + 1
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "complex argsort, kind=%s" % kind
+            assert_equal(ai.copy().argsort(kind=kind), a, msg)
+            assert_equal(bi.copy().argsort(kind=kind), b, msg)
+        ai = a + 1j
+        bi = b + 1j
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "complex argsort, kind=%s" % kind
+            assert_equal(ai.copy().argsort(kind=kind), a, msg)
+            assert_equal(bi.copy().argsort(kind=kind), b, msg)
+
+        # test argsort of complex arrays requiring byte-swapping, gh-5441
+        for endianness in '<>':
+            for dt in np.typecodes['Complex']:
+                arr = np.array([1+3.j, 2+2.j, 3+1.j], dtype=endianness + dt)
+                msg = 'byte-swapped complex argsort, dtype={0}'.format(dt)
+                assert_equal(arr.argsort(),
+                             np.arange(len(arr), dtype=np.intp), msg)
+
+        # test string argsorts.
+        s = 'aaaaaaaa'
+        a = np.array([s + chr(i) for i in range(101)])
+        b = a[::-1].copy()
+        r = np.arange(101)
+        rr = r[::-1]
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "string argsort, kind=%s" % kind
+            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
+            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)
+
+        # test unicode argsorts.
+        s = 'aaaaaaaa'
+        a = np.array([s + chr(i) for i in range(101)], dtype=np.str_)
+        b = a[::-1]
+        r = np.arange(101)
+        rr = r[::-1]
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "unicode argsort, kind=%s" % kind
+            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
+            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)
+
+        # test object array argsorts.
+        a = np.empty((101,), dtype=object)
+        a[:] = list(range(101))
+        b = a[::-1]
+        r = np.arange(101)
+        rr = r[::-1]
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "object argsort, kind=%s" % kind
+            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
+            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)
+
+        # test structured array argsorts.
+        dt = np.dtype([('f', float), ('i', int)])
+        a = np.array([(i, i) for i in range(101)], dtype=dt)
+        b = a[::-1]
+        r = np.arange(101)
+        rr = r[::-1]
+        for kind in self.sort_kinds:
+            msg = "structured array argsort, kind=%s" % kind
+            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
+            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)
+
+        # test datetime64 argsorts.
+        a = np.arange(0, 101, dtype='datetime64[D]')
+        b = a[::-1]
+        r = np.arange(101)
+        rr = r[::-1]
+        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm']:
+            msg = "datetime64 argsort, kind=%s" % kind
+            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
+            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)
+
+        # test timedelta64 argsorts.
+        a = np.arange(0, 101, dtype='timedelta64[D]')
+        b = a[::-1]
+        r = np.arange(101)
+        rr = r[::-1]
+        for kind in ['q', 'h', 'm']:
+            msg = "timedelta64 argsort, kind=%s" % kind
+            assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(kind=kind), r, msg)
+            assert_equal(b.copy().argsort(kind=kind), rr, msg)
+
+        # check axis handling. This should be the same for all type
+        # specific argsorts, so we only check it for one type and one kind
+        a = np.array([[3, 2], [1, 0]])
+        b = np.array([[1, 1], [0, 0]])
+        c = np.array([[1, 0], [1, 0]])
+        assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(axis=0), b)
+        assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(axis=1), c)
+        assert_equal(a.copy().argsort(), c)
+
+        # check axis handling for multidimensional empty arrays
+        a = np.array([])
+        a.shape = (3, 2, 1, 0)
+        for axis in range(-a.ndim, a.ndim):
+            msg = 'test empty array argsort with axis={0}'.format(axis)
+            assert_equal(np.argsort(a, axis=axis),
+                         np.zeros_like(a, dtype=np.intp), msg)
+        msg = 'test empty array argsort with axis=None'
+        assert_equal(np.argsort(a, axis=None),
+                     np.zeros_like(a.ravel(), dtype=np.intp), msg)
+
+        # check that stable argsorts are stable
+        r = np.arange(100)
+        # scalars
+        a = np.zeros(100)
+        assert_equal(a.argsort(kind='m'), r)
+        # complex
+        a = np.zeros(100, dtype=complex)
+        assert_equal(a.argsort(kind='m'), r)
+        # string
+        a = np.array(['aaaaaaaaa' for i in range(100)])
+        assert_equal(a.argsort(kind='m'), r)
+        # unicode
+        a = np.array(['aaaaaaaaa' for i in range(100)], dtype=np.str_)
+        assert_equal(a.argsort(kind='m'), r)
+
+    def test_sort_unicode_kind(self):
+        d = np.arange(10)
+        k = b'\xc3\xa4'.decode("UTF8")
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.sort, kind=k)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.argsort, kind=k)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('a', [
+        np.array([0, 1, np.nan], dtype=np.float16),
+        np.array([0, 1, np.nan], dtype=np.float32),
+        np.array([0, 1, np.nan]),
+    ])
+    def test_searchsorted_floats(self, a):
+        # test for floats arrays containing nans. Explicitly test
+        # half, single, and double precision floats to verify that
+        # the NaN-handling is correct.
+        msg = "Test real (%s) searchsorted with nans, side='l'" % a.dtype
+        b = a.searchsorted(a, side='left')
+        assert_equal(b, np.arange(3), msg)
+        msg = "Test real (%s) searchsorted with nans, side='r'" % a.dtype
+        b = a.searchsorted(a, side='right')
+        assert_equal(b, np.arange(1, 4), msg)
+        # check keyword arguments
+        a.searchsorted(v=1)
+        x = np.array([0, 1, np.nan], dtype='float32')
+        y = np.searchsorted(x, x[-1])
+        assert_equal(y, 2)
+
+    def test_searchsorted_complex(self):
+        # test for complex arrays containing nans.
+        # The search sorted routines use the compare functions for the
+        # array type, so this checks if that is consistent with the sort
+        # order.
+        # check double complex
+        a = np.zeros(9, dtype=np.complex128)
+        a.real += [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]
+        a.imag += [0, 1, 0, 1, np.nan, np.nan, 0, 1, np.nan]
+        msg = "Test complex searchsorted with nans, side='l'"
+        b = a.searchsorted(a, side='left')
+        assert_equal(b, np.arange(9), msg)
+        msg = "Test complex searchsorted with nans, side='r'"
+        b = a.searchsorted(a, side='right')
+        assert_equal(b, np.arange(1, 10), msg)
+        msg = "Test searchsorted with little endian, side='l'"
+        a = np.array([0, 128], dtype='<i4')
+        b = a.searchsorted(np.array(128, dtype='<i4'))
+        assert_equal(b, 1, msg)
+        msg = "Test searchsorted with big endian, side='l'"
+        a = np.array([0, 128], dtype='>i4')
+        b = a.searchsorted(np.array(128, dtype='>i4'))
+        assert_equal(b, 1, msg)
+
+    def test_searchsorted_n_elements(self):
+        # Check 0 elements
+        a = np.ones(0)
+        b = a.searchsorted([0, 1, 2], 'left')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 0])
+        b = a.searchsorted([0, 1, 2], 'right')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 0])
+        a = np.ones(1)
+        # Check 1 element
+        b = a.searchsorted([0, 1, 2], 'left')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 1])
+        b = a.searchsorted([0, 1, 2], 'right')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 1, 1])
+        # Check all elements equal
+        a = np.ones(2)
+        b = a.searchsorted([0, 1, 2], 'left')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 2])
+        b = a.searchsorted([0, 1, 2], 'right')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 2, 2])
+
+    def test_searchsorted_unaligned_array(self):
+        # Test searching unaligned array
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        aligned = np.empty(a.itemsize * a.size + 1, 'uint8')
+        unaligned = aligned[1:].view(a.dtype)
+        unaligned[:] = a
+        # Test searching unaligned array
+        b = unaligned.searchsorted(a, 'left')
+        assert_equal(b, a)
+        b = unaligned.searchsorted(a, 'right')
+        assert_equal(b, a + 1)
+        # Test searching for unaligned keys
+        b = a.searchsorted(unaligned, 'left')
+        assert_equal(b, a)
+        b = a.searchsorted(unaligned, 'right')
+        assert_equal(b, a + 1)
+
+    def test_searchsorted_resetting(self):
+        # Test smart resetting of binsearch indices
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        b = a.searchsorted([6, 5, 4], 'left')
+        assert_equal(b, [5, 5, 4])
+        b = a.searchsorted([6, 5, 4], 'right')
+        assert_equal(b, [5, 5, 5])
+
+    def test_searchsorted_type_specific(self):
+        # Test all type specific binary search functions
+        types = ''.join((np.typecodes['AllInteger'], np.typecodes['AllFloat'],
+                         np.typecodes['Datetime'], '?O'))
+        for dt in types:
+            if dt == 'M':
+                dt = 'M8[D]'
+            if dt == '?':
+                a = np.arange(2, dtype=dt)
+                out = np.arange(2)
+            else:
+                a = np.arange(0, 5, dtype=dt)
+                out = np.arange(5)
+            b = a.searchsorted(a, 'left')
+            assert_equal(b, out)
+            b = a.searchsorted(a, 'right')
+            assert_equal(b, out + 1)
+            # Test empty array, use a fresh array to get warnings in
+            # valgrind if access happens.
+            e = np.ndarray(shape=0, buffer=b'', dtype=dt)
+            b = e.searchsorted(a, 'left')
+            assert_array_equal(b, np.zeros(len(a), dtype=np.intp))
+            b = a.searchsorted(e, 'left')
+            assert_array_equal(b, np.zeros(0, dtype=np.intp))
+
+    def test_searchsorted_unicode(self):
+        # Test searchsorted on unicode strings.
+
+        # 1.6.1 contained a string length miscalculation in
+        # arraytypes.c.src:UNICODE_compare() which manifested as
+        # incorrect/inconsistent results from searchsorted.
+        a = np.array(['P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100185_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100186_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100187_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100189_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100190_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100191_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100192_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100193_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100194_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100195_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100196_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100197_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100198_1',
+                      'P:\\20x_dapi_cy3\\20x_dapi_cy3_20100199_1'],
+                     dtype=np.str_)
+        ind = np.arange(len(a))
+        assert_equal([a.searchsorted(v, 'left') for v in a], ind)
+        assert_equal([a.searchsorted(v, 'right') for v in a], ind + 1)
+        assert_equal([a.searchsorted(a[i], 'left') for i in ind], ind)
+        assert_equal([a.searchsorted(a[i], 'right') for i in ind], ind + 1)
+
+    def test_searchsorted_with_invalid_sorter(self):
+        a = np.array([5, 2, 1, 3, 4])
+        s = np.argsort(a)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.searchsorted, a, 0,
+                      sorter=np.array((1, (2, 3)), dtype=object))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=[1.1])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=[1, 2, 3, 4])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+
+        # bounds check
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.searchsorted, a, 4, sorter=[0, 1, 2, 3, 5])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=[-1, 0, 1, 2, 3])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.searchsorted, a, 0, sorter=[4, 0, -1, 2, 3])
+
+    def test_searchsorted_with_sorter(self):
+        a = np.random.rand(300)
+        s = a.argsort()
+        b = np.sort(a)
+        k = np.linspace(0, 1, 20)
+        assert_equal(b.searchsorted(k), a.searchsorted(k, sorter=s))
+
+        a = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 5]*20)
+        s = a.argsort()
+        k = [0, 1, 2, 3, 5]
+        expected = [0, 20, 40, 60, 80]
+        assert_equal(a.searchsorted(k, side='left', sorter=s), expected)
+        expected = [20, 40, 60, 80, 100]
+        assert_equal(a.searchsorted(k, side='right', sorter=s), expected)
+
+        # Test searching unaligned array
+        keys = np.arange(10)
+        a = keys.copy()
+        np.random.shuffle(s)
+        s = a.argsort()
+        aligned = np.empty(a.itemsize * a.size + 1, 'uint8')
+        unaligned = aligned[1:].view(a.dtype)
+        # Test searching unaligned array
+        unaligned[:] = a
+        b = unaligned.searchsorted(keys, 'left', s)
+        assert_equal(b, keys)
+        b = unaligned.searchsorted(keys, 'right', s)
+        assert_equal(b, keys + 1)
+        # Test searching for unaligned keys
+        unaligned[:] = keys
+        b = a.searchsorted(unaligned, 'left', s)
+        assert_equal(b, keys)
+        b = a.searchsorted(unaligned, 'right', s)
+        assert_equal(b, keys + 1)
+
+        # Test all type specific indirect binary search functions
+        types = ''.join((np.typecodes['AllInteger'], np.typecodes['AllFloat'],
+                         np.typecodes['Datetime'], '?O'))
+        for dt in types:
+            if dt == 'M':
+                dt = 'M8[D]'
+            if dt == '?':
+                a = np.array([1, 0], dtype=dt)
+                # We want the sorter array to be of a type that is different
+                # from np.intp in all platforms, to check for #4698
+                s = np.array([1, 0], dtype=np.int16)
+                out = np.array([1, 0])
+            else:
+                a = np.array([3, 4, 1, 2, 0], dtype=dt)
+                # We want the sorter array to be of a type that is different
+                # from np.intp in all platforms, to check for #4698
+                s = np.array([4, 2, 3, 0, 1], dtype=np.int16)
+                out = np.array([3, 4, 1, 2, 0], dtype=np.intp)
+            b = a.searchsorted(a, 'left', s)
+            assert_equal(b, out)
+            b = a.searchsorted(a, 'right', s)
+            assert_equal(b, out + 1)
+            # Test empty array, use a fresh array to get warnings in
+            # valgrind if access happens.
+            e = np.ndarray(shape=0, buffer=b'', dtype=dt)
+            b = e.searchsorted(a, 'left', s[:0])
+            assert_array_equal(b, np.zeros(len(a), dtype=np.intp))
+            b = a.searchsorted(e, 'left', s)
+            assert_array_equal(b, np.zeros(0, dtype=np.intp))
+
+        # Test non-contiguous sorter array
+        a = np.array([3, 4, 1, 2, 0])
+        srt = np.empty((10,), dtype=np.intp)
+        srt[1::2] = -1
+        srt[::2] = [4, 2, 3, 0, 1]
+        s = srt[::2]
+        out = np.array([3, 4, 1, 2, 0], dtype=np.intp)
+        b = a.searchsorted(a, 'left', s)
+        assert_equal(b, out)
+        b = a.searchsorted(a, 'right', s)
+        assert_equal(b, out + 1)
+
+    def test_searchsorted_return_type(self):
+        # Functions returning indices should always return base ndarrays
+        class A(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+        a = np.arange(5).view(A)
+        b = np.arange(1, 3).view(A)
+        s = np.arange(5).view(A)
+        assert_(not isinstance(a.searchsorted(b, 'left'), A))
+        assert_(not isinstance(a.searchsorted(b, 'right'), A))
+        assert_(not isinstance(a.searchsorted(b, 'left', s), A))
+        assert_(not isinstance(a.searchsorted(b, 'right', s), A))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["All"])
+    def test_argpartition_out_of_range(self, dtype):
+        # Test out of range values in kth raise an error, gh-5469
+        d = np.arange(10).astype(dtype=dtype)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.argpartition, 10)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.argpartition, -11)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["All"])
+    def test_partition_out_of_range(self, dtype):
+        # Test out of range values in kth raise an error, gh-5469
+        d = np.arange(10).astype(dtype=dtype)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, 10)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, -11)
+
+    def test_argpartition_integer(self):
+        # Test non-integer values in kth raise an error/
+        d = np.arange(10)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, d.argpartition, 9.)
+        # Test also for generic type argpartition, which uses sorting
+        # and used to not bound check kth
+        d_obj = np.arange(10, dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, d_obj.argpartition, 9.)
+
+    def test_partition_integer(self):
+        # Test out of range values in kth raise an error, gh-5469
+        d = np.arange(10)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, d.partition, 9.)
+        # Test also for generic type partition, which uses sorting
+        # and used to not bound check kth
+        d_obj = np.arange(10, dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, d_obj.partition, 9.)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("kth_dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+    def test_partition_empty_array(self, kth_dtype):
+        # check axis handling for multidimensional empty arrays
+        kth = np.array(0, dtype=kth_dtype)[()]
+        a = np.array([])
+        a.shape = (3, 2, 1, 0)
+        for axis in range(-a.ndim, a.ndim):
+            msg = 'test empty array partition with axis={0}'.format(axis)
+            assert_equal(np.partition(a, kth, axis=axis), a, msg)
+        msg = 'test empty array partition with axis=None'
+        assert_equal(np.partition(a, kth, axis=None), a.ravel(), msg)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("kth_dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+    def test_argpartition_empty_array(self, kth_dtype):
+        # check axis handling for multidimensional empty arrays
+        kth = np.array(0, dtype=kth_dtype)[()]
+        a = np.array([])
+        a.shape = (3, 2, 1, 0)
+        for axis in range(-a.ndim, a.ndim):
+            msg = 'test empty array argpartition with axis={0}'.format(axis)
+            assert_equal(np.partition(a, kth, axis=axis),
+                         np.zeros_like(a, dtype=np.intp), msg)
+        msg = 'test empty array argpartition with axis=None'
+        assert_equal(np.partition(a, kth, axis=None),
+                     np.zeros_like(a.ravel(), dtype=np.intp), msg)
+
+    def test_partition(self):
+        d = np.arange(10)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.partition, d, 2, kind=1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.partition, d, 2, kind="nonsense")
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.argpartition, d, 2, kind="nonsense")
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, 2, axis=0, kind="nonsense")
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.argpartition, 2, axis=0, kind="nonsense")
+        for k in ("introselect",):
+            d = np.array([])
+            assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, 0, kind=k), d)
+            assert_array_equal(np.argpartition(d, 0, kind=k), d)
+            d = np.ones(1)
+            assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, 0, kind=k)[0], d)
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 0, kind=k)],
+                               np.partition(d, 0, kind=k))
+
+            # kth not modified
+            kth = np.array([30, 15, 5])
+            okth = kth.copy()
+            np.partition(np.arange(40), kth)
+            assert_array_equal(kth, okth)
+
+            for r in ([2, 1], [1, 2], [1, 1]):
+                d = np.array(r)
+                tgt = np.sort(d)
+                assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, 0, kind=k)[0], tgt[0])
+                assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, 1, kind=k)[1], tgt[1])
+                assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 0, kind=k)],
+                                   np.partition(d, 0, kind=k))
+                assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 1, kind=k)],
+                                   np.partition(d, 1, kind=k))
+                for i in range(d.size):
+                    d[i:].partition(0, kind=k)
+                assert_array_equal(d, tgt)
+
+            for r in ([3, 2, 1], [1, 2, 3], [2, 1, 3], [2, 3, 1],
+                      [1, 1, 1], [1, 2, 2], [2, 2, 1], [1, 2, 1]):
+                d = np.array(r)
+                tgt = np.sort(d)
+                assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, 0, kind=k)[0], tgt[0])
+                assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, 1, kind=k)[1], tgt[1])
+                assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, 2, kind=k)[2], tgt[2])
+                assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 0, kind=k)],
+                                   np.partition(d, 0, kind=k))
+                assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 1, kind=k)],
+                                   np.partition(d, 1, kind=k))
+                assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 2, kind=k)],
+                                   np.partition(d, 2, kind=k))
+                for i in range(d.size):
+                    d[i:].partition(0, kind=k)
+                assert_array_equal(d, tgt)
+
+            d = np.ones(50)
+            assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, 0, kind=k), d)
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 0, kind=k)],
+                               np.partition(d, 0, kind=k))
+
+            # sorted
+            d = np.arange(49)
+            assert_equal(np.partition(d, 5, kind=k)[5], 5)
+            assert_equal(np.partition(d, 15, kind=k)[15], 15)
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 5, kind=k)],
+                               np.partition(d, 5, kind=k))
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 15, kind=k)],
+                               np.partition(d, 15, kind=k))
+
+            # rsorted
+            d = np.arange(47)[::-1]
+            assert_equal(np.partition(d, 6, kind=k)[6], 6)
+            assert_equal(np.partition(d, 16, kind=k)[16], 16)
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 6, kind=k)],
+                               np.partition(d, 6, kind=k))
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 16, kind=k)],
+                               np.partition(d, 16, kind=k))
+
+            assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, -6, kind=k),
+                               np.partition(d, 41, kind=k))
+            assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, -16, kind=k),
+                               np.partition(d, 31, kind=k))
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, -6, kind=k)],
+                               np.partition(d, 41, kind=k))
+
+            # median of 3 killer, O(n^2) on pure median 3 pivot quickselect
+            # exercises the median of median of 5 code used to keep O(n)
+            d = np.arange(1000000)
+            x = np.roll(d, d.size // 2)
+            mid = x.size // 2 + 1
+            assert_equal(np.partition(x, mid)[mid], mid)
+            d = np.arange(1000001)
+            x = np.roll(d, d.size // 2 + 1)
+            mid = x.size // 2 + 1
+            assert_equal(np.partition(x, mid)[mid], mid)
+
+            # max
+            d = np.ones(10)
+            d[1] = 4
+            assert_equal(np.partition(d, (2, -1))[-1], 4)
+            assert_equal(np.partition(d, (2, -1))[2], 1)
+            assert_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, (2, -1))][-1], 4)
+            assert_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, (2, -1))][2], 1)
+            d[1] = np.nan
+            assert_(np.isnan(d[np.argpartition(d, (2, -1))][-1]))
+            assert_(np.isnan(np.partition(d, (2, -1))[-1]))
+
+            # equal elements
+            d = np.arange(47) % 7
+            tgt = np.sort(np.arange(47) % 7)
+            np.random.shuffle(d)
+            for i in range(d.size):
+                assert_equal(np.partition(d, i, kind=k)[i], tgt[i])
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 6, kind=k)],
+                               np.partition(d, 6, kind=k))
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, 16, kind=k)],
+                               np.partition(d, 16, kind=k))
+            for i in range(d.size):
+                d[i:].partition(0, kind=k)
+            assert_array_equal(d, tgt)
+
+            d = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
+                          7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9])
+            kth = [0, 3, 19, 20]
+            assert_equal(np.partition(d, kth, kind=k)[kth], (0, 3, 7, 7))
+            assert_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, kth, kind=k)][kth], (0, 3, 7, 7))
+
+            d = np.array([2, 1])
+            d.partition(0, kind=k)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, 2)
+            assert_raises(np.AxisError, d.partition, 3, axis=1)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.partition, d, 2)
+            assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.partition, d, 2, axis=1)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.argpartition, 2)
+            assert_raises(np.AxisError, d.argpartition, 3, axis=1)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.argpartition, d, 2)
+            assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.argpartition, d, 2, axis=1)
+            d = np.arange(10).reshape((2, 5))
+            d.partition(1, axis=0, kind=k)
+            d.partition(4, axis=1, kind=k)
+            np.partition(d, 1, axis=0, kind=k)
+            np.partition(d, 4, axis=1, kind=k)
+            np.partition(d, 1, axis=None, kind=k)
+            np.partition(d, 9, axis=None, kind=k)
+            d.argpartition(1, axis=0, kind=k)
+            d.argpartition(4, axis=1, kind=k)
+            np.argpartition(d, 1, axis=0, kind=k)
+            np.argpartition(d, 4, axis=1, kind=k)
+            np.argpartition(d, 1, axis=None, kind=k)
+            np.argpartition(d, 9, axis=None, kind=k)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, 2, axis=0)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, 11, axis=1)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, d.partition, 2, axis=None)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.partition, d, 9, axis=1)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.partition, d, 11, axis=None)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.argpartition, 2, axis=0)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.argpartition, 11, axis=1)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.argpartition, d, 9, axis=1)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.argpartition, d, 11, axis=None)
+
+            td = [(dt, s) for dt in [np.int32, np.float32, np.complex64]
+                  for s in (9, 16)]
+            for dt, s in td:
+                aae = assert_array_equal
+                at = assert_
+
+                d = np.arange(s, dtype=dt)
+                np.random.shuffle(d)
+                d1 = np.tile(np.arange(s, dtype=dt), (4, 1))
+                map(np.random.shuffle, d1)
+                d0 = np.transpose(d1)
+                for i in range(d.size):
+                    p = np.partition(d, i, kind=k)
+                    assert_equal(p[i], i)
+                    # all before are smaller
+                    assert_array_less(p[:i], p[i])
+                    # all after are larger
+                    assert_array_less(p[i], p[i + 1:])
+                    aae(p, d[np.argpartition(d, i, kind=k)])
+
+                    p = np.partition(d1, i, axis=1, kind=k)
+                    aae(p[:, i], np.array([i] * d1.shape[0], dtype=dt))
+                    # array_less does not seem to work right
+                    at((p[:, :i].T <= p[:, i]).all(),
+                       msg="%d: %r <= %r" % (i, p[:, i], p[:, :i].T))
+                    at((p[:, i + 1:].T > p[:, i]).all(),
+                       msg="%d: %r < %r" % (i, p[:, i], p[:, i + 1:].T))
+                    aae(p, d1[np.arange(d1.shape[0])[:, None],
+                        np.argpartition(d1, i, axis=1, kind=k)])
+
+                    p = np.partition(d0, i, axis=0, kind=k)
+                    aae(p[i, :], np.array([i] * d1.shape[0], dtype=dt))
+                    # array_less does not seem to work right
+                    at((p[:i, :] <= p[i, :]).all(),
+                       msg="%d: %r <= %r" % (i, p[i, :], p[:i, :]))
+                    at((p[i + 1:, :] > p[i, :]).all(),
+                       msg="%d: %r < %r" % (i, p[i, :], p[:, i + 1:]))
+                    aae(p, d0[np.argpartition(d0, i, axis=0, kind=k),
+                        np.arange(d0.shape[1])[None, :]])
+
+                    # check inplace
+                    dc = d.copy()
+                    dc.partition(i, kind=k)
+                    assert_equal(dc, np.partition(d, i, kind=k))
+                    dc = d0.copy()
+                    dc.partition(i, axis=0, kind=k)
+                    assert_equal(dc, np.partition(d0, i, axis=0, kind=k))
+                    dc = d1.copy()
+                    dc.partition(i, axis=1, kind=k)
+                    assert_equal(dc, np.partition(d1, i, axis=1, kind=k))
+
+    def assert_partitioned(self, d, kth):
+        prev = 0
+        for k in np.sort(kth):
+            assert_array_less(d[prev:k], d[k], err_msg='kth %d' % k)
+            assert_((d[k:] >= d[k]).all(),
+                    msg="kth %d, %r not greater equal %d" % (k, d[k:], d[k]))
+            prev = k + 1
+
+    def test_partition_iterative(self):
+            d = np.arange(17)
+            kth = (0, 1, 2, 429, 231)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, kth)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.argpartition, kth)
+            d = np.arange(10).reshape((2, 5))
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, kth, axis=0)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, kth, axis=1)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.partition, d, kth, axis=1)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.partition, d, kth, axis=None)
+
+            d = np.array([3, 4, 2, 1])
+            p = np.partition(d, (0, 3))
+            self.assert_partitioned(p, (0, 3))
+            self.assert_partitioned(d[np.argpartition(d, (0, 3))], (0, 3))
+
+            assert_array_equal(p, np.partition(d, (-3, -1)))
+            assert_array_equal(p, d[np.argpartition(d, (-3, -1))])
+
+            d = np.arange(17)
+            np.random.shuffle(d)
+            d.partition(range(d.size))
+            assert_array_equal(np.arange(17), d)
+            np.random.shuffle(d)
+            assert_array_equal(np.arange(17), d[d.argpartition(range(d.size))])
+
+            # test unsorted kth
+            d = np.arange(17)
+            np.random.shuffle(d)
+            keys = np.array([1, 3, 8, -2])
+            np.random.shuffle(d)
+            p = np.partition(d, keys)
+            self.assert_partitioned(p, keys)
+            p = d[np.argpartition(d, keys)]
+            self.assert_partitioned(p, keys)
+            np.random.shuffle(keys)
+            assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, keys), p)
+            assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, keys)], p)
+
+            # equal kth
+            d = np.arange(20)[::-1]
+            self.assert_partitioned(np.partition(d, [5]*4), [5])
+            self.assert_partitioned(np.partition(d, [5]*4 + [6, 13]),
+                                    [5]*4 + [6, 13])
+            self.assert_partitioned(d[np.argpartition(d, [5]*4)], [5])
+            self.assert_partitioned(d[np.argpartition(d, [5]*4 + [6, 13])],
+                                    [5]*4 + [6, 13])
+
+            d = np.arange(12)
+            np.random.shuffle(d)
+            d1 = np.tile(np.arange(12), (4, 1))
+            map(np.random.shuffle, d1)
+            d0 = np.transpose(d1)
+
+            kth = (1, 6, 7, -1)
+            p = np.partition(d1, kth, axis=1)
+            pa = d1[np.arange(d1.shape[0])[:, None],
+                    d1.argpartition(kth, axis=1)]
+            assert_array_equal(p, pa)
+            for i in range(d1.shape[0]):
+                self.assert_partitioned(p[i,:], kth)
+            p = np.partition(d0, kth, axis=0)
+            pa = d0[np.argpartition(d0, kth, axis=0),
+                    np.arange(d0.shape[1])[None,:]]
+            assert_array_equal(p, pa)
+            for i in range(d0.shape[1]):
+                self.assert_partitioned(p[:, i], kth)
+
+    def test_partition_cdtype(self):
+        d = np.array([('Galahad', 1.7, 38), ('Arthur', 1.8, 41),
+                   ('Lancelot', 1.9, 38)],
+                  dtype=[('name', '|S10'), ('height', '<f8'), ('age', '<i4')])
+
+        tgt = np.sort(d, order=['age', 'height'])
+        assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, range(d.size),
+                                        order=['age', 'height']),
+                           tgt)
+        assert_array_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, range(d.size),
+                                             order=['age', 'height'])],
+                           tgt)
+        for k in range(d.size):
+            assert_equal(np.partition(d, k, order=['age', 'height'])[k],
+                        tgt[k])
+            assert_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, k, order=['age', 'height'])][k],
+                         tgt[k])
+
+        d = np.array(['Galahad', 'Arthur', 'zebra', 'Lancelot'])
+        tgt = np.sort(d)
+        assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, range(d.size)), tgt)
+        for k in range(d.size):
+            assert_equal(np.partition(d, k)[k], tgt[k])
+            assert_equal(d[np.argpartition(d, k)][k], tgt[k])
+
+    def test_partition_unicode_kind(self):
+        d = np.arange(10)
+        k = b'\xc3\xa4'.decode("UTF8")
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.partition, 2, kind=k)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, d.argpartition, 2, kind=k)
+
+    def test_partition_fuzz(self):
+        # a few rounds of random data testing
+        for j in range(10, 30):
+            for i in range(1, j - 2):
+                d = np.arange(j)
+                np.random.shuffle(d)
+                d = d % np.random.randint(2, 30)
+                idx = np.random.randint(d.size)
+                kth = [0, idx, i, i + 1]
+                tgt = np.sort(d)[kth]
+                assert_array_equal(np.partition(d, kth)[kth], tgt,
+                                   err_msg="data: %r\n kth: %r" % (d, kth))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("kth_dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+    def test_argpartition_gh5524(self, kth_dtype):
+        #  A test for functionality of argpartition on lists.
+        kth = np.array(1, dtype=kth_dtype)[()]
+        d = [6, 7, 3, 2, 9, 0]
+        p = np.argpartition(d, kth)
+        self.assert_partitioned(np.array(d)[p],[1])
+
+    def test_flatten(self):
+        x0 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], np.int32)
+        x1 = np.array([[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]], np.int32)
+        y0 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], np.int32)
+        y0f = np.array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6], np.int32)
+        y1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], np.int32)
+        y1f = np.array([1, 5, 3, 7, 2, 6, 4, 8], np.int32)
+        assert_equal(x0.flatten(), y0)
+        assert_equal(x0.flatten('F'), y0f)
+        assert_equal(x0.flatten('F'), x0.T.flatten())
+        assert_equal(x1.flatten(), y1)
+        assert_equal(x1.flatten('F'), y1f)
+        assert_equal(x1.flatten('F'), x1.T.flatten())
+
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('func', (np.dot, np.matmul))
+    def test_arr_mult(self, func):
+        a = np.array([[1, 0], [0, 1]])
+        b = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]])
+        c = np.array([[9, 1], [1, -9]])
+        d = np.arange(24).reshape(4, 6)
+        ddt = np.array(
+            [[  55,  145,  235,  325],
+             [ 145,  451,  757, 1063],
+             [ 235,  757, 1279, 1801],
+             [ 325, 1063, 1801, 2539]]
+        )
+        dtd = np.array(
+            [[504, 540, 576, 612, 648, 684],
+             [540, 580, 620, 660, 700, 740],
+             [576, 620, 664, 708, 752, 796],
+             [612, 660, 708, 756, 804, 852],
+             [648, 700, 752, 804, 856, 908],
+             [684, 740, 796, 852, 908, 964]]
+        )
+
+
+        # gemm vs syrk optimizations
+        for et in [np.float32, np.float64, np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+            eaf = a.astype(et)
+            assert_equal(func(eaf, eaf), eaf)
+            assert_equal(func(eaf.T, eaf), eaf)
+            assert_equal(func(eaf, eaf.T), eaf)
+            assert_equal(func(eaf.T, eaf.T), eaf)
+            assert_equal(func(eaf.T.copy(), eaf), eaf)
+            assert_equal(func(eaf, eaf.T.copy()), eaf)
+            assert_equal(func(eaf.T.copy(), eaf.T.copy()), eaf)
+
+        # syrk validations
+        for et in [np.float32, np.float64, np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+            eaf = a.astype(et)
+            ebf = b.astype(et)
+            assert_equal(func(ebf, ebf), eaf)
+            assert_equal(func(ebf.T, ebf), eaf)
+            assert_equal(func(ebf, ebf.T), eaf)
+            assert_equal(func(ebf.T, ebf.T), eaf)
+
+        # syrk - different shape, stride, and view validations
+        for et in [np.float32, np.float64, np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+            edf = d.astype(et)
+            assert_equal(
+                func(edf[::-1, :], edf.T),
+                func(edf[::-1, :].copy(), edf.T.copy())
+            )
+            assert_equal(
+                func(edf[:, ::-1], edf.T),
+                func(edf[:, ::-1].copy(), edf.T.copy())
+            )
+            assert_equal(
+                func(edf, edf[::-1, :].T),
+                func(edf, edf[::-1, :].T.copy())
+            )
+            assert_equal(
+                func(edf, edf[:, ::-1].T),
+                func(edf, edf[:, ::-1].T.copy())
+            )
+            assert_equal(
+                func(edf[:edf.shape[0] // 2, :], edf[::2, :].T),
+                func(edf[:edf.shape[0] // 2, :].copy(), edf[::2, :].T.copy())
+            )
+            assert_equal(
+                func(edf[::2, :], edf[:edf.shape[0] // 2, :].T),
+                func(edf[::2, :].copy(), edf[:edf.shape[0] // 2, :].T.copy())
+            )
+
+        # syrk - different shape
+        for et in [np.float32, np.float64, np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+            edf = d.astype(et)
+            eddtf = ddt.astype(et)
+            edtdf = dtd.astype(et)
+            assert_equal(func(edf, edf.T), eddtf)
+            assert_equal(func(edf.T, edf), edtdf)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('func', (np.dot, np.matmul))
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', 'ifdFD')
+    def test_no_dgemv(self, func, dtype):
+        # check vector arg for contiguous before gemv
+        # gh-12156
+        a = np.arange(8.0, dtype=dtype).reshape(2, 4)
+        b = np.broadcast_to(1., (4, 1))
+        ret1 = func(a, b)
+        ret2 = func(a, b.copy())
+        assert_equal(ret1, ret2)
+
+        ret1 = func(b.T, a.T)
+        ret2 = func(b.T.copy(), a.T)
+        assert_equal(ret1, ret2)
+
+        # check for unaligned data
+        dt = np.dtype(dtype)
+        a = np.zeros(8 * dt.itemsize // 2 + 1, dtype='int16')[1:].view(dtype)
+        a = a.reshape(2, 4)
+        b = a[0]
+        # make sure it is not aligned
+        assert_(a.__array_interface__['data'][0] % dt.itemsize != 0)
+        ret1 = func(a, b)
+        ret2 = func(a.copy(), b.copy())
+        assert_equal(ret1, ret2)
+
+        ret1 = func(b.T, a.T)
+        ret2 = func(b.T.copy(), a.T.copy())
+        assert_equal(ret1, ret2)
+
+    def test_dot(self):
+        a = np.array([[1, 0], [0, 1]])
+        b = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]])
+        c = np.array([[9, 1], [1, -9]])
+        # function versus methods
+        assert_equal(np.dot(a, b), a.dot(b))
+        assert_equal(np.dot(np.dot(a, b), c), a.dot(b).dot(c))
+
+        # test passing in an output array
+        c = np.zeros_like(a)
+        a.dot(b, c)
+        assert_equal(c, np.dot(a, b))
+
+        # test keyword args
+        c = np.zeros_like(a)
+        a.dot(b=b, out=c)
+        assert_equal(c, np.dot(a, b))
+
+    def test_dot_type_mismatch(self):
+        c = 1.
+        A = np.array((1,1), dtype='i,i')
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dot, c, A)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dot, A, c)
+
+    def test_dot_out_mem_overlap(self):
+        np.random.seed(1)
+
+        # Test BLAS and non-BLAS code paths, including all dtypes
+        # that dot() supports
+        dtypes = [np.dtype(code) for code in np.typecodes['All']
+                  if code not in 'USVM']
+        for dtype in dtypes:
+            a = np.random.rand(3, 3).astype(dtype)
+
+            # Valid dot() output arrays must be aligned
+            b = _aligned_zeros((3, 3), dtype=dtype)
+            b[...] = np.random.rand(3, 3)
+
+            y = np.dot(a, b)
+            x = np.dot(a, b, out=b)
+            assert_equal(x, y, err_msg=repr(dtype))
+
+            # Check invalid output array
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.dot, a, b, out=b[::2])
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.dot, a, b, out=b.T)
+
+    def test_dot_matmul_out(self):
+        # gh-9641
+        class Sub(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+        a = np.ones((2, 2)).view(Sub)
+        b = np.ones((2, 2)).view(Sub)
+        out = np.ones((2, 2))
+
+        # make sure out can be any ndarray (not only subclass of inputs)
+        np.dot(a, b, out=out)
+        np.matmul(a, b, out=out)
+
+    def test_dot_matmul_inner_array_casting_fails(self):
+
+        class A:
+            def __array__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                raise NotImplementedError
+
+        # Don't override the error from calling __array__()
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError, np.dot, A(), A())
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError, np.matmul, A(), A())
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError, np.inner, A(), A())
+
+    def test_matmul_out(self):
+        # overlapping memory
+        a = np.arange(18).reshape(2, 3, 3)
+        b = np.matmul(a, a)
+        c = np.matmul(a, a, out=a)
+        assert_(c is a)
+        assert_equal(c, b)
+        a = np.arange(18).reshape(2, 3, 3)
+        c = np.matmul(a, a, out=a[::-1, ...])
+        assert_(c.base is a.base)
+        assert_equal(c, b)
+
+    def test_diagonal(self):
+        a = np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4))
+        assert_equal(a.diagonal(), [0, 5, 10])
+        assert_equal(a.diagonal(0), [0, 5, 10])
+        assert_equal(a.diagonal(1), [1, 6, 11])
+        assert_equal(a.diagonal(-1), [4, 9])
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.diagonal, axis1=0, axis2=5)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.diagonal, axis1=5, axis2=0)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.diagonal, axis1=5, axis2=5)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.diagonal, axis1=1, axis2=1)
+
+        b = np.arange(8).reshape((2, 2, 2))
+        assert_equal(b.diagonal(), [[0, 6], [1, 7]])
+        assert_equal(b.diagonal(0), [[0, 6], [1, 7]])
+        assert_equal(b.diagonal(1), [[2], [3]])
+        assert_equal(b.diagonal(-1), [[4], [5]])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, b.diagonal, axis1=0, axis2=0)
+        assert_equal(b.diagonal(0, 1, 2), [[0, 3], [4, 7]])
+        assert_equal(b.diagonal(0, 0, 1), [[0, 6], [1, 7]])
+        assert_equal(b.diagonal(offset=1, axis1=0, axis2=2), [[1], [3]])
+        # Order of axis argument doesn't matter:
+        assert_equal(b.diagonal(0, 2, 1), [[0, 3], [4, 7]])
+
+    def test_diagonal_view_notwriteable(self):
+        a = np.eye(3).diagonal()
+        assert_(not a.flags.writeable)
+        assert_(not a.flags.owndata)
+
+        a = np.diagonal(np.eye(3))
+        assert_(not a.flags.writeable)
+        assert_(not a.flags.owndata)
+
+        a = np.diag(np.eye(3))
+        assert_(not a.flags.writeable)
+        assert_(not a.flags.owndata)
+
+    def test_diagonal_memleak(self):
+        # Regression test for a bug that crept in at one point
+        a = np.zeros((100, 100))
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            assert_(sys.getrefcount(a) < 50)
+        for i in range(100):
+            a.diagonal()
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            assert_(sys.getrefcount(a) < 50)
+
+    def test_size_zero_memleak(self):
+        # Regression test for issue 9615
+        # Exercises a special-case code path for dot products of length
+        # zero in cblasfuncs (making it is specific to floating dtypes).
+        a = np.array([], dtype=np.float64)
+        x = np.array(2.0)
+        for _ in range(100):
+            np.dot(a, a, out=x)
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            assert_(sys.getrefcount(x) < 50)
+
+    def test_trace(self):
+        a = np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4))
+        assert_equal(a.trace(), 15)
+        assert_equal(a.trace(0), 15)
+        assert_equal(a.trace(1), 18)
+        assert_equal(a.trace(-1), 13)
+
+        b = np.arange(8).reshape((2, 2, 2))
+        assert_equal(b.trace(), [6, 8])
+        assert_equal(b.trace(0), [6, 8])
+        assert_equal(b.trace(1), [2, 3])
+        assert_equal(b.trace(-1), [4, 5])
+        assert_equal(b.trace(0, 0, 1), [6, 8])
+        assert_equal(b.trace(0, 0, 2), [5, 9])
+        assert_equal(b.trace(0, 1, 2), [3, 11])
+        assert_equal(b.trace(offset=1, axis1=0, axis2=2), [1, 3])
+
+        out = np.array(1)
+        ret = a.trace(out=out)
+        assert ret is out
+
+    def test_trace_subclass(self):
+        # The class would need to overwrite trace to ensure single-element
+        # output also has the right subclass.
+        class MyArray(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        b = np.arange(8).reshape((2, 2, 2)).view(MyArray)
+        t = b.trace()
+        assert_(isinstance(t, MyArray))
+
+    def test_put(self):
+        icodes = np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+        fcodes = np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        for dt in icodes + fcodes + 'O':
+            tgt = np.array([0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 5], dtype=dt)
+
+            # test 1-d
+            a = np.zeros(6, dtype=dt)
+            a.put([1, 3, 5], [1, 3, 5])
+            assert_equal(a, tgt)
+
+            # test 2-d
+            a = np.zeros((2, 3), dtype=dt)
+            a.put([1, 3, 5], [1, 3, 5])
+            assert_equal(a, tgt.reshape(2, 3))
+
+        for dt in '?':
+            tgt = np.array([False, True, False, True, False, True], dtype=dt)
+
+            # test 1-d
+            a = np.zeros(6, dtype=dt)
+            a.put([1, 3, 5], [True]*3)
+            assert_equal(a, tgt)
+
+            # test 2-d
+            a = np.zeros((2, 3), dtype=dt)
+            a.put([1, 3, 5], [True]*3)
+            assert_equal(a, tgt.reshape(2, 3))
+
+        # check must be writeable
+        a = np.zeros(6)
+        a.flags.writeable = False
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.put, [1, 3, 5], [1, 3, 5])
+
+        # when calling np.put, make sure a
+        # TypeError is raised if the object
+        # isn't an ndarray
+        bad_array = [1, 2, 3]
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.put, bad_array, [0, 2], 5)
+
+    def test_ravel(self):
+        a = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+        assert_(not a.ravel().flags.owndata)
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('F'), [0, 2, 1, 3])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='C'), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='F'), [0, 2, 1, 3])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='A'), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+        assert_(not a.ravel(order='A').flags.owndata)
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='K'), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+        assert_(not a.ravel(order='K').flags.owndata)
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(), a.reshape(-1))
+
+        a = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]], order='F')
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='A'), [0, 2, 1, 3])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='K'), [0, 2, 1, 3])
+        assert_(not a.ravel(order='A').flags.owndata)
+        assert_(not a.ravel(order='K').flags.owndata)
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(), a.reshape(-1))
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='A'), a.reshape(-1, order='A'))
+
+        a = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]])[::-1, :]
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(), [2, 3, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='C'), [2, 3, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='F'), [2, 0, 3, 1])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='A'), [2, 3, 0, 1])
+        # 'K' doesn't reverse the axes of negative strides
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='K'), [2, 3, 0, 1])
+        assert_(a.ravel(order='K').flags.owndata)
+
+        # Test simple 1-d copy behaviour:
+        a = np.arange(10)[::2]
+        assert_(a.ravel('K').flags.owndata)
+        assert_(a.ravel('C').flags.owndata)
+        assert_(a.ravel('F').flags.owndata)
+
+        # Not contiguous and 1-sized axis with non matching stride
+        a = np.arange(2**3 * 2)[::2]
+        a = a.reshape(2, 1, 2, 2).swapaxes(-1, -2)
+        strides = list(a.strides)
+        strides[1] = 123
+        a.strides = strides
+        assert_(a.ravel(order='K').flags.owndata)
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('K'), np.arange(0, 15, 2))
+
+        # contiguous and 1-sized axis with non matching stride works:
+        a = np.arange(2**3)
+        a = a.reshape(2, 1, 2, 2).swapaxes(-1, -2)
+        strides = list(a.strides)
+        strides[1] = 123
+        a.strides = strides
+        assert_(np.may_share_memory(a.ravel(order='K'), a))
+        assert_equal(a.ravel(order='K'), np.arange(2**3))
+
+        # Test negative strides (not very interesting since non-contiguous):
+        a = np.arange(4)[::-1].reshape(2, 2)
+        assert_(a.ravel(order='C').flags.owndata)
+        assert_(a.ravel(order='K').flags.owndata)
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('C'), [3, 2, 1, 0])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('K'), [3, 2, 1, 0])
+
+        # 1-element tidy strides test:
+        a = np.array([[1]])
+        a.strides = (123, 432)
+        # If the following stride is not 8, NPY_RELAXED_STRIDES_DEBUG is
+        # messing them up on purpose:
+        if np.ones(1).strides == (8,):
+            assert_(np.may_share_memory(a.ravel('K'), a))
+            assert_equal(a.ravel('K').strides, (a.dtype.itemsize,))
+
+        for order in ('C', 'F', 'A', 'K'):
+            # 0-d corner case:
+            a = np.array(0)
+            assert_equal(a.ravel(order), [0])
+            assert_(np.may_share_memory(a.ravel(order), a))
+
+        # Test that certain non-inplace ravels work right (mostly) for 'K':
+        b = np.arange(2**4 * 2)[::2].reshape(2, 2, 2, 2)
+        a = b[..., ::2]
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('K'), [0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('C'), [0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('A'), [0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('F'), [0, 16, 8, 24, 4, 20, 12, 28])
+
+        a = b[::2, ...]
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('K'), [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('C'), [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('A'), [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14])
+        assert_equal(a.ravel('F'), [0, 8, 4, 12, 2, 10, 6, 14])
+
+    def test_ravel_subclass(self):
+        class ArraySubclass(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        a = np.arange(10).view(ArraySubclass)
+        assert_(isinstance(a.ravel('C'), ArraySubclass))
+        assert_(isinstance(a.ravel('F'), ArraySubclass))
+        assert_(isinstance(a.ravel('A'), ArraySubclass))
+        assert_(isinstance(a.ravel('K'), ArraySubclass))
+
+        a = np.arange(10)[::2].view(ArraySubclass)
+        assert_(isinstance(a.ravel('C'), ArraySubclass))
+        assert_(isinstance(a.ravel('F'), ArraySubclass))
+        assert_(isinstance(a.ravel('A'), ArraySubclass))
+        assert_(isinstance(a.ravel('K'), ArraySubclass))
+
+    def test_swapaxes(self):
+        a = np.arange(1*2*3*4).reshape(1, 2, 3, 4).copy()
+        idx = np.indices(a.shape)
+        assert_(a.flags['OWNDATA'])
+        b = a.copy()
+        # check exceptions
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.swapaxes, -5, 0)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.swapaxes, 4, 0)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.swapaxes, 0, -5)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.swapaxes, 0, 4)
+
+        for i in range(-4, 4):
+            for j in range(-4, 4):
+                for k, src in enumerate((a, b)):
+                    c = src.swapaxes(i, j)
+                    # check shape
+                    shape = list(src.shape)
+                    shape[i] = src.shape[j]
+                    shape[j] = src.shape[i]
+                    assert_equal(c.shape, shape, str((i, j, k)))
+                    # check array contents
+                    i0, i1, i2, i3 = [dim-1 for dim in c.shape]
+                    j0, j1, j2, j3 = [dim-1 for dim in src.shape]
+                    assert_equal(src[idx[j0], idx[j1], idx[j2], idx[j3]],
+                                 c[idx[i0], idx[i1], idx[i2], idx[i3]],
+                                 str((i, j, k)))
+                    # check a view is always returned, gh-5260
+                    assert_(not c.flags['OWNDATA'], str((i, j, k)))
+                    # check on non-contiguous input array
+                    if k == 1:
+                        b = c
+
+    def test_conjugate(self):
+        a = np.array([1-1j, 1+1j, 23+23.0j])
+        ac = a.conj()
+        assert_equal(a.real, ac.real)
+        assert_equal(a.imag, -ac.imag)
+        assert_equal(ac, a.conjugate())
+        assert_equal(ac, np.conjugate(a))
+
+        a = np.array([1-1j, 1+1j, 23+23.0j], 'F')
+        ac = a.conj()
+        assert_equal(a.real, ac.real)
+        assert_equal(a.imag, -ac.imag)
+        assert_equal(ac, a.conjugate())
+        assert_equal(ac, np.conjugate(a))
+
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        ac = a.conj()
+        assert_equal(a, ac)
+        assert_equal(ac, a.conjugate())
+        assert_equal(ac, np.conjugate(a))
+
+        a = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+        ac = a.conj()
+        assert_equal(a, ac)
+        assert_equal(ac, a.conjugate())
+        assert_equal(ac, np.conjugate(a))
+
+        a = np.array([1-1j, 1+1j, 1, 2.0], object)
+        ac = a.conj()
+        assert_equal(ac, [k.conjugate() for k in a])
+        assert_equal(ac, a.conjugate())
+        assert_equal(ac, np.conjugate(a))
+
+        a = np.array([1-1j, 1, 2.0, 'f'], object)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a.conj())
+        assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a.conjugate())
+
+    def test_conjugate_out(self):
+        # Minimal test for the out argument being passed on correctly
+        # NOTE: The ability to pass `out` is currently undocumented!
+        a = np.array([1-1j, 1+1j, 23+23.0j])
+        out = np.empty_like(a)
+        res = a.conjugate(out)
+        assert res is out
+        assert_array_equal(out, a.conjugate())
+
+    def test__complex__(self):
+        dtypes = ['i1', 'i2', 'i4', 'i8',
+                  'u1', 'u2', 'u4', 'u8',
+                  'f', 'd', 'g', 'F', 'D', 'G',
+                  '?', 'O']
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            a = np.array(7, dtype=dt)
+            b = np.array([7], dtype=dt)
+            c = np.array([[[[[7]]]]], dtype=dt)
+
+            msg = 'dtype: {0}'.format(dt)
+            ap = complex(a)
+            assert_equal(ap, a, msg)
+
+            with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                bp = complex(b)
+            assert_equal(bp, b, msg)
+
+            with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                cp = complex(c)
+            assert_equal(cp, c, msg)
+
+    def test__complex__should_not_work(self):
+        dtypes = ['i1', 'i2', 'i4', 'i8',
+                  'u1', 'u2', 'u4', 'u8',
+                  'f', 'd', 'g', 'F', 'D', 'G',
+                  '?', 'O']
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, complex, a)
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'f8'), ('b', 'i1')])
+        b = np.array((1.0, 3), dtype=dt)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, complex, b)
+
+        c = np.array([(1.0, 3), (2e-3, 7)], dtype=dt)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, complex, c)
+
+        d = np.array('1+1j')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, complex, d)
+
+        e = np.array(['1+1j'], 'U')
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_raises(TypeError, complex, e)
+
+class TestCequenceMethods:
+    def test_array_contains(self):
+        assert_(4.0 in np.arange(16.).reshape(4,4))
+        assert_(20.0 not in np.arange(16.).reshape(4,4))
+
+class TestBinop:
+    def test_inplace(self):
+        # test refcount 1 inplace conversion
+        assert_array_almost_equal(np.array([0.5]) * np.array([1.0, 2.0]),
+                                  [0.5, 1.0])
+
+        d = np.array([0.5, 0.5])[::2]
+        assert_array_almost_equal(d * (d * np.array([1.0, 2.0])),
+                                  [0.25, 0.5])
+
+        a = np.array([0.5])
+        b = np.array([0.5])
+        c = a + b
+        c = a - b
+        c = a * b
+        c = a / b
+        assert_equal(a, b)
+        assert_almost_equal(c, 1.)
+
+        c = a + b * 2. / b * a - a / b
+        assert_equal(a, b)
+        assert_equal(c, 0.5)
+
+        # true divide
+        a = np.array([5])
+        b = np.array([3])
+        c = (a * a) / b
+
+        assert_almost_equal(c, 25 / 3)
+        assert_equal(a, 5)
+        assert_equal(b, 3)
+
+    # ndarray.__rop__ always calls ufunc
+    # ndarray.__iop__ always calls ufunc
+    # ndarray.__op__, __rop__:
+    #   - defer if other has __array_ufunc__ and it is None
+    #           or other is not a subclass and has higher array priority
+    #   - else, call ufunc
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_PYPY, reason="Bug in pypy3.{9, 10}-v7.3.13, #24862")
+    def test_ufunc_binop_interaction(self):
+        # Python method name (without underscores)
+        #   -> (numpy ufunc, has_in_place_version, preferred_dtype)
+        ops = {
+            'add':      (np.add, True, float),
+            'sub':      (np.subtract, True, float),
+            'mul':      (np.multiply, True, float),
+            'truediv':  (np.true_divide, True, float),
+            'floordiv': (np.floor_divide, True, float),
+            'mod':      (np.remainder, True, float),
+            'divmod':   (np.divmod, False, float),
+            'pow':      (np.power, True, int),
+            'lshift':   (np.left_shift, True, int),
+            'rshift':   (np.right_shift, True, int),
+            'and':      (np.bitwise_and, True, int),
+            'xor':      (np.bitwise_xor, True, int),
+            'or':       (np.bitwise_or, True, int),
+            'matmul':   (np.matmul, True, float),
+            # 'ge':       (np.less_equal, False),
+            # 'gt':       (np.less, False),
+            # 'le':       (np.greater_equal, False),
+            # 'lt':       (np.greater, False),
+            # 'eq':       (np.equal, False),
+            # 'ne':       (np.not_equal, False),
+        }
+
+        class Coerced(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        def array_impl(self):
+            raise Coerced
+
+        def op_impl(self, other):
+            return "forward"
+
+        def rop_impl(self, other):
+            return "reverse"
+
+        def iop_impl(self, other):
+            return "in-place"
+
+        def array_ufunc_impl(self, ufunc, method, *args, **kwargs):
+            return ("__array_ufunc__", ufunc, method, args, kwargs)
+
+        # Create an object with the given base, in the given module, with a
+        # bunch of placeholder __op__ methods, and optionally a
+        # __array_ufunc__ and __array_priority__.
+        def make_obj(base, array_priority=False, array_ufunc=False,
+                     alleged_module="__main__"):
+            class_namespace = {"__array__": array_impl}
+            if array_priority is not False:
+                class_namespace["__array_priority__"] = array_priority
+            for op in ops:
+                class_namespace["__{0}__".format(op)] = op_impl
+                class_namespace["__r{0}__".format(op)] = rop_impl
+                class_namespace["__i{0}__".format(op)] = iop_impl
+            if array_ufunc is not False:
+                class_namespace["__array_ufunc__"] = array_ufunc
+            eval_namespace = {"base": base,
+                              "class_namespace": class_namespace,
+                              "__name__": alleged_module,
+                              }
+            MyType = eval("type('MyType', (base,), class_namespace)",
+                          eval_namespace)
+            if issubclass(MyType, np.ndarray):
+                # Use this range to avoid special case weirdnesses around
+                # divide-by-0, pow(x, 2), overflow due to pow(big, big), etc.
+                return np.arange(3, 7).reshape(2, 2).view(MyType)
+            else:
+                return MyType()
+
+        def check(obj, binop_override_expected, ufunc_override_expected,
+                  inplace_override_expected, check_scalar=True):
+            for op, (ufunc, has_inplace, dtype) in ops.items():
+                err_msg = ('op: %s, ufunc: %s, has_inplace: %s, dtype: %s'
+                           % (op, ufunc, has_inplace, dtype))
+                check_objs = [np.arange(3, 7, dtype=dtype).reshape(2, 2)]
+                if check_scalar:
+                    check_objs.append(check_objs[0][0])
+                for arr in check_objs:
+                    arr_method = getattr(arr, "__{0}__".format(op))
+
+                    def first_out_arg(result):
+                        if op == "divmod":
+                            assert_(isinstance(result, tuple))
+                            return result[0]
+                        else:
+                            return result
+
+                    # arr __op__ obj
+                    if binop_override_expected:
+                        assert_equal(arr_method(obj), NotImplemented, err_msg)
+                    elif ufunc_override_expected:
+                        assert_equal(arr_method(obj)[0], "__array_ufunc__",
+                                     err_msg)
+                    else:
+                        if (isinstance(obj, np.ndarray) and
+                            (type(obj).__array_ufunc__ is
+                             np.ndarray.__array_ufunc__)):
+                            # __array__ gets ignored
+                            res = first_out_arg(arr_method(obj))
+                            assert_(res.__class__ is obj.__class__, err_msg)
+                        else:
+                            assert_raises((TypeError, Coerced),
+                                          arr_method, obj, err_msg=err_msg)
+                    # obj __op__ arr
+                    arr_rmethod = getattr(arr, "__r{0}__".format(op))
+                    if ufunc_override_expected:
+                        res = arr_rmethod(obj)
+                        assert_equal(res[0], "__array_ufunc__",
+                                     err_msg=err_msg)
+                        assert_equal(res[1], ufunc, err_msg=err_msg)
+                    else:
+                        if (isinstance(obj, np.ndarray) and
+                                (type(obj).__array_ufunc__ is
+                                 np.ndarray.__array_ufunc__)):
+                            # __array__ gets ignored
+                            res = first_out_arg(arr_rmethod(obj))
+                            assert_(res.__class__ is obj.__class__, err_msg)
+                        else:
+                            # __array_ufunc__ = "asdf" creates a TypeError
+                            assert_raises((TypeError, Coerced),
+                                          arr_rmethod, obj, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+                    # arr __iop__ obj
+                    # array scalars don't have in-place operators
+                    if has_inplace and isinstance(arr, np.ndarray):
+                        arr_imethod = getattr(arr, "__i{0}__".format(op))
+                        if inplace_override_expected:
+                            assert_equal(arr_method(obj), NotImplemented,
+                                         err_msg=err_msg)
+                        elif ufunc_override_expected:
+                            res = arr_imethod(obj)
+                            assert_equal(res[0], "__array_ufunc__", err_msg)
+                            assert_equal(res[1], ufunc, err_msg)
+                            assert_(type(res[-1]["out"]) is tuple, err_msg)
+                            assert_(res[-1]["out"][0] is arr, err_msg)
+                        else:
+                            if (isinstance(obj, np.ndarray) and
+                                    (type(obj).__array_ufunc__ is
+                                    np.ndarray.__array_ufunc__)):
+                                # __array__ gets ignored
+                                assert_(arr_imethod(obj) is arr, err_msg)
+                            else:
+                                assert_raises((TypeError, Coerced),
+                                              arr_imethod, obj,
+                                              err_msg=err_msg)
+
+                    op_fn = getattr(operator, op, None)
+                    if op_fn is None:
+                        op_fn = getattr(operator, op + "_", None)
+                    if op_fn is None:
+                        op_fn = getattr(builtins, op)
+                    assert_equal(op_fn(obj, arr), "forward", err_msg)
+                    if not isinstance(obj, np.ndarray):
+                        if binop_override_expected:
+                            assert_equal(op_fn(arr, obj), "reverse", err_msg)
+                        elif ufunc_override_expected:
+                            assert_equal(op_fn(arr, obj)[0], "__array_ufunc__",
+                                         err_msg)
+                    if ufunc_override_expected:
+                        assert_equal(ufunc(obj, arr)[0], "__array_ufunc__",
+                                     err_msg)
+
+        # No array priority, no array_ufunc -> nothing called
+        check(make_obj(object), False, False, False)
+        # Negative array priority, no array_ufunc -> nothing called
+        # (has to be very negative, because scalar priority is -1000000.0)
+        check(make_obj(object, array_priority=-2**30), False, False, False)
+        # Positive array priority, no array_ufunc -> binops and iops only
+        check(make_obj(object, array_priority=1), True, False, True)
+        # ndarray ignores array_priority for ndarray subclasses
+        check(make_obj(np.ndarray, array_priority=1), False, False, False,
+              check_scalar=False)
+        # Positive array_priority and array_ufunc -> array_ufunc only
+        check(make_obj(object, array_priority=1,
+                       array_ufunc=array_ufunc_impl), False, True, False)
+        check(make_obj(np.ndarray, array_priority=1,
+                       array_ufunc=array_ufunc_impl), False, True, False)
+        # array_ufunc set to None -> defer binops only
+        check(make_obj(object, array_ufunc=None), True, False, False)
+        check(make_obj(np.ndarray, array_ufunc=None), True, False, False,
+              check_scalar=False)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("priority", [None, "runtime error"])
+    def test_ufunc_binop_bad_array_priority(self, priority):
+        # Mainly checks that this does not crash.  The second array has a lower
+        # priority than -1 ("error value").  If the __radd__ actually exists,
+        # bad things can happen (I think via the scalar paths).
+        # In principle both of these can probably just be errors in the future.
+        class BadPriority:
+            @property
+            def __array_priority__(self):
+                if priority == "runtime error":
+                    raise RuntimeError("RuntimeError in __array_priority__!")
+                return priority
+
+            def __radd__(self, other):
+                return "result"
+
+        class LowPriority(np.ndarray):
+            __array_priority__ = -1000
+
+        # Priority failure uses the same as scalars (smaller -1000).  So the
+        # LowPriority wins with 'result' for each element (inner operation).
+        res = np.arange(3).view(LowPriority) + BadPriority()
+        assert res.shape == (3,)
+        assert res[0] == 'result'
+
+
+    def test_ufunc_override_normalize_signature(self):
+        # gh-5674
+        class SomeClass:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kw):
+                return kw
+
+        a = SomeClass()
+        kw = np.add(a, [1])
+        assert_('sig' not in kw and 'signature' not in kw)
+        kw = np.add(a, [1], sig='ii->i')
+        assert_('sig' not in kw and 'signature' in kw)
+        assert_equal(kw['signature'], 'ii->i')
+        kw = np.add(a, [1], signature='ii->i')
+        assert_('sig' not in kw and 'signature' in kw)
+        assert_equal(kw['signature'], 'ii->i')
+
+    def test_array_ufunc_index(self):
+        # Check that index is set appropriately, also if only an output
+        # is passed on (latter is another regression tests for github bug 4753)
+        # This also checks implicitly that 'out' is always a tuple.
+        class CheckIndex:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kw):
+                for i, a in enumerate(inputs):
+                    if a is self:
+                        return i
+                # calls below mean we must be in an output.
+                for j, a in enumerate(kw['out']):
+                    if a is self:
+                        return (j,)
+
+        a = CheckIndex()
+        dummy = np.arange(2.)
+        # 1 input, 1 output
+        assert_equal(np.sin(a), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.sin(dummy, a), (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.sin(dummy, out=a), (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.sin(dummy, out=(a,)), (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.sin(a, a), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.sin(a, out=a), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.sin(a, out=(a,)), 0)
+        # 1 input, 2 outputs
+        assert_equal(np.modf(dummy, a), (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.modf(dummy, None, a), (1,))
+        assert_equal(np.modf(dummy, dummy, a), (1,))
+        assert_equal(np.modf(dummy, out=(a, None)), (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.modf(dummy, out=(a, dummy)), (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.modf(dummy, out=(None, a)), (1,))
+        assert_equal(np.modf(dummy, out=(dummy, a)), (1,))
+        assert_equal(np.modf(a, out=(dummy, a)), 0)
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            # Out argument must be tuple, since there are multiple outputs
+            np.modf(dummy, out=a)
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.modf, dummy, out=(a,))
+
+        # 2 inputs, 1 output
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, dummy), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.add(dummy, a), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.add(dummy, dummy, a), (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.add(dummy, a, a), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.add(dummy, dummy, out=a), (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.add(dummy, dummy, out=(a,)), (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, dummy, out=a), 0)
+
+    def test_out_override(self):
+        # regression test for github bug 4753
+        class OutClass(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kw):
+                if 'out' in kw:
+                    tmp_kw = kw.copy()
+                    tmp_kw.pop('out')
+                    func = getattr(ufunc, method)
+                    kw['out'][0][...] = func(*inputs, **tmp_kw)
+
+        A = np.array([0]).view(OutClass)
+        B = np.array([5])
+        C = np.array([6])
+        np.multiply(C, B, A)
+        assert_equal(A[0], 30)
+        assert_(isinstance(A, OutClass))
+        A[0] = 0
+        np.multiply(C, B, out=A)
+        assert_equal(A[0], 30)
+        assert_(isinstance(A, OutClass))
+
+    def test_pow_override_with_errors(self):
+        # regression test for gh-9112
+        class PowerOnly(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kw):
+                if ufunc is not np.power:
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+                return "POWER!"
+        # explicit cast to float, to ensure the fast power path is taken.
+        a = np.array(5., dtype=np.float64).view(PowerOnly)
+        assert_equal(a ** 2.5, "POWER!")
+        with assert_raises(NotImplementedError):
+            a ** 0.5
+        with assert_raises(NotImplementedError):
+            a ** 0
+        with assert_raises(NotImplementedError):
+            a ** 1
+        with assert_raises(NotImplementedError):
+            a ** -1
+        with assert_raises(NotImplementedError):
+            a ** 2
+
+    def test_pow_array_object_dtype(self):
+        # test pow on arrays of object dtype
+        class SomeClass:
+            def __init__(self, num=None):
+                self.num = num
+
+            # want to ensure a fast pow path is not taken
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                raise AssertionError('__mul__ should not be called')
+
+            def __div__(self, other):
+                raise AssertionError('__div__ should not be called')
+
+            def __pow__(self, exp):
+                return SomeClass(num=self.num ** exp)
+
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                if isinstance(other, SomeClass):
+                    return self.num == other.num
+
+            __rpow__ = __pow__
+
+        def pow_for(exp, arr):
+            return np.array([x ** exp for x in arr])
+
+        obj_arr = np.array([SomeClass(1), SomeClass(2), SomeClass(3)])
+
+        assert_equal(obj_arr ** 0.5, pow_for(0.5, obj_arr))
+        assert_equal(obj_arr ** 0, pow_for(0, obj_arr))
+        assert_equal(obj_arr ** 1, pow_for(1, obj_arr))
+        assert_equal(obj_arr ** -1, pow_for(-1, obj_arr))
+        assert_equal(obj_arr ** 2, pow_for(2, obj_arr))
+
+    def test_pos_array_ufunc_override(self):
+        class A(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return getattr(ufunc, method)(*[i.view(np.ndarray) for
+                                                i in inputs], **kwargs)
+        tst = np.array('foo').view(A)
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            +tst
+
+
+class TestTemporaryElide:
+    # elision is only triggered on relatively large arrays
+
+    def test_extension_incref_elide(self):
+        # test extension (e.g. cython) calling PyNumber_* slots without
+        # increasing the reference counts
+        #
+        # def incref_elide(a):
+        #    d = input.copy() # refcount 1
+        #    return d, d + d # PyNumber_Add without increasing refcount
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import incref_elide
+        d = np.ones(100000)
+        orig, res = incref_elide(d)
+        d + d
+        # the return original should not be changed to an inplace operation
+        assert_array_equal(orig, d)
+        assert_array_equal(res, d + d)
+
+    def test_extension_incref_elide_stack(self):
+        # scanning if the refcount == 1 object is on the python stack to check
+        # that we are called directly from python is flawed as object may still
+        # be above the stack pointer and we have no access to the top of it
+        #
+        # def incref_elide_l(d):
+        #    return l[4] + l[4] # PyNumber_Add without increasing refcount
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import incref_elide_l
+        # padding with 1 makes sure the object on the stack is not overwritten
+        l = [1, 1, 1, 1, np.ones(100000)]
+        res = incref_elide_l(l)
+        # the return original should not be changed to an inplace operation
+        assert_array_equal(l[4], np.ones(100000))
+        assert_array_equal(res, l[4] + l[4])
+
+    def test_temporary_with_cast(self):
+        # check that we don't elide into a temporary which would need casting
+        d = np.ones(200000, dtype=np.int64)
+        assert_equal(((d + d) + 2**222).dtype, np.dtype('O'))
+
+        r = ((d + d) / 2)
+        assert_equal(r.dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+
+        r = np.true_divide((d + d), 2)
+        assert_equal(r.dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+
+        r = ((d + d) / 2.)
+        assert_equal(r.dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+
+        r = ((d + d) // 2)
+        assert_equal(r.dtype, np.dtype(np.int64))
+
+        # commutative elision into the astype result
+        f = np.ones(100000, dtype=np.float32)
+        assert_equal(((f + f) + f.astype(np.float64)).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+
+        # no elision into lower type
+        d = f.astype(np.float64)
+        assert_equal(((f + f) + d).dtype, d.dtype)
+        l = np.ones(100000, dtype=np.longdouble)
+        assert_equal(((d + d) + l).dtype, l.dtype)
+
+        # test unary abs with different output dtype
+        for dt in (np.complex64, np.complex128, np.clongdouble):
+            c = np.ones(100000, dtype=dt)
+            r = abs(c * 2.0)
+            assert_equal(r.dtype, np.dtype('f%d' % (c.itemsize // 2)))
+
+    def test_elide_broadcast(self):
+        # test no elision on broadcast to higher dimension
+        # only triggers elision code path in debug mode as triggering it in
+        # normal mode needs 256kb large matching dimension, so a lot of memory
+        d = np.ones((2000, 1), dtype=int)
+        b = np.ones((2000), dtype=bool)
+        r = (1 - d) + b
+        assert_equal(r, 1)
+        assert_equal(r.shape, (2000, 2000))
+
+    def test_elide_scalar(self):
+        # check inplace op does not create ndarray from scalars
+        a = np.bool_()
+        assert_(type(~(a & a)) is np.bool_)
+
+    def test_elide_scalar_readonly(self):
+        # The imaginary part of a real array is readonly. This needs to go
+        # through fast_scalar_power which is only called for powers of
+        # +1, -1, 0, 0.5, and 2, so use 2. Also need valid refcount for
+        # elision which can be gotten for the imaginary part of a real
+        # array. Should not error.
+        a = np.empty(100000, dtype=np.float64)
+        a.imag ** 2
+
+    def test_elide_readonly(self):
+        # don't try to elide readonly temporaries
+        r = np.asarray(np.broadcast_to(np.zeros(1), 100000).flat) * 0.0
+        assert_equal(r, 0)
+
+    def test_elide_updateifcopy(self):
+        a = np.ones(2**20)[::2]
+        b = a.flat.__array__() + 1
+        del b
+        assert_equal(a, 1)
+
+
+class TestCAPI:
+    def test_IsPythonScalar(self):
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import IsPythonScalar
+        assert_(IsPythonScalar(b'foobar'))
+        assert_(IsPythonScalar(1))
+        assert_(IsPythonScalar(2**80))
+        assert_(IsPythonScalar(2.))
+        assert_(IsPythonScalar("a"))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("converter",
+             [_multiarray_tests.run_scalar_intp_converter,
+              _multiarray_tests.run_scalar_intp_from_sequence])
+    def test_intp_sequence_converters(self, converter):
+        # Test simple values (-1 is special for error return paths)
+        assert converter(10) == (10,)
+        assert converter(-1) == (-1,)
+        # A 0-D array looks a bit like a sequence but must take the integer
+        # path:
+        assert converter(np.array(123)) == (123,)
+        # Test simple sequences (intp_from_sequence only supports length 1):
+        assert converter((10,)) == (10,)
+        assert converter(np.array([11])) == (11,)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("converter",
+             [_multiarray_tests.run_scalar_intp_converter,
+              _multiarray_tests.run_scalar_intp_from_sequence])
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY and sys.implementation.version <= (7, 3, 8),
+            reason="PyPy bug in error formatting")
+    def test_intp_sequence_converters_errors(self, converter):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match="expected a sequence of integers or a single integer, "):
+            converter(object())
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match="expected a sequence of integers or a single integer, "
+                      "got '32.0'"):
+            converter(32.)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match="'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer"):
+            converter([32.])
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError,
+                match="Maximum allowed dimension"):
+            # These converters currently convert overflows to a ValueError
+            converter(2**64)
+
+
+class TestSubscripting:
+    def test_test_zero_rank(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        assert_(isinstance(x[0], np.int_))
+        assert_(type(x[0, ...]) is np.ndarray)
+
+
+class TestPickling:
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL >= 5,
+                        reason=('this tests the error messages when trying to'
+                                'protocol 5 although it is not available'))
+    def test_correct_protocol5_error_message(self):
+        array = np.arange(10)
+
+    def test_record_array_with_object_dtype(self):
+        my_object = object()
+
+        arr_with_object = np.array(
+                [(my_object, 1, 2.0)],
+                dtype=[('a', object), ('b', int), ('c', float)])
+        arr_without_object = np.array(
+                [('xxx', 1, 2.0)],
+                dtype=[('a', str), ('b', int), ('c', float)])
+
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            depickled_arr_with_object = pickle.loads(
+                    pickle.dumps(arr_with_object, protocol=proto))
+            depickled_arr_without_object = pickle.loads(
+                    pickle.dumps(arr_without_object, protocol=proto))
+
+            assert_equal(arr_with_object.dtype,
+                         depickled_arr_with_object.dtype)
+            assert_equal(arr_without_object.dtype,
+                         depickled_arr_without_object.dtype)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL < 5,
+                        reason="requires pickle protocol 5")
+    def test_f_contiguous_array(self):
+        f_contiguous_array = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], order='F')
+        buffers = []
+
+        # When using pickle protocol 5, Fortran-contiguous arrays can be
+        # serialized using out-of-band buffers
+        bytes_string = pickle.dumps(f_contiguous_array, protocol=5,
+                                    buffer_callback=buffers.append)
+
+        assert len(buffers) > 0
+
+        depickled_f_contiguous_array = pickle.loads(bytes_string,
+                                                    buffers=buffers)
+
+        assert_equal(f_contiguous_array, depickled_f_contiguous_array)
+
+    def test_non_contiguous_array(self):
+        non_contiguous_array = np.arange(12).reshape(3, 4)[:, :2]
+        assert not non_contiguous_array.flags.c_contiguous
+        assert not non_contiguous_array.flags.f_contiguous
+
+        # make sure non-contiguous arrays can be pickled-depickled
+        # using any protocol
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            depickled_non_contiguous_array = pickle.loads(
+                    pickle.dumps(non_contiguous_array, protocol=proto))
+
+            assert_equal(non_contiguous_array, depickled_non_contiguous_array)
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self):
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            carray = np.array([[2, 9], [7, 0], [3, 8]])
+            DATA = [
+                carray,
+                np.transpose(carray),
+                np.array([('xxx', 1, 2.0)], dtype=[('a', (str, 3)), ('b', int),
+                                                   ('c', float)])
+            ]
+
+            refs = [weakref.ref(a) for a in DATA]
+            for a in DATA:
+                assert_equal(
+                        a, pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a, protocol=proto)),
+                        err_msg="%r" % a)
+            del a, DATA, carray
+            break_cycles()
+            # check for reference leaks (gh-12793)
+            for ref in refs:
+                assert ref() is None
+
+    def _loads(self, obj):
+        return pickle.loads(obj, encoding='latin1')
+
+    # version 0 pickles, using protocol=2 to pickle
+    # version 0 doesn't have a version field
+    def test_version0_int8(self):
+        s = b'\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x04\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02i1K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(U\x01|NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89U\x04\x01\x02\x03\x04tb.'
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=np.int8)
+        p = self._loads(s)
+        assert_equal(a, p)
+
+    def test_version0_float32(self):
+        s = b'\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x04\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02f4K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(U\x01<NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89U\x10\x00\x00\x80?\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x00@@\x00\x00\x80@tb.'
+        a = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], dtype=np.float32)
+        p = self._loads(s)
+        assert_equal(a, p)
+
+    def test_version0_object(self):
+        s = b'\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x02\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02O8K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(U\x01|NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89]q\x06(}q\x07U\x01aK\x01s}q\x08U\x01bK\x02setb.'
+        a = np.array([{'a': 1}, {'b': 2}])
+        p = self._loads(s)
+        assert_equal(a, p)
+
+    # version 1 pickles, using protocol=2 to pickle
+    def test_version1_int8(self):
+        s = b'\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x01K\x04\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02i1K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(K\x01U\x01|NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89U\x04\x01\x02\x03\x04tb.'
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=np.int8)
+        p = self._loads(s)
+        assert_equal(a, p)
+
+    def test_version1_float32(self):
+        s = b'\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x01K\x04\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02f4K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(K\x01U\x01<NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89U\x10\x00\x00\x80?\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x00@@\x00\x00\x80@tb.'
+        a = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], dtype=np.float32)
+        p = self._loads(s)
+        assert_equal(a, p)
+
+    def test_version1_object(self):
+        s = b'\x80\x02cnumpy.core._internal\n_reconstruct\nq\x01cnumpy\nndarray\nq\x02K\x00\x85U\x01b\x87Rq\x03(K\x01K\x02\x85cnumpy\ndtype\nq\x04U\x02O8K\x00K\x01\x87Rq\x05(K\x01U\x01|NNJ\xff\xff\xff\xffJ\xff\xff\xff\xfftb\x89]q\x06(}q\x07U\x01aK\x01s}q\x08U\x01bK\x02setb.'
+        a = np.array([{'a': 1}, {'b': 2}])
+        p = self._loads(s)
+        assert_equal(a, p)
+
+    def test_subarray_int_shape(self):
+        s = b"cnumpy.core.multiarray\n_reconstruct\np0\n(cnumpy\nndarray\np1\n(I0\ntp2\nS'b'\np3\ntp4\nRp5\n(I1\n(I1\ntp6\ncnumpy\ndtype\np7\n(S'V6'\np8\nI0\nI1\ntp9\nRp10\n(I3\nS'|'\np11\nN(S'a'\np12\ng3\ntp13\n(dp14\ng12\n(g7\n(S'V4'\np15\nI0\nI1\ntp16\nRp17\n(I3\nS'|'\np18\n(g7\n(S'i1'\np19\nI0\nI1\ntp20\nRp21\n(I3\nS'|'\np22\nNNNI-1\nI-1\nI0\ntp23\nb(I2\nI2\ntp24\ntp25\nNNI4\nI1\nI0\ntp26\nbI0\ntp27\nsg3\n(g7\n(S'V2'\np28\nI0\nI1\ntp29\nRp30\n(I3\nS'|'\np31\n(g21\nI2\ntp32\nNNI2\nI1\nI0\ntp33\nbI4\ntp34\nsI6\nI1\nI0\ntp35\nbI00\nS'\\x01\\x01\\x01\\x01\\x01\\x02'\np36\ntp37\nb."
+        a = np.array([(1, (1, 2))], dtype=[('a', 'i1', (2, 2)), ('b', 'i1', 2)])
+        p = self._loads(s)
+        assert_equal(a, p)
+
+    def test_datetime64_byteorder(self):
+        original = np.array([['2015-02-24T00:00:00.000000000']], dtype='datetime64[ns]')
+
+        original_byte_reversed = original.copy(order='K')
+        original_byte_reversed.dtype = original_byte_reversed.dtype.newbyteorder('S')
+        original_byte_reversed.byteswap(inplace=True)
+
+        new = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(original_byte_reversed))
+
+        assert_equal(original.dtype, new.dtype)
+
+
+class TestFancyIndexing:
+    def test_list(self):
+        x = np.ones((1, 1))
+        x[:, [0]] = 2.0
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([[2.0]]))
+
+        x = np.ones((1, 1, 1))
+        x[:, :, [0]] = 2.0
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([[[2.0]]]))
+
+    def test_tuple(self):
+        x = np.ones((1, 1))
+        x[:, (0,)] = 2.0
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([[2.0]]))
+        x = np.ones((1, 1, 1))
+        x[:, :, (0,)] = 2.0
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([[[2.0]]]))
+
+    def test_mask(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+        m = np.array([0, 1, 0, 0], bool)
+        assert_array_equal(x[m], np.array([2]))
+
+    def test_mask2(self):
+        x = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]])
+        m = np.array([0, 1], bool)
+        m2 = np.array([[0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]], bool)
+        m3 = np.array([[0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]], bool)
+        assert_array_equal(x[m], np.array([[5, 6, 7, 8]]))
+        assert_array_equal(x[m2], np.array([2, 5]))
+        assert_array_equal(x[m3], np.array([2]))
+
+    def test_assign_mask(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+        m = np.array([0, 1, 0, 0], bool)
+        x[m] = 5
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([1, 5, 3, 4]))
+
+    def test_assign_mask2(self):
+        xorig = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]])
+        m = np.array([0, 1], bool)
+        m2 = np.array([[0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]], bool)
+        m3 = np.array([[0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]], bool)
+        x = xorig.copy()
+        x[m] = 10
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 10, 10, 10]]))
+        x = xorig.copy()
+        x[m2] = 10
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([[1, 10, 3, 4], [10, 6, 7, 8]]))
+        x = xorig.copy()
+        x[m3] = 10
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([[1, 10, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]]))
+
+
+class TestStringCompare:
+    def test_string(self):
+        g1 = np.array(["This", "is", "example"])
+        g2 = np.array(["This", "was", "example"])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 == g2, [g1[i] == g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 != g2, [g1[i] != g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 <= g2, [g1[i] <= g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 >= g2, [g1[i] >= g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 < g2, [g1[i] < g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 > g2, [g1[i] > g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+
+    def test_mixed(self):
+        g1 = np.array(["spam", "spa", "spammer", "and eggs"])
+        g2 = "spam"
+        assert_array_equal(g1 == g2, [x == g2 for x in g1])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 != g2, [x != g2 for x in g1])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 < g2, [x < g2 for x in g1])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 > g2, [x > g2 for x in g1])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 <= g2, [x <= g2 for x in g1])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 >= g2, [x >= g2 for x in g1])
+
+    def test_unicode(self):
+        g1 = np.array(["This", "is", "example"])
+        g2 = np.array(["This", "was", "example"])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 == g2, [g1[i] == g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 != g2, [g1[i] != g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 <= g2, [g1[i] <= g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 >= g2, [g1[i] >= g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 < g2,  [g1[i] < g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(g1 > g2,  [g1[i] > g2[i] for i in [0, 1, 2]])
+
+class TestArgmaxArgminCommon:
+
+    sizes = [(), (3,), (3, 2), (2, 3),
+             (3, 3), (2, 3, 4), (4, 3, 2),
+             (1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 1),
+             (3, 4, 1, 2), (4, 1, 2, 3),
+             (64,), (128,), (256,)]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("size, axis", itertools.chain(*[[(size, axis)
+        for axis in list(range(-len(size), len(size))) + [None]]
+        for size in sizes]))
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('method', [np.argmax, np.argmin])
+    def test_np_argmin_argmax_keepdims(self, size, axis, method):
+
+        arr = np.random.normal(size=size)
+
+        # contiguous arrays
+        if axis is None:
+            new_shape = [1 for _ in range(len(size))]
+        else:
+            new_shape = list(size)
+            new_shape[axis] = 1
+        new_shape = tuple(new_shape)
+
+        _res_orig = method(arr, axis=axis)
+        res_orig = _res_orig.reshape(new_shape)
+        res = method(arr, axis=axis, keepdims=True)
+        assert_equal(res, res_orig)
+        assert_(res.shape == new_shape)
+        outarray = np.empty(res.shape, dtype=res.dtype)
+        res1 = method(arr, axis=axis, out=outarray,
+                            keepdims=True)
+        assert_(res1 is outarray)
+        assert_equal(res, outarray)
+
+        if len(size) > 0:
+            wrong_shape = list(new_shape)
+            if axis is not None:
+                wrong_shape[axis] = 2
+            else:
+                wrong_shape[0] = 2
+            wrong_outarray = np.empty(wrong_shape, dtype=res.dtype)
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                method(arr.T, axis=axis,
+                        out=wrong_outarray, keepdims=True)
+
+        # non-contiguous arrays
+        if axis is None:
+            new_shape = [1 for _ in range(len(size))]
+        else:
+            new_shape = list(size)[::-1]
+            new_shape[axis] = 1
+        new_shape = tuple(new_shape)
+
+        _res_orig = method(arr.T, axis=axis)
+        res_orig = _res_orig.reshape(new_shape)
+        res = method(arr.T, axis=axis, keepdims=True)
+        assert_equal(res, res_orig)
+        assert_(res.shape == new_shape)
+        outarray = np.empty(new_shape[::-1], dtype=res.dtype)
+        outarray = outarray.T
+        res1 = method(arr.T, axis=axis, out=outarray,
+                            keepdims=True)
+        assert_(res1 is outarray)
+        assert_equal(res, outarray)
+
+        if len(size) > 0:
+            # one dimension lesser for non-zero sized
+            # array should raise an error
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                method(arr[0], axis=axis,
+                        out=outarray, keepdims=True)
+
+        if len(size) > 0:
+            wrong_shape = list(new_shape)
+            if axis is not None:
+                wrong_shape[axis] = 2
+            else:
+                wrong_shape[0] = 2
+            wrong_outarray = np.empty(wrong_shape, dtype=res.dtype)
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                method(arr.T, axis=axis,
+                        out=wrong_outarray, keepdims=True)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['max', 'min'])
+    def test_all(self, method):
+        a = np.random.normal(0, 1, (4, 5, 6, 7, 8))
+        arg_method = getattr(a, 'arg' + method)
+        val_method = getattr(a, method)
+        for i in range(a.ndim):
+            a_maxmin = val_method(i)
+            aarg_maxmin = arg_method(i)
+            axes = list(range(a.ndim))
+            axes.remove(i)
+            assert_(np.all(a_maxmin == aarg_maxmin.choose(
+                                        *a.transpose(i, *axes))))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['argmax', 'argmin'])
+    def test_output_shape(self, method):
+        # see also gh-616
+        a = np.ones((10, 5))
+        arg_method = getattr(a, method)
+        # Check some simple shape mismatches
+        out = np.ones(11, dtype=np.int_)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, arg_method, -1, out)
+
+        out = np.ones((2, 5), dtype=np.int_)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, arg_method, -1, out)
+
+        # these could be relaxed possibly (used to allow even the previous)
+        out = np.ones((1, 10), dtype=np.int_)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, arg_method, -1, out)
+
+        out = np.ones(10, dtype=np.int_)
+        arg_method(-1, out=out)
+        assert_equal(out, arg_method(-1))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('ndim', [0, 1])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['argmax', 'argmin'])
+    def test_ret_is_out(self, ndim, method):
+        a = np.ones((4,) + (256,)*ndim)
+        arg_method = getattr(a, method)
+        out = np.empty((256,)*ndim, dtype=np.intp)
+        ret = arg_method(axis=0, out=out)
+        assert ret is out
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('np_array, method, idx, val',
+        [(np.zeros, 'argmax', 5942, "as"),
+         (np.ones, 'argmin', 6001, "0")])
+    def test_unicode(self, np_array, method, idx, val):
+        d = np_array(6031, dtype='<U9')
+        arg_method = getattr(d, method)
+        d[idx] = val
+        assert_equal(arg_method(), idx)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('arr_method, np_method',
+        [('argmax', np.argmax),
+         ('argmin', np.argmin)])
+    def test_np_vs_ndarray(self, arr_method, np_method):
+        # make sure both ndarray.argmax/argmin and
+        # numpy.argmax/argmin support out/axis args
+        a = np.random.normal(size=(2, 3))
+        arg_method = getattr(a, arr_method)
+
+        # check positional args
+        out1 = np.zeros(2, dtype=int)
+        out2 = np.zeros(2, dtype=int)
+        assert_equal(arg_method(1, out1), np_method(a, 1, out2))
+        assert_equal(out1, out2)
+
+        # check keyword args
+        out1 = np.zeros(3, dtype=int)
+        out2 = np.zeros(3, dtype=int)
+        assert_equal(arg_method(out=out1, axis=0),
+                     np_method(a, out=out2, axis=0))
+        assert_equal(out1, out2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.leaks_references(reason="replaces None with NULL.")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('method, vals',
+        [('argmax', (10, 30)),
+         ('argmin', (30, 10))])
+    def test_object_with_NULLs(self, method, vals):
+        # See gh-6032
+        a = np.empty(4, dtype='O')
+        arg_method = getattr(a, method)
+        ctypes.memset(a.ctypes.data, 0, a.nbytes)
+        assert_equal(arg_method(), 0)
+        a[3] = vals[0]
+        assert_equal(arg_method(), 3)
+        a[1] = vals[1]
+        assert_equal(arg_method(), 1)
+
+class TestArgmax:
+    usg_data = [
+        ([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 0),
+        ([3, 3, 3, 3,  2,  2,  2,  2], 0),
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3,  4,  5,  6,  7], 7),
+        ([7, 6, 5, 4,  3,  2,  1,  0], 0)
+    ]
+    sg_data = usg_data + [
+        ([1, 2, 3, 4, -4, -3, -2, -1], 3),
+        ([1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, -4], 3)
+    ]
+    darr = [(np.array(d[0], dtype=t), d[1]) for d, t in (
+        itertools.product(usg_data, (
+            np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64
+        ))
+    )]
+    darr = darr + [(np.array(d[0], dtype=t), d[1]) for d, t in (
+        itertools.product(sg_data, (
+            np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64, np.float32, np.float64
+        ))
+    )]
+    darr = darr + [(np.array(d[0], dtype=t), d[1]) for d, t in (
+        itertools.product((
+            ([0, 1, 2, 3, np.nan], 4),
+            ([0, 1, 2, np.nan, 3], 3),
+            ([np.nan, 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
+            ([np.nan, 0, np.nan, 2, 3], 0),
+            # To hit the tail of SIMD multi-level(x4, x1) inner loops
+            # on variant SIMD widthes
+            ([1] * (2*5-1) + [np.nan], 2*5-1),
+            ([1] * (4*5-1) + [np.nan], 4*5-1),
+            ([1] * (8*5-1) + [np.nan], 8*5-1),
+            ([1] * (16*5-1) + [np.nan], 16*5-1),
+            ([1] * (32*5-1) + [np.nan], 32*5-1)
+        ), (
+            np.float32, np.float64
+        ))
+    )]
+    nan_arr = darr + [
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3, complex(0, np.nan)], 4),
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3, complex(np.nan, 0)], 4),
+        ([0, 1, 2, complex(np.nan, 0), 3], 3),
+        ([0, 1, 2, complex(0, np.nan), 3], 3),
+        ([complex(0, np.nan), 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
+        ([complex(np.nan, np.nan), 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
+        ([complex(np.nan, 0), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, 1)], 0),
+        ([complex(np.nan, np.nan), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, 1)], 0),
+        ([complex(np.nan, 0), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, np.nan)], 0),
+
+        ([complex(0, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(0, 1)], 1),
+        ([complex(1, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(0, 1)], 0),
+        ([complex(1, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(1, 1)], 2),
+
+        ([np.datetime64('1923-04-14T12:43:12'),
+          np.datetime64('1994-06-21T14:43:15'),
+          np.datetime64('2001-10-15T04:10:32'),
+          np.datetime64('1995-11-25T16:02:16'),
+          np.datetime64('2005-01-04T03:14:12'),
+          np.datetime64('2041-12-03T14:05:03')], 5),
+        ([np.datetime64('1935-09-14T04:40:11'),
+          np.datetime64('1949-10-12T12:32:11'),
+          np.datetime64('2010-01-03T05:14:12'),
+          np.datetime64('2015-11-20T12:20:59'),
+          np.datetime64('1932-09-23T10:10:13'),
+          np.datetime64('2014-10-10T03:50:30')], 3),
+        # Assorted tests with NaTs
+        ([np.datetime64('NaT'),
+          np.datetime64('NaT'),
+          np.datetime64('2010-01-03T05:14:12'),
+          np.datetime64('NaT'),
+          np.datetime64('2015-09-23T10:10:13'),
+          np.datetime64('1932-10-10T03:50:30')], 0),
+        ([np.datetime64('2059-03-14T12:43:12'),
+          np.datetime64('1996-09-21T14:43:15'),
+          np.datetime64('NaT'),
+          np.datetime64('2022-12-25T16:02:16'),
+          np.datetime64('1963-10-04T03:14:12'),
+          np.datetime64('2013-05-08T18:15:23')], 2),
+        ([np.timedelta64(2, 's'),
+          np.timedelta64(1, 's'),
+          np.timedelta64('NaT', 's'),
+          np.timedelta64(3, 's')], 2),
+        ([np.timedelta64('NaT', 's')] * 3, 0),
+
+        ([timedelta(days=5, seconds=14), timedelta(days=2, seconds=35),
+          timedelta(days=-1, seconds=23)], 0),
+        ([timedelta(days=1, seconds=43), timedelta(days=10, seconds=5),
+          timedelta(days=5, seconds=14)], 1),
+        ([timedelta(days=10, seconds=24), timedelta(days=10, seconds=5),
+          timedelta(days=10, seconds=43)], 2),
+
+        ([False, False, False, False, True], 4),
+        ([False, False, False, True, False], 3),
+        ([True, False, False, False, False], 0),
+        ([True, False, True, False, False], 0),
+    ]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('data', nan_arr)
+    def test_combinations(self, data):
+        arr, pos = data
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning,
+                        "invalid value encountered in reduce")
+            val = np.max(arr)
+
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(arr), pos, err_msg="%r" % arr)
+        assert_equal(arr[np.argmax(arr)], val, err_msg="%r" % arr)
+
+        # add padding to test SIMD loops
+        rarr = np.repeat(arr, 129)
+        rpos = pos * 129
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(rarr), rpos, err_msg="%r" % rarr)
+        assert_equal(rarr[np.argmax(rarr)], val, err_msg="%r" % rarr)
+
+        padd = np.repeat(np.min(arr), 513)
+        rarr = np.concatenate((arr, padd))
+        rpos = pos
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(rarr), rpos, err_msg="%r" % rarr)
+        assert_equal(rarr[np.argmax(rarr)], val, err_msg="%r" % rarr)
+
+
+    def test_maximum_signed_integers(self):
+
+        a = np.array([1, 2**7 - 1, -2**7], dtype=np.int8)
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(a), 1)
+        a = a.repeat(129)
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(a), 129)
+
+        a = np.array([1, 2**15 - 1, -2**15], dtype=np.int16)
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(a), 1)
+        a = a.repeat(129)
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(a), 129)
+
+        a = np.array([1, 2**31 - 1, -2**31], dtype=np.int32)
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(a), 1)
+        a = a.repeat(129)
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(a), 129)
+
+        a = np.array([1, 2**63 - 1, -2**63], dtype=np.int64)
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(a), 1)
+        a = a.repeat(129)
+        assert_equal(np.argmax(a), 129)
+
+class TestArgmin:
+    usg_data = [
+        ([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 8),
+        ([3, 3, 3, 3,  2,  2,  2,  2], 4),
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3,  4,  5,  6,  7], 0),
+        ([7, 6, 5, 4,  3,  2,  1,  0], 7)
+    ]
+    sg_data = usg_data + [
+        ([1, 2, 3, 4, -4, -3, -2, -1], 4),
+        ([1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, -4], 7)
+    ]
+    darr = [(np.array(d[0], dtype=t), d[1]) for d, t in (
+        itertools.product(usg_data, (
+            np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64
+        ))
+    )]
+    darr = darr + [(np.array(d[0], dtype=t), d[1]) for d, t in (
+        itertools.product(sg_data, (
+            np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64, np.float32, np.float64
+        ))
+    )]
+    darr = darr + [(np.array(d[0], dtype=t), d[1]) for d, t in (
+        itertools.product((
+            ([0, 1, 2, 3, np.nan], 4),
+            ([0, 1, 2, np.nan, 3], 3),
+            ([np.nan, 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
+            ([np.nan, 0, np.nan, 2, 3], 0),
+            # To hit the tail of SIMD multi-level(x4, x1) inner loops
+            # on variant SIMD widthes
+            ([1] * (2*5-1) + [np.nan], 2*5-1),
+            ([1] * (4*5-1) + [np.nan], 4*5-1),
+            ([1] * (8*5-1) + [np.nan], 8*5-1),
+            ([1] * (16*5-1) + [np.nan], 16*5-1),
+            ([1] * (32*5-1) + [np.nan], 32*5-1)
+        ), (
+            np.float32, np.float64
+        ))
+    )]
+    nan_arr = darr + [
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3, complex(0, np.nan)], 4),
+        ([0, 1, 2, 3, complex(np.nan, 0)], 4),
+        ([0, 1, 2, complex(np.nan, 0), 3], 3),
+        ([0, 1, 2, complex(0, np.nan), 3], 3),
+        ([complex(0, np.nan), 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
+        ([complex(np.nan, np.nan), 0, 1, 2, 3], 0),
+        ([complex(np.nan, 0), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, 1)], 0),
+        ([complex(np.nan, np.nan), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, 1)], 0),
+        ([complex(np.nan, 0), complex(np.nan, 2), complex(np.nan, np.nan)], 0),
+
+        ([complex(0, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(0, 1)], 0),
+        ([complex(1, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(0, 1)], 2),
+        ([complex(1, 0), complex(0, 2), complex(1, 1)], 1),
+
+        ([np.datetime64('1923-04-14T12:43:12'),
+          np.datetime64('1994-06-21T14:43:15'),
+          np.datetime64('2001-10-15T04:10:32'),
+          np.datetime64('1995-11-25T16:02:16'),
+          np.datetime64('2005-01-04T03:14:12'),
+          np.datetime64('2041-12-03T14:05:03')], 0),
+        ([np.datetime64('1935-09-14T04:40:11'),
+          np.datetime64('1949-10-12T12:32:11'),
+          np.datetime64('2010-01-03T05:14:12'),
+          np.datetime64('2014-11-20T12:20:59'),
+          np.datetime64('2015-09-23T10:10:13'),
+          np.datetime64('1932-10-10T03:50:30')], 5),
+        # Assorted tests with NaTs
+        ([np.datetime64('NaT'),
+          np.datetime64('NaT'),
+          np.datetime64('2010-01-03T05:14:12'),
+          np.datetime64('NaT'),
+          np.datetime64('2015-09-23T10:10:13'),
+          np.datetime64('1932-10-10T03:50:30')], 0),
+        ([np.datetime64('2059-03-14T12:43:12'),
+          np.datetime64('1996-09-21T14:43:15'),
+          np.datetime64('NaT'),
+          np.datetime64('2022-12-25T16:02:16'),
+          np.datetime64('1963-10-04T03:14:12'),
+          np.datetime64('2013-05-08T18:15:23')], 2),
+        ([np.timedelta64(2, 's'),
+          np.timedelta64(1, 's'),
+          np.timedelta64('NaT', 's'),
+          np.timedelta64(3, 's')], 2),
+        ([np.timedelta64('NaT', 's')] * 3, 0),
+
+        ([timedelta(days=5, seconds=14), timedelta(days=2, seconds=35),
+          timedelta(days=-1, seconds=23)], 2),
+        ([timedelta(days=1, seconds=43), timedelta(days=10, seconds=5),
+          timedelta(days=5, seconds=14)], 0),
+        ([timedelta(days=10, seconds=24), timedelta(days=10, seconds=5),
+          timedelta(days=10, seconds=43)], 1),
+
+        ([True, True, True, True, False], 4),
+        ([True, True, True, False, True], 3),
+        ([False, True, True, True, True], 0),
+        ([False, True, False, True, True], 0),
+    ]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('data', nan_arr)
+    def test_combinations(self, data):
+        arr, pos = data
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning,
+                       "invalid value encountered in reduce")
+            min_val = np.min(arr)
+
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(arr), pos, err_msg="%r" % arr)
+        assert_equal(arr[np.argmin(arr)], min_val, err_msg="%r" % arr)
+
+        # add padding to test SIMD loops
+        rarr = np.repeat(arr, 129)
+        rpos = pos * 129
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(rarr), rpos, err_msg="%r" % rarr)
+        assert_equal(rarr[np.argmin(rarr)], min_val, err_msg="%r" % rarr)
+
+        padd = np.repeat(np.max(arr), 513)
+        rarr = np.concatenate((arr, padd))
+        rpos = pos
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(rarr), rpos, err_msg="%r" % rarr)
+        assert_equal(rarr[np.argmin(rarr)], min_val, err_msg="%r" % rarr)
+
+    def test_minimum_signed_integers(self):
+
+        a = np.array([1, -2**7, -2**7 + 1, 2**7 - 1], dtype=np.int8)
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 1)
+        a = a.repeat(129)
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 129)
+
+        a = np.array([1, -2**15, -2**15 + 1, 2**15 - 1], dtype=np.int16)
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 1)
+        a = a.repeat(129)
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 129)
+
+        a = np.array([1, -2**31, -2**31 + 1, 2**31 - 1], dtype=np.int32)
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 1)
+        a = a.repeat(129)
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 129)
+
+        a = np.array([1, -2**63, -2**63 + 1, 2**63 - 1], dtype=np.int64)
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 1)
+        a = a.repeat(129)
+        assert_equal(np.argmin(a), 129)
+
+class TestMinMax:
+
+    def test_scalar(self):
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.amax, 1, 1)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.amin, 1, 1)
+
+        assert_equal(np.amax(1, axis=0), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.amin(1, axis=0), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.amax(1, axis=None), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.amin(1, axis=None), 1)
+
+    def test_axis(self):
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.amax, [1, 2, 3], 1000)
+        assert_equal(np.amax([[1, 2, 3]], axis=1), 3)
+
+    def test_datetime(self):
+        # Do not ignore NaT
+        for dtype in ('m8[s]', 'm8[Y]'):
+            a = np.arange(10).astype(dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.amin(a), a[0])
+            assert_equal(np.amax(a), a[9])
+            a[3] = 'NaT'
+            assert_equal(np.amin(a), a[3])
+            assert_equal(np.amax(a), a[3])
+
+
+class TestNewaxis:
+    def test_basic(self):
+        sk = np.array([0, -0.1, 0.1])
+        res = 250*sk[:, np.newaxis]
+        assert_almost_equal(res.ravel(), 250*sk)
+
+
+class TestClip:
+    def _check_range(self, x, cmin, cmax):
+        assert_(np.all(x >= cmin))
+        assert_(np.all(x <= cmax))
+
+    def _clip_type(self, type_group, array_max,
+                   clip_min, clip_max, inplace=False,
+                   expected_min=None, expected_max=None):
+        if expected_min is None:
+            expected_min = clip_min
+        if expected_max is None:
+            expected_max = clip_max
+
+        for T in np.sctypes[type_group]:
+            if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+                byte_orders = ['=', '>']
+            else:
+                byte_orders = ['<', '=']
+
+            for byteorder in byte_orders:
+                dtype = np.dtype(T).newbyteorder(byteorder)
+
+                x = (np.random.random(1000) * array_max).astype(dtype)
+                if inplace:
+                    # The tests that call us pass clip_min and clip_max that
+                    # might not fit in the destination dtype. They were written
+                    # assuming the previous unsafe casting, which now must be
+                    # passed explicitly to avoid a warning.
+                    x.clip(clip_min, clip_max, x, casting='unsafe')
+                else:
+                    x = x.clip(clip_min, clip_max)
+                    byteorder = '='
+
+                if x.dtype.byteorder == '|':
+                    byteorder = '|'
+                assert_equal(x.dtype.byteorder, byteorder)
+                self._check_range(x, expected_min, expected_max)
+        return x
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        for inplace in [False, True]:
+            self._clip_type(
+                'float', 1024, -12.8, 100.2, inplace=inplace)
+            self._clip_type(
+                'float', 1024, 0, 0, inplace=inplace)
+
+            self._clip_type(
+                'int', 1024, -120, 100, inplace=inplace)
+            self._clip_type(
+                'int', 1024, 0, 0, inplace=inplace)
+
+            self._clip_type(
+                'uint', 1024, 0, 0, inplace=inplace)
+            self._clip_type(
+                'uint', 1024, -120, 100, inplace=inplace, expected_min=0)
+
+    def test_record_array(self):
+        rec = np.array([(-5, 2.0, 3.0), (5.0, 4.0, 3.0)],
+                       dtype=[('x', '<f8'), ('y', '<f8'), ('z', '<f8')])
+        y = rec['x'].clip(-0.3, 0.5)
+        self._check_range(y, -0.3, 0.5)
+
+    def test_max_or_min(self):
+        val = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
+        x = val.clip(3)
+        assert_(np.all(x >= 3))
+        x = val.clip(min=3)
+        assert_(np.all(x >= 3))
+        x = val.clip(max=4)
+        assert_(np.all(x <= 4))
+
+    def test_nan(self):
+        input_arr = np.array([-2., np.nan, 0.5, 3., 0.25, np.nan])
+        result = input_arr.clip(-1, 1)
+        expected = np.array([-1., np.nan, 0.5, 1., 0.25, np.nan])
+        assert_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+class TestCompress:
+    def test_axis(self):
+        tgt = [[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
+        arr = np.arange(10).reshape(2, 5)
+        out = np.compress([0, 1], arr, axis=0)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+        tgt = [[1, 3], [6, 8]]
+        out = np.compress([0, 1, 0, 1, 0], arr, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_truncate(self):
+        tgt = [[1], [6]]
+        arr = np.arange(10).reshape(2, 5)
+        out = np.compress([0, 1], arr, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_flatten(self):
+        arr = np.arange(10).reshape(2, 5)
+        out = np.compress([0, 1], arr)
+        assert_equal(out, 1)
+
+
+class TestPutmask:
+    def tst_basic(self, x, T, mask, val):
+        np.putmask(x, mask, val)
+        assert_equal(x[mask], np.array(val, T))
+
+    def test_ip_types(self):
+        unchecked_types = [bytes, str, np.void]
+
+        x = np.random.random(1000)*100
+        mask = x < 40
+
+        for val in [-100, 0, 15]:
+            for types in np.sctypes.values():
+                for T in types:
+                    if T not in unchecked_types:
+                        if val < 0 and np.dtype(T).kind == "u":
+                            val = np.iinfo(T).max - 99
+                        self.tst_basic(x.copy().astype(T), T, mask, val)
+
+            # Also test string of a length which uses an untypical length
+            dt = np.dtype("S3")
+            self.tst_basic(x.astype(dt), dt.type, mask, dt.type(val)[:3])
+
+    def test_mask_size(self):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.putmask, np.array([1, 2, 3]), [True], 5)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ('>i4', '<i4'))
+    def test_byteorder(self, dtype):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype)
+        np.putmask(x, [True, False, True], -1)
+        assert_array_equal(x, [-1, 2, -1])
+
+    def test_record_array(self):
+        # Note mixed byteorder.
+        rec = np.array([(-5, 2.0, 3.0), (5.0, 4.0, 3.0)],
+                      dtype=[('x', '<f8'), ('y', '>f8'), ('z', '<f8')])
+        np.putmask(rec['x'], [True, False], 10)
+        assert_array_equal(rec['x'], [10, 5])
+        assert_array_equal(rec['y'], [2, 4])
+        assert_array_equal(rec['z'], [3, 3])
+        np.putmask(rec['y'], [True, False], 11)
+        assert_array_equal(rec['x'], [10, 5])
+        assert_array_equal(rec['y'], [11, 4])
+        assert_array_equal(rec['z'], [3, 3])
+
+    def test_overlaps(self):
+        # gh-6272 check overlap
+        x = np.array([True, False, True, False])
+        np.putmask(x[1:4], [True, True, True], x[:3])
+        assert_equal(x, np.array([True, True, False, True]))
+
+        x = np.array([True, False, True, False])
+        np.putmask(x[1:4], x[:3], [True, False, True])
+        assert_equal(x, np.array([True, True, True, True]))
+
+    def test_writeable(self):
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        a.flags.writeable = False
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.putmask(a, a >= 2, 3)
+
+    def test_kwargs(self):
+        x = np.array([0, 0])
+        np.putmask(x, [0, 1], [-1, -2])
+        assert_array_equal(x, [0, -2])
+
+        x = np.array([0, 0])
+        np.putmask(x, mask=[0, 1], values=[-1, -2])
+        assert_array_equal(x, [0, -2])
+
+        x = np.array([0, 0])
+        np.putmask(x, values=[-1, -2],  mask=[0, 1])
+        assert_array_equal(x, [0, -2])
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.putmask(a=x, values=[-1, -2],  mask=[0, 1])
+
+
+class TestTake:
+    def tst_basic(self, x):
+        ind = list(range(x.shape[0]))
+        assert_array_equal(x.take(ind, axis=0), x)
+
+    def test_ip_types(self):
+        unchecked_types = [bytes, str, np.void]
+
+        x = np.random.random(24)*100
+        x.shape = 2, 3, 4
+        for types in np.sctypes.values():
+            for T in types:
+                if T not in unchecked_types:
+                    self.tst_basic(x.copy().astype(T))
+
+            # Also test string of a length which uses an untypical length
+            self.tst_basic(x.astype("S3"))
+
+    def test_raise(self):
+        x = np.random.random(24)*100
+        x.shape = 2, 3, 4
+        assert_raises(IndexError, x.take, [0, 1, 2], axis=0)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, x.take, [-3], axis=0)
+        assert_array_equal(x.take([-1], axis=0)[0], x[1])
+
+    def test_clip(self):
+        x = np.random.random(24)*100
+        x.shape = 2, 3, 4
+        assert_array_equal(x.take([-1], axis=0, mode='clip')[0], x[0])
+        assert_array_equal(x.take([2], axis=0, mode='clip')[0], x[1])
+
+    def test_wrap(self):
+        x = np.random.random(24)*100
+        x.shape = 2, 3, 4
+        assert_array_equal(x.take([-1], axis=0, mode='wrap')[0], x[1])
+        assert_array_equal(x.take([2], axis=0, mode='wrap')[0], x[0])
+        assert_array_equal(x.take([3], axis=0, mode='wrap')[0], x[1])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ('>i4', '<i4'))
+    def test_byteorder(self, dtype):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(x.take([0, 2, 1]), [1, 3, 2])
+
+    def test_record_array(self):
+        # Note mixed byteorder.
+        rec = np.array([(-5, 2.0, 3.0), (5.0, 4.0, 3.0)],
+                      dtype=[('x', '<f8'), ('y', '>f8'), ('z', '<f8')])
+        rec1 = rec.take([1])
+        assert_(rec1['x'] == 5.0 and rec1['y'] == 4.0)
+
+    def test_out_overlap(self):
+        # gh-6272 check overlap on out
+        x = np.arange(5)
+        y = np.take(x, [1, 2, 3], out=x[2:5], mode='wrap')
+        assert_equal(y, np.array([1, 2, 3]))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('shape', [(1, 2), (1,), ()])
+    def test_ret_is_out(self, shape):
+        # 0d arrays should not be an exception to this rule
+        x = np.arange(5)
+        inds = np.zeros(shape, dtype=np.intp)
+        out = np.zeros(shape, dtype=x.dtype)
+        ret = np.take(x, inds, out=out)
+        assert ret is out
+
+
+class TestLexsort:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype',[
+        np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64,
+        np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64,
+        np.float16, np.float32, np.float64
+    ])
+    def test_basic(self, dtype):
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 5], dtype=dtype)
+        b = np.array([0, 4, 5, 6, 2, 3], dtype=dtype)
+        idx = np.lexsort((b, a))
+        expected_idx = np.array([0, 4, 2, 1, 3, 5])
+        assert_array_equal(idx, expected_idx)
+        assert_array_equal(a[idx], np.sort(a))
+
+    def test_mixed(self):
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 5])
+        b = np.array([0, 4, 5, 6, 2, 3], dtype='datetime64[D]')
+
+        idx = np.lexsort((b, a))
+        expected_idx = np.array([0, 4, 2, 1, 3, 5])
+        assert_array_equal(idx, expected_idx)
+
+    def test_datetime(self):
+        a = np.array([0,0,0], dtype='datetime64[D]')
+        b = np.array([2,1,0], dtype='datetime64[D]')
+        idx = np.lexsort((b, a))
+        expected_idx = np.array([2, 1, 0])
+        assert_array_equal(idx, expected_idx)
+
+        a = np.array([0,0,0], dtype='timedelta64[D]')
+        b = np.array([2,1,0], dtype='timedelta64[D]')
+        idx = np.lexsort((b, a))
+        expected_idx = np.array([2, 1, 0])
+        assert_array_equal(idx, expected_idx)
+
+    def test_object(self):  # gh-6312
+        a = np.random.choice(10, 1000)
+        b = np.random.choice(['abc', 'xy', 'wz', 'efghi', 'qwst', 'x'], 1000)
+
+        for u in a, b:
+            left = np.lexsort((u.astype('O'),))
+            right = np.argsort(u, kind='mergesort')
+            assert_array_equal(left, right)
+
+        for u, v in (a, b), (b, a):
+            idx = np.lexsort((u, v))
+            assert_array_equal(idx, np.lexsort((u.astype('O'), v)))
+            assert_array_equal(idx, np.lexsort((u, v.astype('O'))))
+            u, v = np.array(u, dtype='object'), np.array(v, dtype='object')
+            assert_array_equal(idx, np.lexsort((u, v)))
+
+    def test_invalid_axis(self): # gh-7528
+        x = np.linspace(0., 1., 42*3).reshape(42, 3)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.lexsort, x, axis=2)
+
+class TestIO:
+    """Test tofile, fromfile, tobytes, and fromstring"""
+
+    @pytest.fixture()
+    def x(self):
+        shape = (2, 4, 3)
+        rand = np.random.random
+        x = rand(shape) + rand(shape).astype(complex) * 1j
+        x[0, :, 1] = [np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]
+        return x
+
+    @pytest.fixture(params=["string", "path_obj"])
+    def tmp_filename(self, tmp_path, request):
+        # This fixture covers two cases:
+        # one where the filename is a string and
+        # another where it is a pathlib object
+        filename = tmp_path / "file"
+        if request.param == "string":
+            filename = str(filename)
+        yield filename
+
+    def test_nofile(self):
+        # this should probably be supported as a file
+        # but for now test for proper errors
+        b = io.BytesIO()
+        assert_raises(OSError, np.fromfile, b, np.uint8, 80)
+        d = np.ones(7)
+        assert_raises(OSError, lambda x: x.tofile(b), d)
+
+    def test_bool_fromstring(self):
+        v = np.array([True, False, True, False], dtype=np.bool_)
+        y = np.fromstring('1 0 -2.3 0.0', sep=' ', dtype=np.bool_)
+        assert_array_equal(v, y)
+
+    def test_uint64_fromstring(self):
+        d = np.fromstring("9923372036854775807 104783749223640",
+                          dtype=np.uint64, sep=' ')
+        e = np.array([9923372036854775807, 104783749223640], dtype=np.uint64)
+        assert_array_equal(d, e)
+
+    def test_int64_fromstring(self):
+        d = np.fromstring("-25041670086757 104783749223640",
+                          dtype=np.int64, sep=' ')
+        e = np.array([-25041670086757, 104783749223640], dtype=np.int64)
+        assert_array_equal(d, e)
+
+    def test_fromstring_count0(self):
+        d = np.fromstring("1,2", sep=",", dtype=np.int64, count=0)
+        assert d.shape == (0,)
+
+    def test_empty_files_text(self, tmp_filename):
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'w') as f:
+            pass
+        y = np.fromfile(tmp_filename)
+        assert_(y.size == 0, "Array not empty")
+
+    def test_empty_files_binary(self, tmp_filename):
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'wb') as f:
+            pass
+        y = np.fromfile(tmp_filename, sep=" ")
+        assert_(y.size == 0, "Array not empty")
+
+    def test_roundtrip_file(self, x, tmp_filename):
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'wb') as f:
+            x.tofile(f)
+        # NB. doesn't work with flush+seek, due to use of C stdio
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'rb') as f:
+            y = np.fromfile(f, dtype=x.dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(y, x.flat)
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self, x, tmp_filename):
+        x.tofile(tmp_filename)
+        y = np.fromfile(tmp_filename, dtype=x.dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(y, x.flat)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_dump_pathlib(self, x, tmp_filename):
+        p = pathlib.Path(tmp_filename)
+        x.dump(p)
+        y = np.load(p, allow_pickle=True)
+        assert_array_equal(y, x)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_binary_str(self, x):
+        s = x.tobytes()
+        y = np.frombuffer(s, dtype=x.dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(y, x.flat)
+
+        s = x.tobytes('F')
+        y = np.frombuffer(s, dtype=x.dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(y, x.flatten('F'))
+
+    def test_roundtrip_str(self, x):
+        x = x.real.ravel()
+        s = "@".join(map(str, x))
+        y = np.fromstring(s, sep="@")
+        # NB. str imbues less precision
+        nan_mask = ~np.isfinite(x)
+        assert_array_equal(x[nan_mask], y[nan_mask])
+        assert_array_almost_equal(x[~nan_mask], y[~nan_mask], decimal=5)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_repr(self, x):
+        x = x.real.ravel()
+        s = "@".join(map(repr, x))
+        y = np.fromstring(s, sep="@")
+        assert_array_equal(x, y)
+
+    def test_unseekable_fromfile(self, x, tmp_filename):
+        # gh-6246
+        x.tofile(tmp_filename)
+
+        def fail(*args, **kwargs):
+            raise OSError('Can not tell or seek')
+
+        with io.open(tmp_filename, 'rb', buffering=0) as f:
+            f.seek = fail
+            f.tell = fail
+            assert_raises(OSError, np.fromfile, f, dtype=x.dtype)
+
+    def test_io_open_unbuffered_fromfile(self, x, tmp_filename):
+        # gh-6632
+        x.tofile(tmp_filename)
+        with io.open(tmp_filename, 'rb', buffering=0) as f:
+            y = np.fromfile(f, dtype=x.dtype)
+            assert_array_equal(y, x.flat)
+
+    def test_largish_file(self, tmp_filename):
+        # check the fallocate path on files > 16MB
+        d = np.zeros(4 * 1024 ** 2)
+        d.tofile(tmp_filename)
+        assert_equal(os.path.getsize(tmp_filename), d.nbytes)
+        assert_array_equal(d, np.fromfile(tmp_filename))
+        # check offset
+        with open(tmp_filename, "r+b") as f:
+            f.seek(d.nbytes)
+            d.tofile(f)
+            assert_equal(os.path.getsize(tmp_filename), d.nbytes * 2)
+        # check append mode (gh-8329)
+        open(tmp_filename, "w").close()  # delete file contents
+        with open(tmp_filename, "ab") as f:
+            d.tofile(f)
+        assert_array_equal(d, np.fromfile(tmp_filename))
+        with open(tmp_filename, "ab") as f:
+            d.tofile(f)
+        assert_equal(os.path.getsize(tmp_filename), d.nbytes * 2)
+
+    def test_io_open_buffered_fromfile(self, x, tmp_filename):
+        # gh-6632
+        x.tofile(tmp_filename)
+        with io.open(tmp_filename, 'rb', buffering=-1) as f:
+            y = np.fromfile(f, dtype=x.dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(y, x.flat)
+
+    def test_file_position_after_fromfile(self, tmp_filename):
+        # gh-4118
+        sizes = [io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE//8,
+                 io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE,
+                 io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE*8]
+
+        for size in sizes:
+            with open(tmp_filename, 'wb') as f:
+                f.seek(size-1)
+                f.write(b'\0')
+
+            for mode in ['rb', 'r+b']:
+                err_msg = "%d %s" % (size, mode)
+
+                with open(tmp_filename, mode) as f:
+                    f.read(2)
+                    np.fromfile(f, dtype=np.float64, count=1)
+                    pos = f.tell()
+                assert_equal(pos, 10, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+    def test_file_position_after_tofile(self, tmp_filename):
+        # gh-4118
+        sizes = [io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE//8,
+                 io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE,
+                 io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE*8]
+
+        for size in sizes:
+            err_msg = "%d" % (size,)
+
+            with open(tmp_filename, 'wb') as f:
+                f.seek(size-1)
+                f.write(b'\0')
+                f.seek(10)
+                f.write(b'12')
+                np.array([0], dtype=np.float64).tofile(f)
+                pos = f.tell()
+            assert_equal(pos, 10 + 2 + 8, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+            with open(tmp_filename, 'r+b') as f:
+                f.read(2)
+                f.seek(0, 1)  # seek between read&write required by ANSI C
+                np.array([0], dtype=np.float64).tofile(f)
+                pos = f.tell()
+            assert_equal(pos, 10, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+    def test_load_object_array_fromfile(self, tmp_filename):
+        # gh-12300
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'w') as f:
+            # Ensure we have a file with consistent contents
+            pass
+
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'rb') as f:
+            assert_raises_regex(ValueError, "Cannot read into object array",
+                                np.fromfile, f, dtype=object)
+
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, "Cannot read into object array",
+                            np.fromfile, tmp_filename, dtype=object)
+
+    def test_fromfile_offset(self, x, tmp_filename):
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'wb') as f:
+            x.tofile(f)
+
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'rb') as f:
+            y = np.fromfile(f, dtype=x.dtype, offset=0)
+            assert_array_equal(y, x.flat)
+
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'rb') as f:
+            count_items = len(x.flat) // 8
+            offset_items = len(x.flat) // 4
+            offset_bytes = x.dtype.itemsize * offset_items
+            y = np.fromfile(
+                f, dtype=x.dtype, count=count_items, offset=offset_bytes
+            )
+            assert_array_equal(
+                y, x.flat[offset_items:offset_items+count_items]
+            )
+
+            # subsequent seeks should stack
+            offset_bytes = x.dtype.itemsize
+            z = np.fromfile(f, dtype=x.dtype, offset=offset_bytes)
+            assert_array_equal(z, x.flat[offset_items+count_items+1:])
+
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'wb') as f:
+            x.tofile(f, sep=",")
+
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'rb') as f:
+            assert_raises_regex(
+                    TypeError,
+                    "'offset' argument only permitted for binary files",
+                    np.fromfile, tmp_filename, dtype=x.dtype,
+                    sep=",", offset=1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY, reason="bug in PyPy's PyNumber_AsSsize_t")
+    def test_fromfile_bad_dup(self, x, tmp_filename):
+        def dup_str(fd):
+            return 'abc'
+
+        def dup_bigint(fd):
+            return 2**68
+
+        old_dup = os.dup
+        try:
+            with open(tmp_filename, 'wb') as f:
+                x.tofile(f)
+                for dup, exc in ((dup_str, TypeError), (dup_bigint, OSError)):
+                    os.dup = dup
+                    assert_raises(exc, np.fromfile, f)
+        finally:
+            os.dup = old_dup
+
+    def _check_from(self, s, value, filename, **kw):
+        if 'sep' not in kw:
+            y = np.frombuffer(s, **kw)
+        else:
+            y = np.fromstring(s, **kw)
+        assert_array_equal(y, value)
+
+        with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write(s)
+        y = np.fromfile(filename, **kw)
+        assert_array_equal(y, value)
+
+    @pytest.fixture(params=["period", "comma"])
+    def decimal_sep_localization(self, request):
+        """
+        Including this fixture in a test will automatically
+        execute it with both types of decimal separator.
+
+        So::
+
+            def test_decimal(decimal_sep_localization):
+                pass
+
+        is equivalent to the following two tests::
+
+            def test_decimal_period_separator():
+                pass
+
+            def test_decimal_comma_separator():
+                with CommaDecimalPointLocale():
+                    pass
+        """
+        if request.param == "period":
+            yield
+        elif request.param == "comma":
+            with CommaDecimalPointLocale():
+                yield
+        else:
+            assert False, request.param
+
+    def test_nan(self, tmp_filename, decimal_sep_localization):
+        self._check_from(
+            b"nan +nan -nan NaN nan(foo) +NaN(BAR) -NAN(q_u_u_x_)",
+            [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan],
+            tmp_filename,
+            sep=' ')
+
+    def test_inf(self, tmp_filename, decimal_sep_localization):
+        self._check_from(
+            b"inf +inf -inf infinity -Infinity iNfInItY -inF",
+            [np.inf, np.inf, -np.inf, np.inf, -np.inf, np.inf, -np.inf],
+            tmp_filename,
+            sep=' ')
+
+    def test_numbers(self, tmp_filename, decimal_sep_localization):
+        self._check_from(
+            b"1.234 -1.234 .3 .3e55 -123133.1231e+133",
+            [1.234, -1.234, .3, .3e55, -123133.1231e+133],
+            tmp_filename,
+            sep=' ')
+
+    def test_binary(self, tmp_filename):
+        self._check_from(
+            b'\x00\x00\x80?\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x00@@\x00\x00\x80@',
+            np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
+            tmp_filename,
+            dtype='<f4')
+
+    def test_string(self, tmp_filename):
+        self._check_from(b'1,2,3,4', [1., 2., 3., 4.], tmp_filename, sep=',')
+
+    def test_counted_string(self, tmp_filename, decimal_sep_localization):
+        self._check_from(
+            b'1,2,3,4', [1., 2., 3., 4.], tmp_filename, count=4, sep=',')
+        self._check_from(
+            b'1,2,3,4', [1., 2., 3.], tmp_filename, count=3, sep=',')
+        self._check_from(
+            b'1,2,3,4', [1., 2., 3., 4.], tmp_filename, count=-1, sep=',')
+
+    def test_string_with_ws(self, tmp_filename):
+        self._check_from(
+            b'1 2  3     4   ', [1, 2, 3, 4], tmp_filename, dtype=int, sep=' ')
+
+    def test_counted_string_with_ws(self, tmp_filename):
+        self._check_from(
+            b'1 2  3     4   ', [1, 2, 3], tmp_filename, count=3, dtype=int,
+            sep=' ')
+
+    def test_ascii(self, tmp_filename, decimal_sep_localization):
+        self._check_from(
+            b'1 , 2 , 3 , 4', [1., 2., 3., 4.], tmp_filename, sep=',')
+        self._check_from(
+            b'1,2,3,4', [1., 2., 3., 4.], tmp_filename, dtype=float, sep=',')
+
+    def test_malformed(self, tmp_filename, decimal_sep_localization):
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            self._check_from(
+                b'1.234 1,234', [1.234, 1.], tmp_filename, sep=' ')
+
+    def test_long_sep(self, tmp_filename):
+        self._check_from(
+            b'1_x_3_x_4_x_5', [1, 3, 4, 5], tmp_filename, sep='_x_')
+
+    def test_dtype(self, tmp_filename):
+        v = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=np.int_)
+        self._check_from(b'1,2,3,4', v, tmp_filename, sep=',', dtype=np.int_)
+
+    def test_dtype_bool(self, tmp_filename):
+        # can't use _check_from because fromstring can't handle True/False
+        v = np.array([True, False, True, False], dtype=np.bool_)
+        s = b'1,0,-2.3,0'
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write(s)
+        y = np.fromfile(tmp_filename, sep=',', dtype=np.bool_)
+        assert_(y.dtype == '?')
+        assert_array_equal(y, v)
+
+    def test_tofile_sep(self, tmp_filename, decimal_sep_localization):
+        x = np.array([1.51, 2, 3.51, 4], dtype=float)
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'w') as f:
+            x.tofile(f, sep=',')
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'r') as f:
+            s = f.read()
+        #assert_equal(s, '1.51,2.0,3.51,4.0')
+        y = np.array([float(p) for p in s.split(',')])
+        assert_array_equal(x,y)
+
+    def test_tofile_format(self, tmp_filename, decimal_sep_localization):
+        x = np.array([1.51, 2, 3.51, 4], dtype=float)
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'w') as f:
+            x.tofile(f, sep=',', format='%.2f')
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'r') as f:
+            s = f.read()
+        assert_equal(s, '1.51,2.00,3.51,4.00')
+
+    def test_tofile_cleanup(self, tmp_filename):
+        x = np.zeros((10), dtype=object)
+        with open(tmp_filename, 'wb') as f:
+            assert_raises(OSError, lambda: x.tofile(f, sep=''))
+        # Dup-ed file handle should be closed or remove will fail on Windows OS
+        os.remove(tmp_filename)
+
+        # Also make sure that we close the Python handle
+        assert_raises(OSError, lambda: x.tofile(tmp_filename))
+        os.remove(tmp_filename)
+
+    def test_fromfile_subarray_binary(self, tmp_filename):
+        # Test subarray dtypes which are absorbed into the shape
+        x = np.arange(24, dtype="i4").reshape(2, 3, 4)
+        x.tofile(tmp_filename)
+        res = np.fromfile(tmp_filename, dtype="(3,4)i4")
+        assert_array_equal(x, res)
+
+        x_str = x.tobytes()
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            # binary fromstring is deprecated
+            res = np.fromstring(x_str, dtype="(3,4)i4")
+            assert_array_equal(x, res)
+
+    def test_parsing_subarray_unsupported(self, tmp_filename):
+        # We currently do not support parsing subarray dtypes
+        data = "12,42,13," * 50
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            expected = np.fromstring(data, dtype="(3,)i", sep=",")
+
+        with open(tmp_filename, "w") as f:
+            f.write(data)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.fromfile(tmp_filename, dtype="(3,)i", sep=",")
+
+    def test_read_shorter_than_count_subarray(self, tmp_filename):
+        # Test that requesting more values does not cause any problems
+        # in conjunction with subarray dimensions being absorbed into the
+        # array dimension.
+        expected = np.arange(511 * 10, dtype="i").reshape(-1, 10)
+
+        binary = expected.tobytes()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                np.fromstring(binary, dtype="(10,)i", count=10000)
+
+        expected.tofile(tmp_filename)
+        res = np.fromfile(tmp_filename, dtype="(10,)i", count=10000)
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
+
+class TestFromBuffer:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('byteorder', ['<', '>'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [float, int, complex])
+    def test_basic(self, byteorder, dtype):
+        dt = np.dtype(dtype).newbyteorder(byteorder)
+        x = (np.random.random((4, 7)) * 5).astype(dt)
+        buf = x.tobytes()
+        assert_array_equal(np.frombuffer(buf, dtype=dt), x.flat)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("obj", [np.arange(10), b"12345678"])
+    def test_array_base(self, obj):
+        # Objects (including NumPy arrays), which do not use the
+        # `release_buffer` slot should be directly used as a base object.
+        # See also gh-21612
+        new = np.frombuffer(obj)
+        assert new.base is obj
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        assert_array_equal(np.frombuffer(b''), np.array([]))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY,
+            reason="PyPy's memoryview currently does not track exports. See: "
+                   "https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/3724")
+    def test_mmap_close(self):
+        # The old buffer protocol was not safe for some things that the new
+        # one is.  But `frombuffer` always used the old one for a long time.
+        # Checks that it is safe with the new one (using memoryviews)
+        with tempfile.TemporaryFile(mode='wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write(b"asdf")
+            tmp.flush()
+            mm = mmap.mmap(tmp.fileno(), 0)
+            arr = np.frombuffer(mm, dtype=np.uint8)
+            with pytest.raises(BufferError):
+                mm.close()  # cannot close while array uses the buffer
+            del arr
+            mm.close()
+
+class TestFlat:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        a0 = np.arange(20.0)
+        a = a0.reshape(4, 5)
+        a0.shape = (4, 5)
+        a.flags.writeable = False
+        self.a = a
+        self.b = a[::2, ::2]
+        self.a0 = a0
+        self.b0 = a0[::2, ::2]
+
+    def test_contiguous(self):
+        testpassed = False
+        try:
+            self.a.flat[12] = 100.0
+        except ValueError:
+            testpassed = True
+        assert_(testpassed)
+        assert_(self.a.flat[12] == 12.0)
+
+    def test_discontiguous(self):
+        testpassed = False
+        try:
+            self.b.flat[4] = 100.0
+        except ValueError:
+            testpassed = True
+        assert_(testpassed)
+        assert_(self.b.flat[4] == 12.0)
+
+    def test___array__(self):
+        c = self.a.flat.__array__()
+        d = self.b.flat.__array__()
+        e = self.a0.flat.__array__()
+        f = self.b0.flat.__array__()
+
+        assert_(c.flags.writeable is False)
+        assert_(d.flags.writeable is False)
+        assert_(e.flags.writeable is True)
+        assert_(f.flags.writeable is False)
+        assert_(c.flags.writebackifcopy is False)
+        assert_(d.flags.writebackifcopy is False)
+        assert_(e.flags.writebackifcopy is False)
+        assert_(f.flags.writebackifcopy is False)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+    def test_refcount(self):
+        # includes regression test for reference count error gh-13165
+        inds = [np.intp(0), np.array([True]*self.a.size), np.array([0]), None]
+        indtype = np.dtype(np.intp)
+        rc_indtype = sys.getrefcount(indtype)
+        for ind in inds:
+            rc_ind = sys.getrefcount(ind)
+            for _ in range(100):
+                try:
+                    self.a.flat[ind]
+                except IndexError:
+                    pass
+            assert_(abs(sys.getrefcount(ind) - rc_ind) < 50)
+            assert_(abs(sys.getrefcount(indtype) - rc_indtype) < 50)
+
+    def test_index_getset(self):
+        it = np.arange(10).reshape(2, 1, 5).flat
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+            it.index = 10
+
+        for _ in it:
+            pass
+        # Check the value of `.index` is updated correctly (see also gh-19153)
+        # If the type was incorrect, this would show up on big-endian machines
+        assert it.index == it.base.size
+
+
+class TestResize:
+
+    @_no_tracing
+    def test_basic(self):
+        x = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            x.resize((5, 5), refcheck=False)
+        else:
+            x.resize((5, 5))
+        assert_array_equal(x.flat[:9],
+                np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]).flat)
+        assert_array_equal(x[9:].flat, 0)
+
+    def test_check_reference(self):
+        x = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
+        y = x
+        assert_raises(ValueError, x.resize, (5, 1))
+        del y  # avoid pyflakes unused variable warning.
+
+    @_no_tracing
+    def test_int_shape(self):
+        x = np.eye(3)
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            x.resize(3, refcheck=False)
+        else:
+            x.resize(3)
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.eye(3)[0,:])
+
+    def test_none_shape(self):
+        x = np.eye(3)
+        x.resize(None)
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.eye(3))
+        x.resize()
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.eye(3))
+
+    def test_0d_shape(self):
+        # to it multiple times to test it does not break alloc cache gh-9216
+        for i in range(10):
+            x = np.empty((1,))
+            x.resize(())
+            assert_equal(x.shape, ())
+            assert_equal(x.size, 1)
+            x = np.empty(())
+            x.resize((1,))
+            assert_equal(x.shape, (1,))
+            assert_equal(x.size, 1)
+
+    def test_invalid_arguments(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.eye(3).resize, 'hi')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.eye(3).resize, -1)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.eye(3).resize, order=1)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.eye(3).resize, refcheck='hi')
+
+    @_no_tracing
+    def test_freeform_shape(self):
+        x = np.eye(3)
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            x.resize(3, 2, 1, refcheck=False)
+        else:
+            x.resize(3, 2, 1)
+        assert_(x.shape == (3, 2, 1))
+
+    @_no_tracing
+    def test_zeros_appended(self):
+        x = np.eye(3)
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            x.resize(2, 3, 3, refcheck=False)
+        else:
+            x.resize(2, 3, 3)
+        assert_array_equal(x[0], np.eye(3))
+        assert_array_equal(x[1], np.zeros((3, 3)))
+
+    @_no_tracing
+    def test_obj_obj(self):
+        # check memory is initialized on resize, gh-4857
+        a = np.ones(10, dtype=[('k', object, 2)])
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            a.resize(15, refcheck=False)
+        else:
+            a.resize(15,)
+        assert_equal(a.shape, (15,))
+        assert_array_equal(a['k'][-5:], 0)
+        assert_array_equal(a['k'][:-5], 1)
+
+    def test_empty_view(self):
+        # check that sizes containing a zero don't trigger a reallocate for
+        # already empty arrays
+        x = np.zeros((10, 0), int)
+        x_view = x[...]
+        x_view.resize((0, 10))
+        x_view.resize((0, 100))
+
+    def test_check_weakref(self):
+        x = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
+        xref = weakref.ref(x)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, x.resize, (5, 1))
+        del xref  # avoid pyflakes unused variable warning.
+
+
+class TestRecord:
+    def test_field_rename(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('f', float), ('i', int)])
+        dt.names = ['p', 'q']
+        assert_equal(dt.names, ['p', 'q'])
+
+    def test_multiple_field_name_occurrence(self):
+        def test_dtype_init():
+            np.dtype([("A", "f8"), ("B", "f8"), ("A", "f8")])
+
+        # Error raised when multiple fields have the same name
+        assert_raises(ValueError, test_dtype_init)
+
+    def test_bytes_fields(self):
+        # Bytes are not allowed in field names and not recognized in titles
+        # on Py3
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, [(b'a', int)])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype, [(('b', b'a'), int)])
+
+        dt = np.dtype([((b'a', 'b'), int)])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, dt.__getitem__, b'a')
+
+        x = np.array([(1,), (2,), (3,)], dtype=dt)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, x.__getitem__, b'a')
+
+        y = x[0]
+        assert_raises(IndexError, y.__getitem__, b'a')
+
+    def test_multiple_field_name_unicode(self):
+        def test_dtype_unicode():
+            np.dtype([("\u20B9", "f8"), ("B", "f8"), ("\u20B9", "f8")])
+
+        # Error raised when multiple fields have the same name(unicode included)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, test_dtype_unicode)
+
+    def test_fromarrays_unicode(self):
+        # A single name string provided to fromarrays() is allowed to be unicode
+        # on both Python 2 and 3:
+        x = np.core.records.fromarrays(
+            [[0], [1]], names='a,b', formats='i4,i4')
+        assert_equal(x['a'][0], 0)
+        assert_equal(x['b'][0], 1)
+
+    def test_unicode_order(self):
+        # Test that we can sort with order as a unicode field name in both Python 2 and
+        # 3:
+        name = 'b'
+        x = np.array([1, 3, 2], dtype=[(name, int)])
+        x.sort(order=name)
+        assert_equal(x['b'], np.array([1, 2, 3]))
+
+    def test_field_names(self):
+        # Test unicode and 8-bit / byte strings can be used
+        a = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('f1', 'i4'),
+                                  ('f2', 'i4'),
+                                  ('f3', [('sf1', 'i4')])])
+        # byte string indexing fails gracefully
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, b'f1', 1)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, b'f1')
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a['f1'].__setitem__, b'sf1', 1)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, a['f1'].__getitem__, b'sf1')
+        b = a.copy()
+        fn1 = str('f1')
+        b[fn1] = 1
+        assert_equal(b[fn1], 1)
+        fnn = str('not at all')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, b.__setitem__, fnn, 1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, b.__getitem__, fnn)
+        b[0][fn1] = 2
+        assert_equal(b[fn1], 2)
+        # Subfield
+        assert_raises(ValueError, b[0].__setitem__, fnn, 1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, b[0].__getitem__, fnn)
+        # Subfield
+        fn3 = str('f3')
+        sfn1 = str('sf1')
+        b[fn3][sfn1] = 1
+        assert_equal(b[fn3][sfn1], 1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, b[fn3].__setitem__, fnn, 1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, b[fn3].__getitem__, fnn)
+        # multiple subfields
+        fn2 = str('f2')
+        b[fn2] = 3
+
+        assert_equal(b[['f1', 'f2']][0].tolist(), (2, 3))
+        assert_equal(b[['f2', 'f1']][0].tolist(), (3, 2))
+        assert_equal(b[['f1', 'f3']][0].tolist(), (2, (1,)))
+
+        # non-ascii unicode field indexing is well behaved
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.__setitem__, '\u03e0', 1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.__getitem__, '\u03e0')
+
+    def test_record_hash(self):
+        a = np.array([(1, 2), (1, 2)], dtype='i1,i2')
+        a.flags.writeable = False
+        b = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype=[('num1', 'i1'), ('num2', 'i2')])
+        b.flags.writeable = False
+        c = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype='i1,i2')
+        c.flags.writeable = False
+        assert_(hash(a[0]) == hash(a[1]))
+        assert_(hash(a[0]) == hash(b[0]))
+        assert_(hash(a[0]) != hash(b[1]))
+        assert_(hash(c[0]) == hash(a[0]) and c[0] == a[0])
+
+    def test_record_no_hash(self):
+        a = np.array([(1, 2), (1, 2)], dtype='i1,i2')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, hash, a[0])
+
+    def test_empty_structure_creation(self):
+        # make sure these do not raise errors (gh-5631)
+        np.array([()], dtype={'names': [], 'formats': [],
+                           'offsets': [], 'itemsize': 12})
+        np.array([(), (), (), (), ()], dtype={'names': [], 'formats': [],
+                                           'offsets': [], 'itemsize': 12})
+
+    def test_multifield_indexing_view(self):
+        a = np.ones(3, dtype=[('a', 'i4'), ('b', 'f4'), ('c', 'u4')])
+        v = a[['a', 'c']]
+        assert_(v.base is a)
+        assert_(v.dtype == np.dtype({'names': ['a', 'c'],
+                                     'formats': ['i4', 'u4'],
+                                     'offsets': [0, 8]}))
+        v[:] = (4,5)
+        assert_equal(a[0].item(), (4, 1, 5))
+
+class TestView:
+    def test_basic(self):
+        x = np.array([(1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8)],
+                     dtype=[('r', np.int8), ('g', np.int8),
+                            ('b', np.int8), ('a', np.int8)])
+        # We must be specific about the endianness here:
+        y = x.view(dtype='<i4')
+        # ... and again without the keyword.
+        z = x.view('<i4')
+        assert_array_equal(y, z)
+        assert_array_equal(y, [67305985, 134678021])
+
+
+def _mean(a, **args):
+    return a.mean(**args)
+
+
+def _var(a, **args):
+    return a.var(**args)
+
+
+def _std(a, **args):
+    return a.std(**args)
+
+
+class TestStats:
+
+    funcs = [_mean, _var, _std]
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        np.random.seed(range(3))
+        self.rmat = np.random.random((4, 5))
+        self.cmat = self.rmat + 1j * self.rmat
+        self.omat = np.array([Decimal(repr(r)) for r in self.rmat.flat])
+        self.omat = self.omat.reshape(4, 5)
+
+    def test_python_type(self):
+        for x in (np.float16(1.), 1, 1., 1+0j):
+            assert_equal(np.mean([x]), 1.)
+            assert_equal(np.std([x]), 0.)
+            assert_equal(np.var([x]), 0.)
+
+    def test_keepdims(self):
+        mat = np.eye(3)
+        for f in self.funcs:
+            for axis in [0, 1]:
+                res = f(mat, axis=axis, keepdims=True)
+                assert_(res.ndim == mat.ndim)
+                assert_(res.shape[axis] == 1)
+            for axis in [None]:
+                res = f(mat, axis=axis, keepdims=True)
+                assert_(res.shape == (1, 1))
+
+    def test_out(self):
+        mat = np.eye(3)
+        for f in self.funcs:
+            out = np.zeros(3)
+            tgt = f(mat, axis=1)
+            res = f(mat, axis=1, out=out)
+            assert_almost_equal(res, out)
+            assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
+        out = np.empty(2)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, f, mat, axis=1, out=out)
+        out = np.empty((2, 2))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, f, mat, axis=1, out=out)
+
+    def test_dtype_from_input(self):
+
+        icodes = np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+        fcodes = np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+
+        # object type
+        for f in self.funcs:
+            mat = np.array([[Decimal(1)]*3]*3)
+            tgt = mat.dtype.type
+            res = f(mat, axis=1).dtype.type
+            assert_(res is tgt)
+            # scalar case
+            res = type(f(mat, axis=None))
+            assert_(res is Decimal)
+
+        # integer types
+        for f in self.funcs:
+            for c in icodes:
+                mat = np.eye(3, dtype=c)
+                tgt = np.float64
+                res = f(mat, axis=1).dtype.type
+                assert_(res is tgt)
+                # scalar case
+                res = f(mat, axis=None).dtype.type
+                assert_(res is tgt)
+
+        # mean for float types
+        for f in [_mean]:
+            for c in fcodes:
+                mat = np.eye(3, dtype=c)
+                tgt = mat.dtype.type
+                res = f(mat, axis=1).dtype.type
+                assert_(res is tgt)
+                # scalar case
+                res = f(mat, axis=None).dtype.type
+                assert_(res is tgt)
+
+        # var, std for float types
+        for f in [_var, _std]:
+            for c in fcodes:
+                mat = np.eye(3, dtype=c)
+                # deal with complex types
+                tgt = mat.real.dtype.type
+                res = f(mat, axis=1).dtype.type
+                assert_(res is tgt)
+                # scalar case
+                res = f(mat, axis=None).dtype.type
+                assert_(res is tgt)
+
+    def test_dtype_from_dtype(self):
+        mat = np.eye(3)
+
+        # stats for integer types
+        # FIXME:
+        # this needs definition as there are lots places along the line
+        # where type casting may take place.
+
+        # for f in self.funcs:
+        #    for c in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+        #        tgt = np.dtype(c).type
+        #        res = f(mat, axis=1, dtype=c).dtype.type
+        #        assert_(res is tgt)
+        #        # scalar case
+        #        res = f(mat, axis=None, dtype=c).dtype.type
+        #        assert_(res is tgt)
+
+        # stats for float types
+        for f in self.funcs:
+            for c in np.typecodes['AllFloat']:
+                tgt = np.dtype(c).type
+                res = f(mat, axis=1, dtype=c).dtype.type
+                assert_(res is tgt)
+                # scalar case
+                res = f(mat, axis=None, dtype=c).dtype.type
+                assert_(res is tgt)
+
+    def test_ddof(self):
+        for f in [_var]:
+            for ddof in range(3):
+                dim = self.rmat.shape[1]
+                tgt = f(self.rmat, axis=1) * dim
+                res = f(self.rmat, axis=1, ddof=ddof) * (dim - ddof)
+        for f in [_std]:
+            for ddof in range(3):
+                dim = self.rmat.shape[1]
+                tgt = f(self.rmat, axis=1) * np.sqrt(dim)
+                res = f(self.rmat, axis=1, ddof=ddof) * np.sqrt(dim - ddof)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
+
+    def test_ddof_too_big(self):
+        dim = self.rmat.shape[1]
+        for f in [_var, _std]:
+            for ddof in range(dim, dim + 2):
+                with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+                    warnings.simplefilter('always')
+                    res = f(self.rmat, axis=1, ddof=ddof)
+                    assert_(not (res < 0).any())
+                    assert_(len(w) > 0)
+                    assert_(issubclass(w[0].category, RuntimeWarning))
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        A = np.zeros((0, 3))
+        for f in self.funcs:
+            for axis in [0, None]:
+                with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+                    warnings.simplefilter('always')
+                    assert_(np.isnan(f(A, axis=axis)).all())
+                    assert_(len(w) > 0)
+                    assert_(issubclass(w[0].category, RuntimeWarning))
+            for axis in [1]:
+                with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+                    warnings.simplefilter('always')
+                    assert_equal(f(A, axis=axis), np.zeros([]))
+
+    def test_mean_values(self):
+        for mat in [self.rmat, self.cmat, self.omat]:
+            for axis in [0, 1]:
+                tgt = mat.sum(axis=axis)
+                res = _mean(mat, axis=axis) * mat.shape[axis]
+                assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
+            for axis in [None]:
+                tgt = mat.sum(axis=axis)
+                res = _mean(mat, axis=axis) * np.prod(mat.shape)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
+
+    def test_mean_float16(self):
+        # This fail if the sum inside mean is done in float16 instead
+        # of float32.
+        assert_(_mean(np.ones(100000, dtype='float16')) == 1)
+
+    def test_mean_axis_error(self):
+        # Ensure that AxisError is raised instead of IndexError when axis is
+        # out of bounds, see gh-15817.
+        with assert_raises(np.exceptions.AxisError):
+            np.arange(10).mean(axis=2)
+
+    def test_mean_where(self):
+        a = np.arange(16).reshape((4, 4))
+        wh_full = np.array([[False, True, False, True],
+                            [True, False, True, False],
+                            [True, True, False, False],
+                            [False, False, True, True]])
+        wh_partial = np.array([[False],
+                               [True],
+                               [True],
+                               [False]])
+        _cases = [(1, True, [1.5, 5.5, 9.5, 13.5]),
+                  (0, wh_full, [6., 5., 10., 9.]),
+                  (1, wh_full, [2., 5., 8.5, 14.5]),
+                  (0, wh_partial, [6., 7., 8., 9.])]
+        for _ax, _wh, _res in _cases:
+            assert_allclose(a.mean(axis=_ax, where=_wh),
+                            np.array(_res))
+            assert_allclose(np.mean(a, axis=_ax, where=_wh),
+                            np.array(_res))
+
+        a3d = np.arange(16).reshape((2, 2, 4))
+        _wh_partial = np.array([False, True, True, False])
+        _res = [[1.5, 5.5], [9.5, 13.5]]
+        assert_allclose(a3d.mean(axis=2, where=_wh_partial),
+                        np.array(_res))
+        assert_allclose(np.mean(a3d, axis=2, where=_wh_partial),
+                        np.array(_res))
+
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as w:
+            assert_allclose(a.mean(axis=1, where=wh_partial),
+                            np.array([np.nan, 5.5, 9.5, np.nan]))
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as w:
+            assert_equal(a.mean(where=False), np.nan)
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as w:
+            assert_equal(np.mean(a, where=False), np.nan)
+
+    def test_var_values(self):
+        for mat in [self.rmat, self.cmat, self.omat]:
+            for axis in [0, 1, None]:
+                msqr = _mean(mat * mat.conj(), axis=axis)
+                mean = _mean(mat, axis=axis)
+                tgt = msqr - mean * mean.conjugate()
+                res = _var(mat, axis=axis)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(('complex_dtype', 'ndec'), (
+        ('complex64', 6),
+        ('complex128', 7),
+        ('clongdouble', 7),
+    ))
+    def test_var_complex_values(self, complex_dtype, ndec):
+        # Test fast-paths for every builtin complex type
+        for axis in [0, 1, None]:
+            mat = self.cmat.copy().astype(complex_dtype)
+            msqr = _mean(mat * mat.conj(), axis=axis)
+            mean = _mean(mat, axis=axis)
+            tgt = msqr - mean * mean.conjugate()
+            res = _var(mat, axis=axis)
+            assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=ndec)
+
+    def test_var_dimensions(self):
+        # _var paths for complex number introduce additions on views that
+        # increase dimensions. Ensure this generalizes to higher dims
+        mat = np.stack([self.cmat]*3)
+        for axis in [0, 1, 2, -1, None]:
+            msqr = _mean(mat * mat.conj(), axis=axis)
+            mean = _mean(mat, axis=axis)
+            tgt = msqr - mean * mean.conjugate()
+            res = _var(mat, axis=axis)
+            assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
+
+    def test_var_complex_byteorder(self):
+        # Test that var fast-path does not cause failures for complex arrays
+        # with non-native byteorder
+        cmat = self.cmat.copy().astype('complex128')
+        cmat_swapped = cmat.astype(cmat.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        assert_almost_equal(cmat.var(), cmat_swapped.var())
+
+    def test_var_axis_error(self):
+        # Ensure that AxisError is raised instead of IndexError when axis is
+        # out of bounds, see gh-15817.
+        with assert_raises(np.exceptions.AxisError):
+            np.arange(10).var(axis=2)
+
+    def test_var_where(self):
+        a = np.arange(25).reshape((5, 5))
+        wh_full = np.array([[False, True, False, True, True],
+                            [True, False, True, True, False],
+                            [True, True, False, False, True],
+                            [False, True, True, False, True],
+                            [True, False, True, True, False]])
+        wh_partial = np.array([[False],
+                               [True],
+                               [True],
+                               [False],
+                               [True]])
+        _cases = [(0, True, [50., 50., 50., 50., 50.]),
+                  (1, True, [2., 2., 2., 2., 2.])]
+        for _ax, _wh, _res in _cases:
+            assert_allclose(a.var(axis=_ax, where=_wh),
+                            np.array(_res))
+            assert_allclose(np.var(a, axis=_ax, where=_wh),
+                            np.array(_res))
+
+        a3d = np.arange(16).reshape((2, 2, 4))
+        _wh_partial = np.array([False, True, True, False])
+        _res = [[0.25, 0.25], [0.25, 0.25]]
+        assert_allclose(a3d.var(axis=2, where=_wh_partial),
+                        np.array(_res))
+        assert_allclose(np.var(a3d, axis=2, where=_wh_partial),
+                        np.array(_res))
+
+        assert_allclose(np.var(a, axis=1, where=wh_full),
+                        np.var(a[wh_full].reshape((5, 3)), axis=1))
+        assert_allclose(np.var(a, axis=0, where=wh_partial),
+                        np.var(a[wh_partial[:,0]], axis=0))
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as w:
+            assert_equal(a.var(where=False), np.nan)
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as w:
+            assert_equal(np.var(a, where=False), np.nan)
+
+    def test_std_values(self):
+        for mat in [self.rmat, self.cmat, self.omat]:
+            for axis in [0, 1, None]:
+                tgt = np.sqrt(_var(mat, axis=axis))
+                res = _std(mat, axis=axis)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
+
+    def test_std_where(self):
+        a = np.arange(25).reshape((5,5))[::-1]
+        whf = np.array([[False, True, False, True, True],
+                        [True, False, True, False, True],
+                        [True, True, False, True, False],
+                        [True, False, True, True, False],
+                        [False, True, False, True, True]])
+        whp = np.array([[False],
+                        [False],
+                        [True],
+                        [True],
+                        [False]])
+        _cases = [
+            (0, True, 7.07106781*np.ones((5))),
+            (1, True, 1.41421356*np.ones((5))),
+            (0, whf,
+             np.array([4.0824829 , 8.16496581, 5., 7.39509973, 8.49836586])),
+            (0, whp, 2.5*np.ones((5)))
+        ]
+        for _ax, _wh, _res in _cases:
+            assert_allclose(a.std(axis=_ax, where=_wh), _res)
+            assert_allclose(np.std(a, axis=_ax, where=_wh), _res)
+
+        a3d = np.arange(16).reshape((2, 2, 4))
+        _wh_partial = np.array([False, True, True, False])
+        _res = [[0.5, 0.5], [0.5, 0.5]]
+        assert_allclose(a3d.std(axis=2, where=_wh_partial),
+                        np.array(_res))
+        assert_allclose(np.std(a3d, axis=2, where=_wh_partial),
+                        np.array(_res))
+
+        assert_allclose(a.std(axis=1, where=whf),
+                        np.std(a[whf].reshape((5,3)), axis=1))
+        assert_allclose(np.std(a, axis=1, where=whf),
+                        (a[whf].reshape((5,3))).std(axis=1))
+        assert_allclose(a.std(axis=0, where=whp),
+                        np.std(a[whp[:,0]], axis=0))
+        assert_allclose(np.std(a, axis=0, where=whp),
+                        (a[whp[:,0]]).std(axis=0))
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as w:
+            assert_equal(a.std(where=False), np.nan)
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning) as w:
+            assert_equal(np.std(a, where=False), np.nan)
+
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class TestArray(np.ndarray):
+            def __new__(cls, data, info):
+                result = np.array(data)
+                result = result.view(cls)
+                result.info = info
+                return result
+
+            def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+                self.info = getattr(obj, "info", '')
+
+        dat = TestArray([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]], 'jubba')
+        res = dat.mean(1)
+        assert_(res.info == dat.info)
+        res = dat.std(1)
+        assert_(res.info == dat.info)
+        res = dat.var(1)
+        assert_(res.info == dat.info)
+
+
+class TestVdot:
+    def test_basic(self):
+        dt_numeric = np.typecodes['AllFloat'] + np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+        dt_complex = np.typecodes['Complex']
+
+        # test real
+        a = np.eye(3)
+        for dt in dt_numeric + 'O':
+            b = a.astype(dt)
+            res = np.vdot(b, b)
+            assert_(np.isscalar(res))
+            assert_equal(np.vdot(b, b), 3)
+
+        # test complex
+        a = np.eye(3) * 1j
+        for dt in dt_complex + 'O':
+            b = a.astype(dt)
+            res = np.vdot(b, b)
+            assert_(np.isscalar(res))
+            assert_equal(np.vdot(b, b), 3)
+
+        # test boolean
+        b = np.eye(3, dtype=bool)
+        res = np.vdot(b, b)
+        assert_(np.isscalar(res))
+        assert_equal(np.vdot(b, b), True)
+
+    def test_vdot_array_order(self):
+        a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], order='C')
+        b = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], order='F')
+        res = np.vdot(a, a)
+
+        # integer arrays are exact
+        assert_equal(np.vdot(a, b), res)
+        assert_equal(np.vdot(b, a), res)
+        assert_equal(np.vdot(b, b), res)
+
+    def test_vdot_uncontiguous(self):
+        for size in [2, 1000]:
+            # Different sizes match different branches in vdot.
+            a = np.zeros((size, 2, 2))
+            b = np.zeros((size, 2, 2))
+            a[:, 0, 0] = np.arange(size)
+            b[:, 0, 0] = np.arange(size) + 1
+            # Make a and b uncontiguous:
+            a = a[..., 0]
+            b = b[..., 0]
+
+            assert_equal(np.vdot(a, b),
+                         np.vdot(a.flatten(), b.flatten()))
+            assert_equal(np.vdot(a, b.copy()),
+                         np.vdot(a.flatten(), b.flatten()))
+            assert_equal(np.vdot(a.copy(), b),
+                         np.vdot(a.flatten(), b.flatten()))
+            assert_equal(np.vdot(a.copy('F'), b),
+                         np.vdot(a.flatten(), b.flatten()))
+            assert_equal(np.vdot(a, b.copy('F')),
+                         np.vdot(a.flatten(), b.flatten()))
+
+
+class TestDot:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        np.random.seed(128)
+        self.A = np.random.rand(4, 2)
+        self.b1 = np.random.rand(2, 1)
+        self.b2 = np.random.rand(2)
+        self.b3 = np.random.rand(1, 2)
+        self.b4 = np.random.rand(4)
+        self.N = 7
+
+    def test_dotmatmat(self):
+        A = self.A
+        res = np.dot(A.transpose(), A)
+        tgt = np.array([[1.45046013, 0.86323640],
+                        [0.86323640, 0.84934569]])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotmatvec(self):
+        A, b1 = self.A, self.b1
+        res = np.dot(A, b1)
+        tgt = np.array([[0.32114320], [0.04889721],
+                        [0.15696029], [0.33612621]])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotmatvec2(self):
+        A, b2 = self.A, self.b2
+        res = np.dot(A, b2)
+        tgt = np.array([0.29677940, 0.04518649, 0.14468333, 0.31039293])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotvecmat(self):
+        A, b4 = self.A, self.b4
+        res = np.dot(b4, A)
+        tgt = np.array([1.23495091, 1.12222648])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotvecmat2(self):
+        b3, A = self.b3, self.A
+        res = np.dot(b3, A.transpose())
+        tgt = np.array([[0.58793804, 0.08957460, 0.30605758, 0.62716383]])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotvecmat3(self):
+        A, b4 = self.A, self.b4
+        res = np.dot(A.transpose(), b4)
+        tgt = np.array([1.23495091, 1.12222648])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotvecvecouter(self):
+        b1, b3 = self.b1, self.b3
+        res = np.dot(b1, b3)
+        tgt = np.array([[0.20128610, 0.08400440], [0.07190947, 0.03001058]])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotvecvecinner(self):
+        b1, b3 = self.b1, self.b3
+        res = np.dot(b3, b1)
+        tgt = np.array([[ 0.23129668]])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotcolumnvect1(self):
+        b1 = np.ones((3, 1))
+        b2 = [5.3]
+        res = np.dot(b1, b2)
+        tgt = np.array([5.3, 5.3, 5.3])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotcolumnvect2(self):
+        b1 = np.ones((3, 1)).transpose()
+        b2 = [6.2]
+        res = np.dot(b2, b1)
+        tgt = np.array([6.2, 6.2, 6.2])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotvecscalar(self):
+        np.random.seed(100)
+        b1 = np.random.rand(1, 1)
+        b2 = np.random.rand(1, 4)
+        res = np.dot(b1, b2)
+        tgt = np.array([[0.15126730, 0.23068496, 0.45905553, 0.00256425]])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_dotvecscalar2(self):
+        np.random.seed(100)
+        b1 = np.random.rand(4, 1)
+        b2 = np.random.rand(1, 1)
+        res = np.dot(b1, b2)
+        tgt = np.array([[0.00256425],[0.00131359],[0.00200324],[ 0.00398638]])
+        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_all(self):
+        dims = [(), (1,), (1, 1)]
+        dout = [(), (1,), (1, 1), (1,), (), (1,), (1, 1), (1,), (1, 1)]
+        for dim, (dim1, dim2) in zip(dout, itertools.product(dims, dims)):
+            b1 = np.zeros(dim1)
+            b2 = np.zeros(dim2)
+            res = np.dot(b1, b2)
+            tgt = np.zeros(dim)
+            assert_(res.shape == tgt.shape)
+            assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, decimal=self.N)
+
+    def test_vecobject(self):
+        class Vec:
+            def __init__(self, sequence=None):
+                if sequence is None:
+                    sequence = []
+                self.array = np.array(sequence)
+
+            def __add__(self, other):
+                out = Vec()
+                out.array = self.array + other.array
+                return out
+
+            def __sub__(self, other):
+                out = Vec()
+                out.array = self.array - other.array
+                return out
+
+            def __mul__(self, other):  # with scalar
+                out = Vec(self.array.copy())
+                out.array *= other
+                return out
+
+            def __rmul__(self, other):
+                return self*other
+
+        U_non_cont = np.transpose([[1., 1.], [1., 2.]])
+        U_cont = np.ascontiguousarray(U_non_cont)
+        x = np.array([Vec([1., 0.]), Vec([0., 1.])])
+        zeros = np.array([Vec([0., 0.]), Vec([0., 0.])])
+        zeros_test = np.dot(U_cont, x) - np.dot(U_non_cont, x)
+        assert_equal(zeros[0].array, zeros_test[0].array)
+        assert_equal(zeros[1].array, zeros_test[1].array)
+
+    def test_dot_2args(self):
+        from numpy.core.multiarray import dot
+
+        a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=float)
+        b = np.array([[1, 0], [1, 1]], dtype=float)
+        c = np.array([[3, 2], [7, 4]], dtype=float)
+
+        d = dot(a, b)
+        assert_allclose(c, d)
+
+    def test_dot_3args(self):
+        from numpy.core.multiarray import dot
+
+        np.random.seed(22)
+        f = np.random.random_sample((1024, 16))
+        v = np.random.random_sample((16, 32))
+
+        r = np.empty((1024, 32))
+        for i in range(12):
+            dot(f, v, r)
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(r), 2)
+        r2 = dot(f, v, out=None)
+        assert_array_equal(r2, r)
+        assert_(r is dot(f, v, out=r))
+
+        v = v[:, 0].copy()  # v.shape == (16,)
+        r = r[:, 0].copy()  # r.shape == (1024,)
+        r2 = dot(f, v)
+        assert_(r is dot(f, v, r))
+        assert_array_equal(r2, r)
+
+    def test_dot_3args_errors(self):
+        from numpy.core.multiarray import dot
+
+        np.random.seed(22)
+        f = np.random.random_sample((1024, 16))
+        v = np.random.random_sample((16, 32))
+
+        r = np.empty((1024, 31))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)
+
+        r = np.empty((1024,))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)
+
+        r = np.empty((32,))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)
+
+        r = np.empty((32, 1024))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r.T)
+
+        r = np.empty((1024, 64))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r[:, ::2])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r[:, :32])
+
+        r = np.empty((1024, 32), dtype=np.float32)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)
+
+        r = np.empty((1024, 32), dtype=int)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, dot, f, v, r)
+
+    def test_dot_out_result(self):
+        x = np.ones((), dtype=np.float16)
+        y = np.ones((5,), dtype=np.float16)
+        z = np.zeros((5,), dtype=np.float16)
+        res = x.dot(y, out=z)
+        assert np.array_equal(res, y)
+        assert np.array_equal(z, y)
+
+    def test_dot_out_aliasing(self):
+        x = np.ones((), dtype=np.float16)
+        y = np.ones((5,), dtype=np.float16)
+        z = np.zeros((5,), dtype=np.float16)
+        res = x.dot(y, out=z)
+        z[0] = 2
+        assert np.array_equal(res, z)
+
+    def test_dot_array_order(self):
+        a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], order='C')
+        b = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], order='F')
+        res = np.dot(a, a)
+
+        # integer arrays are exact
+        assert_equal(np.dot(a, b), res)
+        assert_equal(np.dot(b, a), res)
+        assert_equal(np.dot(b, b), res)
+
+    def test_accelerate_framework_sgemv_fix(self):
+
+        def aligned_array(shape, align, dtype, order='C'):
+            d = dtype(0)
+            N = np.prod(shape)
+            tmp = np.zeros(N * d.nbytes + align, dtype=np.uint8)
+            address = tmp.__array_interface__["data"][0]
+            for offset in range(align):
+                if (address + offset) % align == 0:
+                    break
+            tmp = tmp[offset:offset+N*d.nbytes].view(dtype=dtype)
+            return tmp.reshape(shape, order=order)
+
+        def as_aligned(arr, align, dtype, order='C'):
+            aligned = aligned_array(arr.shape, align, dtype, order)
+            aligned[:] = arr[:]
+            return aligned
+
+        def assert_dot_close(A, X, desired):
+            assert_allclose(np.dot(A, X), desired, rtol=1e-5, atol=1e-7)
+
+        m = aligned_array(100, 15, np.float32)
+        s = aligned_array((100, 100), 15, np.float32)
+        np.dot(s, m)  # this will always segfault if the bug is present
+
+        testdata = itertools.product((15, 32), (10000,), (200, 89), ('C', 'F'))
+        for align, m, n, a_order in testdata:
+            # Calculation in double precision
+            A_d = np.random.rand(m, n)
+            X_d = np.random.rand(n)
+            desired = np.dot(A_d, X_d)
+            # Calculation with aligned single precision
+            A_f = as_aligned(A_d, align, np.float32, order=a_order)
+            X_f = as_aligned(X_d, align, np.float32)
+            assert_dot_close(A_f, X_f, desired)
+            # Strided A rows
+            A_d_2 = A_d[::2]
+            desired = np.dot(A_d_2, X_d)
+            A_f_2 = A_f[::2]
+            assert_dot_close(A_f_2, X_f, desired)
+            # Strided A columns, strided X vector
+            A_d_22 = A_d_2[:, ::2]
+            X_d_2 = X_d[::2]
+            desired = np.dot(A_d_22, X_d_2)
+            A_f_22 = A_f_2[:, ::2]
+            X_f_2 = X_f[::2]
+            assert_dot_close(A_f_22, X_f_2, desired)
+            # Check the strides are as expected
+            if a_order == 'F':
+                assert_equal(A_f_22.strides, (8, 8 * m))
+            else:
+                assert_equal(A_f_22.strides, (8 * n, 8))
+            assert_equal(X_f_2.strides, (8,))
+            # Strides in A rows + cols only
+            X_f_2c = as_aligned(X_f_2, align, np.float32)
+            assert_dot_close(A_f_22, X_f_2c, desired)
+            # Strides just in A cols
+            A_d_12 = A_d[:, ::2]
+            desired = np.dot(A_d_12, X_d_2)
+            A_f_12 = A_f[:, ::2]
+            assert_dot_close(A_f_12, X_f_2c, desired)
+            # Strides in A cols and X
+            assert_dot_close(A_f_12, X_f_2, desired)
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [np.float64, np.complex128])
+    @requires_memory(free_bytes=18e9)  # complex case needs 18GiB+
+    def test_huge_vectordot(self, dtype):
+        # Large vector multiplications are chunked with 32bit BLAS
+        # Test that the chunking does the right thing, see also gh-22262
+        data = np.ones(2**30+100, dtype=dtype)
+        res = np.dot(data, data)
+        assert res == 2**30+100
+
+    def test_dtype_discovery_fails(self):
+        # See gh-14247, error checking was missing for failed dtype discovery
+        class BadObject(object):
+            def __array__(self):
+                raise TypeError("just this tiny mint leaf")
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.dot(BadObject(), BadObject())
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.dot(3.0, BadObject())
+
+
+class MatmulCommon:
+    """Common tests for '@' operator and numpy.matmul.
+
+    """
+    # Should work with these types. Will want to add
+    # "O" at some point
+    types = "?bhilqBHILQefdgFDGO"
+
+    def test_exceptions(self):
+        dims = [
+            ((1,), (2,)),            # mismatched vector vector
+            ((2, 1,), (2,)),         # mismatched matrix vector
+            ((2,), (1, 2)),          # mismatched vector matrix
+            ((1, 2), (3, 1)),        # mismatched matrix matrix
+            ((1,), ()),              # vector scalar
+            ((), (1)),               # scalar vector
+            ((1, 1), ()),            # matrix scalar
+            ((), (1, 1)),            # scalar matrix
+            ((2, 2, 1), (3, 1, 2)),  # cannot broadcast
+            ]
+
+        for dt, (dm1, dm2) in itertools.product(self.types, dims):
+            a = np.ones(dm1, dtype=dt)
+            b = np.ones(dm2, dtype=dt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, self.matmul, a, b)
+
+    def test_shapes(self):
+        dims = [
+            ((1, 1), (2, 1, 1)),     # broadcast first argument
+            ((2, 1, 1), (1, 1)),     # broadcast second argument
+            ((2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 1)),  # matrix stack sizes match
+            ]
+
+        for dt, (dm1, dm2) in itertools.product(self.types, dims):
+            a = np.ones(dm1, dtype=dt)
+            b = np.ones(dm2, dtype=dt)
+            res = self.matmul(a, b)
+            assert_(res.shape == (2, 1, 1))
+
+        # vector vector returns scalars.
+        for dt in self.types:
+            a = np.ones((2,), dtype=dt)
+            b = np.ones((2,), dtype=dt)
+            c = self.matmul(a, b)
+            assert_(np.array(c).shape == ())
+
+    def test_result_types(self):
+        mat = np.ones((1,1))
+        vec = np.ones((1,))
+        for dt in self.types:
+            m = mat.astype(dt)
+            v = vec.astype(dt)
+            for arg in [(m, v), (v, m), (m, m)]:
+                res = self.matmul(*arg)
+                assert_(res.dtype == dt)
+
+            # vector vector returns scalars
+            if dt != "O":
+                res = self.matmul(v, v)
+                assert_(type(res) is np.dtype(dt).type)
+
+    def test_scalar_output(self):
+        vec1 = np.array([2])
+        vec2 = np.array([3, 4]).reshape(1, -1)
+        tgt = np.array([6, 8])
+        for dt in self.types[1:]:
+            v1 = vec1.astype(dt)
+            v2 = vec2.astype(dt)
+            res = self.matmul(v1, v2)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt)
+            res = self.matmul(v2.T, v1)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt)
+
+        # boolean type
+        vec = np.array([True, True], dtype='?').reshape(1, -1)
+        res = self.matmul(vec[:, 0], vec)
+        assert_equal(res, True)
+
+    def test_vector_vector_values(self):
+        vec1 = np.array([1, 2])
+        vec2 = np.array([3, 4]).reshape(-1, 1)
+        tgt1 = np.array([11])
+        tgt2 = np.array([[3, 6], [4, 8]])
+        for dt in self.types[1:]:
+            v1 = vec1.astype(dt)
+            v2 = vec2.astype(dt)
+            res = self.matmul(v1, v2)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt1)
+            # no broadcast, we must make v1 into a 2d ndarray
+            res = self.matmul(v2, v1.reshape(1, -1))
+            assert_equal(res, tgt2)
+
+        # boolean type
+        vec = np.array([True, True], dtype='?')
+        res = self.matmul(vec, vec)
+        assert_equal(res, True)
+
+    def test_vector_matrix_values(self):
+        vec = np.array([1, 2])
+        mat1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+        mat2 = np.stack([mat1]*2, axis=0)
+        tgt1 = np.array([7, 10])
+        tgt2 = np.stack([tgt1]*2, axis=0)
+        for dt in self.types[1:]:
+            v = vec.astype(dt)
+            m1 = mat1.astype(dt)
+            m2 = mat2.astype(dt)
+            res = self.matmul(v, m1)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt1)
+            res = self.matmul(v, m2)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt2)
+
+        # boolean type
+        vec = np.array([True, False])
+        mat1 = np.array([[True, False], [False, True]])
+        mat2 = np.stack([mat1]*2, axis=0)
+        tgt1 = np.array([True, False])
+        tgt2 = np.stack([tgt1]*2, axis=0)
+
+        res = self.matmul(vec, mat1)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt1)
+        res = self.matmul(vec, mat2)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt2)
+
+    def test_matrix_vector_values(self):
+        vec = np.array([1, 2])
+        mat1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+        mat2 = np.stack([mat1]*2, axis=0)
+        tgt1 = np.array([5, 11])
+        tgt2 = np.stack([tgt1]*2, axis=0)
+        for dt in self.types[1:]:
+            v = vec.astype(dt)
+            m1 = mat1.astype(dt)
+            m2 = mat2.astype(dt)
+            res = self.matmul(m1, v)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt1)
+            res = self.matmul(m2, v)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt2)
+
+        # boolean type
+        vec = np.array([True, False])
+        mat1 = np.array([[True, False], [False, True]])
+        mat2 = np.stack([mat1]*2, axis=0)
+        tgt1 = np.array([True, False])
+        tgt2 = np.stack([tgt1]*2, axis=0)
+
+        res = self.matmul(vec, mat1)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt1)
+        res = self.matmul(vec, mat2)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt2)
+
+    def test_matrix_matrix_values(self):
+        mat1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+        mat2 = np.array([[1, 0], [1, 1]])
+        mat12 = np.stack([mat1, mat2], axis=0)
+        mat21 = np.stack([mat2, mat1], axis=0)
+        tgt11 = np.array([[7, 10], [15, 22]])
+        tgt12 = np.array([[3, 2], [7, 4]])
+        tgt21 = np.array([[1, 2], [4, 6]])
+        tgt12_21 = np.stack([tgt12, tgt21], axis=0)
+        tgt11_12 = np.stack((tgt11, tgt12), axis=0)
+        tgt11_21 = np.stack((tgt11, tgt21), axis=0)
+        for dt in self.types[1:]:
+            m1 = mat1.astype(dt)
+            m2 = mat2.astype(dt)
+            m12 = mat12.astype(dt)
+            m21 = mat21.astype(dt)
+
+            # matrix @ matrix
+            res = self.matmul(m1, m2)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt12)
+            res = self.matmul(m2, m1)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt21)
+
+            # stacked @ matrix
+            res = self.matmul(m12, m1)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt11_21)
+
+            # matrix @ stacked
+            res = self.matmul(m1, m12)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt11_12)
+
+            # stacked @ stacked
+            res = self.matmul(m12, m21)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt12_21)
+
+        # boolean type
+        m1 = np.array([[1, 1], [0, 0]], dtype=np.bool_)
+        m2 = np.array([[1, 0], [1, 1]], dtype=np.bool_)
+        m12 = np.stack([m1, m2], axis=0)
+        m21 = np.stack([m2, m1], axis=0)
+        tgt11 = m1
+        tgt12 = m1
+        tgt21 = np.array([[1, 1], [1, 1]], dtype=np.bool_)
+        tgt12_21 = np.stack([tgt12, tgt21], axis=0)
+        tgt11_12 = np.stack((tgt11, tgt12), axis=0)
+        tgt11_21 = np.stack((tgt11, tgt21), axis=0)
+
+        # matrix @ matrix
+        res = self.matmul(m1, m2)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt12)
+        res = self.matmul(m2, m1)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt21)
+
+        # stacked @ matrix
+        res = self.matmul(m12, m1)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt11_21)
+
+        # matrix @ stacked
+        res = self.matmul(m1, m12)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt11_12)
+
+        # stacked @ stacked
+        res = self.matmul(m12, m21)
+        assert_equal(res, tgt12_21)
+
+
+class TestMatmul(MatmulCommon):
+    matmul = np.matmul
+
+    def test_out_arg(self):
+        a = np.ones((5, 2), dtype=float)
+        b = np.array([[1, 3], [5, 7]], dtype=float)
+        tgt = np.dot(a, b)
+
+        # test as positional argument
+        msg = "out positional argument"
+        out = np.zeros((5, 2), dtype=float)
+        self.matmul(a, b, out)
+        assert_array_equal(out, tgt, err_msg=msg)
+
+        # test as keyword argument
+        msg = "out keyword argument"
+        out = np.zeros((5, 2), dtype=float)
+        self.matmul(a, b, out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(out, tgt, err_msg=msg)
+
+        # test out with not allowed type cast (safe casting)
+        msg = "Cannot cast ufunc .* output"
+        out = np.zeros((5, 2), dtype=np.int32)
+        assert_raises_regex(TypeError, msg, self.matmul, a, b, out=out)
+
+        # test out with type upcast to complex
+        out = np.zeros((5, 2), dtype=np.complex128)
+        c = self.matmul(a, b, out=out)
+        assert_(c is out)
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(np.ComplexWarning, '')
+            c = c.astype(tgt.dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(c, tgt)
+
+    def test_empty_out(self):
+        # Check that the output cannot be broadcast, so that it cannot be
+        # size zero when the outer dimensions (iterator size) has size zero.
+        arr = np.ones((0, 1, 1))
+        out = np.ones((1, 1, 1))
+        assert self.matmul(arr, arr).shape == (0, 1, 1)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"non-broadcastable"):
+            self.matmul(arr, arr, out=out)
+
+    def test_out_contiguous(self):
+        a = np.ones((5, 2), dtype=float)
+        b = np.array([[1, 3], [5, 7]], dtype=float)
+        v = np.array([1, 3], dtype=float)
+        tgt = np.dot(a, b)
+        tgt_mv = np.dot(a, v)
+
+        # test out non-contiguous
+        out = np.ones((5, 2, 2), dtype=float)
+        c = self.matmul(a, b, out=out[..., 0])
+        assert c.base is out
+        assert_array_equal(c, tgt)
+        c = self.matmul(a, v, out=out[:, 0, 0])
+        assert_array_equal(c, tgt_mv)
+        c = self.matmul(v, a.T, out=out[:, 0, 0])
+        assert_array_equal(c, tgt_mv)
+
+        # test out contiguous in only last dim
+        out = np.ones((10, 2), dtype=float)
+        c = self.matmul(a, b, out=out[::2, :])
+        assert_array_equal(c, tgt)
+
+        # test transposes of out, args
+        out = np.ones((5, 2), dtype=float)
+        c = self.matmul(b.T, a.T, out=out.T)
+        assert_array_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    m1 = np.arange(15.).reshape(5, 3)
+    m2 = np.arange(21.).reshape(3, 7)
+    m3 = np.arange(30.).reshape(5, 6)[:, ::2]  # non-contiguous
+    vc = np.arange(10.)
+    vr = np.arange(6.)
+    m0 = np.zeros((3, 0))
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('args', (
+            # matrix-matrix
+            (m1, m2), (m2.T, m1.T), (m2.T.copy(), m1.T), (m2.T, m1.T.copy()),
+            # matrix-matrix-transpose, contiguous and non
+            (m1, m1.T), (m1.T, m1), (m1, m3.T), (m3, m1.T),
+            (m3, m3.T), (m3.T, m3),
+            # matrix-matrix non-contiguous
+            (m3, m2), (m2.T, m3.T), (m2.T.copy(), m3.T),
+            # vector-matrix, matrix-vector, contiguous
+            (m1, vr[:3]), (vc[:5], m1), (m1.T, vc[:5]), (vr[:3], m1.T),
+            # vector-matrix, matrix-vector, vector non-contiguous
+            (m1, vr[::2]), (vc[::2], m1), (m1.T, vc[::2]), (vr[::2], m1.T),
+            # vector-matrix, matrix-vector, matrix non-contiguous
+            (m3, vr[:3]), (vc[:5], m3), (m3.T, vc[:5]), (vr[:3], m3.T),
+            # vector-matrix, matrix-vector, both non-contiguous
+            (m3, vr[::2]), (vc[::2], m3), (m3.T, vc[::2]), (vr[::2], m3.T),
+            # size == 0
+            (m0, m0.T), (m0.T, m0), (m1, m0), (m0.T, m1.T),
+        ))
+    def test_dot_equivalent(self, args):
+        r1 = np.matmul(*args)
+        r2 = np.dot(*args)
+        assert_equal(r1, r2)
+
+        r3 = np.matmul(args[0].copy(), args[1].copy())
+        assert_equal(r1, r3)
+
+    def test_matmul_object(self):
+        import fractions
+
+        f = np.vectorize(fractions.Fraction)
+        def random_ints():
+            return np.random.randint(1, 1000, size=(10, 3, 3))
+        M1 = f(random_ints(), random_ints())
+        M2 = f(random_ints(), random_ints())
+
+        M3 = self.matmul(M1, M2)
+
+        [N1, N2, N3] = [a.astype(float) for a in [M1, M2, M3]]
+
+        assert_allclose(N3, self.matmul(N1, N2))
+
+    def test_matmul_object_type_scalar(self):
+        from fractions import Fraction as F
+        v = np.array([F(2,3), F(5,7)])
+        res = self.matmul(v, v)
+        assert_(type(res) is F)
+
+    def test_matmul_empty(self):
+        a = np.empty((3, 0), dtype=object)
+        b = np.empty((0, 3), dtype=object)
+        c = np.zeros((3, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(np.matmul(a, b), c)
+
+    def test_matmul_exception_multiply(self):
+        # test that matmul fails if `__mul__` is missing
+        class add_not_multiply():
+            def __add__(self, other):
+                return self
+        a = np.full((3,3), add_not_multiply())
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            b = np.matmul(a, a)
+
+    def test_matmul_exception_add(self):
+        # test that matmul fails if `__add__` is missing
+        class multiply_not_add():
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                return self
+        a = np.full((3,3), multiply_not_add())
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            b = np.matmul(a, a)
+
+    def test_matmul_bool(self):
+        # gh-14439
+        a = np.array([[1, 0],[1, 1]], dtype=bool)
+        assert np.max(a.view(np.uint8)) == 1
+        b = np.matmul(a, a)
+        # matmul with boolean output should always be 0, 1
+        assert np.max(b.view(np.uint8)) == 1
+
+        rg = np.random.default_rng(np.random.PCG64(43))
+        d = rg.integers(2, size=4*5, dtype=np.int8)
+        d = d.reshape(4, 5) > 0
+        out1 = np.matmul(d, d.reshape(5, 4))
+        out2 = np.dot(d, d.reshape(5, 4))
+        assert_equal(out1, out2)
+
+        c = np.matmul(np.zeros((2, 0), dtype=bool), np.zeros(0, dtype=bool))
+        assert not np.any(c)
+
+
+class TestMatmulOperator(MatmulCommon):
+    import operator
+    matmul = operator.matmul
+
+    def test_array_priority_override(self):
+
+        class A:
+            __array_priority__ = 1000
+
+            def __matmul__(self, other):
+                return "A"
+
+            def __rmatmul__(self, other):
+                return "A"
+
+        a = A()
+        b = np.ones(2)
+        assert_equal(self.matmul(a, b), "A")
+        assert_equal(self.matmul(b, a), "A")
+
+    def test_matmul_raises(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, self.matmul, np.int8(5), np.int8(5))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, self.matmul, np.void(b'abc'), np.void(b'abc'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, self.matmul, np.arange(10), np.void(b'abc'))
+
+
+class TestMatmulInplace:
+    DTYPES = {}
+    for i in MatmulCommon.types:
+        for j in MatmulCommon.types:
+            if np.can_cast(j, i):
+                DTYPES[f"{i}-{j}"] = (np.dtype(i), np.dtype(j))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype1,dtype2", DTYPES.values(), ids=DTYPES)
+    def test_basic(self, dtype1: np.dtype, dtype2: np.dtype) -> None:
+        a = np.arange(10).reshape(5, 2).astype(dtype1)
+        a_id = id(a)
+        b = np.ones((2, 2), dtype=dtype2)
+
+        ref = a @ b
+        a @= b
+
+        assert id(a) == a_id
+        assert a.dtype == dtype1
+        assert a.shape == (5, 2)
+        if dtype1.kind in "fc":
+            np.testing.assert_allclose(a, ref)
+        else:
+            np.testing.assert_array_equal(a, ref)
+
+    SHAPES = {
+        "2d_large": ((10**5, 10), (10, 10)),
+        "3d_large": ((10**4, 10, 10), (1, 10, 10)),
+        "1d": ((3,), (3,)),
+        "2d_1d": ((3, 3), (3,)),
+        "1d_2d": ((3,), (3, 3)),
+        "2d_broadcast": ((3, 3), (3, 1)),
+        "2d_broadcast_reverse": ((1, 3), (3, 3)),
+        "3d_broadcast1": ((3, 3, 3), (1, 3, 1)),
+        "3d_broadcast2": ((3, 3, 3), (1, 3, 3)),
+        "3d_broadcast3": ((3, 3, 3), (3, 3, 1)),
+        "3d_broadcast_reverse1": ((1, 3, 3), (3, 3, 3)),
+        "3d_broadcast_reverse2": ((3, 1, 3), (3, 3, 3)),
+        "3d_broadcast_reverse3": ((1, 1, 3), (3, 3, 3)),
+    }
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a_shape,b_shape", SHAPES.values(), ids=SHAPES)
+    def test_shapes(self, a_shape: tuple[int, ...], b_shape: tuple[int, ...]):
+        a_size = np.prod(a_shape)
+        a = np.arange(a_size).reshape(a_shape).astype(np.float64)
+        a_id = id(a)
+
+        b_size = np.prod(b_shape)
+        b = np.arange(b_size).reshape(b_shape)
+
+        ref = a @ b
+        if ref.shape != a_shape:
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                a @= b
+            return
+        else:
+            a @= b
+
+        assert id(a) == a_id
+        assert a.dtype.type == np.float64
+        assert a.shape == a_shape
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(a, ref)
+
+
+def test_matmul_axes():
+    a = np.arange(3*4*5).reshape(3, 4, 5)
+    c = np.matmul(a, a, axes=[(-2, -1), (-1, -2), (1, 2)])
+    assert c.shape == (3, 4, 4)
+    d = np.matmul(a, a, axes=[(-2, -1), (-1, -2), (0, 1)])
+    assert d.shape == (4, 4, 3)
+    e = np.swapaxes(d, 0, 2)
+    assert_array_equal(e, c)
+    f = np.matmul(a, np.arange(3), axes=[(1, 0), (0), (0)])
+    assert f.shape == (4, 5)
+
+
+class TestInner:
+
+    def test_inner_type_mismatch(self):
+        c = 1.
+        A = np.array((1,1), dtype='i,i')
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.inner, c, A)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.inner, A, c)
+
+    def test_inner_scalar_and_vector(self):
+        for dt in np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['AllFloat'] + '?':
+            sca = np.array(3, dtype=dt)[()]
+            vec = np.array([1, 2], dtype=dt)
+            desired = np.array([3, 6], dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(vec, sca), desired)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(sca, vec), desired)
+
+    def test_vecself(self):
+        # Ticket 844.
+        # Inner product of a vector with itself segfaults or give
+        # meaningless result
+        a = np.zeros(shape=(1, 80), dtype=np.float64)
+        p = np.inner(a, a)
+        assert_almost_equal(p, 0, decimal=14)
+
+    def test_inner_product_with_various_contiguities(self):
+        # github issue 6532
+        for dt in np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['AllFloat'] + '?':
+            # check an inner product involving a matrix transpose
+            A = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=dt)
+            B = np.array([[1, 3], [2, 4]], dtype=dt)
+            C = np.array([1, 1], dtype=dt)
+            desired = np.array([4, 6], dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(A.T, C), desired)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(C, A.T), desired)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(B, C), desired)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(C, B), desired)
+            # check a matrix product
+            desired = np.array([[7, 10], [15, 22]], dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(A, B), desired)
+            # check the syrk vs. gemm paths
+            desired = np.array([[5, 11], [11, 25]], dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(A, A), desired)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(A, A.copy()), desired)
+            # check an inner product involving an aliased and reversed view
+            a = np.arange(5).astype(dt)
+            b = a[::-1]
+            desired = np.array(10, dtype=dt).item()
+            assert_equal(np.inner(b, a), desired)
+
+    def test_3d_tensor(self):
+        for dt in np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['AllFloat'] + '?':
+            a = np.arange(24).reshape(2,3,4).astype(dt)
+            b = np.arange(24, 48).reshape(2,3,4).astype(dt)
+            desired = np.array(
+                [[[[ 158,  182,  206],
+                   [ 230,  254,  278]],
+
+                  [[ 566,  654,  742],
+                   [ 830,  918, 1006]],
+
+                  [[ 974, 1126, 1278],
+                   [1430, 1582, 1734]]],
+
+                 [[[1382, 1598, 1814],
+                   [2030, 2246, 2462]],
+
+                  [[1790, 2070, 2350],
+                   [2630, 2910, 3190]],
+
+                  [[2198, 2542, 2886],
+                   [3230, 3574, 3918]]]]
+            ).astype(dt)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(a, b), desired)
+            assert_equal(np.inner(b, a).transpose(2,3,0,1), desired)
+
+
+class TestChoose:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.x = 2*np.ones((3,), dtype=int)
+        self.y = 3*np.ones((3,), dtype=int)
+        self.x2 = 2*np.ones((2, 3), dtype=int)
+        self.y2 = 3*np.ones((2, 3), dtype=int)
+        self.ind = [0, 0, 1]
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        A = np.choose(self.ind, (self.x, self.y))
+        assert_equal(A, [2, 2, 3])
+
+    def test_broadcast1(self):
+        A = np.choose(self.ind, (self.x2, self.y2))
+        assert_equal(A, [[2, 2, 3], [2, 2, 3]])
+
+    def test_broadcast2(self):
+        A = np.choose(self.ind, (self.x, self.y2))
+        assert_equal(A, [[2, 2, 3], [2, 2, 3]])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ops",
+        [(1000, np.array([1], dtype=np.uint8)),
+         (-1, np.array([1], dtype=np.uint8)),
+         (1., np.float32(3)),
+         (1., np.array([3], dtype=np.float32))],)
+    def test_output_dtype(self, ops):
+        expected_dt = np.result_type(*ops)
+        assert(np.choose([0], ops).dtype == expected_dt)
+
+
+class TestRepeat:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.m = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+        self.m_rect = self.m.reshape((2, 3))
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        A = np.repeat(self.m, [1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2])
+        assert_equal(A, [1, 2, 2, 2, 3,
+                         3, 4, 5, 6, 6])
+
+    def test_broadcast1(self):
+        A = np.repeat(self.m, 2)
+        assert_equal(A, [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3,
+                         4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6])
+
+    def test_axis_spec(self):
+        A = np.repeat(self.m_rect, [2, 1], axis=0)
+        assert_equal(A, [[1, 2, 3],
+                         [1, 2, 3],
+                         [4, 5, 6]])
+
+        A = np.repeat(self.m_rect, [1, 3, 2], axis=1)
+        assert_equal(A, [[1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3],
+                         [4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6]])
+
+    def test_broadcast2(self):
+        A = np.repeat(self.m_rect, 2, axis=0)
+        assert_equal(A, [[1, 2, 3],
+                         [1, 2, 3],
+                         [4, 5, 6],
+                         [4, 5, 6]])
+
+        A = np.repeat(self.m_rect, 2, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(A, [[1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3],
+                         [4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6]])
+
+
+# TODO: test for multidimensional
+NEIGH_MODE = {'zero': 0, 'one': 1, 'constant': 2, 'circular': 3, 'mirror': 4}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dt', [float, Decimal], ids=['float', 'object'])
+class TestNeighborhoodIter:
+    # Simple, 2d tests
+    def test_simple2d(self, dt):
+        # Test zero and one padding for simple data type
+        x = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[0, 0, 1], [0, 2, 3]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[0, 1, 0], [2, 3, 0]], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-1, 0, -1, 1], x[0], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        r = [np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[1, 0, 1], [1, 2, 3]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[0, 1, 1], [2, 3, 1]], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-1, 0, -1, 1], x[0], NEIGH_MODE['one'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        r = [np.array([[4, 4, 4], [4, 0, 1]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[4, 4, 4], [0, 1, 4]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[4, 0, 1], [4, 2, 3]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[0, 1, 4], [2, 3, 4]], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-1, 0, -1, 1], 4, NEIGH_MODE['constant'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        # Test with start in the middle
+        r = [np.array([[4, 0, 1], [4, 2, 3]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[0, 1, 4], [2, 3, 4]], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-1, 0, -1, 1], 4, NEIGH_MODE['constant'], 2)
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+    def test_mirror2d(self, dt):
+        x = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([[0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[0, 0, 1], [2, 2, 3]], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([[0, 1, 1], [2, 3, 3]], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-1, 0, -1, 1], x[0], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+    # Simple, 1d tests
+    def test_simple(self, dt):
+        # Test padding with constant values
+        x = np.linspace(1, 5, 5).astype(dt)
+        r = [[0, 1, 2], [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5], [4, 5, 0]]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-1, 1], x[0], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        r = [[1, 1, 2], [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5], [4, 5, 1]]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-1, 1], x[0], NEIGH_MODE['one'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        r = [[x[4], 1, 2], [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5], [4, 5, x[4]]]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-1, 1], x[4], NEIGH_MODE['constant'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+    # Test mirror modes
+    def test_mirror(self, dt):
+        x = np.linspace(1, 5, 5).astype(dt)
+        r = np.array([[2, 1, 1, 2, 3], [1, 1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+                [2, 3, 4, 5, 5], [3, 4, 5, 5, 4]], dtype=dt)
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-2, 2], x[1], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
+        assert_([i.dtype == dt for i in l])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+    # Circular mode
+    def test_circular(self, dt):
+        x = np.linspace(1, 5, 5).astype(dt)
+        r = np.array([[4, 5, 1, 2, 3], [5, 1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+                [2, 3, 4, 5, 1], [3, 4, 5, 1, 2]], dtype=dt)
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator(
+                x, [-2, 2], x[0], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+
+# Test stacking neighborhood iterators
+class TestStackedNeighborhoodIter:
+    # Simple, 1d test: stacking 2 constant-padded neigh iterators
+    def test_simple_const(self):
+        dt = np.float64
+        # Test zero and one padding for simple data type
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-2, 4], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [0, 0], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        r = [np.array([1, 0, 1], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([3, 0, 1], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [-1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['one'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+    # 2nd simple, 1d test: stacking 2 neigh iterators, mixing const padding and
+    # mirror padding
+    def test_simple_mirror(self):
+        dt = np.float64
+        # Stacking zero on top of mirror
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2, 3, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([3, 3, 0], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'], [-1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        # Stacking mirror on top of zero
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([1, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 0, 1], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [-2, 0], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        # Stacking mirror on top of zero: 2nd
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 0, 3], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [0, 2], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        # Stacking mirror on top of zero: 3rd
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([1, 0, 0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 2, 3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2, 3, 0, 0, 3], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [-2, 2], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+    # 3rd simple, 1d test: stacking 2 neigh iterators, mixing const padding and
+    # circular padding
+    def test_simple_circular(self):
+        dt = np.float64
+        # Stacking zero on top of mirror
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([0, 3, 1], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([3, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2, 3, 1], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([3, 1, 0], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['circular'], [-1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        # Stacking mirror on top of zero
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 0, 1], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [-2, 0], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        # Stacking mirror on top of zero: 2nd
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 0, 1], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [0, 2], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        # Stacking mirror on top of zero: 3rd
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([3, 0, 0, 1, 2], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 3], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([1, 2, 3, 0, 0], dtype=dt),
+             np.array([2, 3, 0, 0, 1], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [-1, 3], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [-2, 2], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+    # 4th simple, 1d test: stacking 2 neigh iterators, but with lower iterator
+    # being strictly within the array
+    def test_simple_strict_within(self):
+        dt = np.float64
+        # Stacking zero on top of zero, first neighborhood strictly inside the
+        # array
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([1, 2, 3, 0], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [-1, 2], NEIGH_MODE['zero'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        # Stacking mirror on top of zero, first neighborhood strictly inside the
+        # array
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([1, 2, 3, 3], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [-1, 2], NEIGH_MODE['mirror'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+        # Stacking mirror on top of zero, first neighborhood strictly inside the
+        # array
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+        r = [np.array([1, 2, 3, 1], dtype=dt)]
+        l = _multiarray_tests.test_neighborhood_iterator_oob(
+                x, [1, 1], NEIGH_MODE['zero'], [-1, 2], NEIGH_MODE['circular'])
+        assert_array_equal(l, r)
+
+class TestWarnings:
+
+    def test_complex_warning(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2])
+        y = np.array([1-2j, 1+2j])
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter("error", np.ComplexWarning)
+            assert_raises(np.ComplexWarning, x.__setitem__, slice(None), y)
+            assert_equal(x, [1, 2])
+
+
+class TestMinScalarType:
+
+    def test_usigned_shortshort(self):
+        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**8-1)
+        wanted = np.dtype('uint8')
+        assert_equal(wanted, dt)
+
+    def test_usigned_short(self):
+        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**16-1)
+        wanted = np.dtype('uint16')
+        assert_equal(wanted, dt)
+
+    def test_usigned_int(self):
+        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**32-1)
+        wanted = np.dtype('uint32')
+        assert_equal(wanted, dt)
+
+    def test_usigned_longlong(self):
+        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**63-1)
+        wanted = np.dtype('uint64')
+        assert_equal(wanted, dt)
+
+    def test_object(self):
+        dt = np.min_scalar_type(2**64)
+        wanted = np.dtype('O')
+        assert_equal(wanted, dt)
+
+
+from numpy.core._internal import _dtype_from_pep3118
+
+
+class TestPEP3118Dtype:
+    def _check(self, spec, wanted):
+        dt = np.dtype(wanted)
+        actual = _dtype_from_pep3118(spec)
+        assert_equal(actual, dt,
+                     err_msg="spec %r != dtype %r" % (spec, wanted))
+
+    def test_native_padding(self):
+        align = np.dtype('i').alignment
+        for j in range(8):
+            if j == 0:
+                s = 'bi'
+            else:
+                s = 'b%dxi' % j
+            self._check('@'+s, {'f0': ('i1', 0),
+                                'f1': ('i', align*(1 + j//align))})
+            self._check('='+s, {'f0': ('i1', 0),
+                                'f1': ('i', 1+j)})
+
+    def test_native_padding_2(self):
+        # Native padding should work also for structs and sub-arrays
+        self._check('x3T{xi}', {'f0': (({'f0': ('i', 4)}, (3,)), 4)})
+        self._check('^x3T{xi}', {'f0': (({'f0': ('i', 1)}, (3,)), 1)})
+
+    def test_trailing_padding(self):
+        # Trailing padding should be included, *and*, the item size
+        # should match the alignment if in aligned mode
+        align = np.dtype('i').alignment
+        size = np.dtype('i').itemsize
+
+        def aligned(n):
+            return align*(1 + (n-1)//align)
+
+        base = dict(formats=['i'], names=['f0'])
+
+        self._check('ix',    dict(itemsize=aligned(size + 1), **base))
+        self._check('ixx',   dict(itemsize=aligned(size + 2), **base))
+        self._check('ixxx',  dict(itemsize=aligned(size + 3), **base))
+        self._check('ixxxx', dict(itemsize=aligned(size + 4), **base))
+        self._check('i7x',   dict(itemsize=aligned(size + 7), **base))
+
+        self._check('^ix',    dict(itemsize=size + 1, **base))
+        self._check('^ixx',   dict(itemsize=size + 2, **base))
+        self._check('^ixxx',  dict(itemsize=size + 3, **base))
+        self._check('^ixxxx', dict(itemsize=size + 4, **base))
+        self._check('^i7x',   dict(itemsize=size + 7, **base))
+
+    def test_native_padding_3(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(
+                [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'),
+                    ('sub', np.dtype('b,i')), ('c', 'i')],
+                align=True)
+        self._check("T{b:a:xxxi:b:T{b:f0:=i:f1:}:sub:xxxi:c:}", dt)
+
+        dt = np.dtype(
+                [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('c', 'b'), ('d', 'b'),
+                    ('e', 'b'), ('sub', np.dtype('b,i', align=True))])
+        self._check("T{b:a:=i:b:b:c:b:d:b:e:T{b:f0:xxxi:f1:}:sub:}", dt)
+
+    def test_padding_with_array_inside_struct(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(
+                [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('c', 'b', (3,)),
+                    ('d', 'i')],
+                align=True)
+        self._check("T{b:a:xxxi:b:3b:c:xi:d:}", dt)
+
+    def test_byteorder_inside_struct(self):
+        # The byte order after @T{=i} should be '=', not '@'.
+        # Check this by noting the absence of native alignment.
+        self._check('@T{^i}xi', {'f0': ({'f0': ('i', 0)}, 0),
+                                 'f1': ('i', 5)})
+
+    def test_intra_padding(self):
+        # Natively aligned sub-arrays may require some internal padding
+        align = np.dtype('i').alignment
+        size = np.dtype('i').itemsize
+
+        def aligned(n):
+            return (align*(1 + (n-1)//align))
+
+        self._check('(3)T{ix}', (dict(
+            names=['f0'],
+            formats=['i'],
+            offsets=[0],
+            itemsize=aligned(size + 1)
+        ), (3,)))
+
+    def test_char_vs_string(self):
+        dt = np.dtype('c')
+        self._check('c', dt)
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('f0', 'S1', (4,)), ('f1', 'S4')])
+        self._check('4c4s', dt)
+
+    def test_field_order(self):
+        # gh-9053 - previously, we relied on dictionary key order
+        self._check("(0)I:a:f:b:", [('a', 'I', (0,)), ('b', 'f')])
+        self._check("(0)I:b:f:a:", [('b', 'I', (0,)), ('a', 'f')])
+
+    def test_unnamed_fields(self):
+        self._check('ii',     [('f0', 'i'), ('f1', 'i')])
+        self._check('ii:f0:', [('f1', 'i'), ('f0', 'i')])
+
+        self._check('i', 'i')
+        self._check('i:f0:', [('f0', 'i')])
+
+
+class TestNewBufferProtocol:
+    """ Test PEP3118 buffers """
+
+    def _check_roundtrip(self, obj):
+        obj = np.asarray(obj)
+        x = memoryview(obj)
+        y = np.asarray(x)
+        y2 = np.array(x)
+        assert_(not y.flags.owndata)
+        assert_(y2.flags.owndata)
+
+        assert_equal(y.dtype, obj.dtype)
+        assert_equal(y.shape, obj.shape)
+        assert_array_equal(obj, y)
+
+        assert_equal(y2.dtype, obj.dtype)
+        assert_equal(y2.shape, obj.shape)
+        assert_array_equal(obj, y2)
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype='i4')
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        x = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=np.float64)
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        x = np.zeros((3, 3, 3), dtype=np.float32)[:, 0,:]
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        dt = [('a', 'b'),
+              ('b', 'h'),
+              ('c', 'i'),
+              ('d', 'l'),
+              ('dx', 'q'),
+              ('e', 'B'),
+              ('f', 'H'),
+              ('g', 'I'),
+              ('h', 'L'),
+              ('hx', 'Q'),
+              ('i', np.single),
+              ('j', np.double),
+              ('k', np.longdouble),
+              ('ix', np.csingle),
+              ('jx', np.cdouble),
+              ('kx', np.clongdouble),
+              ('l', 'S4'),
+              ('m', 'U4'),
+              ('n', 'V3'),
+              ('o', '?'),
+              ('p', np.half),
+              ]
+        x = np.array(
+                [(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                    b'aaaa', 'bbbb', b'xxx', True, 1.0)],
+                dtype=dt)
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        x = np.array(([[1, 2], [3, 4]],), dtype=[('a', (int, (2, 2)))])
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='>i2')
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='<i2')
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='>i4')
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='<i4')
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        # check long long can be represented as non-native
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='>q')
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+        # Native-only data types can be passed through the buffer interface
+        # only in native byte order
+        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+            x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='>g')
+            assert_raises(ValueError, self._check_roundtrip, x)
+            x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='<g')
+            self._check_roundtrip(x)
+        else:
+            x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='>g')
+            self._check_roundtrip(x)
+            x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='<g')
+            assert_raises(ValueError, self._check_roundtrip, x)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_half(self):
+        half_list = [
+            1.0,
+            -2.0,
+            6.5504 * 10**4,  # (max half precision)
+            2**-14,  # ~= 6.10352 * 10**-5 (minimum positive normal)
+            2**-24,  # ~= 5.96046 * 10**-8 (minimum strictly positive subnormal)
+            0.0,
+            -0.0,
+            float('+inf'),
+            float('-inf'),
+            0.333251953125,  # ~= 1/3
+        ]
+
+        x = np.array(half_list, dtype='>e')
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+        x = np.array(half_list, dtype='<e')
+        self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_single_types(self):
+        for typ in np.sctypeDict.values():
+            dtype = np.dtype(typ)
+
+            if dtype.char in 'Mm':
+                # datetimes cannot be used in buffers
+                continue
+            if dtype.char == 'V':
+                # skip void
+                continue
+
+            x = np.zeros(4, dtype=dtype)
+            self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+            if dtype.char not in 'qQgG':
+                dt = dtype.newbyteorder('<')
+                x = np.zeros(4, dtype=dt)
+                self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+                dt = dtype.newbyteorder('>')
+                x = np.zeros(4, dtype=dt)
+                self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_scalar(self):
+        # Issue #4015.
+        self._check_roundtrip(0)
+
+    def test_invalid_buffer_format(self):
+        # datetime64 cannot be used fully in a buffer yet
+        # Should be fixed in the next Numpy major release
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'uint16'), ('b', 'M8[s]')])
+        a = np.empty(3, dt)
+        assert_raises((ValueError, BufferError), memoryview, a)
+        assert_raises((ValueError, BufferError), memoryview, np.array((3), 'M8[D]'))
+
+    def test_export_simple_1d(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype='i')
+        y = memoryview(x)
+        assert_equal(y.format, 'i')
+        assert_equal(y.shape, (5,))
+        assert_equal(y.ndim, 1)
+        assert_equal(y.strides, (4,))
+        assert_equal(y.suboffsets, ())
+        assert_equal(y.itemsize, 4)
+
+    def test_export_simple_nd(self):
+        x = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=np.float64)
+        y = memoryview(x)
+        assert_equal(y.format, 'd')
+        assert_equal(y.shape, (2, 2))
+        assert_equal(y.ndim, 2)
+        assert_equal(y.strides, (16, 8))
+        assert_equal(y.suboffsets, ())
+        assert_equal(y.itemsize, 8)
+
+    def test_export_discontiguous(self):
+        x = np.zeros((3, 3, 3), dtype=np.float32)[:, 0,:]
+        y = memoryview(x)
+        assert_equal(y.format, 'f')
+        assert_equal(y.shape, (3, 3))
+        assert_equal(y.ndim, 2)
+        assert_equal(y.strides, (36, 4))
+        assert_equal(y.suboffsets, ())
+        assert_equal(y.itemsize, 4)
+
+    def test_export_record(self):
+        dt = [('a', 'b'),
+              ('b', 'h'),
+              ('c', 'i'),
+              ('d', 'l'),
+              ('dx', 'q'),
+              ('e', 'B'),
+              ('f', 'H'),
+              ('g', 'I'),
+              ('h', 'L'),
+              ('hx', 'Q'),
+              ('i', np.single),
+              ('j', np.double),
+              ('k', np.longdouble),
+              ('ix', np.csingle),
+              ('jx', np.cdouble),
+              ('kx', np.clongdouble),
+              ('l', 'S4'),
+              ('m', 'U4'),
+              ('n', 'V3'),
+              ('o', '?'),
+              ('p', np.half),
+              ]
+        x = np.array(
+                [(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                    b'aaaa', 'bbbb', b'   ', True, 1.0)],
+                dtype=dt)
+        y = memoryview(x)
+        assert_equal(y.shape, (1,))
+        assert_equal(y.ndim, 1)
+        assert_equal(y.suboffsets, ())
+
+        sz = sum([np.dtype(b).itemsize for a, b in dt])
+        if np.dtype('l').itemsize == 4:
+            assert_equal(y.format, 'T{b:a:=h:b:i:c:l:d:q:dx:B:e:@H:f:=I:g:L:h:Q:hx:f:i:d:j:^g:k:=Zf:ix:Zd:jx:^Zg:kx:4s:l:=4w:m:3x:n:?:o:@e:p:}')
+        else:
+            assert_equal(y.format, 'T{b:a:=h:b:i:c:q:d:q:dx:B:e:@H:f:=I:g:Q:h:Q:hx:f:i:d:j:^g:k:=Zf:ix:Zd:jx:^Zg:kx:4s:l:=4w:m:3x:n:?:o:@e:p:}')
+        # Cannot test if NPY_RELAXED_STRIDES_DEBUG changes the strides
+        if not (np.ones(1).strides[0] == np.iinfo(np.intp).max):
+            assert_equal(y.strides, (sz,))
+        assert_equal(y.itemsize, sz)
+
+    def test_export_subarray(self):
+        x = np.array(([[1, 2], [3, 4]],), dtype=[('a', ('i', (2, 2)))])
+        y = memoryview(x)
+        assert_equal(y.format, 'T{(2,2)i:a:}')
+        assert_equal(y.shape, ())
+        assert_equal(y.ndim, 0)
+        assert_equal(y.strides, ())
+        assert_equal(y.suboffsets, ())
+        assert_equal(y.itemsize, 16)
+
+    def test_export_endian(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='>i')
+        y = memoryview(x)
+        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+            assert_equal(y.format, '>i')
+        else:
+            assert_equal(y.format, 'i')
+
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='<i')
+        y = memoryview(x)
+        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+            assert_equal(y.format, 'i')
+        else:
+            assert_equal(y.format, '<i')
+
+    def test_export_flags(self):
+        # Check SIMPLE flag, see also gh-3613 (exception should be BufferError)
+        assert_raises(ValueError,
+                      _multiarray_tests.get_buffer_info,
+                       np.arange(5)[::2], ('SIMPLE',))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["obj", "error"], [
+            pytest.param(np.array([1, 2], dtype=rational), ValueError, id="array"),
+            pytest.param(rational(1, 2), TypeError, id="scalar")])
+    def test_export_and_pickle_user_dtype(self, obj, error):
+        # User dtypes should export successfully when FORMAT was not requested.
+        with pytest.raises(error):
+            _multiarray_tests.get_buffer_info(obj, ("STRIDED_RO", "FORMAT"))
+
+        _multiarray_tests.get_buffer_info(obj, ("STRIDED_RO",))
+
+        # This is currently also necessary to implement pickling:
+        pickle_obj = pickle.dumps(obj)
+        res = pickle.loads(pickle_obj)
+        assert_array_equal(res, obj)
+
+    def test_padding(self):
+        for j in range(8):
+            x = np.array([(1,), (2,)], dtype={'f0': (int, j)})
+            self._check_roundtrip(x)
+
+    def test_reference_leak(self):
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            count_1 = sys.getrefcount(np.core._internal)
+        a = np.zeros(4)
+        b = memoryview(a)
+        c = np.asarray(b)
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            count_2 = sys.getrefcount(np.core._internal)
+            assert_equal(count_1, count_2)
+        del c  # avoid pyflakes unused variable warning.
+
+    def test_padded_struct_array(self):
+        dt1 = np.dtype(
+                [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('sub', np.dtype('b,i')), ('c', 'i')],
+                align=True)
+        x1 = np.arange(dt1.itemsize, dtype=np.int8).view(dt1)
+        self._check_roundtrip(x1)
+
+        dt2 = np.dtype(
+                [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('c', 'b', (3,)), ('d', 'i')],
+                align=True)
+        x2 = np.arange(dt2.itemsize, dtype=np.int8).view(dt2)
+        self._check_roundtrip(x2)
+
+        dt3 = np.dtype(
+                [('a', 'b'), ('b', 'i'), ('c', 'b'), ('d', 'b'),
+                    ('e', 'b'), ('sub', np.dtype('b,i', align=True))])
+        x3 = np.arange(dt3.itemsize, dtype=np.int8).view(dt3)
+        self._check_roundtrip(x3)
+
+    @pytest.mark.valgrind_error(reason="leaks buffer info cache temporarily.")
+    def test_relaxed_strides(self, c=np.ones((1, 10, 10), dtype='i8')):
+        # Note: c defined as parameter so that it is persistent and leak
+        # checks will notice gh-16934 (buffer info cache leak).
+        c.strides = (-1, 80, 8)  # strides need to be fixed at export
+
+        assert_(memoryview(c).strides == (800, 80, 8))
+
+        # Writing C-contiguous data to a BytesIO buffer should work
+        fd = io.BytesIO()
+        fd.write(c.data)
+
+        fortran = c.T
+        assert_(memoryview(fortran).strides == (8, 80, 800))
+
+        arr = np.ones((1, 10))
+        if arr.flags.f_contiguous:
+            shape, strides = _multiarray_tests.get_buffer_info(
+                    arr, ['F_CONTIGUOUS'])
+            assert_(strides[0] == 8)
+            arr = np.ones((10, 1), order='F')
+            shape, strides = _multiarray_tests.get_buffer_info(
+                    arr, ['C_CONTIGUOUS'])
+            assert_(strides[-1] == 8)
+
+    @pytest.mark.valgrind_error(reason="leaks buffer info cache temporarily.")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not np.ones((10, 1), order="C").flags.f_contiguous,
+            reason="Test is unnecessary (but fails) without relaxed strides.")
+    def test_relaxed_strides_buffer_info_leak(self, arr=np.ones((1, 10))):
+        """Test that alternating export of C- and F-order buffers from
+        an array which is both C- and F-order when relaxed strides is
+        active works.
+        This test defines array in the signature to ensure leaking more
+        references every time the test is run (catching the leak with
+        pytest-leaks).
+        """
+        for i in range(10):
+            _, s = _multiarray_tests.get_buffer_info(arr, ['F_CONTIGUOUS'])
+            assert s == (8, 8)
+            _, s = _multiarray_tests.get_buffer_info(arr, ['C_CONTIGUOUS'])
+            assert s == (80, 8)
+
+    def test_out_of_order_fields(self):
+        dt = np.dtype(dict(
+            formats=['<i4', '<i4'],
+            names=['one', 'two'],
+            offsets=[4, 0],
+            itemsize=8
+        ))
+
+        # overlapping fields cannot be represented by PEP3118
+        arr = np.empty(1, dt)
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            memoryview(arr)
+
+    def test_max_dims(self):
+        a = np.ones((1,) * 32)
+        self._check_roundtrip(a)
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    def test_error_too_many_dims(self):
+        def make_ctype(shape, scalar_type):
+            t = scalar_type
+            for dim in shape[::-1]:
+                t = dim * t
+            return t
+
+        # construct a memoryview with 33 dimensions
+        c_u8_33d = make_ctype((1,)*33, ctypes.c_uint8)
+        m = memoryview(c_u8_33d())
+        assert_equal(m.ndim, 33)
+
+        assert_raises_regex(
+            RuntimeError, "ndim",
+            np.array, m)
+
+        # The above seems to create some deep cycles, clean them up for
+        # easier reference count debugging:
+        del c_u8_33d, m
+        for i in range(33):
+            if gc.collect() == 0:
+                break
+
+    def test_error_pointer_type(self):
+        # gh-6741
+        m = memoryview(ctypes.pointer(ctypes.c_uint8()))
+        assert_('&' in m.format)
+
+        assert_raises_regex(
+            ValueError, "format string",
+            np.array, m)
+
+    def test_error_message_unsupported(self):
+        # wchar has no corresponding numpy type - if this changes in future, we
+        # need a better way to construct an invalid memoryview format.
+        t = ctypes.c_wchar * 4
+        with assert_raises(ValueError) as cm:
+            np.array(t())
+
+        exc = cm.exception
+        with assert_raises_regex(
+            NotImplementedError,
+            r"Unrepresentable .* 'u' \(UCS-2 strings\)"
+        ):
+            raise exc.__cause__
+
+    def test_ctypes_integer_via_memoryview(self):
+        # gh-11150, due to bpo-10746
+        for c_integer in {ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_long, ctypes.c_longlong}:
+            value = c_integer(42)
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True):
+                warnings.filterwarnings('always', r'.*\bctypes\b', RuntimeWarning)
+                np.asarray(value)
+
+    def test_ctypes_struct_via_memoryview(self):
+        # gh-10528
+        class foo(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [('a', ctypes.c_uint8), ('b', ctypes.c_uint32)]
+        f = foo(a=1, b=2)
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True):
+            warnings.filterwarnings('always', r'.*\bctypes\b', RuntimeWarning)
+            arr = np.asarray(f)
+
+        assert_equal(arr['a'], 1)
+        assert_equal(arr['b'], 2)
+        f.a = 3
+        assert_equal(arr['a'], 3)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("obj", [np.ones(3), np.ones(1, dtype="i,i")[()]])
+    def test_error_if_stored_buffer_info_is_corrupted(self, obj):
+        """
+        If a user extends a NumPy array before 1.20 and then runs it
+        on NumPy 1.20+. A C-subclassed array might in theory modify
+        the new buffer-info field. This checks that an error is raised
+        if this happens (for buffer export), an error is written on delete.
+        This is a sanity check to help users transition to safe code, it
+        may be deleted at any point.
+        """
+        # corrupt buffer info:
+        _multiarray_tests.corrupt_or_fix_bufferinfo(obj)
+        name = type(obj)
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError,
+                    match=f".*{name} appears to be C subclassed"):
+            memoryview(obj)
+        # Fix buffer info again before we delete (or we lose the memory)
+        _multiarray_tests.corrupt_or_fix_bufferinfo(obj)
+
+    def test_no_suboffsets(self):
+        try:
+            import _testbuffer
+        except ImportError:
+            raise pytest.skip("_testbuffer is not available")
+
+        for shape in [(2, 3), (2, 3, 4)]:
+            data = list(range(np.prod(shape)))
+            buffer = _testbuffer.ndarray(data, shape, format='i',
+                                         flags=_testbuffer.ND_PIL)
+            msg = "NumPy currently does not support.*suboffsets"
+            with pytest.raises(BufferError, match=msg):
+                np.asarray(buffer)
+            with pytest.raises(BufferError, match=msg):
+                np.asarray([buffer])
+
+            # Also check (unrelated and more limited but similar) frombuffer:
+            with pytest.raises(BufferError):
+                np.frombuffer(buffer)
+
+
+class TestArrayCreationCopyArgument(object):
+
+    class RaiseOnBool:
+
+        def __bool__(self):
+            raise ValueError
+
+    true_vals = [True, np._CopyMode.ALWAYS, np.True_]
+    false_vals = [False, np._CopyMode.IF_NEEDED, np.False_]
+
+    def test_scalars(self):
+        # Test both numpy and python scalars
+        for dtype in np.typecodes["All"]:
+            arr = np.zeros((), dtype=dtype)
+            scalar = arr[()]
+            pyscalar = arr.item(0)
+
+            # Test never-copy raises error:
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, scalar,
+                            copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, pyscalar,
+                            copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, pyscalar,
+                            copy=self.RaiseOnBool())
+            assert_raises(ValueError, _multiarray_tests.npy_ensurenocopy,
+                            [1])
+            # Casting with a dtype (to unsigned integers) can be special:
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                np.array(pyscalar, dtype=np.int64, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER)
+
+    def test_compatible_cast(self):
+
+        # Some types are compatible even though they are different, no
+        # copy is necessary for them. This is mostly true for some integers
+        def int_types(byteswap=False):
+            int_types = (np.typecodes["Integer"] +
+                         np.typecodes["UnsignedInteger"])
+            for int_type in int_types:
+                yield np.dtype(int_type)
+                if byteswap:
+                    yield np.dtype(int_type).newbyteorder()
+
+        for int1 in int_types():
+            for int2 in int_types(True):
+                arr = np.arange(10, dtype=int1)
+
+                for copy in self.true_vals:
+                    res = np.array(arr, copy=copy, dtype=int2)
+                    assert res is not arr and res.flags.owndata
+                    assert_array_equal(res, arr)
+
+                if int1 == int2:
+                    # Casting is not necessary, base check is sufficient here
+                    for copy in self.false_vals:
+                        res = np.array(arr, copy=copy, dtype=int2)
+                        assert res is arr or res.base is arr
+
+                    res = np.array(arr,
+                                   copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER,
+                                   dtype=int2)
+                    assert res is arr or res.base is arr
+
+                else:
+                    # Casting is necessary, assert copy works:
+                    for copy in self.false_vals:
+                        res = np.array(arr, copy=copy, dtype=int2)
+                        assert res is not arr and res.flags.owndata
+                        assert_array_equal(res, arr)
+
+                    assert_raises(ValueError, np.array,
+                                  arr, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER,
+                                  dtype=int2)
+                    assert_raises(ValueError, np.array,
+                                  arr, copy=None,
+                                  dtype=int2)
+
+    def test_buffer_interface(self):
+
+        # Buffer interface gives direct memory access (no copy)
+        arr = np.arange(10)
+        view = memoryview(arr)
+
+        # Checking bases is a bit tricky since numpy creates another
+        # memoryview, so use may_share_memory.
+        for copy in self.true_vals:
+            res = np.array(view, copy=copy)
+            assert not np.may_share_memory(arr, res)
+        for copy in self.false_vals:
+            res = np.array(view, copy=copy)
+            assert np.may_share_memory(arr, res)
+        res = np.array(view, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER)
+        assert np.may_share_memory(arr, res)
+
+    def test_array_interfaces(self):
+        # Array interface gives direct memory access (much like a memoryview)
+        base_arr = np.arange(10)
+
+        class ArrayLike:
+            __array_interface__ = base_arr.__array_interface__
+
+        arr = ArrayLike()
+
+        for copy, val in [(True, None), (np._CopyMode.ALWAYS, None),
+                          (False, arr), (np._CopyMode.IF_NEEDED, arr),
+                          (np._CopyMode.NEVER, arr)]:
+            res = np.array(arr, copy=copy)
+            assert res.base is val
+
+    def test___array__(self):
+        base_arr = np.arange(10)
+
+        class ArrayLike:
+            def __array__(self):
+                # __array__ should return a copy, numpy cannot know this
+                # however.
+                return base_arr
+
+        arr = ArrayLike()
+
+        for copy in self.true_vals:
+            res = np.array(arr, copy=copy)
+            assert_array_equal(res, base_arr)
+            # An additional copy is currently forced by numpy in this case,
+            # you could argue, numpy does not trust the ArrayLike. This
+            # may be open for change:
+            assert res is not base_arr
+
+        for copy in self.false_vals:
+            res = np.array(arr, copy=False)
+            assert_array_equal(res, base_arr)
+            assert res is base_arr  # numpy trusts the ArrayLike
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.array(arr, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+            "arr", [np.ones(()), np.arange(81).reshape((9, 9))])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("order1", ["C", "F", None])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("order2", ["C", "F", "A", "K"])
+    def test_order_mismatch(self, arr, order1, order2):
+        # The order is the main (python side) reason that can cause
+        # a never-copy to fail.
+        # Prepare C-order, F-order and non-contiguous arrays:
+        arr = arr.copy(order1)
+        if order1 == "C":
+            assert arr.flags.c_contiguous
+        elif order1 == "F":
+            assert arr.flags.f_contiguous
+        elif arr.ndim != 0:
+            # Make array non-contiguous
+            arr = arr[::2, ::2]
+            assert not arr.flags.forc
+
+        # Whether a copy is necessary depends on the order of arr:
+        if order2 == "C":
+            no_copy_necessary = arr.flags.c_contiguous
+        elif order2 == "F":
+            no_copy_necessary = arr.flags.f_contiguous
+        else:
+            # Keeporder and Anyorder are OK with non-contiguous output.
+            # This is not consistent with the `astype` behaviour which
+            # enforces contiguity for "A". It is probably historic from when
+            # "K" did not exist.
+            no_copy_necessary = True
+
+        # Test it for both the array and a memoryview
+        for view in [arr, memoryview(arr)]:
+            for copy in self.true_vals:
+                res = np.array(view, copy=copy, order=order2)
+                assert res is not arr and res.flags.owndata
+                assert_array_equal(arr, res)
+
+            if no_copy_necessary:
+                for copy in self.false_vals:
+                    res = np.array(view, copy=copy, order=order2)
+                    # res.base.obj refers to the memoryview
+                    if not IS_PYPY:
+                        assert res is arr or res.base.obj is arr
+
+                res = np.array(view, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER,
+                               order=order2)
+                if not IS_PYPY:
+                    assert res is arr or res.base.obj is arr
+            else:
+                for copy in self.false_vals:
+                    res = np.array(arr, copy=copy, order=order2)
+                    assert_array_equal(arr, res)
+                assert_raises(ValueError, np.array,
+                              view, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER,
+                              order=order2)
+                assert_raises(ValueError, np.array,
+                              view, copy=None,
+                              order=order2)
+
+    def test_striding_not_ok(self):
+        arr = np.array([[1, 2, 4], [3, 4, 5]])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array,
+                      arr.T, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER,
+                      order='C')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array,
+                      arr.T, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER,
+                      order='C', dtype=np.int64)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array,
+                      arr, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER,
+                      order='F')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array,
+                      arr, copy=np._CopyMode.NEVER,
+                      order='F', dtype=np.int64)
+
+
+class TestArrayAttributeDeletion:
+
+    def test_multiarray_writable_attributes_deletion(self):
+        # ticket #2046, should not seqfault, raise AttributeError
+        a = np.ones(2)
+        attr = ['shape', 'strides', 'data', 'dtype', 'real', 'imag', 'flat']
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(DeprecationWarning, "Assigning the 'data' attribute")
+            for s in attr:
+                assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, a, s)
+
+    def test_multiarray_not_writable_attributes_deletion(self):
+        a = np.ones(2)
+        attr = ["ndim", "flags", "itemsize", "size", "nbytes", "base",
+                "ctypes", "T", "__array_interface__", "__array_struct__",
+                "__array_priority__", "__array_finalize__"]
+        for s in attr:
+            assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, a, s)
+
+    def test_multiarray_flags_writable_attribute_deletion(self):
+        a = np.ones(2).flags
+        attr = ['writebackifcopy', 'updateifcopy', 'aligned', 'writeable']
+        for s in attr:
+            assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, a, s)
+
+    def test_multiarray_flags_not_writable_attribute_deletion(self):
+        a = np.ones(2).flags
+        attr = ["contiguous", "c_contiguous", "f_contiguous", "fortran",
+                "owndata", "fnc", "forc", "behaved", "carray", "farray",
+                "num"]
+        for s in attr:
+            assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, a, s)
+
+
+class TestArrayInterface():
+    class Foo:
+        def __init__(self, value):
+            self.value = value
+            self.iface = {'typestr': 'f8'}
+
+        def __float__(self):
+            return float(self.value)
+
+        @property
+        def __array_interface__(self):
+            return self.iface
+
+
+    f = Foo(0.5)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('val, iface, expected', [
+        (f, {}, 0.5),
+        ([f], {}, [0.5]),
+        ([f, f], {}, [0.5, 0.5]),
+        (f, {'shape': ()}, 0.5),
+        (f, {'shape': None}, TypeError),
+        (f, {'shape': (1, 1)}, [[0.5]]),
+        (f, {'shape': (2,)}, ValueError),
+        (f, {'strides': ()}, 0.5),
+        (f, {'strides': (2,)}, ValueError),
+        (f, {'strides': 16}, TypeError),
+        ])
+    def test_scalar_interface(self, val, iface, expected):
+        # Test scalar coercion within the array interface
+        self.f.iface = {'typestr': 'f8'}
+        self.f.iface.update(iface)
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            pre_cnt = sys.getrefcount(np.dtype('f8'))
+        if isinstance(expected, type):
+            assert_raises(expected, np.array, val)
+        else:
+            result = np.array(val)
+            assert_equal(np.array(val), expected)
+            assert result.dtype == 'f8'
+            del result
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            post_cnt = sys.getrefcount(np.dtype('f8'))
+            assert_equal(pre_cnt, post_cnt)
+
+def test_interface_no_shape():
+    class ArrayLike:
+        array = np.array(1)
+        __array_interface__ = array.__array_interface__
+    assert_equal(np.array(ArrayLike()), 1)
+
+
+def test_array_interface_itemsize():
+    # See gh-6361
+    my_dtype = np.dtype({'names': ['A', 'B'], 'formats': ['f4', 'f4'],
+                         'offsets': [0, 8], 'itemsize': 16})
+    a = np.ones(10, dtype=my_dtype)
+    descr_t = np.dtype(a.__array_interface__['descr'])
+    typestr_t = np.dtype(a.__array_interface__['typestr'])
+    assert_equal(descr_t.itemsize, typestr_t.itemsize)
+
+
+def test_array_interface_empty_shape():
+    # See gh-7994
+    arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    interface1 = dict(arr.__array_interface__)
+    interface1['shape'] = ()
+
+    class DummyArray1:
+        __array_interface__ = interface1
+
+    # NOTE: Because Py2 str/Py3 bytes supports the buffer interface, setting
+    # the interface data to bytes would invoke the bug this tests for, that
+    # __array_interface__ with shape=() is not allowed if the data is an object
+    # exposing the buffer interface
+    interface2 = dict(interface1)
+    interface2['data'] = arr[0].tobytes()
+
+    class DummyArray2:
+        __array_interface__ = interface2
+
+    arr1 = np.asarray(DummyArray1())
+    arr2 = np.asarray(DummyArray2())
+    arr3 = arr[:1].reshape(())
+    assert_equal(arr1, arr2)
+    assert_equal(arr1, arr3)
+
+def test_array_interface_offset():
+    arr = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='int32')
+    interface = dict(arr.__array_interface__)
+    interface['data'] = memoryview(arr)
+    interface['shape'] = (2,)
+    interface['offset'] = 4
+
+
+    class DummyArray:
+        __array_interface__ = interface
+
+    arr1 = np.asarray(DummyArray())
+    assert_equal(arr1, arr[1:])
+
+def test_array_interface_unicode_typestr():
+    arr = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='int32')
+    interface = dict(arr.__array_interface__)
+    interface['typestr'] = '\N{check mark}'
+
+    class DummyArray:
+        __array_interface__ = interface
+
+    # should not be UnicodeEncodeError
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        np.asarray(DummyArray())
+
+def test_flat_element_deletion():
+    it = np.ones(3).flat
+    try:
+        del it[1]
+        del it[1:2]
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    except Exception:
+        raise AssertionError
+
+
+def test_scalar_element_deletion():
+    a = np.zeros(2, dtype=[('x', 'int'), ('y', 'int')])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, a[0].__delitem__, 'x')
+
+
+class TestMapIter:
+    def test_mapiter(self):
+        # The actual tests are within the C code in
+        # multiarray/_multiarray_tests.c.src
+
+        a = np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4)).astype(float)
+        index = ([1, 1, 2, 0],
+                 [0, 0, 2, 3])
+        vals = [50, 50, 30, 16]
+
+        _multiarray_tests.test_inplace_increment(a, index, vals)
+        assert_equal(a, [[0.00, 1., 2.0, 19.],
+                         [104., 5., 6.0, 7.0],
+                         [8.00, 9., 40., 11.]])
+
+        b = np.arange(6).astype(float)
+        index = (np.array([1, 2, 0]),)
+        vals = [50, 4, 100.1]
+        _multiarray_tests.test_inplace_increment(b, index, vals)
+        assert_equal(b, [100.1,  51.,   6.,   3.,   4.,   5.])
+
+
+class TestAsCArray:
+    def test_1darray(self):
+        array = np.arange(24, dtype=np.double)
+        from_c = _multiarray_tests.test_as_c_array(array, 3)
+        assert_equal(array[3], from_c)
+
+    def test_2darray(self):
+        array = np.arange(24, dtype=np.double).reshape(3, 8)
+        from_c = _multiarray_tests.test_as_c_array(array, 2, 4)
+        assert_equal(array[2, 4], from_c)
+
+    def test_3darray(self):
+        array = np.arange(24, dtype=np.double).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+        from_c = _multiarray_tests.test_as_c_array(array, 1, 2, 3)
+        assert_equal(array[1, 2, 3], from_c)
+
+
+class TestConversion:
+    def test_array_scalar_relational_operation(self):
+        # All integer
+        for dt1 in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+            assert_(1 > np.array(0, dtype=dt1), "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(not 1 < np.array(0, dtype=dt1), "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+
+            for dt2 in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1) > np.array(0, dtype=dt2),
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(not np.array(1, dtype=dt1) < np.array(0, dtype=dt2),
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+
+        # Unsigned integers
+        for dt1 in 'BHILQP':
+            assert_(-1 < np.array(1, dtype=dt1), "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(not -1 > np.array(1, dtype=dt1), "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(-1 != np.array(1, dtype=dt1), "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+
+            # Unsigned vs signed
+            for dt2 in 'bhilqp':
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1) > np.array(-1, dtype=dt2),
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(not np.array(1, dtype=dt1) < np.array(-1, dtype=dt2),
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1) != np.array(-1, dtype=dt2),
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+
+        # Signed integers and floats
+        for dt1 in 'bhlqp' + np.typecodes['Float']:
+            assert_(1 > np.array(-1, dtype=dt1), "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(not 1 < np.array(-1, dtype=dt1), "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(-1 == np.array(-1, dtype=dt1), "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+
+            for dt2 in 'bhlqp' + np.typecodes['Float']:
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1) > np.array(-1, dtype=dt2),
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(not np.array(1, dtype=dt1) < np.array(-1, dtype=dt2),
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(np.array(-1, dtype=dt1) == np.array(-1, dtype=dt2),
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+
+    def test_to_bool_scalar(self):
+        assert_equal(bool(np.array([False])), False)
+        assert_equal(bool(np.array([True])), True)
+        assert_equal(bool(np.array([[42]])), True)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, bool, np.array([1, 2]))
+
+        class NotConvertible:
+            def __bool__(self):
+                raise NotImplementedError
+
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError, bool, np.array(NotConvertible()))
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError, bool, np.array([NotConvertible()]))
+        if IS_PYSTON:
+            pytest.skip("Pyston disables recursion checking")
+
+        self_containing = np.array([None])
+        self_containing[0] = self_containing
+
+        Error = RecursionError
+
+        assert_raises(Error, bool, self_containing)  # previously stack overflow
+        self_containing[0] = None  # resolve circular reference
+
+    def test_to_int_scalar(self):
+        # gh-9972 means that these aren't always the same
+        int_funcs = (int, lambda x: x.__int__())
+        for int_func in int_funcs:
+            assert_equal(int_func(np.array(0)), 0)
+            with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                assert_equal(int_func(np.array([1])), 1)
+            with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                assert_equal(int_func(np.array([[42]])), 42)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, int_func, np.array([1, 2]))
+
+            # gh-9972
+            assert_equal(4, int_func(np.array('4')))
+            assert_equal(5, int_func(np.bytes_(b'5')))
+            assert_equal(6, int_func(np.str_('6')))
+
+            # The delegation of int() to __trunc__ was deprecated in
+            # Python 3.11.
+            if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+                class HasTrunc:
+                    def __trunc__(self):
+                        return 3
+                assert_equal(3, int_func(np.array(HasTrunc())))
+                with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    assert_equal(3, int_func(np.array([HasTrunc()])))
+            else:
+                pass
+
+            class NotConvertible:
+                def __int__(self):
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+            assert_raises(NotImplementedError,
+                int_func, np.array(NotConvertible()))
+            with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                assert_raises(NotImplementedError,
+                    int_func, np.array([NotConvertible()]))
+
+
+class TestWhere:
+    def test_basic(self):
+        dts = [bool, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64, np.double, np.complex128,
+               np.longdouble, np.clongdouble]
+        for dt in dts:
+            c = np.ones(53, dtype=bool)
+            assert_equal(np.where( c, dt(0), dt(1)), dt(0))
+            assert_equal(np.where(~c, dt(0), dt(1)), dt(1))
+            assert_equal(np.where(True, dt(0), dt(1)), dt(0))
+            assert_equal(np.where(False, dt(0), dt(1)), dt(1))
+            d = np.ones_like(c).astype(dt)
+            e = np.zeros_like(d)
+            r = d.astype(dt)
+            c[7] = False
+            r[7] = e[7]
+            assert_equal(np.where(c, e, e), e)
+            assert_equal(np.where(c, d, e), r)
+            assert_equal(np.where(c, d, e[0]), r)
+            assert_equal(np.where(c, d[0], e), r)
+            assert_equal(np.where(c[::2], d[::2], e[::2]), r[::2])
+            assert_equal(np.where(c[1::2], d[1::2], e[1::2]), r[1::2])
+            assert_equal(np.where(c[::3], d[::3], e[::3]), r[::3])
+            assert_equal(np.where(c[1::3], d[1::3], e[1::3]), r[1::3])
+            assert_equal(np.where(c[::-2], d[::-2], e[::-2]), r[::-2])
+            assert_equal(np.where(c[::-3], d[::-3], e[::-3]), r[::-3])
+            assert_equal(np.where(c[1::-3], d[1::-3], e[1::-3]), r[1::-3])
+
+    def test_exotic(self):
+        # object
+        assert_array_equal(np.where(True, None, None), np.array(None))
+        # zero sized
+        m = np.array([], dtype=bool).reshape(0, 3)
+        b = np.array([], dtype=np.float64).reshape(0, 3)
+        assert_array_equal(np.where(m, 0, b), np.array([]).reshape(0, 3))
+
+        # object cast
+        d = np.array([-1.34, -0.16, -0.54, -0.31, -0.08, -0.95, 0.000, 0.313,
+                      0.547, -0.18, 0.876, 0.236, 1.969, 0.310, 0.699, 1.013,
+                      1.267, 0.229, -1.39, 0.487])
+        nan = float('NaN')
+        e = np.array(['5z', '0l', nan, 'Wz', nan, nan, 'Xq', 'cs', nan, nan,
+                     'QN', nan, nan, 'Fd', nan, nan, 'kp', nan, '36', 'i1'],
+                     dtype=object)
+        m = np.array([0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+                      0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0], dtype=bool)
+
+        r = e[:]
+        r[np.where(m)] = d[np.where(m)]
+        assert_array_equal(np.where(m, d, e), r)
+
+        r = e[:]
+        r[np.where(~m)] = d[np.where(~m)]
+        assert_array_equal(np.where(m, e, d), r)
+
+        assert_array_equal(np.where(m, e, e), e)
+
+        # minimal dtype result with NaN scalar (e.g required by pandas)
+        d = np.array([1., 2.], dtype=np.float32)
+        e = float('NaN')
+        assert_equal(np.where(True, d, e).dtype, np.float32)
+        e = float('Infinity')
+        assert_equal(np.where(True, d, e).dtype, np.float32)
+        e = float('-Infinity')
+        assert_equal(np.where(True, d, e).dtype, np.float32)
+        # also check upcast
+        e = float(1e150)
+        assert_equal(np.where(True, d, e).dtype, np.float64)
+
+    def test_ndim(self):
+        c = [True, False]
+        a = np.zeros((2, 25))
+        b = np.ones((2, 25))
+        r = np.where(np.array(c)[:,np.newaxis], a, b)
+        assert_array_equal(r[0], a[0])
+        assert_array_equal(r[1], b[0])
+
+        a = a.T
+        b = b.T
+        r = np.where(c, a, b)
+        assert_array_equal(r[:,0], a[:,0])
+        assert_array_equal(r[:,1], b[:,0])
+
+    def test_dtype_mix(self):
+        c = np.array([False, True, False, False, False, False, True, False,
+                     False, False, True, False])
+        a = np.uint32(1)
+        b = np.array([5., 0., 3., 2., -1., -4., 0., -10., 10., 1., 0., 3.],
+                      dtype=np.float64)
+        r = np.array([5., 1., 3., 2., -1., -4., 1., -10., 10., 1., 1., 3.],
+                     dtype=np.float64)
+        assert_equal(np.where(c, a, b), r)
+
+        a = a.astype(np.float32)
+        b = b.astype(np.int64)
+        assert_equal(np.where(c, a, b), r)
+
+        # non bool mask
+        c = c.astype(int)
+        c[c != 0] = 34242324
+        assert_equal(np.where(c, a, b), r)
+        # invert
+        tmpmask = c != 0
+        c[c == 0] = 41247212
+        c[tmpmask] = 0
+        assert_equal(np.where(c, b, a), r)
+
+    def test_foreign(self):
+        c = np.array([False, True, False, False, False, False, True, False,
+                     False, False, True, False])
+        r = np.array([5., 1., 3., 2., -1., -4., 1., -10., 10., 1., 1., 3.],
+                     dtype=np.float64)
+        a = np.ones(1, dtype='>i4')
+        b = np.array([5., 0., 3., 2., -1., -4., 0., -10., 10., 1., 0., 3.],
+                     dtype=np.float64)
+        assert_equal(np.where(c, a, b), r)
+
+        b = b.astype('>f8')
+        assert_equal(np.where(c, a, b), r)
+
+        a = a.astype('<i4')
+        assert_equal(np.where(c, a, b), r)
+
+        c = c.astype('>i4')
+        assert_equal(np.where(c, a, b), r)
+
+    def test_error(self):
+        c = [True, True]
+        a = np.ones((4, 5))
+        b = np.ones((5, 5))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.where, c, a, a)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.where, c[0], a, b)
+
+    def test_string(self):
+        # gh-4778 check strings are properly filled with nulls
+        a = np.array("abc")
+        b = np.array("x" * 753)
+        assert_equal(np.where(True, a, b), "abc")
+        assert_equal(np.where(False, b, a), "abc")
+
+        # check native datatype sized strings
+        a = np.array("abcd")
+        b = np.array("x" * 8)
+        assert_equal(np.where(True, a, b), "abcd")
+        assert_equal(np.where(False, b, a), "abcd")
+
+    def test_empty_result(self):
+        # pass empty where result through an assignment which reads the data of
+        # empty arrays, error detectable with valgrind, see gh-8922
+        x = np.zeros((1, 1))
+        ibad = np.vstack(np.where(x == 99.))
+        assert_array_equal(ibad,
+                           np.atleast_2d(np.array([[],[]], dtype=np.intp)))
+
+    def test_largedim(self):
+        # invalid read regression gh-9304
+        shape = [10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+        np.random.seed(2)
+        array = np.random.rand(*shape)
+
+        for i in range(10):
+            benchmark = array.nonzero()
+            result = array.nonzero()
+            assert_array_equal(benchmark, result)
+
+    def test_kwargs(self):
+        a = np.zeros(1)
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.where(a, x=a, y=a)
+
+
+if not IS_PYPY:
+    # sys.getsizeof() is not valid on PyPy
+    class TestSizeOf:
+
+        def test_empty_array(self):
+            x = np.array([])
+            assert_(sys.getsizeof(x) > 0)
+
+        def check_array(self, dtype):
+            elem_size = dtype(0).itemsize
+
+            for length in [10, 50, 100, 500]:
+                x = np.arange(length, dtype=dtype)
+                assert_(sys.getsizeof(x) > length * elem_size)
+
+        def test_array_int32(self):
+            self.check_array(np.int32)
+
+        def test_array_int64(self):
+            self.check_array(np.int64)
+
+        def test_array_float32(self):
+            self.check_array(np.float32)
+
+        def test_array_float64(self):
+            self.check_array(np.float64)
+
+        def test_view(self):
+            d = np.ones(100)
+            assert_(sys.getsizeof(d[...]) < sys.getsizeof(d))
+
+        def test_reshape(self):
+            d = np.ones(100)
+            assert_(sys.getsizeof(d) < sys.getsizeof(d.reshape(100, 1, 1).copy()))
+
+        @_no_tracing
+        def test_resize(self):
+            d = np.ones(100)
+            old = sys.getsizeof(d)
+            d.resize(50)
+            assert_(old > sys.getsizeof(d))
+            d.resize(150)
+            assert_(old < sys.getsizeof(d))
+
+        def test_error(self):
+            d = np.ones(100)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, d.__sizeof__, "a")
+
+
+class TestHashing:
+
+    def test_arrays_not_hashable(self):
+        x = np.ones(3)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, hash, x)
+
+    def test_collections_hashable(self):
+        x = np.array([])
+        assert_(not isinstance(x, collections.abc.Hashable))
+
+
+class TestArrayPriority:
+    # This will go away when __array_priority__ is settled, meanwhile
+    # it serves to check unintended changes.
+    op = operator
+    binary_ops = [
+        op.pow, op.add, op.sub, op.mul, op.floordiv, op.truediv, op.mod,
+        op.and_, op.or_, op.xor, op.lshift, op.rshift, op.mod, op.gt,
+        op.ge, op.lt, op.le, op.ne, op.eq
+        ]
+
+    class Foo(np.ndarray):
+        __array_priority__ = 100.
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            return np.array(*args, **kwargs).view(cls)
+
+    class Bar(np.ndarray):
+        __array_priority__ = 101.
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            return np.array(*args, **kwargs).view(cls)
+
+    class Other:
+        __array_priority__ = 1000.
+
+        def _all(self, other):
+            return self.__class__()
+
+        __add__ = __radd__ = _all
+        __sub__ = __rsub__ = _all
+        __mul__ = __rmul__ = _all
+        __pow__ = __rpow__ = _all
+        __div__ = __rdiv__ = _all
+        __mod__ = __rmod__ = _all
+        __truediv__ = __rtruediv__ = _all
+        __floordiv__ = __rfloordiv__ = _all
+        __and__ = __rand__ = _all
+        __xor__ = __rxor__ = _all
+        __or__ = __ror__ = _all
+        __lshift__ = __rlshift__ = _all
+        __rshift__ = __rrshift__ = _all
+        __eq__ = _all
+        __ne__ = _all
+        __gt__ = _all
+        __ge__ = _all
+        __lt__ = _all
+        __le__ = _all
+
+    def test_ndarray_subclass(self):
+        a = np.array([1, 2])
+        b = self.Bar([1, 2])
+        for f in self.binary_ops:
+            msg = repr(f)
+            assert_(isinstance(f(a, b), self.Bar), msg)
+            assert_(isinstance(f(b, a), self.Bar), msg)
+
+    def test_ndarray_other(self):
+        a = np.array([1, 2])
+        b = self.Other()
+        for f in self.binary_ops:
+            msg = repr(f)
+            assert_(isinstance(f(a, b), self.Other), msg)
+            assert_(isinstance(f(b, a), self.Other), msg)
+
+    def test_subclass_subclass(self):
+        a = self.Foo([1, 2])
+        b = self.Bar([1, 2])
+        for f in self.binary_ops:
+            msg = repr(f)
+            assert_(isinstance(f(a, b), self.Bar), msg)
+            assert_(isinstance(f(b, a), self.Bar), msg)
+
+    def test_subclass_other(self):
+        a = self.Foo([1, 2])
+        b = self.Other()
+        for f in self.binary_ops:
+            msg = repr(f)
+            assert_(isinstance(f(a, b), self.Other), msg)
+            assert_(isinstance(f(b, a), self.Other), msg)
+
+
+class TestBytestringArrayNonzero:
+
+    def test_empty_bstring_array_is_falsey(self):
+        assert_(not np.array([''], dtype=str))
+
+    def test_whitespace_bstring_array_is_falsey(self):
+        a = np.array(['spam'], dtype=str)
+        a[0] = '  \0\0'
+        assert_(not a)
+
+    def test_all_null_bstring_array_is_falsey(self):
+        a = np.array(['spam'], dtype=str)
+        a[0] = '\0\0\0\0'
+        assert_(not a)
+
+    def test_null_inside_bstring_array_is_truthy(self):
+        a = np.array(['spam'], dtype=str)
+        a[0] = ' \0 \0'
+        assert_(a)
+
+
+class TestUnicodeEncoding:
+    """
+    Tests for encoding related bugs, such as UCS2 vs UCS4, round-tripping
+    issues, etc
+    """
+    def test_round_trip(self):
+        """ Tests that GETITEM, SETITEM, and PyArray_Scalar roundtrip """
+        # gh-15363
+        arr = np.zeros(shape=(), dtype="U1")
+        for i in range(1, sys.maxunicode + 1):
+            expected = chr(i)
+            arr[()] = expected
+            assert arr[()] == expected
+            assert arr.item() == expected
+
+    def test_assign_scalar(self):
+        # gh-3258
+        l = np.array(['aa', 'bb'])
+        l[:] = np.str_('cc')
+        assert_equal(l, ['cc', 'cc'])
+
+    def test_fill_scalar(self):
+        # gh-7227
+        l = np.array(['aa', 'bb'])
+        l.fill(np.str_('cc'))
+        assert_equal(l, ['cc', 'cc'])
+
+
+class TestUnicodeArrayNonzero:
+
+    def test_empty_ustring_array_is_falsey(self):
+        assert_(not np.array([''], dtype=np.str_))
+
+    def test_whitespace_ustring_array_is_falsey(self):
+        a = np.array(['eggs'], dtype=np.str_)
+        a[0] = '  \0\0'
+        assert_(not a)
+
+    def test_all_null_ustring_array_is_falsey(self):
+        a = np.array(['eggs'], dtype=np.str_)
+        a[0] = '\0\0\0\0'
+        assert_(not a)
+
+    def test_null_inside_ustring_array_is_truthy(self):
+        a = np.array(['eggs'], dtype=np.str_)
+        a[0] = ' \0 \0'
+        assert_(a)
+
+
+class TestFormat:
+
+    def test_0d(self):
+        a = np.array(np.pi)
+        assert_equal('{:0.3g}'.format(a), '3.14')
+        assert_equal('{:0.3g}'.format(a[()]), '3.14')
+
+    def test_1d_no_format(self):
+        a = np.array([np.pi])
+        assert_equal('{}'.format(a), str(a))
+
+    def test_1d_format(self):
+        # until gh-5543, ensure that the behaviour matches what it used to be
+        a = np.array([np.pi])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, '{:30}'.format, a)
+
+from numpy.testing import IS_PYPY
+
+class TestCTypes:
+
+    def test_ctypes_is_available(self):
+        test_arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+
+        assert_equal(ctypes, test_arr.ctypes._ctypes)
+        assert_equal(tuple(test_arr.ctypes.shape), (2, 3))
+
+    def test_ctypes_is_not_available(self):
+        from numpy.core import _internal
+        _internal.ctypes = None
+        try:
+            test_arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+
+            assert_(isinstance(test_arr.ctypes._ctypes,
+                               _internal._missing_ctypes))
+            assert_equal(tuple(test_arr.ctypes.shape), (2, 3))
+        finally:
+            _internal.ctypes = ctypes
+
+    def _make_readonly(x):
+        x.flags.writeable = False
+        return x
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('arr', [
+        np.array([1, 2, 3]),
+        np.array([['one', 'two'], ['three', 'four']]),
+        np.array((1, 2), dtype='i4,i4'),
+        np.zeros((2,), dtype=
+            np.dtype(dict(
+                formats=['<i4', '<i4'],
+                names=['a', 'b'],
+                offsets=[0, 2],
+                itemsize=6
+            ))
+        ),
+        np.array([None], dtype=object),
+        np.array([]),
+        np.empty((0, 0)),
+        _make_readonly(np.array([1, 2, 3])),
+    ], ids=[
+        '1d',
+        '2d',
+        'structured',
+        'overlapping',
+        'object',
+        'empty',
+        'empty-2d',
+        'readonly'
+    ])
+    def test_ctypes_data_as_holds_reference(self, arr):
+        # gh-9647
+        # create a copy to ensure that pytest does not mess with the refcounts
+        arr = arr.copy()
+
+        arr_ref = weakref.ref(arr)
+
+        ctypes_ptr = arr.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)
+
+        # `ctypes_ptr` should hold onto `arr`
+        del arr
+        break_cycles()
+        assert_(arr_ref() is not None, "ctypes pointer did not hold onto a reference")
+
+        # but when the `ctypes_ptr` object dies, so should `arr`
+        del ctypes_ptr
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            # Pypy does not recycle arr objects immediately. Trigger gc to
+            # release arr. Cpython uses refcounts. An explicit call to gc
+            # should not be needed here.
+            break_cycles()
+        assert_(arr_ref() is None, "unknowable whether ctypes pointer holds a reference")
+
+    def test_ctypes_as_parameter_holds_reference(self):
+        arr = np.array([None]).copy()
+
+        arr_ref = weakref.ref(arr)
+
+        ctypes_ptr = arr.ctypes._as_parameter_
+
+        # `ctypes_ptr` should hold onto `arr`
+        del arr
+        break_cycles()
+        assert_(arr_ref() is not None, "ctypes pointer did not hold onto a reference")
+
+        # but when the `ctypes_ptr` object dies, so should `arr`
+        del ctypes_ptr
+        if IS_PYPY:
+            break_cycles()
+        assert_(arr_ref() is None, "unknowable whether ctypes pointer holds a reference")
+
+
+class TestWritebackIfCopy:
+    # all these tests use the WRITEBACKIFCOPY mechanism
+    def test_argmax_with_out(self):
+        mat = np.eye(5)
+        out = np.empty(5, dtype='i2')
+        res = np.argmax(mat, 0, out=out)
+        assert_equal(res, range(5))
+
+    def test_argmin_with_out(self):
+        mat = -np.eye(5)
+        out = np.empty(5, dtype='i2')
+        res = np.argmin(mat, 0, out=out)
+        assert_equal(res, range(5))
+
+    def test_insert_noncontiguous(self):
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3).T # force non-c-contiguous
+        # uses arr_insert
+        np.place(a, a>2, [44, 55])
+        assert_equal(a, np.array([[0, 44], [1, 55], [2, 44]]))
+        # hit one of the failing paths
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.place, a, a>20, [])
+
+    def test_put_noncontiguous(self):
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3).T # force non-c-contiguous
+        np.put(a, [0, 2], [44, 55])
+        assert_equal(a, np.array([[44, 3], [55, 4], [2, 5]]))
+
+    def test_putmask_noncontiguous(self):
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3).T # force non-c-contiguous
+        # uses arr_putmask
+        np.putmask(a, a>2, a**2)
+        assert_equal(a, np.array([[0, 9], [1, 16], [2, 25]]))
+
+    def test_take_mode_raise(self):
+        a = np.arange(6, dtype='int')
+        out = np.empty(2, dtype='int')
+        np.take(a, [0, 2], out=out, mode='raise')
+        assert_equal(out, np.array([0, 2]))
+
+    def test_choose_mod_raise(self):
+        a = np.array([[1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1]])
+        out = np.empty((3,3), dtype='int')
+        choices = [-10, 10]
+        np.choose(a, choices, out=out, mode='raise')
+        assert_equal(out, np.array([[ 10, -10,  10],
+                                    [-10,  10, -10],
+                                    [ 10, -10,  10]]))
+
+    def test_flatiter__array__(self):
+        a = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
+        b = a.T.flat
+        c = b.__array__()
+        # triggers the WRITEBACKIFCOPY resolution, assuming refcount semantics
+        del c
+
+    def test_dot_out(self):
+        # if HAVE_CBLAS, will use WRITEBACKIFCOPY
+        a = np.arange(9, dtype=float).reshape(3,3)
+        b = np.dot(a, a, out=a)
+        assert_equal(b, np.array([[15, 18, 21], [42, 54, 66], [69, 90, 111]]))
+
+    def test_view_assign(self):
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import npy_create_writebackifcopy, npy_resolve
+
+        arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3).T
+        arr_wb = npy_create_writebackifcopy(arr)
+        assert_(arr_wb.flags.writebackifcopy)
+        assert_(arr_wb.base is arr)
+        arr_wb[...] = -100
+        npy_resolve(arr_wb)
+        # arr changes after resolve, even though we assigned to arr_wb
+        assert_equal(arr, -100)
+        # after resolve, the two arrays no longer reference each other
+        assert_(arr_wb.ctypes.data != 0)
+        assert_equal(arr_wb.base, None)
+        # assigning to arr_wb does not get transferred to arr
+        arr_wb[...] = 100
+        assert_equal(arr, -100)
+
+    @pytest.mark.leaks_references(
+            reason="increments self in dealloc; ignore since deprecated path.")
+    def test_dealloc_warning(self):
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.record(RuntimeWarning)
+            arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
+            v = arr.T
+            _multiarray_tests.npy_abuse_writebackifcopy(v)
+            assert len(sup.log) == 1
+
+    def test_view_discard_refcount(self):
+        from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import npy_create_writebackifcopy, npy_discard
+
+        arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3).T
+        orig = arr.copy()
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            arr_cnt = sys.getrefcount(arr)
+        arr_wb = npy_create_writebackifcopy(arr)
+        assert_(arr_wb.flags.writebackifcopy)
+        assert_(arr_wb.base is arr)
+        arr_wb[...] = -100
+        npy_discard(arr_wb)
+        # arr remains unchanged after discard
+        assert_equal(arr, orig)
+        # after discard, the two arrays no longer reference each other
+        assert_(arr_wb.ctypes.data != 0)
+        assert_equal(arr_wb.base, None)
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            assert_equal(arr_cnt, sys.getrefcount(arr))
+        # assigning to arr_wb does not get transferred to arr
+        arr_wb[...] = 100
+        assert_equal(arr, orig)
+
+
+class TestArange:
+    def test_infinite(self):
+        assert_raises_regex(
+            ValueError, "size exceeded",
+            np.arange, 0, np.inf
+        )
+
+    def test_nan_step(self):
+        assert_raises_regex(
+            ValueError, "cannot compute length",
+            np.arange, 0, 1, np.nan
+        )
+
+    def test_zero_step(self):
+        assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, np.arange, 0, 10, 0)
+        assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, np.arange, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0)
+
+        # empty range
+        assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, np.arange, 0, 0, 0)
+        assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, np.arange, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+
+    def test_require_range(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.arange)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.arange, step=3)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.arange, dtype='int64')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.arange, start=4)
+
+    def test_start_stop_kwarg(self):
+        keyword_stop = np.arange(stop=3)
+        keyword_zerotostop = np.arange(start=0, stop=3)
+        keyword_start_stop = np.arange(start=3, stop=9)
+
+        assert len(keyword_stop) == 3
+        assert len(keyword_zerotostop) == 3
+        assert len(keyword_start_stop) == 6
+        assert_array_equal(keyword_stop, keyword_zerotostop)
+
+    def test_arange_booleans(self):
+        # Arange makes some sense for booleans and works up to length 2.
+        # But it is weird since `arange(2, 4, dtype=bool)` works.
+        # Arguably, much or all of this could be deprecated/removed.
+        res = np.arange(False, dtype=bool)
+        assert_array_equal(res, np.array([], dtype="bool"))
+
+        res = np.arange(True, dtype="bool")
+        assert_array_equal(res, [False])
+
+        res = np.arange(2, dtype="bool")
+        assert_array_equal(res, [False, True])
+
+        # This case is especially weird, but drops out without special case:
+        res = np.arange(6, 8, dtype="bool")
+        assert_array_equal(res, [True, True])
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.arange(3, dtype="bool")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ["S3", "U", "5i"])
+    def test_rejects_bad_dtypes(self, dtype):
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+        DType_name = re.escape(str(type(dtype)))
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match=rf"arange\(\) not supported for inputs .* {DType_name}"):
+            np.arange(2, dtype=dtype)
+
+    def test_rejects_strings(self):
+        # Explicitly test error for strings which may call "b" - "a":
+        DType_name = re.escape(str(type(np.array("a").dtype)))
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match=rf"arange\(\) not supported for inputs .* {DType_name}"):
+            np.arange("a", "b")
+
+    def test_byteswapped(self):
+        res_be = np.arange(1, 1000, dtype=">i4")
+        res_le = np.arange(1, 1000, dtype="<i4")
+        assert res_be.dtype == ">i4"
+        assert res_le.dtype == "<i4"
+        assert_array_equal(res_le, res_be)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("which", [0, 1, 2])
+    def test_error_paths_and_promotion(self, which):
+        args = [0, 1, 2]  # start, stop, and step
+        args[which] = np.float64(2.)  # should ensure float64 output
+
+        assert np.arange(*args).dtype == np.float64
+
+        # Cover stranger error path, test only to achieve code coverage!
+        args[which] = [None, []]
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            # Fails discovering start dtype
+            np.arange(*args)
+
+
+class TestArrayFinalize:
+    """ Tests __array_finalize__ """
+
+    def test_receives_base(self):
+        # gh-11237
+        class SavesBase(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+                self.saved_base = self.base
+
+        a = np.array(1).view(SavesBase)
+        assert_(a.saved_base is a.base)
+
+    def test_bad_finalize1(self):
+        class BadAttributeArray(np.ndarray):
+            @property
+            def __array_finalize__(self):
+                raise RuntimeError("boohoo!")
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="not callable"):
+            np.arange(10).view(BadAttributeArray)
+
+    def test_bad_finalize2(self):
+        class BadAttributeArray(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_finalize__(self):
+                raise RuntimeError("boohoo!")
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="takes 1 positional"):
+            np.arange(10).view(BadAttributeArray)
+
+    def test_bad_finalize3(self):
+        class BadAttributeArray(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+                raise RuntimeError("boohoo!")
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="boohoo!"):
+            np.arange(10).view(BadAttributeArray)
+
+    def test_lifetime_on_error(self):
+        # gh-11237
+        class RaisesInFinalize(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+                # crash, but keep this object alive
+                raise Exception(self)
+
+        # a plain object can't be weakref'd
+        class Dummy: pass
+
+        # get a weak reference to an object within an array
+        obj_arr = np.array(Dummy())
+        obj_ref = weakref.ref(obj_arr[()])
+
+        # get an array that crashed in __array_finalize__
+        with assert_raises(Exception) as e:
+            obj_arr.view(RaisesInFinalize)
+
+        obj_subarray = e.exception.args[0]
+        del e
+        assert_(isinstance(obj_subarray, RaisesInFinalize))
+
+        # reference should still be held by obj_arr
+        break_cycles()
+        assert_(obj_ref() is not None, "object should not already be dead")
+
+        del obj_arr
+        break_cycles()
+        assert_(obj_ref() is not None, "obj_arr should not hold the last reference")
+
+        del obj_subarray
+        break_cycles()
+        assert_(obj_ref() is None, "no references should remain")
+
+    def test_can_use_super(self):
+        class SuperFinalize(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+                self.saved_result = super().__array_finalize__(obj)
+
+        a = np.array(1).view(SuperFinalize)
+        assert_(a.saved_result is None)
+
+
+def test_orderconverter_with_nonASCII_unicode_ordering():
+    # gh-7475
+    a = np.arange(5)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, a.flatten, order='\xe2')
+
+
+def test_equal_override():
+    # gh-9153: ndarray.__eq__ uses special logic for structured arrays, which
+    # did not respect overrides with __array_priority__ or __array_ufunc__.
+    # The PR fixed this for __array_priority__ and __array_ufunc__ = None.
+    class MyAlwaysEqual:
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return "eq"
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            return "ne"
+
+    class MyAlwaysEqualOld(MyAlwaysEqual):
+        __array_priority__ = 10000
+
+    class MyAlwaysEqualNew(MyAlwaysEqual):
+        __array_ufunc__ = None
+
+    array = np.array([(0, 1), (2, 3)], dtype='i4,i4')
+    for my_always_equal_cls in MyAlwaysEqualOld, MyAlwaysEqualNew:
+        my_always_equal = my_always_equal_cls()
+        assert_equal(my_always_equal == array, 'eq')
+        assert_equal(array == my_always_equal, 'eq')
+        assert_equal(my_always_equal != array, 'ne')
+        assert_equal(array != my_always_equal, 'ne')
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", [operator.eq, operator.ne])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["dt1", "dt2"], [
+        ([("f", "i")], [("f", "i")]),  # structured comparison (successful)
+        ("M8", "d"),  # impossible comparison: result is all True or False
+        ("d", "d"),  # valid comparison
+        ])
+def test_equal_subclass_no_override(op, dt1, dt2):
+    # Test how the three different possible code-paths deal with subclasses
+
+    class MyArr(np.ndarray):
+        called_wrap = 0
+
+        def __array_wrap__(self, new):
+            type(self).called_wrap += 1
+            return super().__array_wrap__(new)
+
+    numpy_arr = np.zeros(5, dtype=dt1)
+    my_arr = np.zeros(5, dtype=dt2).view(MyArr)
+
+    assert type(op(numpy_arr, my_arr)) is MyArr
+    assert type(op(my_arr, numpy_arr)) is MyArr
+    # We expect 2 calls (more if there were more fields):
+    assert MyArr.called_wrap == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["dt1", "dt2"], [
+        ("M8[ns]", "d"),
+        ("M8[s]", "l"),
+        ("m8[ns]", "d"),
+        # Missing: ("m8[ns]", "l") as timedelta currently promotes ints
+        ("M8[s]", "m8[s]"),
+        ("S5", "U5"),
+        # Structured/void dtypes have explicit paths not tested here.
+])
+def test_no_loop_gives_all_true_or_false(dt1, dt2):
+    # Make sure they broadcast to test result shape, use random values, since
+    # the actual value should be ignored
+    arr1 = np.random.randint(5, size=100).astype(dt1)
+    arr2 = np.random.randint(5, size=99)[:, np.newaxis].astype(dt2)
+
+    res = arr1 == arr2
+    assert res.shape == (99, 100)
+    assert res.dtype == bool
+    assert not res.any()
+
+    res = arr1 != arr2
+    assert res.shape == (99, 100)
+    assert res.dtype == bool
+    assert res.all()
+
+    # incompatible shapes raise though
+    arr2 = np.random.randint(5, size=99).astype(dt2)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        arr1 == arr2
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        arr1 != arr2
+
+    # Basic test with another operation:
+    with pytest.raises(np.core._exceptions._UFuncNoLoopError):
+        arr1 > arr2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", [
+        operator.eq, operator.ne, operator.le, operator.lt, operator.ge,
+        operator.gt])
+def test_comparisons_forwards_error(op):
+    class NotArray:
+        def __array__(self):
+            raise TypeError("run you fools")
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="run you fools"):
+        op(np.arange(2), NotArray())
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="run you fools"):
+        op(NotArray(), np.arange(2))
+
+
+def test_richcompare_scalar_boolean_singleton_return():
+    # These are currently guaranteed to be the boolean singletons, but maybe
+    # returning NumPy booleans would also be OK:
+    assert (np.array(0) == "a") is False
+    assert (np.array(0) != "a") is True
+    assert (np.int16(0) == "a") is False
+    assert (np.int16(0) != "a") is True
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", [
+        operator.eq, operator.ne, operator.le, operator.lt, operator.ge,
+        operator.gt])
+def test_ragged_comparison_fails(op):
+    # This needs to convert the internal array to True/False, which fails:
+    a = np.array([1, np.array([1, 2, 3])], dtype=object)
+    b = np.array([1, np.array([1, 2, 3])], dtype=object)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="The truth value.*ambiguous"):
+        op(a, b)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ["fun", "npfun"],
+    [
+        (_multiarray_tests.npy_cabs, np.absolute),
+        (_multiarray_tests.npy_carg, np.angle)
+    ]
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("x", [1, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("y", [1, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("test_dtype", np.complexfloating.__subclasses__())
+def test_npymath_complex(fun, npfun, x, y, test_dtype):
+    # Smoketest npymath functions
+    z = test_dtype(complex(x, y))
+    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+        # Fallback implementations may emit a warning for +-inf (see gh-24876):
+        #     RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in absolute
+        got = fun(z)
+        expected = npfun(z)
+        assert_allclose(got, expected)
+
+
+def test_npymath_real():
+    # Smoketest npymath functions
+    from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import (
+        npy_log10, npy_cosh, npy_sinh, npy_tan, npy_tanh)
+
+    funcs = {npy_log10: np.log10,
+             npy_cosh: np.cosh,
+             npy_sinh: np.sinh,
+             npy_tan: np.tan,
+             npy_tanh: np.tanh}
+    vals = (1, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan)
+    types = (np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble)
+
+    with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+        for fun, npfun in funcs.items():
+            for x, t in itertools.product(vals, types):
+                z = t(x)
+                got = fun(z)
+                expected = npfun(z)
+                assert_allclose(got, expected)
+
+def test_uintalignment_and_alignment():
+    # alignment code needs to satisfy these requirements:
+    #  1. numpy structs match C struct layout
+    #  2. ufuncs/casting is safe wrt to aligned access
+    #  3. copy code is safe wrt to "uint alidned" access
+    #
+    # Complex types are the main problem, whose alignment may not be the same
+    # as their "uint alignment".
+    #
+    # This test might only fail on certain platforms, where uint64 alignment is
+    # not equal to complex64 alignment. The second 2 tests will only fail
+    # for DEBUG=1.
+
+    d1 = np.dtype('u1,c8', align=True)
+    d2 = np.dtype('u4,c8', align=True)
+    d3 = np.dtype({'names': ['a', 'b'], 'formats': ['u1', d1]}, align=True)
+
+    assert_equal(np.zeros(1, dtype=d1)['f1'].flags['ALIGNED'], True)
+    assert_equal(np.zeros(1, dtype=d2)['f1'].flags['ALIGNED'], True)
+    assert_equal(np.zeros(1, dtype='u1,c8')['f1'].flags['ALIGNED'], False)
+
+    # check that C struct matches numpy struct size
+    s = _multiarray_tests.get_struct_alignments()
+    for d, (alignment, size) in zip([d1,d2,d3], s):
+        assert_equal(d.alignment, alignment)
+        assert_equal(d.itemsize, size)
+
+    # check that ufuncs don't complain in debug mode
+    # (this is probably OK if the aligned flag is true above)
+    src = np.zeros((2,2), dtype=d1)['f1']  # 4-byte aligned, often
+    np.exp(src)  # assert fails?
+
+    # check that copy code doesn't complain in debug mode
+    dst = np.zeros((2,2), dtype='c8')
+    dst[:,1] = src[:,1]  # assert in lowlevel_strided_loops fails?
+
+class TestAlignment:
+    # adapted from scipy._lib.tests.test__util.test__aligned_zeros
+    # Checks that unusual memory alignments don't trip up numpy.
+    # In particular, check RELAXED_STRIDES don't trip alignment assertions in
+    # NDEBUG mode for size-0 arrays (gh-12503)
+
+    def check(self, shape, dtype, order, align):
+        err_msg = repr((shape, dtype, order, align))
+        x = _aligned_zeros(shape, dtype, order, align=align)
+        if align is None:
+            align = np.dtype(dtype).alignment
+        assert_equal(x.__array_interface__['data'][0] % align, 0)
+        if hasattr(shape, '__len__'):
+            assert_equal(x.shape, shape, err_msg)
+        else:
+            assert_equal(x.shape, (shape,), err_msg)
+        assert_equal(x.dtype, dtype)
+        if order == "C":
+            assert_(x.flags.c_contiguous, err_msg)
+        elif order == "F":
+            if x.size > 0:
+                assert_(x.flags.f_contiguous, err_msg)
+        elif order is None:
+            assert_(x.flags.c_contiguous, err_msg)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError()
+
+    def test_various_alignments(self):
+        for align in [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 32, 64, None]:
+            for n in [0, 1, 3, 11]:
+                for order in ["C", "F", None]:
+                    for dtype in list(np.typecodes["All"]) + ['i4,i4,i4']:
+                        if dtype == 'O':
+                            # object dtype can't be misaligned
+                            continue
+                        for shape in [n, (1, 2, 3, n)]:
+                            self.check(shape, np.dtype(dtype), order, align)
+
+    def test_strided_loop_alignments(self):
+        # particularly test that complex64 and float128 use right alignment
+        # code-paths, since these are particularly problematic. It is useful to
+        # turn on USE_DEBUG for this test, so lowlevel-loop asserts are run.
+        for align in [1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, None]:
+            xf64 = _aligned_zeros(3, np.float64)
+
+            xc64 = _aligned_zeros(3, np.complex64, align=align)
+            xf128 = _aligned_zeros(3, np.longdouble, align=align)
+
+            # test casting, both to and from misaligned
+            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                sup.filter(np.ComplexWarning, "Casting complex values")
+                xc64.astype('f8')
+            xf64.astype(np.complex64)
+            test = xc64 + xf64
+
+            xf128.astype('f8')
+            xf64.astype(np.longdouble)
+            test = xf128 + xf64
+
+            test = xf128 + xc64
+
+            # test copy, both to and from misaligned
+            # contig copy
+            xf64[:] = xf64.copy()
+            xc64[:] = xc64.copy()
+            xf128[:] = xf128.copy()
+            # strided copy
+            xf64[::2] = xf64[::2].copy()
+            xc64[::2] = xc64[::2].copy()
+            xf128[::2] = xf128[::2].copy()
+
+def test_getfield():
+    a = np.arange(32, dtype='uint16')
+    if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+        i = 0
+        j = 1
+    else:
+        i = 1
+        j = 0
+    b = a.getfield('int8', i)
+    assert_equal(b, a)
+    b = a.getfield('int8', j)
+    assert_equal(b, 0)
+    pytest.raises(ValueError, a.getfield, 'uint8', -1)
+    pytest.raises(ValueError, a.getfield, 'uint8', 16)
+    pytest.raises(ValueError, a.getfield, 'uint64', 0)
+
+
+class TestViewDtype:
+    """
+    Verify that making a view of a non-contiguous array works as expected.
+    """
+    def test_smaller_dtype_multiple(self):
+        # x is non-contiguous
+        x = np.arange(10, dtype='<i4')[::2]
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError,
+                           match='the last axis must be contiguous'):
+            x.view('<i2')
+        expected = [[0, 0], [2, 0], [4, 0], [6, 0], [8, 0]]
+        assert_array_equal(x[:, np.newaxis].view('<i2'), expected)
+
+    def test_smaller_dtype_not_multiple(self):
+        # x is non-contiguous
+        x = np.arange(5, dtype='<i4')[::2]
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError,
+                           match='the last axis must be contiguous'):
+            x.view('S3')
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError,
+                           match='When changing to a smaller dtype'):
+            x[:, np.newaxis].view('S3')
+
+        # Make sure the problem is because of the dtype size
+        expected = [[b''], [b'\x02'], [b'\x04']]
+        assert_array_equal(x[:, np.newaxis].view('S4'), expected)
+
+    def test_larger_dtype_multiple(self):
+        # x is non-contiguous in the first dimension, contiguous in the last
+        x = np.arange(20, dtype='<i2').reshape(10, 2)[::2, :]
+        expected = np.array([[65536], [327684], [589832],
+                             [851980], [1114128]], dtype='<i4')
+        assert_array_equal(x.view('<i4'), expected)
+
+    def test_larger_dtype_not_multiple(self):
+        # x is non-contiguous in the first dimension, contiguous in the last
+        x = np.arange(20, dtype='<i2').reshape(10, 2)[::2, :]
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError,
+                           match='When changing to a larger dtype'):
+            x.view('S3')
+        # Make sure the problem is because of the dtype size
+        expected = [[b'\x00\x00\x01'], [b'\x04\x00\x05'], [b'\x08\x00\t'],
+                    [b'\x0c\x00\r'], [b'\x10\x00\x11']]
+        assert_array_equal(x.view('S4'), expected)
+
+    def test_f_contiguous(self):
+        # x is F-contiguous
+        x = np.arange(4 * 3, dtype='<i4').reshape(4, 3).T
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError,
+                           match='the last axis must be contiguous'):
+            x.view('<i2')
+
+    def test_non_c_contiguous(self):
+        # x is contiguous in axis=-1, but not C-contiguous in other axes
+        x = np.arange(2 * 3 * 4, dtype='i1').\
+                    reshape(2, 3, 4).transpose(1, 0, 2)
+        expected = [[[256, 770], [3340, 3854]],
+                    [[1284, 1798], [4368, 4882]],
+                    [[2312, 2826], [5396, 5910]]]
+        assert_array_equal(x.view('<i2'), expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.xfail(_SUPPORTS_SVE, reason="gh-22982")
+# Test various array sizes that hit different code paths in quicksort-avx512
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("N", np.arange(1, 512))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ['e', 'f', 'd'])
+def test_sort_float(N, dtype):
+    # Regular data with nan sprinkled
+    np.random.seed(42)
+    arr = -0.5 + np.random.sample(N).astype(dtype)
+    arr[np.random.choice(arr.shape[0], 3)] = np.nan
+    assert_equal(np.sort(arr, kind='quick'), np.sort(arr, kind='heap'))
+
+    # (2) with +INF
+    infarr = np.inf*np.ones(N, dtype=dtype)
+    infarr[np.random.choice(infarr.shape[0], 5)] = -1.0
+    assert_equal(np.sort(infarr, kind='quick'), np.sort(infarr, kind='heap'))
+
+    # (3) with -INF
+    neginfarr = -np.inf*np.ones(N, dtype=dtype)
+    neginfarr[np.random.choice(neginfarr.shape[0], 5)] = 1.0
+    assert_equal(np.sort(neginfarr, kind='quick'),
+                 np.sort(neginfarr, kind='heap'))
+
+    # (4) with +/-INF
+    infarr = np.inf*np.ones(N, dtype=dtype)
+    infarr[np.random.choice(infarr.shape[0], (int)(N/2))] = -np.inf
+    assert_equal(np.sort(infarr, kind='quick'), np.sort(infarr, kind='heap'))
+
+def test_sort_float16():
+    arr = np.arange(65536, dtype=np.int16)
+    temp = np.frombuffer(arr.tobytes(), dtype=np.float16)
+    data = np.copy(temp)
+    np.random.shuffle(data)
+    data_backup = data
+    assert_equal(np.sort(data, kind='quick'),
+            np.sort(data_backup, kind='heap'))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("N", np.arange(1, 512))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ['h', 'H', 'i', 'I', 'l', 'L'])
+def test_sort_int(N, dtype):
+    # Random data with MAX and MIN sprinkled
+    minv = np.iinfo(dtype).min
+    maxv = np.iinfo(dtype).max
+    arr = np.random.randint(low=minv, high=maxv-1, size=N, dtype=dtype)
+    arr[np.random.choice(arr.shape[0], 10)] = minv
+    arr[np.random.choice(arr.shape[0], 10)] = maxv
+    assert_equal(np.sort(arr, kind='quick'), np.sort(arr, kind='heap'))
+
+
+def test_sort_uint():
+    # Random data with NPY_MAX_UINT32 sprinkled
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(42)
+    N = 2047
+    maxv = np.iinfo(np.uint32).max
+    arr = rng.integers(low=0, high=maxv, size=N).astype('uint32')
+    arr[np.random.choice(arr.shape[0], 10)] = maxv
+    assert_equal(np.sort(arr, kind='quick'), np.sort(arr, kind='heap'))
+
+def test_private_get_ndarray_c_version():
+    assert isinstance(_get_ndarray_c_version(), int)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("N", np.arange(1, 512))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [np.float32, np.float64])
+def test_argsort_float(N, dtype):
+    rnd = np.random.RandomState(116112)
+    # (1) Regular data with a few nan: doesn't use vectorized sort
+    arr = -0.5 + rnd.random(N).astype(dtype)
+    arr[rnd.choice(arr.shape[0], 3)] = np.nan
+    assert_arg_sorted(arr, np.argsort(arr, kind='quick'))
+
+    # (2) Random data with inf at the end of array
+    # See: https://github.com/intel/x86-simd-sort/pull/39
+    arr = -0.5 + rnd.rand(N).astype(dtype)
+    arr[N-1] = np.inf
+    assert_arg_sorted(arr, np.argsort(arr, kind='quick'))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("N", np.arange(2, 512))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [np.int32, np.uint32, np.int64, np.uint64])
+def test_argsort_int(N, dtype):
+    rnd = np.random.RandomState(1100710816)
+    # (1) random data with min and max values
+    minv = np.iinfo(dtype).min
+    maxv = np.iinfo(dtype).max
+    arr = rnd.randint(low=minv, high=maxv, size=N, dtype=dtype)
+    i, j = rnd.choice(N, 2, replace=False)
+    arr[i] = minv
+    arr[j] = maxv
+    assert_arg_sorted(arr, np.argsort(arr, kind='quick'))
+
+    # (2) random data with max value at the end of array
+    # See: https://github.com/intel/x86-simd-sort/pull/39
+    arr = rnd.randint(low=minv, high=maxv, size=N, dtype=dtype)
+    arr[N-1] = maxv
+    assert_arg_sorted(arr, np.argsort(arr, kind='quick'))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+def test_gh_22683():
+    b = 777.68760986
+    a = np.array([b] * 10000, dtype=object)
+    refc_start = sys.getrefcount(b)
+    np.choose(np.zeros(10000, dtype=int), [a], out=a)
+    np.choose(np.zeros(10000, dtype=int), [a], out=a)
+    refc_end = sys.getrefcount(b)
+    assert refc_end - refc_start < 10
+
+
+def test_gh_24459():
+    a = np.zeros((50, 3), dtype=np.float64)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        np.choose(a, [3, -1])
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_nditer.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_nditer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f639c4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_nditer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3348 @@
+import sys
+import pytest
+
+import textwrap
+import subprocess
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.core._multiarray_tests as _multiarray_tests
+from numpy import array, arange, nditer, all
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_raises,
+    IS_WASM, HAS_REFCOUNT, suppress_warnings, break_cycles
+    )
+
+
+def iter_multi_index(i):
+    ret = []
+    while not i.finished:
+        ret.append(i.multi_index)
+        i.iternext()
+    return ret
+
+def iter_indices(i):
+    ret = []
+    while not i.finished:
+        ret.append(i.index)
+        i.iternext()
+    return ret
+
+def iter_iterindices(i):
+    ret = []
+    while not i.finished:
+        ret.append(i.iterindex)
+        i.iternext()
+    return ret
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+def test_iter_refcount():
+    # Make sure the iterator doesn't leak
+
+    # Basic
+    a = arange(6)
+    dt = np.dtype('f4').newbyteorder()
+    rc_a = sys.getrefcount(a)
+    rc_dt = sys.getrefcount(dt)
+    with nditer(a, [],
+                [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='unsafe',
+                op_dtypes=[dt]) as it:
+        assert_(not it.iterationneedsapi)
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(a) > rc_a)
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(dt) > rc_dt)
+    # del 'it'
+    it = None
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(a), rc_a)
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(dt), rc_dt)
+
+    # With a copy
+    a = arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    dt = np.dtype('f4')
+    rc_a = sys.getrefcount(a)
+    rc_dt = sys.getrefcount(dt)
+    it = nditer(a, [],
+                [['readwrite']],
+                op_dtypes=[dt])
+    rc2_a = sys.getrefcount(a)
+    rc2_dt = sys.getrefcount(dt)
+    it2 = it.copy()
+    assert_(sys.getrefcount(a) > rc2_a)
+    assert_(sys.getrefcount(dt) > rc2_dt)
+    it = None
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(a), rc2_a)
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(dt), rc2_dt)
+    it2 = None
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(a), rc_a)
+    assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(dt), rc_dt)
+
+    del it2  # avoid pyflakes unused variable warning
+
+def test_iter_best_order():
+    # The iterator should always find the iteration order
+    # with increasing memory addresses
+
+    # Test the ordering for 1-D to 5-D shapes
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        a = arange(np.prod(shape))
+        # Test each combination of positive and negative strides
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, [], [['readonly']])
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], a)
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, [], [['readonly']])
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], a)
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1), [], [['readonly']])
+                assert_equal([x for x in i], a)
+
+def test_iter_c_order():
+    # Test forcing C order
+
+    # Test the ordering for 1-D to 5-D shapes
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        a = arange(np.prod(shape))
+        # Test each combination of positive and negative strides
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, order='C')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.ravel(order='C'))
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, order='C')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.T.ravel(order='C'))
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1), order='C')
+                assert_equal([x for x in i],
+                                    aview.swapaxes(0, 1).ravel(order='C'))
+
+def test_iter_f_order():
+    # Test forcing F order
+
+    # Test the ordering for 1-D to 5-D shapes
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        a = arange(np.prod(shape))
+        # Test each combination of positive and negative strides
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, order='F')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.ravel(order='F'))
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, order='F')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.T.ravel(order='F'))
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1), order='F')
+                assert_equal([x for x in i],
+                                    aview.swapaxes(0, 1).ravel(order='F'))
+
+def test_iter_c_or_f_order():
+    # Test forcing any contiguous (C or F) order
+
+    # Test the ordering for 1-D to 5-D shapes
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        a = arange(np.prod(shape))
+        # Test each combination of positive and negative strides
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, order='A')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.ravel(order='A'))
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, order='A')
+            assert_equal([x for x in i], aview.T.ravel(order='A'))
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1), order='A')
+                assert_equal([x for x in i],
+                                    aview.swapaxes(0, 1).ravel(order='A'))
+
+def test_nditer_multi_index_set():
+    # Test the multi_index set
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    it = np.nditer(a, flags=['multi_index'])
+
+    # Removes the iteration on two first elements of a[0]
+    it.multi_index = (0, 2,)
+
+    assert_equal([i for i in it], [2, 3, 4, 5])
+    
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+def test_nditer_multi_index_set_refcount():
+    # Test if the reference count on index variable is decreased
+    
+    index = 0
+    i = np.nditer(np.array([111, 222, 333, 444]), flags=['multi_index'])
+
+    start_count = sys.getrefcount(index)
+    i.multi_index = (index,)
+    end_count = sys.getrefcount(index)
+    
+    assert_equal(start_count, end_count)
+
+def test_iter_best_order_multi_index_1d():
+    # The multi-indices should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(4)
+    # 1D order
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0,), (1,), (2,), (3,)])
+    # 1D reversed order
+    i = nditer(a[::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(3,), (2,), (1,), (0,)])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_multi_index_2d():
+    # The multi-indices should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(6)
+    # 2D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2)])
+    # 2D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F'), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2)])
+    # 2D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[:, ::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 2), (1, 1), (1, 0)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1, ::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(1, 2), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 2), (0, 1), (0, 0)])
+    # 2D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 2), (0, 2)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                                   ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(0, 2), (1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 0)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1, ::-1],
+                                                   ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i), [(1, 2), (0, 2), (1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_multi_index_3d():
+    # The multi-indices should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(12)
+    # 3D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 0), (0, 2, 1),
+                             (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 1)])
+    # 3D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F'), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 2, 0), (1, 2, 0),
+                             (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (0, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1)])
+    # 3D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 1),
+                             (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 0), (0, 2, 1)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:, ::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 2, 0), (0, 2, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1),
+                             (1, 2, 0), (1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:,:, ::-1], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 0), (0, 2, 1), (0, 2, 0),
+                             (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 0)])
+    # 3D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                                    ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 2, 0), (0, 2, 0),
+                             (1, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1), (0, 2, 1)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                                    ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 2, 0), (1, 2, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0),
+                             (0, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1)])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:,:, ::-1],
+                                                    ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_multi_index(i),
+                            [(0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), (0, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1),
+                             (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 2, 0), (1, 2, 0)])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_c_index_1d():
+    # The C index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(4)
+    # 1D order
+    i = nditer(a, ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+    # 1D reversed order
+    i = nditer(a[::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [3, 2, 1, 0])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_c_index_2d():
+    # The C index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(6)
+    # 2D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3), ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    # 2D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F'),
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5])
+    # 2D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[:, ::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [2, 1, 0, 5, 4, 3])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1, ::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0])
+    # 2D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [3, 0, 4, 1, 5, 2])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [2, 5, 1, 4, 0, 3])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1, ::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [5, 2, 4, 1, 3, 0])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_c_index_3d():
+    # The C index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(12)
+    # 3D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2), ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11])
+    # 3D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F'),
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [0, 6, 2, 8, 4, 10, 1, 7, 3, 9, 5, 11])
+    # 3D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:, ::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1, 10, 11, 8, 9, 6, 7])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:,:, ::-1], ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 6, 9, 8, 11, 10])
+    # 3D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [6, 0, 8, 2, 10, 4, 7, 1, 9, 3, 11, 5])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [4, 10, 2, 8, 0, 6, 5, 11, 3, 9, 1, 7])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:,:, ::-1],
+                                    ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [1, 7, 3, 9, 5, 11, 0, 6, 2, 8, 4, 10])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_f_index_1d():
+    # The Fortran index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(4)
+    # 1D order
+    i = nditer(a, ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+    # 1D reversed order
+    i = nditer(a[::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [3, 2, 1, 0])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_f_index_2d():
+    # The Fortran index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(6)
+    # 2D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3), ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 5])
+    # 2D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F'),
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    # 2D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [1, 3, 5, 0, 2, 4])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[:, ::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [4, 2, 0, 5, 3, 1])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3)[::-1, ::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [5, 3, 1, 4, 2, 0])
+    # 2D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 4])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3).copy(order='F')[::-1, ::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i), [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0])
+
+def test_iter_best_order_f_index_3d():
+    # The Fortran index should be correct with any reordering
+
+    a = arange(12)
+    # 3D C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2), ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [0, 6, 2, 8, 4, 10, 1, 7, 3, 9, 5, 11])
+    # 3D Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F'),
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11])
+    # 3D reversed C-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [1, 7, 3, 9, 5, 11, 0, 6, 2, 8, 4, 10])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:, ::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [4, 10, 2, 8, 0, 6, 5, 11, 3, 9, 1, 7])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2)[:,:, ::-1], ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [6, 0, 8, 2, 10, 4, 7, 1, 9, 3, 11, 5])
+    # 3D reversed Fortran-order
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 6, 9, 8, 11, 10])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:, ::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1, 10, 11, 8, 9, 6, 7])
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 3, 2).copy(order='F')[:,:, ::-1],
+                                    ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(iter_indices(i),
+                            [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+def test_iter_no_inner_full_coalesce():
+    # Check no_inner iterators which coalesce into a single inner loop
+
+    for shape in [(5,), (3, 4), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 3), (2, 3, 2, 2, 3)]:
+        size = np.prod(shape)
+        a = arange(size)
+        # Test each combination of forward and backwards indexing
+        for dirs in range(2**len(shape)):
+            dirs_index = [slice(None)]*len(shape)
+            for bit in range(len(shape)):
+                if ((2**bit) & dirs):
+                    dirs_index[bit] = slice(None, None, -1)
+            dirs_index = tuple(dirs_index)
+
+            aview = a.reshape(shape)[dirs_index]
+            # C-order
+            i = nditer(aview, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+            assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+            assert_equal(i[0].shape, (size,))
+            # Fortran-order
+            i = nditer(aview.T, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+            assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+            assert_equal(i[0].shape, (size,))
+            # Other order
+            if len(shape) > 2:
+                i = nditer(aview.swapaxes(0, 1),
+                                    ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+                assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+                assert_equal(i[0].shape, (size,))
+
+def test_iter_no_inner_dim_coalescing():
+    # Check no_inner iterators whose dimensions may not coalesce completely
+
+    # Skipping the last element in a dimension prevents coalescing
+    # with the next-bigger dimension
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)[:,:, :-1]
+    i = nditer(a, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (3,))
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)[:, :-1,:]
+    i = nditer(a, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (8,))
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)[:-1,:,:]
+    i = nditer(a, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (12,))
+
+    # Even with lots of 1-sized dimensions, should still coalesce
+    a = arange(24).reshape(1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['external_loop'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (24,))
+
+def test_iter_dim_coalescing():
+    # Check that the correct number of dimensions are coalesced
+
+    # Tracking a multi-index disables coalescing
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+
+    # A tracked index can allow coalescing if it's compatible with the array
+    a3d = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer(a3d, ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d.swapaxes(0, 1), ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, ['c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T.swapaxes(0, 1), ['f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+
+    # When C or F order is forced, coalescing may still occur
+    a3d = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer(a3d, order='C')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, order='C')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    i = nditer(a3d, order='F')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, order='F')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d, order='A')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    i = nditer(a3d.T, order='A')
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+
+def test_iter_broadcasting():
+    # Standard NumPy broadcasting rules
+
+    # 1D with scalar
+    i = nditer([arange(6), np.int32(2)], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (6,))
+
+    # 2D with scalar
+    i = nditer([arange(6).reshape(2, 3), np.int32(2)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3))
+    # 2D with 1D
+    i = nditer([arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(2).reshape(2, 1), arange(3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3))
+    # 2D with 2D
+    i = nditer([arange(2).reshape(2, 1), arange(3).reshape(1, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 6)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3))
+
+    # 3D with scalar
+    i = nditer([np.int32(2), arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    # 3D with 1D
+    i = nditer([arange(3), arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(3), arange(8).reshape(4, 2, 1)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    # 3D with 2D
+    i = nditer([arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(2).reshape(2, 1), arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(3).reshape(1, 3), arange(8).reshape(4, 2, 1)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    # 3D with 3D
+    i = nditer([arange(2).reshape(1, 2, 1), arange(3).reshape(1, 1, 3),
+                        arange(4).reshape(4, 1, 1)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*3)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(6).reshape(1, 2, 3), arange(4).reshape(4, 1, 1)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    i = nditer([arange(24).reshape(4, 2, 3), arange(12).reshape(4, 1, 3)],
+                        ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+
+def test_iter_itershape():
+    # Check that allocated outputs work with a specified shape
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='i2').reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, None], None],
+                            itershape=(-1, -1, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, (2, 3, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, (24, 8, 2))
+
+    i = nditer([a.T, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, None], None],
+                            itershape=(-1, -1, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, (3, 2, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, (8, 24, 2))
+
+    i = nditer([a.T, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                            order='F',
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, None], None],
+                            itershape=(-1, -1, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, (3, 2, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, (2, 6, 12))
+
+    # If we specify 1 in the itershape, it shouldn't allow broadcasting
+    # of that dimension to a bigger value
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                            [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, None], None],
+                            itershape=(-1, 1, 4))
+    # Test bug that for no op_axes but itershape, they are NULLed correctly
+    i = np.nditer([np.ones(2), None, None], itershape=(2,))
+
+def test_iter_broadcasting_errors():
+    # Check that errors are thrown for bad broadcasting shapes
+
+    # 1D with 1D
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [arange(2), arange(3)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    # 2D with 1D
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(2)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    # 2D with 2D
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(9).reshape(3, 3)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(4).reshape(2, 2)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    # 3D with 3D
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(36).reshape(3, 3, 4), arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                    [arange(8).reshape(2, 4, 1), arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)],
+                    [], [['readonly']]*2)
+
+    # Verify that the error message mentions the right shapes
+    try:
+        nditer([arange(2).reshape(1, 2, 1),
+                arange(3).reshape(1, 3),
+                arange(6).reshape(2, 3)],
+               [],
+               [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'no_broadcast']])
+        raise AssertionError('Should have raised a broadcast error')
+    except ValueError as e:
+        msg = str(e)
+        # The message should contain the shape of the 3rd operand
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,3)') >= 0,
+                'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain operand shape (2,3)' % msg)
+        # The message should contain the broadcast shape
+        assert_(msg.find('(1,2,3)') >= 0,
+                'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain broadcast shape (1,2,3)' % msg)
+
+    try:
+        nditer([arange(6).reshape(2, 3), arange(2)],
+               [],
+               [['readonly'], ['readonly']],
+               op_axes=[[0, 1], [0, np.newaxis]],
+               itershape=(4, 3))
+        raise AssertionError('Should have raised a broadcast error')
+    except ValueError as e:
+        msg = str(e)
+        # The message should contain "shape->remappedshape" for each operand
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,3)->(2,3)') >= 0,
+            'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain operand shape (2,3)->(2,3)' % msg)
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,)->(2,newaxis)') >= 0,
+                ('Message "%s" doesn\'t contain remapped operand shape' +
+                '(2,)->(2,newaxis)') % msg)
+        # The message should contain the itershape parameter
+        assert_(msg.find('(4,3)') >= 0,
+                'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain itershape parameter (4,3)' % msg)
+
+    try:
+        nditer([np.zeros((2, 1, 1)), np.zeros((2,))],
+               [],
+               [['writeonly', 'no_broadcast'], ['readonly']])
+        raise AssertionError('Should have raised a broadcast error')
+    except ValueError as e:
+        msg = str(e)
+        # The message should contain the shape of the bad operand
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,1,1)') >= 0,
+            'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain operand shape (2,1,1)' % msg)
+        # The message should contain the broadcast shape
+        assert_(msg.find('(2,1,2)') >= 0,
+                'Message "%s" doesn\'t contain the broadcast shape (2,1,2)' % msg)
+
+def test_iter_flags_errors():
+    # Check that bad combinations of flags produce errors
+
+    a = arange(6)
+
+    # Not enough operands
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [], [], [])
+    # Too many operands
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a]*100, [], [['readonly']]*100)
+    # Bad global flag
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a], ['bad flag'], [['readonly']])
+    # Bad op flag
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a], [], [['readonly', 'bad flag']])
+    # Bad order parameter
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a], [], [['readonly']], order='G')
+    # Bad casting parameter
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a], [], [['readonly']], casting='noon')
+    # op_flags must match ops
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a]*3, [], [['readonly']]*2)
+    # Cannot track both a C and an F index
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                ['c_index', 'f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    # Inner iteration and multi-indices/indices are incompatible
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                ['external_loop', 'multi_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                ['external_loop', 'c_index'], [['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                ['external_loop', 'f_index'], [['readonly']])
+    # Must specify exactly one of readwrite/readonly/writeonly per operand
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [[]])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['readonly', 'writeonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['readonly', 'readwrite']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['writeonly', 'readwrite']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a,
+                [], [['readonly', 'writeonly', 'readwrite']])
+    # Python scalars are always readonly
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, 1.5, [], [['writeonly']])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, 1.5, [], [['readwrite']])
+    # Array scalars are always readonly
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.int32(1), [], [['writeonly']])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.int32(1), [], [['readwrite']])
+    # Check readonly array
+    a.flags.writeable = False
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['writeonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, a, [], [['readwrite']])
+    a.flags.writeable = True
+    # Multi-indices available only with the multi_index flag
+    i = nditer(arange(6), [], [['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i.multi_index, i)
+    # Index available only with an index flag
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i.index, i)
+    # GotoCoords and GotoIndex incompatible with buffering or no_inner
+
+    def assign_multi_index(i):
+        i.multi_index = (0,)
+
+    def assign_index(i):
+        i.index = 0
+
+    def assign_iterindex(i):
+        i.iterindex = 0
+
+    def assign_iterrange(i):
+        i.iterrange = (0, 1)
+    i = nditer(arange(6), ['external_loop'])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_multi_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_iterindex, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_iterrange, i)
+    i = nditer(arange(6), ['buffered'])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_multi_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_iterrange, i)
+    # Can't iterate if size is zero
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, np.array([]))
+
+def test_iter_slice():
+    a, b, c = np.arange(3), np.arange(3), np.arange(3.)
+    i = nditer([a, b, c], [], ['readwrite'])
+    with i:
+        i[0:2] = (3, 3)
+        assert_equal(a, [3, 1, 2])
+        assert_equal(b, [3, 1, 2])
+        assert_equal(c, [0, 1, 2])
+        i[1] = 12
+        assert_equal(i[0:2], [3, 12])
+
+def test_iter_assign_mapping():
+    a = np.arange(24, dtype='f8').reshape(2, 3, 4).T
+    it = np.nditer(a, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                       casting='same_kind', op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    with it:
+        it.operands[0][...] = 3
+        it.operands[0][...] = 14
+    assert_equal(a, 14)
+    it = np.nditer(a, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                       casting='same_kind', op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    with it:
+        x = it.operands[0][-1:1]
+        x[...] = 14
+        it.operands[0][...] = -1234
+    assert_equal(a, -1234)
+    # check for no warnings on dealloc
+    x = None
+    it = None
+
+def test_iter_nbo_align_contig():
+    # Check that byte order, alignment, and contig changes work
+
+    # Byte order change by requesting a specific dtype
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    au = a.byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    assert_(a.dtype.byteorder != au.dtype.byteorder)
+    i = nditer(au, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                        casting='equiv',
+                        op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    with i:
+        # context manager triggers WRITEBACKIFCOPY on i at exit
+        assert_equal(i.dtypes[0].byteorder, a.dtype.byteorder)
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype.byteorder, a.dtype.byteorder)
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+        i.operands[0][:] = 2
+    assert_equal(au, [2]*6)
+    del i  # should not raise a warning
+    # Byte order change by requesting NBO
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    au = a.byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    assert_(a.dtype.byteorder != au.dtype.byteorder)
+    with nditer(au, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy', 'nbo']],
+                        casting='equiv') as i:
+        # context manager triggers UPDATEIFCOPY on i at exit
+        assert_equal(i.dtypes[0].byteorder, a.dtype.byteorder)
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype.byteorder, a.dtype.byteorder)
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+        i.operands[0][:] = 12345
+        i.operands[0][:] = 2
+    assert_equal(au, [2]*6)
+
+    # Unaligned input
+    a = np.zeros((6*4+1,), dtype='i1')[1:]
+    a.dtype = 'f4'
+    a[:] = np.arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    assert_(not a.flags.aligned)
+    # Without 'aligned', shouldn't copy
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readonly']])
+    assert_(not i.operands[0].flags.aligned)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    # With 'aligned', should make a copy
+    with nditer(a, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy', 'aligned']]) as i:
+        assert_(i.operands[0].flags.aligned)
+        # context manager triggers UPDATEIFCOPY on i at exit
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+        i.operands[0][:] = 3
+    assert_equal(a, [3]*6)
+
+    # Discontiguous input
+    a = arange(12)
+    # If it is contiguous, shouldn't copy
+    i = nditer(a[:6], [], [['readonly']])
+    assert_(i.operands[0].flags.contiguous)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a[:6])
+    # If it isn't contiguous, should buffer
+    i = nditer(a[::2], ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                        [['readonly', 'contig']],
+                        buffersize=10)
+    assert_(i[0].flags.contiguous)
+    assert_equal(i[0], a[::2])
+
+def test_iter_array_cast():
+    # Check that arrays are cast as requested
+
+    # No cast 'f4' -> 'f4'
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readwrite']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    with i:
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+
+    # Byte-order cast '<f4' -> '>f4'
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='<f4').reshape(2, 3)
+    with nditer(a, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+            casting='equiv',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('>f4')]) as i:
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('>f4'))
+
+    # Safe case 'f4' -> 'f8'
+    a = np.arange(24, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3, 4).swapaxes(1, 2)
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readonly', 'copy']],
+            casting='safe',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    # The memory layout of the temporary should match a (a is (48,4,16))
+    # except negative strides get flipped to positive strides.
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (96, 8, 32))
+    a = a[::-1,:, ::-1]
+    i = nditer(a, [], [['readonly', 'copy']],
+            casting='safe',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (96, 8, 32))
+
+    # Same-kind cast 'f8' -> 'f4' -> 'f8'
+    a = np.arange(24, dtype='f8').reshape(2, 3, 4).T
+    with nditer(a, [],
+            [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+            casting='same_kind',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')]) as i:
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0], a)
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (4, 16, 48))
+        # Check that WRITEBACKIFCOPY is activated at exit
+        i.operands[0][2, 1, 1] = -12.5
+        assert_(a[2, 1, 1] != -12.5)
+    assert_equal(a[2, 1, 1], -12.5)
+
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='i4')[::-2]
+    with nditer(a, [],
+            [['writeonly', 'updateifcopy']],
+            casting='unsafe',
+            op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')]) as i:
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+        # Even though the stride was negative in 'a', it
+        # becomes positive in the temporary
+        assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (4,))
+        i.operands[0][:] = [1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal(a, [1, 2, 3])
+
+def test_iter_array_cast_errors():
+    # Check that invalid casts are caught
+
+    # Need to enable copying for casts to occur
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readonly']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    # Also need to allow casting for casts to occur
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readonly', 'copy']], casting='no',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readonly', 'copy']], casting='equiv',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f8'), [],
+                [['writeonly', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='no',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f8'), [],
+                [['writeonly', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='equiv',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # '<f4' -> '>f4' should not work with casting='no'
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='<f4'), [],
+                [['readonly', 'copy']], casting='no',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('>f4')])
+    # 'f4' -> 'f8' is a safe cast, but 'f8' -> 'f4' isn't
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='safe',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f8'), [],
+                [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='safe',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # 'f4' -> 'i4' is neither a safe nor a same-kind cast
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='f4'), [],
+                [['readonly', 'copy']],
+                casting='same_kind',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('i4')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, arange(2, dtype='i4'), [],
+                [['writeonly', 'updateifcopy']],
+                casting='same_kind',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+
+def test_iter_scalar_cast():
+    # Check that scalars are cast as requested
+
+    # No cast 'f4' -> 'f4'
+    i = nditer(np.float32(2.5), [], [['readonly']],
+                    op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value.dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, 2.5)
+    # Safe cast 'f4' -> 'f8'
+    i = nditer(np.float32(2.5), [],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']],
+                    casting='safe',
+                    op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.value.dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, 2.5)
+    # Same-kind cast 'f8' -> 'f4'
+    i = nditer(np.float64(2.5), [],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']],
+                    casting='same_kind',
+                    op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value.dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, 2.5)
+    # Unsafe cast 'f8' -> 'i4'
+    i = nditer(np.float64(3.0), [],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=[np.dtype('i4')])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value.dtype, np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, 3)
+    # Readonly scalars may be cast even without setting COPY or BUFFERED
+    i = nditer(3, [], [['readonly']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i[0], 3.)
+
+def test_iter_scalar_cast_errors():
+    # Check that invalid casts are caught
+
+    # Need to allow copying/buffering for write casts of scalars to occur
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.float32(2), [],
+                [['readwrite']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')])
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, 2.5, [],
+                [['readwrite']], op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # 'f8' -> 'f4' isn't a safe cast if the value would overflow
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.float64(1e60), [],
+                [['readonly']],
+                casting='safe',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # 'f4' -> 'i4' is neither a safe nor a same-kind cast
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, np.float32(2), [],
+                [['readonly']],
+                casting='same_kind',
+                op_dtypes=[np.dtype('i4')])
+
+def test_iter_object_arrays_basic():
+    # Check that object arrays work
+
+    obj = {'a':3,'b':'d'}
+    a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], None, obj, None], dtype='O')
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        rc = sys.getrefcount(obj)
+
+    # Need to allow references for object arrays
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, a)
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(obj), rc)
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok'], ['readonly'])
+    vals = [x_[()] for x_ in i]
+    assert_equal(np.array(vals, dtype='O'), a)
+    vals, i, x = [None]*3
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(obj), rc)
+
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 2).T, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'],
+                        ['readonly'], order='C')
+    assert_(i.iterationneedsapi)
+    vals = [x_[()] for x_ in i]
+    assert_equal(np.array(vals, dtype='O'), a.reshape(2, 2).ravel(order='F'))
+    vals, i, x = [None]*3
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(obj), rc)
+
+    i = nditer(a.reshape(2, 2).T, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'],
+                        ['readwrite'], order='C')
+    with i:
+        for x in i:
+            x[...] = None
+        vals, i, x = [None]*3
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(obj) == rc-1)
+    assert_equal(a, np.array([None]*4, dtype='O'))
+
+def test_iter_object_arrays_conversions():
+    # Conversions to/from objects
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='O')
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes='i4')
+    with i:
+        for x in i:
+            x[...] += 1
+    assert_equal(a, np.arange(6)+1)
+
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='i4')
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes='O')
+    with i:
+        for x in i:
+            x[...] += 1
+    assert_equal(a, np.arange(6)+1)
+
+    # Non-contiguous object array
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=[('p', 'i1'), ('a', 'O')])
+    a = a['a']
+    a[:] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes='i4')
+    with i:
+        for x in i:
+            x[...] += 1
+    assert_equal(a, np.arange(6)+1)
+
+    #Non-contiguous value array
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=[('p', 'i1'), ('a', 'i4')])
+    a = a['a']
+    a[:] = np.arange(6) + 98172488
+    i = nditer(a, ['refs_ok', 'buffered'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes='O')
+    with i:
+        ob = i[0][()]
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            rc = sys.getrefcount(ob)
+        for x in i:
+            x[...] += 1
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(ob) == rc-1)
+    assert_equal(a, np.arange(6)+98172489)
+
+def test_iter_common_dtype():
+    # Check that the iterator finds a common data type correctly
+
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='f4'), array([0], dtype='f8')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('f8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='i4'), array([0], dtype='f4')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f8'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('f8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='f4'), array(0, dtype='f8')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='same_kind')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('f4'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('f4'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(0, dtype='i4')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('u4'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('u4'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(-12, dtype='i4')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*2,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('i8'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('i8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(-12, dtype='i4'),
+                 array([2j], dtype='c8'), array([9], dtype='f8')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy']]*4,
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[3], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.value, (3, -12, 2j, 9))
+
+    # When allocating outputs, other outputs aren't factored in
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='i4'), None, array([2j], dtype='c16')], [],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy'],
+                     ['writeonly', 'allocate'],
+                     ['writeonly']],
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('i4'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('c16'))
+    # But, if common data types are requested, they are
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='i4'), None, array([2j], dtype='c16')],
+                    ['common_dtype'],
+                    [['readonly', 'copy'],
+                     ['writeonly', 'allocate'],
+                     ['writeonly']],
+                    casting='safe')
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[1], np.dtype('c16'))
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('c16'))
+
+def test_iter_copy_if_overlap():
+    # Ensure the iterator makes copies on read/write overlap, if requested
+
+    # Copy not needed, 1 op
+    for flag in ['readonly', 'writeonly', 'readwrite']:
+        a = arange(10)
+        i = nditer([a], ['copy_if_overlap'], [[flag]])
+        with i:
+            assert_(i.operands[0] is a)
+
+    # Copy needed, 2 ops, read-write overlap
+    x = arange(10)
+    a = x[1:]
+    b = x[:-1]
+    with nditer([a, b], ['copy_if_overlap'], [['readonly'], ['readwrite']]) as i:
+        assert_(not np.shares_memory(*i.operands))
+
+    # Copy not needed with elementwise, 2 ops, exactly same arrays
+    x = arange(10)
+    a = x
+    b = x
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['copy_if_overlap'], [['readonly', 'overlap_assume_elementwise'],
+                                             ['readwrite', 'overlap_assume_elementwise']])
+    with i:
+        assert_(i.operands[0] is a and i.operands[1] is b)
+    with nditer([a, b], ['copy_if_overlap'], [['readonly'], ['readwrite']]) as i:
+        assert_(i.operands[0] is a and not np.shares_memory(i.operands[1], b))
+
+    # Copy not needed, 2 ops, no overlap
+    x = arange(10)
+    a = x[::2]
+    b = x[1::2]
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['copy_if_overlap'], [['readonly'], ['writeonly']])
+    assert_(i.operands[0] is a and i.operands[1] is b)
+
+    # Copy needed, 2 ops, read-write overlap
+    x = arange(4, dtype=np.int8)
+    a = x[3:]
+    b = x.view(np.int32)[:1]
+    with nditer([a, b], ['copy_if_overlap'], [['readonly'], ['writeonly']]) as i:
+        assert_(not np.shares_memory(*i.operands))
+
+    # Copy needed, 3 ops, read-write overlap
+    for flag in ['writeonly', 'readwrite']:
+        x = np.ones([10, 10])
+        a = x
+        b = x.T
+        c = x
+        with nditer([a, b, c], ['copy_if_overlap'],
+                   [['readonly'], ['readonly'], [flag]]) as i:
+            a2, b2, c2 = i.operands
+            assert_(not np.shares_memory(a2, c2))
+            assert_(not np.shares_memory(b2, c2))
+
+    # Copy not needed, 3 ops, read-only overlap
+    x = np.ones([10, 10])
+    a = x
+    b = x.T
+    c = x
+    i = nditer([a, b, c], ['copy_if_overlap'],
+               [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['readonly']])
+    a2, b2, c2 = i.operands
+    assert_(a is a2)
+    assert_(b is b2)
+    assert_(c is c2)
+
+    # Copy not needed, 3 ops, read-only overlap
+    x = np.ones([10, 10])
+    a = x
+    b = np.ones([10, 10])
+    c = x.T
+    i = nditer([a, b, c], ['copy_if_overlap'],
+               [['readonly'], ['writeonly'], ['readonly']])
+    a2, b2, c2 = i.operands
+    assert_(a is a2)
+    assert_(b is b2)
+    assert_(c is c2)
+
+    # Copy not needed, 3 ops, write-only overlap
+    x = np.arange(7)
+    a = x[:3]
+    b = x[3:6]
+    c = x[4:7]
+    i = nditer([a, b, c], ['copy_if_overlap'],
+               [['readonly'], ['writeonly'], ['writeonly']])
+    a2, b2, c2 = i.operands
+    assert_(a is a2)
+    assert_(b is b2)
+    assert_(c is c2)
+
+def test_iter_op_axes():
+    # Check that custom axes work
+
+    # Reverse the axes
+    a = arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, a.T], [], [['readonly']]*2, op_axes=[[0, 1], [1, 0]])
+    assert_(all([x == y for (x, y) in i]))
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer([a.T, a], [], [['readonly']]*2, op_axes=[[2, 1, 0], None])
+    assert_(all([x == y for (x, y) in i]))
+
+    # Broadcast 1D to any dimension
+    a = arange(1, 31).reshape(2, 3, 5)
+    b = arange(1, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, b], [], [['readonly']]*2, op_axes=[None, [0, -1, -1]])
+    assert_equal([x*y for (x, y) in i], (a*b.reshape(2, 1, 1)).ravel())
+    b = arange(1, 4)
+    i = nditer([a, b], [], [['readonly']]*2, op_axes=[None, [-1, 0, -1]])
+    assert_equal([x*y for (x, y) in i], (a*b.reshape(1, 3, 1)).ravel())
+    b = arange(1, 6)
+    i = nditer([a, b], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                            op_axes=[None, [np.newaxis, np.newaxis, 0]])
+    assert_equal([x*y for (x, y) in i], (a*b.reshape(1, 1, 5)).ravel())
+
+    # Inner product-style broadcasting
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    b = arange(40).reshape(5, 2, 4)
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2,
+                            op_axes=[[0, 1, -1, -1], [-1, -1, 0, 1]])
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3, 5, 2))
+
+    # Matrix product-style broadcasting
+    a = arange(12).reshape(3, 4)
+    b = arange(20).reshape(4, 5)
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2,
+                            op_axes=[[0, -1], [-1, 1]])
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (3, 5))
+
+def test_iter_op_axes_errors():
+    # Check that custom axes throws errors for bad inputs
+
+    # Wrong number of items in op_axes
+    a = arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0], [1], [0]])
+    # Out of bounds items in op_axes
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[2, 1], [0, 1]])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [2, -1]])
+    # Duplicate items in op_axes
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 0], [0, 1]])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [1, 1]])
+
+    # Different sized arrays in op_axes
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [0, 1, 0]])
+
+    # Non-broadcastable dimensions in the result
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, a], [], [['readonly']]*2,
+                                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [1, 0]])
+
+def test_iter_copy():
+    # Check that copying the iterator works correctly
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+
+    # Simple iterator
+    i = nditer(a)
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    i.iterindex = 3
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    # Buffered iterator
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'ranged'], order='F', buffersize=3)
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    i.iterindex = 3
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    i.iterrange = (3, 9)
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    i.iterrange = (2, 18)
+    next(i)
+    next(i)
+    j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], [x[()] for x in j])
+
+    # Casting iterator
+    with nditer(a, ['buffered'], order='F', casting='unsafe',
+                op_dtypes='f8', buffersize=5) as i:
+        j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in j], a.ravel(order='F'))
+
+    a = arange(24, dtype='<i4').reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    with nditer(a, ['buffered'], order='F', casting='unsafe',
+                op_dtypes='>f8', buffersize=5) as i:
+        j = i.copy()
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in j], a.ravel(order='F'))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["All"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("loop_dtype", np.typecodes["All"])
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::numpy.ComplexWarning")
+def test_iter_copy_casts(dtype, loop_dtype):
+    # Ensure the dtype is never flexible:
+    if loop_dtype.lower() == "m":
+        loop_dtype = loop_dtype + "[ms]"
+    elif np.dtype(loop_dtype).itemsize == 0:
+        loop_dtype = loop_dtype + "50"
+
+    # Make things a bit more interesting by requiring a byte-swap as well:
+    arr = np.ones(1000, dtype=np.dtype(dtype).newbyteorder())
+    try:
+        expected = arr.astype(loop_dtype)
+    except Exception:
+        # Some casts are not possible, do not worry about them
+        return
+
+    it = np.nditer((arr,), ["buffered", "external_loop", "refs_ok"],
+                   op_dtypes=[loop_dtype], casting="unsafe")
+
+    if np.issubdtype(np.dtype(loop_dtype), np.number):
+        # Casting to strings may be strange, but for simple dtypes do not rely
+        # on the cast being correct:
+        assert_array_equal(expected, np.ones(1000, dtype=loop_dtype))
+
+    it_copy = it.copy()
+    res = next(it)
+    del it
+    res_copy = next(it_copy)
+    del it_copy
+
+    assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+    assert_array_equal(res_copy, expected)
+
+
+def test_iter_copy_casts_structured():
+    # Test a complicated structured dtype for casting, as it requires
+    # both multiple steps and a more complex casting setup.
+    # Includes a structured -> unstructured (any to object), and many other
+    # casts, which cause this to require all steps in the casting machinery
+    # one level down as well as the iterator copy (which uses NpyAuxData clone)
+    in_dtype = np.dtype([("a", np.dtype("i,")),
+                         ("b", np.dtype(">i,<i,>d,S17,>d,(3)f,O,i1"))])
+    out_dtype = np.dtype([("a", np.dtype("O")),
+                          ("b", np.dtype(">i,>i,S17,>d,>U3,(3)d,i1,O"))])
+    arr = np.ones(1000, dtype=in_dtype)
+
+    it = np.nditer((arr,), ["buffered", "external_loop", "refs_ok"],
+                   op_dtypes=[out_dtype], casting="unsafe")
+    it_copy = it.copy()
+
+    res1 = next(it)
+    del it
+    res2 = next(it_copy)
+    del it_copy
+
+    expected = arr["a"].astype(out_dtype["a"])
+    assert_array_equal(res1["a"], expected)
+    assert_array_equal(res2["a"], expected)
+
+    for field in in_dtype["b"].names:
+        # Note that the .base avoids the subarray field
+        expected = arr["b"][field].astype(out_dtype["b"][field].base)
+        assert_array_equal(res1["b"][field], expected)
+        assert_array_equal(res2["b"][field], expected)
+
+
+def test_iter_copy_casts_structured2():
+    # Similar to the above, this is a fairly arcane test to cover internals
+    in_dtype = np.dtype([("a", np.dtype("O,O")),
+                         ("b", np.dtype("(5)O,(3)O,(1,)O,(1,)i,(1,)O"))])
+    out_dtype = np.dtype([("a", np.dtype("O")),
+                          ("b", np.dtype("O,(3)i,(4)O,(4)O,(4)i"))])
+
+    arr = np.ones(1, dtype=in_dtype)
+    it = np.nditer((arr,), ["buffered", "external_loop", "refs_ok"],
+                   op_dtypes=[out_dtype], casting="unsafe")
+    it_copy = it.copy()
+
+    res1 = next(it)
+    del it
+    res2 = next(it_copy)
+    del it_copy
+
+    # Array of two structured scalars:
+    for res in res1, res2:
+        # Cast to tuple by getitem, which may be weird and changable?:
+        assert type(res["a"][0]) == tuple
+        assert res["a"][0] == (1, 1)
+
+    for res in res1, res2:
+        assert_array_equal(res["b"]["f0"][0], np.ones(5, dtype=object))
+        assert_array_equal(res["b"]["f1"], np.ones((1, 3), dtype="i"))
+        assert res["b"]["f2"].shape == (1, 4)
+        assert_array_equal(res["b"]["f2"][0], np.ones(4, dtype=object))
+        assert_array_equal(res["b"]["f3"][0], np.ones(4, dtype=object))
+        assert_array_equal(res["b"]["f3"][0], np.ones(4, dtype="i"))
+
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_simple():
+    # Check that the iterator will properly allocate outputs
+
+    # Simple case
+    a = arange(6)
+    i = nditer([a, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, a.shape)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_buffered_readwrite():
+    # Allocated output with buffering + delay_bufalloc
+
+    a = arange(6)
+    i = nditer([a, None], ['buffered', 'delay_bufalloc'],
+                        [['readonly'], ['allocate', 'readwrite']])
+    with i:
+        i.operands[1][:] = 1
+        i.reset()
+        for x in i:
+            x[1][...] += x[0][...]
+        assert_equal(i.operands[1], a+1)
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_itorder():
+    # The allocated output should match the iteration order
+
+    # C-order input, best iteration order
+    a = arange(6, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, a.shape)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, a.strides)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    # F-order input, best iteration order
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3, 4).T
+    i = nditer([a, None], [], [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, a.shape)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, a.strides)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+    # Non-contiguous input, C iteration order
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3, 4).swapaxes(0, 1)
+    i = nditer([a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        order='C',
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].shape, a.shape)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].strides, (32, 16, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[1].dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_opaxes():
+    # Specifying op_axes should work
+
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    i = nditer([None, a], [], [['writeonly', 'allocate'], ['readonly']],
+                        op_dtypes=[np.dtype('u4'), None],
+                        op_axes=[[1, 2, 0], None])
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].shape, (4, 2, 3))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].strides, (4, 48, 16))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('u4'))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_types_promotion():
+    # Check type promotion of automatic outputs
+
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='f4'), array([0], dtype='f8'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('f8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='i4'), array([0], dtype='f4'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('f8'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='f4'), array(0, dtype='f8'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('f4'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(0, dtype='i4'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('u4'))
+    i = nditer([array([3], dtype='u4'), array(-12, dtype='i4'), None], [],
+                    [['readonly']]*2+[['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[2], np.dtype('i8'))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_types_byte_order():
+    # Verify the rules for byte order changes
+
+    # When there's just one input, the output type exactly matches
+    a = array([3], dtype='u4').newbyteorder()
+    i = nditer([a, None], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0], i.dtypes[1])
+    # With two or more inputs, the output type is in native byte order
+    i = nditer([a, a, None], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_(i.dtypes[0] != i.dtypes[2])
+    assert_equal(i.dtypes[0].newbyteorder('='), i.dtypes[2])
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_types_scalar():
+    # If the inputs are all scalars, the output should be a scalar
+
+    i = nditer([None, 1, 2.3, np.float32(12), np.complex128(3)], [],
+                [['writeonly', 'allocate']] + [['readonly']]*4)
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].dtype, np.dtype('complex128'))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[0].ndim, 0)
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_subtype():
+    # Make sure that the subtype with priority wins
+    class MyNDArray(np.ndarray):
+        __array_priority__ = 15
+
+    # subclass vs ndarray
+    a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]).view(MyNDArray)
+    b = np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2).T
+    i = nditer([a, b, None], [],
+               [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    assert_equal(type(a), type(i.operands[2]))
+    assert_(type(b) is not type(i.operands[2]))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[2].shape, (2, 2))
+
+    # If subtypes are disabled, we should get back an ndarray.
+    i = nditer([a, b, None], [],
+               [['readonly'], ['readonly'],
+                ['writeonly', 'allocate', 'no_subtype']])
+    assert_equal(type(b), type(i.operands[2]))
+    assert_(type(a) is not type(i.operands[2]))
+    assert_equal(i.operands[2].shape, (2, 2))
+
+def test_iter_allocate_output_errors():
+    # Check that the iterator will throw errors for bad output allocations
+
+    # Need an input if no output data type is specified
+    a = arange(6)
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['writeonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']])
+    # Allocated output should be flagged for writing
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['allocate', 'readonly']])
+    # Allocated output can't have buffering without delayed bufalloc
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], ['buffered'],
+                                            ['allocate', 'readwrite'])
+    # Must specify dtype if there are no inputs (cannot promote existing ones;
+    # maybe this should use the 'f4' here, but it does not historically.)
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, [None, None], [],
+                        [['writeonly', 'allocate'],
+                         ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')])
+    # If using op_axes, must specify all the axes
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')],
+                        op_axes=[None, [0, np.newaxis, 1]])
+    # If using op_axes, the axes must be within bounds
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')],
+                        op_axes=[None, [0, 3, 1]])
+    # If using op_axes, there can't be duplicates
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                        [['readonly'], ['writeonly', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')],
+                        op_axes=[None, [0, 2, 1, 0]])
+    # Not all axes may be specified if a reduction. If there is a hole
+    # in op_axes, this is an error.
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], ["reduce_ok"],
+                        [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                        op_dtypes=[None, np.dtype('f4')],
+                        op_axes=[None, [0, np.newaxis, 2]])
+
+def test_all_allocated():
+    # When no output and no shape is given, `()` is used as shape.
+    i = np.nditer([None], op_dtypes=["int64"])
+    assert i.operands[0].shape == ()
+    assert i.dtypes == (np.dtype("int64"),)
+
+    i = np.nditer([None], op_dtypes=["int64"], itershape=(2, 3, 4))
+    assert i.operands[0].shape == (2, 3, 4)
+
+def test_iter_remove_axis():
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'])
+    i.remove_axis(1)
+    assert_equal([x for x in i], a[:, 0,:].ravel())
+
+    a = a[::-1,:,:]
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'])
+    i.remove_axis(0)
+    assert_equal([x for x in i], a[0,:,:].ravel())
+
+def test_iter_remove_multi_index_inner_loop():
+    # Check that removing multi-index support works
+
+    a = arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['multi_index'])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 3)
+    assert_equal(i.shape, (2, 3, 4))
+    assert_equal(i.itviews[0].shape, (2, 3, 4))
+
+    # Removing the multi-index tracking causes all dimensions to coalesce
+    before = [x for x in i]
+    i.remove_multi_index()
+    after = [x for x in i]
+
+    assert_equal(before, after)
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 1)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i.shape, i)
+    assert_equal(i.itviews[0].shape, (24,))
+
+    # Removing the inner loop means there's just one iteration
+    i.reset()
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, tuple())
+    i.enable_external_loop()
+    assert_equal(i.itersize, 24)
+    assert_equal(i[0].shape, (24,))
+    assert_equal(i.value, arange(24))
+
+def test_iter_iterindex():
+    # Make sure iterindex works
+
+    buffersize = 5
+    a = arange(24).reshape(4, 3, 2)
+    for flags in ([], ['buffered']):
+        i = nditer(a, flags, buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 2
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(2, 24)))
+
+        i = nditer(a, flags, order='F', buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 5
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(5, 24)))
+
+        i = nditer(a[::-1], flags, order='F', buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 9
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(9, 24)))
+
+        i = nditer(a[::-1, ::-1], flags, order='C', buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 13
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(13, 24)))
+
+        i = nditer(a[::1, ::-1], flags, buffersize=buffersize)
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(24)))
+        i.iterindex = 23
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(23, 24)))
+        i.reset()
+        i.iterindex = 2
+        assert_equal(iter_iterindices(i), list(range(2, 24)))
+
+def test_iter_iterrange():
+    # Make sure getting and resetting the iterrange works
+
+    buffersize = 5
+    a = arange(24, dtype='i4').reshape(4, 3, 2)
+    a_fort = a.ravel(order='F')
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['ranged'], ['readonly'], order='F',
+                buffersize=buffersize)
+    assert_equal(i.iterrange, (0, 24))
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], a_fort)
+    for r in [(0, 24), (1, 2), (3, 24), (5, 5), (0, 20), (23, 24)]:
+        i.iterrange = r
+        assert_equal(i.iterrange, r)
+        assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], a_fort[r[0]:r[1]])
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['ranged', 'buffered'], ['readonly'], order='F',
+                op_dtypes='f8', buffersize=buffersize)
+    assert_equal(i.iterrange, (0, 24))
+    assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], a_fort)
+    for r in [(0, 24), (1, 2), (3, 24), (5, 5), (0, 20), (23, 24)]:
+        i.iterrange = r
+        assert_equal(i.iterrange, r)
+        assert_equal([x[()] for x in i], a_fort[r[0]:r[1]])
+
+    def get_array(i):
+        val = np.array([], dtype='f8')
+        for x in i:
+            val = np.concatenate((val, x))
+        return val
+
+    i = nditer(a, ['ranged', 'buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                ['readonly'], order='F',
+                op_dtypes='f8', buffersize=buffersize)
+    assert_equal(i.iterrange, (0, 24))
+    assert_equal(get_array(i), a_fort)
+    for r in [(0, 24), (1, 2), (3, 24), (5, 5), (0, 20), (23, 24)]:
+        i.iterrange = r
+        assert_equal(i.iterrange, r)
+        assert_equal(get_array(i), a_fort[r[0]:r[1]])
+
+def test_iter_buffering():
+    # Test buffering with several buffer sizes and types
+    arrays = []
+    # F-order swapped array
+    arrays.append(np.arange(24,
+                    dtype='c16').reshape(2, 3, 4).T.newbyteorder().byteswap())
+    # Contiguous 1-dimensional array
+    arrays.append(np.arange(10, dtype='f4'))
+    # Unaligned array
+    a = np.zeros((4*16+1,), dtype='i1')[1:]
+    a.dtype = 'i4'
+    a[:] = np.arange(16, dtype='i4')
+    arrays.append(a)
+    # 4-D F-order array
+    arrays.append(np.arange(120, dtype='i4').reshape(5, 3, 2, 4).T)
+    for a in arrays:
+        for buffersize in (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 16, 1024):
+            vals = []
+            i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                           [['readonly', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                           order='C',
+                           casting='equiv',
+                           buffersize=buffersize)
+            while not i.finished:
+                assert_(i[0].size <= buffersize)
+                vals.append(i[0].copy())
+                i.iternext()
+            assert_equal(np.concatenate(vals), a.ravel(order='C'))
+
+def test_iter_write_buffering():
+    # Test that buffering of writes is working
+
+    # F-order swapped array
+    a = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4).T.newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='equiv',
+                   order='C',
+                   buffersize=16)
+    x = 0
+    with i:
+        while not i.finished:
+            i[0] = x
+            x += 1
+            i.iternext()
+    assert_equal(a.ravel(order='C'), np.arange(24))
+
+def test_iter_buffering_delayed_alloc():
+    # Test that delaying buffer allocation works
+
+    a = np.arange(6)
+    b = np.arange(1, dtype='f4')
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['buffered', 'delay_bufalloc', 'multi_index', 'reduce_ok'],
+                    ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes='f4')
+    assert_(i.has_delayed_bufalloc)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i.multi_index, i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i[0], i)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, lambda i:i[0:2], i)
+
+    def assign_iter(i):
+        i[0] = 0
+    assert_raises(ValueError, assign_iter, i)
+
+    i.reset()
+    assert_(not i.has_delayed_bufalloc)
+    assert_equal(i.multi_index, (0,))
+    with i:
+        assert_equal(i[0], 0)
+        i[1] = 1
+        assert_equal(i[0:2], [0, 1])
+        assert_equal([[x[0][()], x[1][()]] for x in i], list(zip(range(6), [1]*6)))
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_simple():
+    # Test that buffering can handle a simple cast
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype='f4')
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8')],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    with i:
+        for v in i:
+            v[...] *= 2
+
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='f4'))
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_byteswapped():
+    # Test that buffering can handle a cast which requires swap->cast->swap
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype='f4').newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f8').newbyteorder()],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    with i:
+        for v in i:
+            v[...] *= 2
+
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='f4'))
+
+    with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+        sup.filter(np.ComplexWarning)
+
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype='f8').newbyteorder().byteswap()
+        i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                       [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                       casting='unsafe',
+                       op_dtypes=[np.dtype('c8').newbyteorder()],
+                       buffersize=3)
+        with i:
+            for v in i:
+                v[...] *= 2
+
+        assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='f8'))
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_byteswapped_complex():
+    # Test that buffering can handle a cast which requires swap->cast->copy
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype='c8').newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    a += 2j
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('c16')],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    with i:
+        for v in i:
+            v[...] *= 2
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='c8') + 4j)
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype='c8')
+    a += 2j
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('c16').newbyteorder()],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    with i:
+        for v in i:
+            v[...] *= 2
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype='c8') + 4j)
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype=np.clongdouble).newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    a += 2j
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('c16')],
+                   buffersize=3)
+    with i:
+        for v in i:
+            v[...] *= 2
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype=np.clongdouble) + 4j)
+
+    a = np.arange(10, dtype=np.longdouble).newbyteorder().byteswap()
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                   [['readwrite', 'nbo', 'aligned']],
+                   casting='same_kind',
+                   op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')],
+                   buffersize=7)
+    with i:
+        for v in i:
+            v[...] *= 2
+    assert_equal(a, 2*np.arange(10, dtype=np.longdouble))
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_structured_type():
+    # Tests buffering of structured types
+
+    # simple -> struct type (duplicates the value)
+    sdt = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('c', 'c8', (2, 3)), ('d', 'O')]
+    a = np.arange(3, dtype='f4') + 0.5
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt)
+    vals = [np.array(x) for x in i]
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['a'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['b'], 0)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['c'], [[(0.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['d'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['a'], 1.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['b'], 1)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['c'], [[(1.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['d'], 1.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt))
+
+    # object -> struct type
+    sdt = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('c', 'c8', (2, 3)), ('d', 'O')]
+    a = np.zeros((3,), dtype='O')
+    a[0] = (0.5, 0.5, [[0.5, 0.5, 0.5], [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]], 0.5)
+    a[1] = (1.5, 1.5, [[1.5, 1.5, 1.5], [1.5, 1.5, 1.5]], 1.5)
+    a[2] = (2.5, 2.5, [[2.5, 2.5, 2.5], [2.5, 2.5, 2.5]], 2.5)
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        rc = sys.getrefcount(a[0])
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt)
+    vals = [x.copy() for x in i]
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['a'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['b'], 0)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['c'], [[(0.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals[0]['d'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['a'], 1.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['b'], 1)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['c'], [[(1.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals[1]['d'], 1.5)
+    assert_equal(vals[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt))
+    vals, i, x = [None]*3
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(a[0]), rc)
+
+    # single-field struct type -> simple
+    sdt = [('a', 'f4')]
+    a = np.array([(5.5,), (8,)], dtype=sdt)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes='i4')
+    assert_equal([x_[()] for x_ in i], [5, 8])
+
+    # make sure multi-field struct type -> simple doesn't work
+    sdt = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('d', 'O')]
+    a = np.array([(5.5, 7, 'test'), (8, 10, 11)], dtype=sdt)
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: (
+        nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+               casting='unsafe',
+               op_dtypes='i4')))
+
+    # struct type -> struct type (field-wise copy)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('d', 'O')]
+    sdt2 = [('d', 'u2'), ('a', 'O'), ('b', 'f8')]
+    a = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)], dtype=sdt1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    assert_equal([np.array(x_) for x_ in i],
+                 [np.array((1, 2, 3), dtype=sdt2),
+                  np.array((4, 5, 6), dtype=sdt2)])
+
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_structured_type_failure_with_cleanup():
+    # make sure struct type -> struct type with different
+    # number of fields fails
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('d', 'O')]
+    sdt2 = [('b', 'O'), ('a', 'f8')]
+    a = np.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)], dtype=sdt1)
+
+    for intent in ["readwrite", "readonly", "writeonly"]:
+        # This test was initially designed to test an error at a different
+        # place, but will now raise earlier to to the cast not being possible:
+        # `assert np.can_cast(a.dtype, sdt2, casting="unsafe")` fails.
+        # Without a faulty DType, there is probably no reliable
+        # way to get the initial tested behaviour.
+        simple_arr = np.array([1, 2], dtype="i,i")  # requires clean up
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            nditer((simple_arr, a), ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], [intent, intent],
+                   casting='unsafe', op_dtypes=["f,f", sdt2])
+
+
+def test_buffered_cast_error_paths():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        # The input is cast into an `S3` buffer
+        np.nditer((np.array("a", dtype="S1"),), op_dtypes=["i"],
+                  casting="unsafe", flags=["buffered"])
+
+    # The `M8[ns]` is cast into the `S3` output
+    it = np.nditer((np.array(1, dtype="i"),), op_dtypes=["S1"],
+                   op_flags=["writeonly"], casting="unsafe", flags=["buffered"])
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        with it:
+            buf = next(it)
+            buf[...] = "a"  # cannot be converted to int.
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="Cannot start subprocess")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="PyPy seems to not hit this.")
+def test_buffered_cast_error_paths_unraisable():
+    # The following gives an unraisable error. Pytest sometimes captures that
+    # (depending python and/or pytest version). So with Python>=3.8 this can
+    # probably be cleaned out in the future to check for
+    # pytest.PytestUnraisableExceptionWarning:
+    code = textwrap.dedent("""
+        import numpy as np
+    
+        it = np.nditer((np.array(1, dtype="i"),), op_dtypes=["S1"],
+                       op_flags=["writeonly"], casting="unsafe", flags=["buffered"])
+        buf = next(it)
+        buf[...] = "a"
+        del buf, it  # Flushing only happens during deallocate right now.
+        """)
+    res = subprocess.check_output([sys.executable, "-c", code],
+                                  stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, text=True)
+    assert "ValueError" in res
+
+
+def test_iter_buffered_cast_subarray():
+    # Tests buffering of subarrays
+
+    # one element -> many (copies it to all)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f4')]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f8', (3, 2, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    for x, count in zip(i, list(range(6))):
+        assert_(np.all(x['a'] == count))
+
+    # one element -> many -> back (copies it to all)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'O', (1, 1))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'O', (3, 2, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'][:, 0, 0] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    with i:
+        assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+        count = 0
+        for x in i:
+            assert_(np.all(x['a'] == count))
+            x['a'][0] += 2
+            count += 1
+    assert_equal(a['a'], np.arange(6).reshape(6, 1, 1)+2)
+
+    # many -> one element -> back (copies just element 0)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'O', (3, 2, 2))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'O', (1,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'][:, 0, 0, 0] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readwrite'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    with i:
+        assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+        count = 0
+        for x in i:
+            assert_equal(x['a'], count)
+            x['a'] += 2
+            count += 1
+    assert_equal(a['a'], np.arange(6).reshape(6, 1, 1, 1)*np.ones((1, 3, 2, 2))+2)
+
+    # many -> one element -> back (copies just element 0)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (3, 2, 2))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'O', (1,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'][:, 0, 0, 0] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'], count)
+        count += 1
+
+    # many -> one element (copies just element 0)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'O', (3, 2, 2))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (1,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'][:, 0, 0, 0] = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'], count)
+        count += 1
+
+    # many -> matching shape (straightforward copy)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'O', (3, 2, 2))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (3, 2, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*3*2*2).reshape(6, 3, 2, 2)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'], a[count]['a'])
+        count += 1
+
+    # vector -> smaller vector (truncates)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (6,))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (2,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*6).reshape(6, 6)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'], a[count]['a'][:2])
+        count += 1
+
+    # vector -> bigger vector (pads with zeros)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (2,))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (6,))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*2).reshape(6, 2)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2], a[count]['a'])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][2:], [0, 0, 0, 0])
+        count += 1
+
+    # vector -> matrix (broadcasts)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (2,))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (2, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*2).reshape(6, 2)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'][0], a[count]['a'])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][1], a[count]['a'])
+        count += 1
+
+    # vector -> matrix (broadcasts and zero-pads)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (2, 1))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (3, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*2).reshape(6, 2, 1)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2, 0], a[count]['a'][:, 0])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2, 1], a[count]['a'][:, 0])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][2,:], [0, 0])
+        count += 1
+
+    # matrix -> matrix (truncates and zero-pads)
+    sdt1 = [('a', 'f8', (2, 3))]
+    sdt2 = [('a', 'f4', (3, 2))]
+    a = np.zeros((6,), dtype=sdt1)
+    a['a'] = np.arange(6*2*3).reshape(6, 2, 3)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe',
+                    op_dtypes=sdt2)
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype(sdt2))
+    count = 0
+    for x in i:
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2, 0], a[count]['a'][:, 0])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][:2, 1], a[count]['a'][:, 1])
+        assert_equal(x['a'][2,:], [0, 0])
+        count += 1
+
+def test_iter_buffering_badwriteback():
+    # Writing back from a buffer cannot combine elements
+
+    # a needs write buffering, but had a broadcast dimension
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3, 1)
+    b = np.arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b],
+                  ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                  [['readwrite'], ['writeonly']],
+                  order='C')
+
+    # But if a is readonly, it's fine
+    nditer([a, b], ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+           [['readonly'], ['writeonly']],
+           order='C')
+
+    # If a has just one element, it's fine too (constant 0 stride, a reduction)
+    a = np.arange(1).reshape(1, 1, 1)
+    nditer([a, b], ['buffered', 'external_loop', 'reduce_ok'],
+           [['readwrite'], ['writeonly']],
+           order='C')
+
+    # check that it fails on other dimensions too
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(1, 3, 2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b],
+                  ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                  [['readwrite'], ['writeonly']],
+                  order='C')
+    a = np.arange(4).reshape(2, 1, 2)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b],
+                  ['buffered', 'external_loop'],
+                  [['readwrite'], ['writeonly']],
+                  order='C')
+
+def test_iter_buffering_string():
+    # Safe casting disallows shrinking strings
+    a = np.array(['abc', 'a', 'abcd'], dtype=np.bytes_)
+    assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('S4'))
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, a, ['buffered'], ['readonly'],
+                  op_dtypes='S2')
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered'], ['readonly'], op_dtypes='S6')
+    assert_equal(i[0], b'abc')
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype('S6'))
+
+    a = np.array(['abc', 'a', 'abcd'], dtype=np.str_)
+    assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('U4'))
+    assert_raises(TypeError, nditer, a, ['buffered'], ['readonly'],
+                    op_dtypes='U2')
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered'], ['readonly'], op_dtypes='U6')
+    assert_equal(i[0], 'abc')
+    assert_equal(i[0].dtype, np.dtype('U6'))
+
+def test_iter_buffering_growinner():
+    # Test that the inner loop grows when no buffering is needed
+    a = np.arange(30)
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'growinner', 'external_loop'],
+                           buffersize=5)
+    # Should end up with just one inner loop here
+    assert_equal(i[0].size, a.size)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+def test_iter_buffered_reduce_reuse():
+    # large enough array for all views, including negative strides.
+    a = np.arange(2*3**5)[3**5:3**5+1]
+    flags = ['buffered', 'delay_bufalloc', 'multi_index', 'reduce_ok', 'refs_ok']
+    op_flags = [('readonly',), ('readwrite', 'allocate')]
+    op_axes_list = [[(0, 1, 2), (0, 1, -1)], [(0, 1, 2), (0, -1, -1)]]
+    # wrong dtype to force buffering
+    op_dtypes = [float, a.dtype]
+
+    def get_params():
+        for xs in range(-3**2, 3**2 + 1):
+            for ys in range(xs, 3**2 + 1):
+                for op_axes in op_axes_list:
+                    # last stride is reduced and because of that not
+                    # important for this test, as it is the inner stride.
+                    strides = (xs * a.itemsize, ys * a.itemsize, a.itemsize)
+                    arr = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(a, (3, 3, 3), strides)
+
+                    for skip in [0, 1]:
+                        yield arr, op_axes, skip
+
+    for arr, op_axes, skip in get_params():
+        nditer2 = np.nditer([arr.copy(), None],
+                            op_axes=op_axes, flags=flags, op_flags=op_flags,
+                            op_dtypes=op_dtypes)
+        with nditer2:
+            nditer2.operands[-1][...] = 0
+            nditer2.reset()
+            nditer2.iterindex = skip
+
+            for (a2_in, b2_in) in nditer2:
+                b2_in += a2_in.astype(np.int_)
+
+            comp_res = nditer2.operands[-1]
+
+        for bufsize in range(0, 3**3):
+            nditer1 = np.nditer([arr, None],
+                                op_axes=op_axes, flags=flags, op_flags=op_flags,
+                                buffersize=bufsize, op_dtypes=op_dtypes)
+            with nditer1:
+                nditer1.operands[-1][...] = 0
+                nditer1.reset()
+                nditer1.iterindex = skip
+
+                for (a1_in, b1_in) in nditer1:
+                    b1_in += a1_in.astype(np.int_)
+
+                res = nditer1.operands[-1]
+            assert_array_equal(res, comp_res)
+
+
+def test_iter_no_broadcast():
+    # Test that the no_broadcast flag works
+    a = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    b = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3, 1)
+    c = np.arange(12).reshape(3, 4)
+
+    nditer([a, b, c], [],
+           [['readonly', 'no_broadcast'],
+            ['readonly'], ['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b, c], [],
+                  [['readonly'], ['readonly', 'no_broadcast'], ['readonly']])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b, c], [],
+                  [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['readonly', 'no_broadcast']])
+
+
+class TestIterNested:
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        # Test nested iteration basic usage
+        a = arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1, 2]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 1], [2]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7], [8, 9], [10, 11]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 2], [1]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+    def test_reorder(self):
+        # Test nested iteration basic usage
+        a = arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)
+
+        # In 'K' order (default), it gets reordered
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [2, 1]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[1, 0], [2]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7], [8, 9], [10, 11]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[2, 0], [1]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+        # In 'C' order, it doesn't
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [2, 1]], order='C')
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10, 7, 9, 11]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[1, 0], [2]], order='C')
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1], [6, 7], [2, 3], [8, 9], [4, 5], [10, 11]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[2, 0], [1]], order='C')
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [6, 8, 10], [1, 3, 5], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+    def test_flip_axes(self):
+        # Test nested iteration with negative axes
+        a = arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)[::-1, ::-1, ::-1]
+
+        # In 'K' order (default), the axes all get flipped
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1, 2]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 1], [2]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7], [8, 9], [10, 11]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 2], [1]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+        # In 'C' order, flipping axes is disabled
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1, 2]], order='C')
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6], [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 1], [2]], order='C')
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[11, 10], [9, 8], [7, 6], [5, 4], [3, 2], [1, 0]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0, 2], [1]], order='C')
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[11, 9, 7], [10, 8, 6], [5, 3, 1], [4, 2, 0]])
+
+    def test_broadcast(self):
+        # Test nested iteration with broadcasting
+        a = arange(2).reshape(2, 1)
+        b = arange(3).reshape(1, 3)
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters([a, b], [[0], [1]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2]], [[1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2]]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters([a, b], [[1], [0]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[[0, 0], [1, 0]], [[0, 1], [1, 1]], [[0, 2], [1, 2]]])
+
+    def test_dtype_copy(self):
+        # Test nested iteration with a copy to change dtype
+
+        # copy
+        a = arange(6, dtype='i4').reshape(2, 3)
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1]],
+                            op_flags=['readonly', 'copy'],
+                            op_dtypes='f8')
+        assert_equal(j[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]])
+        vals = None
+
+        # writebackifcopy - using context manager
+        a = arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1]],
+                            op_flags=['readwrite', 'updateifcopy'],
+                            casting='same_kind',
+                            op_dtypes='f8')
+        with i, j:
+            assert_equal(j[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+            for x in i:
+                for y in j:
+                    y[...] += 1
+            assert_equal(a, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]])
+        assert_equal(a, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+
+        # writebackifcopy - using close()
+        a = arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1]],
+                            op_flags=['readwrite', 'updateifcopy'],
+                            casting='same_kind',
+                            op_dtypes='f8')
+        assert_equal(j[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        for x in i:
+            for y in j:
+                y[...] += 1
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]])
+        i.close()
+        j.close()
+        assert_equal(a, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+
+    def test_dtype_buffered(self):
+        # Test nested iteration with buffering to change dtype
+
+        a = arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1]],
+                            flags=['buffered'],
+                            op_flags=['readwrite'],
+                            casting='same_kind',
+                            op_dtypes='f8')
+        assert_equal(j[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        for x in i:
+            for y in j:
+                y[...] += 1
+        assert_equal(a, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+
+    def test_0d(self):
+        a = np.arange(12).reshape(2, 3, 2)
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[], [1, 0, 2]])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]])
+
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[1, 0, 2], []])
+        vals = [list(j) for _ in i]
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]])
+
+        i, j, k = np.nested_iters(a, [[2, 0], [], [1]])
+        vals = []
+        for x in i:
+            for y in j:
+                vals.append([z for z in k])
+        assert_equal(vals, [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5], [6, 8, 10], [7, 9, 11]])
+
+    def test_iter_nested_iters_dtype_buffered(self):
+        # Test nested iteration with buffering to change dtype
+
+        a = arange(6, dtype='f4').reshape(2, 3)
+        i, j = np.nested_iters(a, [[0], [1]],
+                            flags=['buffered'],
+                            op_flags=['readwrite'],
+                            casting='same_kind',
+                            op_dtypes='f8')
+        with i, j:
+            assert_equal(j[0].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+            for x in i:
+                for y in j:
+                    y[...] += 1
+        assert_equal(a, [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+
+def test_iter_reduction_error():
+
+    a = np.arange(6)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[[0], [-1]])
+
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, None], ['external_loop'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [-1, -1]])
+
+def test_iter_reduction():
+    # Test doing reductions with the iterator
+
+    a = np.arange(6)
+    i = nditer([a, None], ['reduce_ok'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[[0], [-1]])
+    # Need to initialize the output operand to the addition unit
+    with i:
+        i.operands[1][...] = 0
+        # Do the reduction
+        for x, y in i:
+            y[...] += x
+        # Since no axes were specified, should have allocated a scalar
+        assert_equal(i.operands[1].ndim, 0)
+        assert_equal(i.operands[1], np.sum(a))
+
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    i = nditer([a, None], ['reduce_ok', 'external_loop'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [-1, -1]])
+    # Need to initialize the output operand to the addition unit
+    with i:
+        i.operands[1][...] = 0
+        # Reduction shape/strides for the output
+        assert_equal(i[1].shape, (6,))
+        assert_equal(i[1].strides, (0,))
+        # Do the reduction
+        for x, y in i:
+            # Use a for loop instead of ``y[...] += x``
+            # (equivalent to ``y[...] = y[...].copy() + x``),
+            # because y has zero strides we use for the reduction
+            for j in range(len(y)):
+                y[j] += x[j]
+        # Since no axes were specified, should have allocated a scalar
+        assert_equal(i.operands[1].ndim, 0)
+        assert_equal(i.operands[1], np.sum(a))
+
+    # This is a tricky reduction case for the buffering double loop
+    # to handle
+    a = np.ones((2, 3, 5))
+    it1 = nditer([a, None], ['reduce_ok', 'external_loop'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[None, [0, -1, 1]])
+    it2 = nditer([a, None], ['reduce_ok', 'external_loop',
+                            'buffered', 'delay_bufalloc'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+                    op_axes=[None, [0, -1, 1]], buffersize=10)
+    with it1, it2:
+        it1.operands[1].fill(0)
+        it2.operands[1].fill(0)
+        it2.reset()
+        for x in it1:
+            x[1][...] += x[0]
+        for x in it2:
+            x[1][...] += x[0]
+        assert_equal(it1.operands[1], it2.operands[1])
+        assert_equal(it2.operands[1].sum(), a.size)
+
+def test_iter_buffering_reduction():
+    # Test doing buffered reductions with the iterator
+
+    a = np.arange(6)
+    b = np.array(0., dtype='f8').byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['reduce_ok', 'buffered'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'nbo']],
+                    op_axes=[[0], [-1]])
+    with i:
+        assert_equal(i[1].dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_(i[1].dtype != b.dtype)
+        # Do the reduction
+        for x, y in i:
+            y[...] += x
+    # Since no axes were specified, should have allocated a scalar
+    assert_equal(b, np.sum(a))
+
+    a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
+    b = np.array([0, 0], dtype='f8').byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    i = nditer([a, b], ['reduce_ok', 'external_loop', 'buffered'],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'nbo']],
+                    op_axes=[[0, 1], [0, -1]])
+    # Reduction shape/strides for the output
+    with i:
+        assert_equal(i[1].shape, (3,))
+        assert_equal(i[1].strides, (0,))
+        # Do the reduction
+        for x, y in i:
+            # Use a for loop instead of ``y[...] += x``
+            # (equivalent to ``y[...] = y[...].copy() + x``),
+            # because y has zero strides we use for the reduction
+            for j in range(len(y)):
+                y[j] += x[j]
+    assert_equal(b, np.sum(a, axis=1))
+
+    # Iterator inner double loop was wrong on this one
+    p = np.arange(2) + 1
+    it = np.nditer([p, None],
+            ['delay_bufalloc', 'reduce_ok', 'buffered', 'external_loop'],
+            [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
+            op_axes=[[-1, 0], [-1, -1]],
+            itershape=(2, 2))
+    with it:
+        it.operands[1].fill(0)
+        it.reset()
+        assert_equal(it[0], [1, 2, 1, 2])
+
+    # Iterator inner loop should take argument contiguity into account
+    x = np.ones((7, 13, 8), np.int8)[4:6,1:11:6,1:5].transpose(1, 2, 0)
+    x[...] = np.arange(x.size).reshape(x.shape)
+    y_base = np.arange(4*4, dtype=np.int8).reshape(4, 4)
+    y_base_copy = y_base.copy()
+    y = y_base[::2,:,None]
+
+    it = np.nditer([y, x],
+                   ['buffered', 'external_loop', 'reduce_ok'],
+                   [['readwrite'], ['readonly']])
+    with it:
+        for a, b in it:
+            a.fill(2)
+
+    assert_equal(y_base[1::2], y_base_copy[1::2])
+    assert_equal(y_base[::2], 2)
+
+def test_iter_buffering_reduction_reuse_reduce_loops():
+    # There was a bug triggering reuse of the reduce loop inappropriately,
+    # which caused processing to happen in unnecessarily small chunks
+    # and overran the buffer.
+
+    a = np.zeros((2, 7))
+    b = np.zeros((1, 7))
+    it = np.nditer([a, b], flags=['reduce_ok', 'external_loop', 'buffered'],
+                    op_flags=[['readonly'], ['readwrite']],
+                    buffersize=5)
+
+    with it:
+        bufsizes = [x.shape[0] for x, y in it]
+    assert_equal(bufsizes, [5, 2, 5, 2])
+    assert_equal(sum(bufsizes), a.size)
+
+def test_iter_writemasked_badinput():
+    a = np.zeros((2, 3))
+    b = np.zeros((3,))
+    m = np.array([[True, True, False], [False, True, False]])
+    m2 = np.array([True, True, False])
+    m3 = np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype='u1')
+    mbad1 = np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype='i1')
+    mbad2 = np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype='f4')
+
+    # Need an 'arraymask' if any operand is 'writemasked'
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m], [],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'], ['readonly']])
+
+    # A 'writemasked' operand must not be readonly
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m], [],
+                    [['readonly', 'writemasked'], ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+
+    # 'writemasked' and 'arraymask' may not be used together
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'arraymask', 'writemasked']])
+
+    # 'arraymask' may only be specified once
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m, m2], [],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+
+    # An 'arraymask' with nothing 'writemasked' also doesn't make sense
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, m], [],
+                    [['readwrite'], ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+
+    # A writemasked reduction requires a similarly smaller mask
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b, m], ['reduce_ok'],
+                    [['readonly'],
+                     ['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+    # But this should work with a smaller/equal mask to the reduction operand
+    np.nditer([a, b, m2], ['reduce_ok'],
+                    [['readonly'],
+                     ['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+    # The arraymask itself cannot be a reduction
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, [a, b, m2], ['reduce_ok'],
+                    [['readonly'],
+                     ['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readwrite', 'arraymask']])
+
+    # A uint8 mask is ok too
+    np.nditer([a, m3], ['buffered'],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']],
+                    op_dtypes=['f4', None],
+                    casting='same_kind')
+    # An int8 mask isn't ok
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.nditer, [a, mbad1], ['buffered'],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']],
+                    op_dtypes=['f4', None],
+                    casting='same_kind')
+    # A float32 mask isn't ok
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.nditer, [a, mbad2], ['buffered'],
+                    [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                     ['readonly', 'arraymask']],
+                    op_dtypes=['f4', None],
+                    casting='same_kind')
+
+
+def _is_buffered(iterator):
+    try:
+        iterator.itviews
+    except ValueError:
+        return True
+    return False
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("a",
+        [np.zeros((3,), dtype='f8'),
+         np.zeros((9876, 3*5), dtype='f8')[::2, :],
+         np.zeros((4, 312, 124, 3), dtype='f8')[::2, :, ::2, :],
+         # Also test with the last dimension strided (so it does not fit if
+         # there is repeated access)
+         np.zeros((9,), dtype='f8')[::3],
+         np.zeros((9876, 3*10), dtype='f8')[::2, ::5],
+         np.zeros((4, 312, 124, 3), dtype='f8')[::2, :, ::2, ::-1]])
+def test_iter_writemasked(a):
+    # Note, the slicing above is to ensure that nditer cannot combine multiple
+    # axes into one.  The repetition is just to make things a bit more
+    # interesting.
+    shape = a.shape
+    reps = shape[-1] // 3
+    msk = np.empty(shape, dtype=bool)
+    msk[...] = [True, True, False] * reps
+
+    # When buffering is unused, 'writemasked' effectively does nothing.
+    # It's up to the user of the iterator to obey the requested semantics.
+    it = np.nditer([a, msk], [],
+                [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                 ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+    with it:
+        for x, m in it:
+            x[...] = 1
+    # Because we violated the semantics, all the values became 1
+    assert_equal(a, np.broadcast_to([1, 1, 1] * reps, shape))
+
+    # Even if buffering is enabled, we still may be accessing the array
+    # directly.
+    it = np.nditer([a, msk], ['buffered'],
+                [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                 ['readonly', 'arraymask']])
+    # @seberg: I honestly don't currently understand why a "buffered" iterator
+    # would end up not using a buffer for the small array here at least when
+    # "writemasked" is used, that seems confusing...  Check by testing for
+    # actual memory overlap!
+    is_buffered = True
+    with it:
+        for x, m in it:
+            x[...] = 2.5
+            if np.may_share_memory(x, a):
+                is_buffered = False
+
+    if not is_buffered:
+        # Because we violated the semantics, all the values became 2.5
+        assert_equal(a, np.broadcast_to([2.5, 2.5, 2.5] * reps, shape))
+    else:
+        # For large sizes, the iterator may be buffered:
+        assert_equal(a, np.broadcast_to([2.5, 2.5, 1] * reps, shape))
+        a[...] = 2.5
+
+    # If buffering will definitely happening, for instance because of
+    # a cast, only the items selected by the mask will be copied back from
+    # the buffer.
+    it = np.nditer([a, msk], ['buffered'],
+                [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                 ['readonly', 'arraymask']],
+                op_dtypes=['i8', None],
+                casting='unsafe')
+    with it:
+        for x, m in it:
+            x[...] = 3
+    # Even though we violated the semantics, only the selected values
+    # were copied back
+    assert_equal(a, np.broadcast_to([3, 3, 2.5] * reps, shape))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["mask", "mask_axes"], [
+        # Allocated operand (only broadcasts with -1)
+        (None, [-1, 0]),
+        # Reduction along the first dimension (with and without op_axes)
+        (np.zeros((1, 4), dtype="bool"), [0, 1]),
+        (np.zeros((1, 4), dtype="bool"), None),
+        # Test 0-D and -1 op_axes
+        (np.zeros(4, dtype="bool"), [-1, 0]),
+        (np.zeros((), dtype="bool"), [-1, -1]),
+        (np.zeros((), dtype="bool"), None)])
+def test_iter_writemasked_broadcast_error(mask, mask_axes):
+    # This assumes that a readwrite mask makes sense. This is likely not the
+    # case and should simply be deprecated.
+    arr = np.zeros((3, 4))
+    itflags = ["reduce_ok"]
+    mask_flags = ["arraymask", "readwrite", "allocate"]
+    a_flags = ["writeonly", "writemasked"]
+    if mask_axes is None:
+        op_axes = None
+    else:
+        op_axes = [mask_axes, [0, 1]]
+
+    with assert_raises(ValueError):
+        np.nditer((mask, arr), flags=itflags, op_flags=[mask_flags, a_flags],
+                  op_axes=op_axes)
+
+
+def test_iter_writemasked_decref():
+    # force casting (to make it interesting) by using a structured dtype.
+    arr = np.arange(10000).astype(">i,O")
+    original = arr.copy()
+    mask = np.random.randint(0, 2, size=10000).astype(bool)
+
+    it = np.nditer([arr, mask], ['buffered', "refs_ok"],
+                   [['readwrite', 'writemasked'],
+                    ['readonly', 'arraymask']],
+                   op_dtypes=["<i,O", "?"])
+    singleton = object()
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        count = sys.getrefcount(singleton)
+    for buf, mask_buf in it:
+        buf[...] = (3, singleton)
+
+    del buf, mask_buf, it   # delete everything to ensure correct cleanup
+
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        # The buffer would have included additional items, they must be
+        # cleared correctly:
+        assert sys.getrefcount(singleton) - count == np.count_nonzero(mask)
+
+    assert_array_equal(arr[~mask], original[~mask])
+    assert (arr[mask] == np.array((3, singleton), arr.dtype)).all()
+    del arr
+
+    if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+        assert sys.getrefcount(singleton) == count
+
+
+def test_iter_non_writable_attribute_deletion():
+    it = np.nditer(np.ones(2))
+    attr = ["value", "shape", "operands", "itviews", "has_delayed_bufalloc",
+            "iterationneedsapi", "has_multi_index", "has_index", "dtypes",
+            "ndim", "nop", "itersize", "finished"]
+
+    for s in attr:
+        assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, it, s)
+
+
+def test_iter_writable_attribute_deletion():
+    it = np.nditer(np.ones(2))
+    attr = [ "multi_index", "index", "iterrange", "iterindex"]
+    for s in attr:
+        assert_raises(AttributeError, delattr, it, s)
+
+
+def test_iter_element_deletion():
+    it = np.nditer(np.ones(3))
+    try:
+        del it[1]
+        del it[1:2]
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    except Exception:
+        raise AssertionError
+
+def test_iter_allocated_array_dtypes():
+    # If the dtype of an allocated output has a shape, the shape gets
+    # tacked onto the end of the result.
+    it = np.nditer(([1, 3, 20], None), op_dtypes=[None, ('i4', (2,))])
+    for a, b in it:
+        b[0] = a - 1
+        b[1] = a + 1
+    assert_equal(it.operands[1], [[0, 2], [2, 4], [19, 21]])
+
+    # Check the same (less sensitive) thing when `op_axes` with -1 is given.
+    it = np.nditer(([[1, 3, 20]], None), op_dtypes=[None, ('i4', (2,))],
+                   flags=["reduce_ok"], op_axes=[None, (-1, 0)])
+    for a, b in it:
+        b[0] = a - 1
+        b[1] = a + 1
+    assert_equal(it.operands[1], [[0, 2], [2, 4], [19, 21]])
+
+    # Make sure this works for scalars too
+    it = np.nditer((10, 2, None), op_dtypes=[None, None, ('i4', (2, 2))])
+    for a, b, c in it:
+        c[0, 0] = a - b
+        c[0, 1] = a + b
+        c[1, 0] = a * b
+        c[1, 1] = a / b
+    assert_equal(it.operands[2], [[8, 12], [20, 5]])
+
+
+def test_0d_iter():
+    # Basic test for iteration of 0-d arrays:
+    i = nditer([2, 3], ['multi_index'], [['readonly']]*2)
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 0)
+    assert_equal(next(i), (2, 3))
+    assert_equal(i.multi_index, ())
+    assert_equal(i.iterindex, 0)
+    assert_raises(StopIteration, next, i)
+    # test reset:
+    i.reset()
+    assert_equal(next(i), (2, 3))
+    assert_raises(StopIteration, next, i)
+
+    # test forcing to 0-d
+    i = nditer(np.arange(5), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']], op_axes=[()])
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 0)
+    assert_equal(len(i), 1)
+
+    i = nditer(np.arange(5), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']],
+               op_axes=[()], itershape=())
+    assert_equal(i.ndim, 0)
+    assert_equal(len(i), 1)
+
+    # passing an itershape alone is not enough, the op_axes are also needed
+    with assert_raises(ValueError):
+        nditer(np.arange(5), ['multi_index'], [['readonly']], itershape=())
+
+    # Test a more complex buffered casting case (same as another test above)
+    sdt = [('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'i8'), ('c', 'c8', (2, 3)), ('d', 'O')]
+    a = np.array(0.5, dtype='f4')
+    i = nditer(a, ['buffered', 'refs_ok'], ['readonly'],
+                    casting='unsafe', op_dtypes=sdt)
+    vals = next(i)
+    assert_equal(vals['a'], 0.5)
+    assert_equal(vals['b'], 0)
+    assert_equal(vals['c'], [[(0.5)]*3]*2)
+    assert_equal(vals['d'], 0.5)
+
+def test_object_iter_cleanup():
+    # see gh-18450
+    # object arrays can raise a python exception in ufunc inner loops using
+    # nditer, which should cause iteration to stop & cleanup. There were bugs
+    # in the nditer cleanup when decref'ing object arrays.
+    # This test would trigger valgrind "uninitialized read" before the bugfix.
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: np.zeros((17000, 2), dtype='f4') * None)
+
+    # this more explicit code also triggers the invalid access
+    arr = np.arange(np.BUFSIZE * 10).reshape(10, -1).astype(str)
+    oarr = arr.astype(object)
+    oarr[:, -1] = None
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: np.add(oarr[:, ::-1], arr[:, ::-1]))
+
+    # followup: this tests for a bug introduced in the first pass of gh-18450,
+    # caused by an incorrect fallthrough of the TypeError
+    class T:
+        def __bool__(self):
+            raise TypeError("Ambiguous")
+    assert_raises(TypeError, np.logical_or.reduce, 
+                             np.array([T(), T()], dtype='O'))
+
+def test_object_iter_cleanup_reduce():
+    # Similar as above, but a complex reduction case that was previously
+    # missed (see gh-18810).
+    # The following array is special in that it cannot be flattened:
+    arr = np.array([[None, 1], [-1, -1], [None, 2], [-1, -1]])[::2]
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        np.sum(arr)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("arr", [
+        np.ones((8000, 4, 2), dtype=object)[:, ::2, :],
+        np.ones((8000, 4, 2), dtype=object, order="F")[:, ::2, :],
+        np.ones((8000, 4, 2), dtype=object)[:, ::2, :].copy("F")])
+def test_object_iter_cleanup_large_reduce(arr):
+    # More complicated calls are possible for large arrays:
+    out = np.ones(8000, dtype=np.intp)
+    # force casting with `dtype=object`
+    res = np.sum(arr, axis=(1, 2), dtype=object, out=out)
+    assert_array_equal(res, np.full(8000, 4, dtype=object))
+
+def test_iter_too_large():
+    # The total size of the iterator must not exceed the maximum intp due
+    # to broadcasting. Dividing by 1024 will keep it small enough to
+    # give a legal array.
+    size = np.iinfo(np.intp).max // 1024
+    arr = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(np.zeros(1), (size,), (0,))
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer, (arr, arr[:, None]))
+    # test the same for multiindex. That may get more interesting when
+    # removing 0 dimensional axis is allowed (since an iterator can grow then)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, nditer,
+                  (arr, arr[:, None]), flags=['multi_index'])
+
+
+def test_iter_too_large_with_multiindex():
+    # When a multi index is being tracked, the error is delayed this
+    # checks the delayed error messages and getting below that by
+    # removing an axis.
+    base_size = 2**10
+    num = 1
+    while base_size**num < np.iinfo(np.intp).max:
+        num += 1
+
+    shape_template = [1, 1] * num
+    arrays = []
+    for i in range(num):
+        shape = shape_template[:]
+        shape[i * 2] = 2**10
+        arrays.append(np.empty(shape))
+    arrays = tuple(arrays)
+
+    # arrays are now too large to be broadcast. The different modes test
+    # different nditer functionality with or without GIL.
+    for mode in range(6):
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            _multiarray_tests.test_nditer_too_large(arrays, -1, mode)
+    # but if we do nothing with the nditer, it can be constructed:
+    _multiarray_tests.test_nditer_too_large(arrays, -1, 7)
+
+    # When an axis is removed, things should work again (half the time):
+    for i in range(num):
+        for mode in range(6):
+            # an axis with size 1024 is removed:
+            _multiarray_tests.test_nditer_too_large(arrays, i*2, mode)
+            # an axis with size 1 is removed:
+            with assert_raises(ValueError):
+                _multiarray_tests.test_nditer_too_large(arrays, i*2 + 1, mode)
+
+def test_writebacks():
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    au = a.byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    assert_(a.dtype.byteorder != au.dtype.byteorder)
+    it = nditer(au, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                        casting='equiv', op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    with it:
+        it.operands[0][:] = 100
+    assert_equal(au, 100)
+    # do it again, this time raise an error,
+    it = nditer(au, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                        casting='equiv', op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    try:
+        with it:
+            assert_equal(au.flags.writeable, False)
+            it.operands[0][:] = 0
+            raise ValueError('exit context manager on exception')
+    except:
+        pass
+    assert_equal(au, 0)
+    assert_equal(au.flags.writeable, True)
+    # cannot reuse i outside context manager
+    assert_raises(ValueError, getattr, it, 'operands')
+
+    it = nditer(au, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                        casting='equiv', op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    with it:
+        x = it.operands[0]
+        x[:] = 6
+        assert_(x.flags.writebackifcopy)
+    assert_equal(au, 6)
+    assert_(not x.flags.writebackifcopy)
+    x[:] = 123 # x.data still valid
+    assert_equal(au, 6) # but not connected to au
+
+    it = nditer(au, [],
+                 [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                 casting='equiv', op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # reentering works
+    with it:
+        with it:
+            for x in it:
+                x[...] = 123
+
+    it = nditer(au, [],
+                 [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                 casting='equiv', op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    # make sure exiting the inner context manager closes the iterator
+    with it:
+        with it:
+            for x in it:
+                x[...] = 123
+        assert_raises(ValueError, getattr, it, 'operands')
+    # do not crash if original data array is decrefed
+    it = nditer(au, [],
+                 [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                 casting='equiv', op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+    del au
+    with it:
+        for x in it:
+            x[...] = 123
+    # make sure we cannot reenter the closed iterator
+    enter = it.__enter__
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError, enter)
+
+def test_close_equivalent():
+    ''' using a context amanger and using nditer.close are equivalent
+    '''
+    def add_close(x, y, out=None):
+        addop = np.add
+        it = np.nditer([x, y, out], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly','allocate']])
+        for (a, b, c) in it:
+            addop(a, b, out=c)
+        ret = it.operands[2]
+        it.close()
+        return ret
+
+    def add_context(x, y, out=None):
+        addop = np.add
+        it = np.nditer([x, y, out], [],
+                    [['readonly'], ['readonly'], ['writeonly','allocate']])
+        with it:
+            for (a, b, c) in it:
+                addop(a, b, out=c)
+            return it.operands[2]
+    z = add_close(range(5), range(5))
+    assert_equal(z, range(0, 10, 2))
+    z = add_context(range(5), range(5))
+    assert_equal(z, range(0, 10, 2))
+
+def test_close_raises():
+    it = np.nditer(np.arange(3))
+    assert_equal (next(it), 0)
+    it.close()
+    assert_raises(StopIteration, next, it)
+    assert_raises(ValueError, getattr, it, 'operands')
+
+def test_close_parameters():
+    it = np.nditer(np.arange(3))
+    assert_raises(TypeError, it.close, 1)
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+def test_warn_noclose():
+    a = np.arange(6, dtype='f4')
+    au = a.byteswap().newbyteorder()
+    with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+        sup.record(RuntimeWarning)
+        it = np.nditer(au, [], [['readwrite', 'updateifcopy']],
+                        casting='equiv', op_dtypes=[np.dtype('f4')])
+        del it
+        assert len(sup.log) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info[:2] == (3, 9) and sys.platform == "win32",
+                    reason="Errors with Python 3.9 on Windows")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["in_dtype", "buf_dtype"],
+        [("i", "O"), ("O", "i"),  # most simple cases
+         ("i,O", "O,O"),  # structured partially only copying O
+         ("O,i", "i,O"),  # structured casting to and from O
+         ])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("steps", [1, 2, 3])
+def test_partial_iteration_cleanup(in_dtype, buf_dtype, steps):
+    """
+    Checks for reference counting leaks during cleanup.  Using explicit
+    reference counts lead to occasional false positives (at least in parallel
+    test setups).  This test now should still test leaks correctly when
+    run e.g. with pytest-valgrind or pytest-leaks
+    """
+    value = 2**30 + 1  # just a random value that Python won't intern
+    arr = np.full(int(np.BUFSIZE * 2.5), value).astype(in_dtype)
+
+    it = np.nditer(arr, op_dtypes=[np.dtype(buf_dtype)],
+            flags=["buffered", "external_loop", "refs_ok"], casting="unsafe")
+    for step in range(steps):
+        # The iteration finishes in 3 steps, the first two are partial
+        next(it)
+
+    del it  # not necessary, but we test the cleanup
+
+    # Repeat the test with `iternext`
+    it = np.nditer(arr, op_dtypes=[np.dtype(buf_dtype)],
+                   flags=["buffered", "external_loop", "refs_ok"], casting="unsafe")
+    for step in range(steps):
+        it.iternext()
+
+    del it  # not necessary, but we test the cleanup
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["in_dtype", "buf_dtype"],
+         [("O", "i"),  # most simple cases
+          ("O,i", "i,O"),  # structured casting to and from O
+          ])
+def test_partial_iteration_error(in_dtype, buf_dtype):
+    value = 123  # relies on python cache (leak-check will still find it)
+    arr = np.full(int(np.BUFSIZE * 2.5), value).astype(in_dtype)
+    if in_dtype == "O":
+        arr[int(np.BUFSIZE * 1.5)] = None
+    else:
+        arr[int(np.BUFSIZE * 1.5)]["f0"] = None
+
+    count = sys.getrefcount(value)
+
+    it = np.nditer(arr, op_dtypes=[np.dtype(buf_dtype)],
+            flags=["buffered", "external_loop", "refs_ok"], casting="unsafe")
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        # pytest.raises seems to have issues with the error originating
+        # in the for loop, so manually unravel:
+        next(it)
+        next(it)  # raises TypeError
+
+    # Repeat the test with `iternext` after resetting, the buffers should
+    # already be cleared from any references, so resetting is sufficient.
+    it.reset()
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        it.iternext()
+        it.iternext()
+
+    assert count == sys.getrefcount(value)
+
+
+def test_debug_print(capfd):
+    """
+    Matches the expected output of a debug print with the actual output.
+    Note that the iterator dump should not be considered stable API,
+    this test is mainly to ensure the print does not crash.
+
+    Currently uses a subprocess to avoid dealing with the C level `printf`s.
+    """
+    # the expected output with all addresses and sizes stripped (they vary
+    # and/or are platform dependent).
+    expected = """
+    ------ BEGIN ITERATOR DUMP ------
+    | Iterator Address:
+    | ItFlags: BUFFER REDUCE REUSE_REDUCE_LOOPS
+    | NDim: 2
+    | NOp: 2
+    | IterSize: 50
+    | IterStart: 0
+    | IterEnd: 50
+    | IterIndex: 0
+    | Iterator SizeOf:
+    | BufferData SizeOf:
+    | AxisData SizeOf:
+    |
+    | Perm: 0 1
+    | DTypes:
+    | DTypes: dtype('float64') dtype('int32')
+    | InitDataPtrs:
+    | BaseOffsets: 0 0
+    | Operands:
+    | Operand DTypes: dtype('int64') dtype('float64')
+    | OpItFlags:
+    |   Flags[0]: READ CAST ALIGNED
+    |   Flags[1]: READ WRITE CAST ALIGNED REDUCE
+    |
+    | BufferData:
+    |   BufferSize: 50
+    |   Size: 5
+    |   BufIterEnd: 5
+    |   REDUCE Pos: 0
+    |   REDUCE OuterSize: 10
+    |   REDUCE OuterDim: 1
+    |   Strides: 8 4
+    |   Ptrs:
+    |   REDUCE Outer Strides: 40 0
+    |   REDUCE Outer Ptrs:
+    |   ReadTransferFn:
+    |   ReadTransferData:
+    |   WriteTransferFn:
+    |   WriteTransferData:
+    |   Buffers:
+    |
+    | AxisData[0]:
+    |   Shape: 5
+    |   Index: 0
+    |   Strides: 16 8
+    |   Ptrs:
+    | AxisData[1]:
+    |   Shape: 10
+    |   Index: 0
+    |   Strides: 80 0
+    |   Ptrs:
+    ------- END ITERATOR DUMP -------
+    """.strip().splitlines()
+
+    arr1 = np.arange(100, dtype=np.int64).reshape(10, 10)[:, ::2]
+    arr2 = np.arange(5.)
+    it = np.nditer((arr1, arr2), op_dtypes=["d", "i4"], casting="unsafe",
+                   flags=["reduce_ok", "buffered"],
+                   op_flags=[["readonly"], ["readwrite"]])
+    it.debug_print()
+    res = capfd.readouterr().out
+    res = res.strip().splitlines()
+
+    assert len(res) == len(expected)
+    for res_line, expected_line in zip(res, expected):
+        # The actual output may have additional pointers listed that are
+        # stripped from the example output:
+        assert res_line.startswith(expected_line.strip())
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_nep50_promotions.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_nep50_promotions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74a18a8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_nep50_promotions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+"""
+This file adds basic tests to test the NEP 50 style promotion compatibility
+mode.  Most of these test are likely to be simply deleted again once NEP 50
+is adopted in the main test suite.  A few may be moved elsewhere.
+"""
+
+import operator
+
+import numpy as np
+
+import pytest
+from numpy.testing import IS_WASM
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)
+def _weak_promotion_enabled():
+    state = np._get_promotion_state()
+    np._set_promotion_state("weak_and_warn")
+    yield
+    np._set_promotion_state(state)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="wasm doesn't have support for fp errors")
+def test_nep50_examples():
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="result dtype changed"):
+        res = np.uint8(1) + 2
+    assert res.dtype == np.uint8
+
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="result dtype changed"):
+        res = np.array([1], np.uint8) + np.int64(1)
+    assert res.dtype == np.int64
+
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="result dtype changed"):
+        res = np.array([1], np.uint8) + np.array(1, dtype=np.int64)
+    assert res.dtype == np.int64
+
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="result dtype changed"):
+        # Note: For "weak_and_warn" promotion state the overflow warning is
+        #       unfortunately not given (because we use the full array path).
+        with np.errstate(over="raise"):
+            res = np.uint8(100) + 200
+    assert res.dtype == np.uint8
+
+    with pytest.warns(Warning) as recwarn:
+        res = np.float32(1) + 3e100
+
+    # Check that both warnings were given in the one call:
+    warning = str(recwarn.pop(UserWarning).message)
+    assert warning.startswith("result dtype changed")
+    warning = str(recwarn.pop(RuntimeWarning).message)
+    assert warning.startswith("overflow")
+    assert len(recwarn) == 0  # no further warnings
+    assert np.isinf(res)
+    assert res.dtype == np.float32
+
+    # Changes, but we don't warn for it (too noisy)
+    res = np.array([0.1], np.float32) == np.float64(0.1)
+    assert res[0] == False
+
+    # Additional test, since the above silences the warning:
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="result dtype changed"):
+        res = np.array([0.1], np.float32) + np.float64(0.1)
+    assert res.dtype == np.float64
+
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="result dtype changed"):
+        res = np.array([1.], np.float32) + np.int64(3)
+    assert res.dtype == np.float64
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+def test_nep50_weak_integers(dtype):
+    # Avoids warning (different code path for scalars)
+    np._set_promotion_state("weak")
+    scalar_type = np.dtype(dtype).type
+
+    maxint = int(np.iinfo(dtype).max)
+
+    with np.errstate(over="warn"):
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning):
+            res = scalar_type(100) + maxint
+    assert res.dtype == dtype
+
+    # Array operations are not expected to warn, but should give the same
+    # result dtype.
+    res = np.array(100, dtype=dtype) + maxint
+    assert res.dtype == dtype
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllFloat"])
+def test_nep50_weak_integers_with_inexact(dtype):
+    # Avoids warning (different code path for scalars)
+    np._set_promotion_state("weak")
+    scalar_type = np.dtype(dtype).type
+
+    too_big_int = int(np.finfo(dtype).max) * 2
+
+    if dtype in "dDG":
+        # These dtypes currently convert to Python float internally, which
+        # raises an OverflowError, while the other dtypes overflow to inf.
+        # NOTE: It may make sense to normalize the behavior!
+        with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+            scalar_type(1) + too_big_int
+
+        with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+            np.array(1, dtype=dtype) + too_big_int
+    else:
+        # NumPy uses (or used) `int -> string -> longdouble` for the
+        # conversion.  But Python may refuse `str(int)` for huge ints.
+        # In that case, RuntimeWarning would be correct, but conversion
+        # fails earlier (seems to happen on 32bit linux, possibly only debug).
+        if dtype in "gG":
+            try:
+                str(too_big_int)
+            except ValueError:
+                pytest.skip("`huge_int -> string -> longdouble` failed")
+
+        # Otherwise, we overflow to infinity:
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning):
+            res = scalar_type(1) + too_big_int
+        assert res.dtype == dtype
+        assert res == np.inf
+
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning):
+            # We force the dtype here, since windows may otherwise pick the
+            # double instead of the longdouble loop.  That leads to slightly
+            # different results (conversion of the int fails as above).
+            res = np.add(np.array(1, dtype=dtype), too_big_int, dtype=dtype)
+        assert res.dtype == dtype
+        assert res == np.inf
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", [operator.add, operator.pow, operator.eq])
+def test_weak_promotion_scalar_path(op):
+    # Some additional paths exercising the weak scalars.
+    np._set_promotion_state("weak")
+
+    # Integer path:
+    res = op(np.uint8(3), 5)
+    assert res == op(3, 5)
+    assert res.dtype == np.uint8 or res.dtype == bool
+
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+        op(np.uint8(3), 1000)
+
+    # Float path:
+    res = op(np.float32(3), 5.)
+    assert res == op(3., 5.)
+    assert res.dtype == np.float32 or res.dtype == bool
+
+
+def test_nep50_complex_promotion():
+    np._set_promotion_state("weak")
+
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match=".*overflow"):
+        res = np.complex64(3) + complex(2**300)
+
+    assert type(res) == np.complex64
+
+
+def test_nep50_integer_conversion_errors():
+    # Do not worry about warnings here (auto-fixture will reset).
+    np._set_promotion_state("weak")
+    # Implementation for error paths is mostly missing (as of writing)
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError, match=".*uint8"):
+        np.array([1], np.uint8) + 300
+
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError, match=".*uint8"):
+        np.uint8(1) + 300
+
+    # Error message depends on platform (maybe unsigned int or unsigned long)
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError,
+            match="Python integer -1 out of bounds for uint8"):
+        np.uint8(1) + -1
+
+
+def test_nep50_integer_regression():
+    # Test the old integer promotion rules.  When the integer is too large,
+    # we need to keep using the old-style promotion.
+    np._set_promotion_state("legacy")
+    arr = np.array(1)
+    assert (arr + 2**63).dtype == np.float64
+    assert (arr[()] + 2**63).dtype == np.float64
+
+
+def test_nep50_with_axisconcatenator():
+    # I promised that this will be an error in the future in the 1.25
+    # release notes;  test this (NEP 50 opt-in makes the deprecation an error).
+    np._set_promotion_state("weak")
+
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+        np.r_[np.arange(5, dtype=np.int8), 255]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc", [np.add, np.power])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("state", ["weak", "weak_and_warn"])
+def test_nep50_huge_integers(ufunc, state):
+    # Very large integers are complicated, because they go to uint64 or
+    # object dtype.  This tests covers a few possible paths (some of which
+    # cannot give the NEP 50 warnings).
+    np._set_promotion_state(state)
+
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+        ufunc(np.int64(0), 2**63)  # 2**63 too large for int64
+
+    if state == "weak_and_warn":
+        with pytest.warns(UserWarning,
+                match="result dtype changed.*float64.*uint64"):
+            with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+                ufunc(np.uint64(0), 2**64)
+    else:
+        with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+            ufunc(np.uint64(0), 2**64)  # 2**64 cannot be represented by uint64
+
+    # However, 2**63 can be represented by the uint64 (and that is used):
+    if state == "weak_and_warn":
+        with pytest.warns(UserWarning,
+                match="result dtype changed.*float64.*uint64"):
+            res = ufunc(np.uint64(1), 2**63)
+    else:
+        res = ufunc(np.uint64(1), 2**63)
+
+    assert res.dtype == np.uint64
+    assert res == ufunc(1, 2**63, dtype=object)
+
+    # The following paths fail to warn correctly about the change:
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+        ufunc(np.int64(1), 2**63)  # np.array(2**63) would go to uint
+
+    with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+        ufunc(np.int64(1), 2**100)  # np.array(2**100) would go to object
+
+    # This would go to object and thus a Python float, not a NumPy one:
+    res = ufunc(1.0, 2**100)
+    assert isinstance(res, np.float64)
+
+
+def test_nep50_in_concat_and_choose():
+    np._set_promotion_state("weak_and_warn")
+
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="result dtype changed"):
+        res = np.concatenate([np.float32(1), 1.], axis=None)
+    assert res.dtype == "float32"
+
+    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match="result dtype changed"):
+        res = np.choose(1, [np.float32(1), 1.])
+    assert res.dtype == "float32"
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_numeric.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_numeric.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5edd3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_numeric.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3593 @@
+import sys
+import warnings
+import itertools
+import platform
+import pytest
+import math
+from decimal import Decimal
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core import umath
+from numpy.random import rand, randint, randn
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_raises_regex,
+    assert_array_equal, assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_warns, assert_array_max_ulp, HAS_REFCOUNT, IS_WASM
+    )
+from numpy.core._rational_tests import rational
+
+from hypothesis import given, strategies as st
+from hypothesis.extra import numpy as hynp
+
+
+class TestResize:
+    def test_copies(self):
+        A = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+        Ar1 = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4]])
+        assert_equal(np.resize(A, (2, 4)), Ar1)
+
+        Ar2 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [1, 2], [3, 4]])
+        assert_equal(np.resize(A, (4, 2)), Ar2)
+
+        Ar3 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 1, 2], [3, 4, 1], [2, 3, 4]])
+        assert_equal(np.resize(A, (4, 3)), Ar3)
+
+    def test_repeats(self):
+        A = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        Ar1 = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 1], [2, 3, 1, 2]])
+        assert_equal(np.resize(A, (2, 4)), Ar1)
+
+        Ar2 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 1], [2, 3], [1, 2]])
+        assert_equal(np.resize(A, (4, 2)), Ar2)
+
+        Ar3 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]])
+        assert_equal(np.resize(A, (4, 3)), Ar3)
+
+    def test_zeroresize(self):
+        A = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+        Ar = np.resize(A, (0,))
+        assert_array_equal(Ar, np.array([]))
+        assert_equal(A.dtype, Ar.dtype)
+
+        Ar = np.resize(A, (0, 2))
+        assert_equal(Ar.shape, (0, 2))
+
+        Ar = np.resize(A, (2, 0))
+        assert_equal(Ar.shape, (2, 0))
+
+    def test_reshape_from_zero(self):
+        # See also gh-6740
+        A = np.zeros(0, dtype=[('a', np.float32)])
+        Ar = np.resize(A, (2, 1))
+        assert_array_equal(Ar, np.zeros((2, 1), Ar.dtype))
+        assert_equal(A.dtype, Ar.dtype)
+
+    def test_negative_resize(self):
+        A = np.arange(0, 10, dtype=np.float32)
+        new_shape = (-10, -1)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"negative"):
+            np.resize(A, new_shape=new_shape)
+
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class MyArray(np.ndarray):
+            __array_priority__ = 1.
+
+        my_arr = np.array([1]).view(MyArray)
+        assert type(np.resize(my_arr, 5)) is MyArray
+        assert type(np.resize(my_arr, 0)) is MyArray
+
+        my_arr = np.array([]).view(MyArray)
+        assert type(np.resize(my_arr, 5)) is MyArray
+
+
+class TestNonarrayArgs:
+    # check that non-array arguments to functions wrap them in arrays
+    def test_choose(self):
+        choices = [[0, 1, 2],
+                   [3, 4, 5],
+                   [5, 6, 7]]
+        tgt = [5, 1, 5]
+        a = [2, 0, 1]
+
+        out = np.choose(a, choices)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_clip(self):
+        arr = [-1, 5, 2, 3, 10, -4, -9]
+        out = np.clip(arr, 2, 7)
+        tgt = [2, 5, 2, 3, 7, 2, 2]
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_compress(self):
+        arr = [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+               [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
+        tgt = [[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
+        out = np.compress([0, 1], arr, axis=0)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_count_nonzero(self):
+        arr = [[0, 1, 7, 0, 0],
+               [3, 0, 0, 2, 19]]
+        tgt = np.array([2, 3])
+        out = np.count_nonzero(arr, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_cumproduct(self):
+        A = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            expected = np.array([1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720])
+            assert_(np.all(np.cumproduct(A) == expected))
+
+    def test_diagonal(self):
+        a = [[0, 1, 2, 3],
+             [4, 5, 6, 7],
+             [8, 9, 10, 11]]
+        out = np.diagonal(a)
+        tgt = [0, 5, 10]
+
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_mean(self):
+        A = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
+        assert_(np.mean(A) == 3.5)
+        assert_(np.all(np.mean(A, 0) == np.array([2.5, 3.5, 4.5])))
+        assert_(np.all(np.mean(A, 1) == np.array([2., 5.])))
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', RuntimeWarning)
+            assert_(np.isnan(np.mean([])))
+            assert_(w[0].category is RuntimeWarning)
+
+    def test_ptp(self):
+        a = [3, 4, 5, 10, -3, -5, 6.0]
+        assert_equal(np.ptp(a, axis=0), 15.0)
+
+    def test_prod(self):
+        arr = [[1, 2, 3, 4],
+               [5, 6, 7, 9],
+               [10, 3, 4, 5]]
+        tgt = [24, 1890, 600]
+
+        assert_equal(np.prod(arr, axis=-1), tgt)
+
+    def test_ravel(self):
+        a = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]]
+        tgt = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
+        assert_equal(np.ravel(a), tgt)
+
+    def test_repeat(self):
+        a = [1, 2, 3]
+        tgt = [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]
+
+        out = np.repeat(a, 2)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_reshape(self):
+        arr = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]]
+        tgt = [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]]
+        assert_equal(np.reshape(arr, (2, 6)), tgt)
+
+    def test_round(self):
+        arr = [1.56, 72.54, 6.35, 3.25]
+        tgt = [1.6, 72.5, 6.4, 3.2]
+        assert_equal(np.around(arr, decimals=1), tgt)
+        s = np.float64(1.)
+        assert_(isinstance(s.round(), np.float64))
+        assert_equal(s.round(), 1.)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [
+        np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64,
+        np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64,
+        np.float16, np.float32, np.float64,
+    ])
+    def test_dunder_round(self, dtype):
+        s = dtype(1)
+        assert_(isinstance(round(s), int))
+        assert_(isinstance(round(s, None), int))
+        assert_(isinstance(round(s, ndigits=None), int))
+        assert_equal(round(s), 1)
+        assert_equal(round(s, None), 1)
+        assert_equal(round(s, ndigits=None), 1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('val, ndigits', [
+        pytest.param(2**31 - 1, -1,
+            marks=pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Out of range of int32")
+        ),
+        (2**31 - 1, 1-math.ceil(math.log10(2**31 - 1))),
+        (2**31 - 1, -math.ceil(math.log10(2**31 - 1)))
+    ])
+    def test_dunder_round_edgecases(self, val, ndigits):
+        assert_equal(round(val, ndigits), round(np.int32(val), ndigits))
+
+    def test_dunder_round_accuracy(self):
+        f = np.float64(5.1 * 10**73)
+        assert_(isinstance(round(f, -73), np.float64))
+        assert_array_max_ulp(round(f, -73), 5.0 * 10**73)
+        assert_(isinstance(round(f, ndigits=-73), np.float64))
+        assert_array_max_ulp(round(f, ndigits=-73), 5.0 * 10**73)
+
+        i = np.int64(501)
+        assert_(isinstance(round(i, -2), np.int64))
+        assert_array_max_ulp(round(i, -2), 500)
+        assert_(isinstance(round(i, ndigits=-2), np.int64))
+        assert_array_max_ulp(round(i, ndigits=-2), 500)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(raises=AssertionError, reason="gh-15896")
+    def test_round_py_consistency(self):
+        f = 5.1 * 10**73
+        assert_equal(round(np.float64(f), -73), round(f, -73))
+
+    def test_searchsorted(self):
+        arr = [-8, -5, -1, 3, 6, 10]
+        out = np.searchsorted(arr, 0)
+        assert_equal(out, 3)
+
+    def test_size(self):
+        A = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
+        assert_(np.size(A) == 6)
+        assert_(np.size(A, 0) == 2)
+        assert_(np.size(A, 1) == 3)
+
+    def test_squeeze(self):
+        A = [[[1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2], [3, 3, 3]]]
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze(A).shape, (3, 3))
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze(np.zeros((1, 3, 1))).shape, (3,))
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze(np.zeros((1, 3, 1)), axis=0).shape, (3, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze(np.zeros((1, 3, 1)), axis=-1).shape, (1, 3))
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze(np.zeros((1, 3, 1)), axis=2).shape, (1, 3))
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze([np.zeros((3, 1))]).shape, (3,))
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze([np.zeros((3, 1))], axis=0).shape, (3, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze([np.zeros((3, 1))], axis=2).shape, (1, 3))
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze([np.zeros((3, 1))], axis=-1).shape, (1, 3))
+
+    def test_std(self):
+        A = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
+        assert_almost_equal(np.std(A), 1.707825127659933)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.std(A, 0), np.array([1.5, 1.5, 1.5]))
+        assert_almost_equal(np.std(A, 1), np.array([0.81649658, 0.81649658]))
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', RuntimeWarning)
+            assert_(np.isnan(np.std([])))
+            assert_(w[0].category is RuntimeWarning)
+
+    def test_swapaxes(self):
+        tgt = [[[0, 4], [2, 6]], [[1, 5], [3, 7]]]
+        a = [[[0, 1], [2, 3]], [[4, 5], [6, 7]]]
+        out = np.swapaxes(a, 0, 2)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_sum(self):
+        m = [[1, 2, 3],
+             [4, 5, 6],
+             [7, 8, 9]]
+        tgt = [[6], [15], [24]]
+        out = np.sum(m, axis=1, keepdims=True)
+
+        assert_equal(tgt, out)
+
+    def test_take(self):
+        tgt = [2, 3, 5]
+        indices = [1, 2, 4]
+        a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+        out = np.take(a, indices)
+        assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_trace(self):
+        c = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
+        assert_equal(np.trace(c), 5)
+
+    def test_transpose(self):
+        arr = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
+        tgt = [[1, 3, 5], [2, 4, 6]]
+        assert_equal(np.transpose(arr, (1, 0)), tgt)
+
+    def test_var(self):
+        A = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
+        assert_almost_equal(np.var(A), 2.9166666666666665)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.var(A, 0), np.array([2.25, 2.25, 2.25]))
+        assert_almost_equal(np.var(A, 1), np.array([0.66666667, 0.66666667]))
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', RuntimeWarning)
+            assert_(np.isnan(np.var([])))
+            assert_(w[0].category is RuntimeWarning)
+
+        B = np.array([None, 0])
+        B[0] = 1j
+        assert_almost_equal(np.var(B), 0.25)
+
+
+class TestIsscalar:
+    def test_isscalar(self):
+        assert_(np.isscalar(3.1))
+        assert_(np.isscalar(np.int16(12345)))
+        assert_(np.isscalar(False))
+        assert_(np.isscalar('numpy'))
+        assert_(not np.isscalar([3.1]))
+        assert_(not np.isscalar(None))
+
+        # PEP 3141
+        from fractions import Fraction
+        assert_(np.isscalar(Fraction(5, 17)))
+        from numbers import Number
+        assert_(np.isscalar(Number()))
+
+
+class TestBoolScalar:
+    def test_logical(self):
+        f = np.False_
+        t = np.True_
+        s = "xyz"
+        assert_((t and s) is s)
+        assert_((f and s) is f)
+
+    def test_bitwise_or(self):
+        f = np.False_
+        t = np.True_
+        assert_((t | t) is t)
+        assert_((f | t) is t)
+        assert_((t | f) is t)
+        assert_((f | f) is f)
+
+    def test_bitwise_and(self):
+        f = np.False_
+        t = np.True_
+        assert_((t & t) is t)
+        assert_((f & t) is f)
+        assert_((t & f) is f)
+        assert_((f & f) is f)
+
+    def test_bitwise_xor(self):
+        f = np.False_
+        t = np.True_
+        assert_((t ^ t) is f)
+        assert_((f ^ t) is t)
+        assert_((t ^ f) is t)
+        assert_((f ^ f) is f)
+
+
+class TestBoolArray:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        # offset for simd tests
+        self.t = np.array([True] * 41, dtype=bool)[1::]
+        self.f = np.array([False] * 41, dtype=bool)[1::]
+        self.o = np.array([False] * 42, dtype=bool)[2::]
+        self.nm = self.f.copy()
+        self.im = self.t.copy()
+        self.nm[3] = True
+        self.nm[-2] = True
+        self.im[3] = False
+        self.im[-2] = False
+
+    def test_all_any(self):
+        assert_(self.t.all())
+        assert_(self.t.any())
+        assert_(not self.f.all())
+        assert_(not self.f.any())
+        assert_(self.nm.any())
+        assert_(self.im.any())
+        assert_(not self.nm.all())
+        assert_(not self.im.all())
+        # check bad element in all positions
+        for i in range(256 - 7):
+            d = np.array([False] * 256, dtype=bool)[7::]
+            d[i] = True
+            assert_(np.any(d))
+            e = np.array([True] * 256, dtype=bool)[7::]
+            e[i] = False
+            assert_(not np.all(e))
+            assert_array_equal(e, ~d)
+        # big array test for blocked libc loops
+        for i in list(range(9, 6000, 507)) + [7764, 90021, -10]:
+            d = np.array([False] * 100043, dtype=bool)
+            d[i] = True
+            assert_(np.any(d), msg="%r" % i)
+            e = np.array([True] * 100043, dtype=bool)
+            e[i] = False
+            assert_(not np.all(e), msg="%r" % i)
+
+    def test_logical_not_abs(self):
+        assert_array_equal(~self.t, self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(np.abs(~self.t), self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(np.abs(~self.f), self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(np.abs(self.f), self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(~np.abs(self.f), self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(~np.abs(self.t), self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(np.abs(~self.nm), self.im)
+        np.logical_not(self.t, out=self.o)
+        assert_array_equal(self.o, self.f)
+        np.abs(self.t, out=self.o)
+        assert_array_equal(self.o, self.t)
+
+    def test_logical_and_or_xor(self):
+        assert_array_equal(self.t | self.t, self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(self.f | self.f, self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(self.t | self.f, self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(self.f | self.t, self.t)
+        np.logical_or(self.t, self.t, out=self.o)
+        assert_array_equal(self.o, self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(self.t & self.t, self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(self.f & self.f, self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(self.t & self.f, self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(self.f & self.t, self.f)
+        np.logical_and(self.t, self.t, out=self.o)
+        assert_array_equal(self.o, self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(self.t ^ self.t, self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(self.f ^ self.f, self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(self.t ^ self.f, self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(self.f ^ self.t, self.t)
+        np.logical_xor(self.t, self.t, out=self.o)
+        assert_array_equal(self.o, self.f)
+
+        assert_array_equal(self.nm & self.t, self.nm)
+        assert_array_equal(self.im & self.f, False)
+        assert_array_equal(self.nm & True, self.nm)
+        assert_array_equal(self.im & False, self.f)
+        assert_array_equal(self.nm | self.t, self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(self.im | self.f, self.im)
+        assert_array_equal(self.nm | True, self.t)
+        assert_array_equal(self.im | False, self.im)
+        assert_array_equal(self.nm ^ self.t, self.im)
+        assert_array_equal(self.im ^ self.f, self.im)
+        assert_array_equal(self.nm ^ True, self.im)
+        assert_array_equal(self.im ^ False, self.im)
+
+
+class TestBoolCmp:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.f = np.ones(256, dtype=np.float32)
+        self.ef = np.ones(self.f.size, dtype=bool)
+        self.d = np.ones(128, dtype=np.float64)
+        self.ed = np.ones(self.d.size, dtype=bool)
+        # generate values for all permutation of 256bit simd vectors
+        s = 0
+        for i in range(32):
+            self.f[s:s+8] = [i & 2**x for x in range(8)]
+            self.ef[s:s+8] = [(i & 2**x) != 0 for x in range(8)]
+            s += 8
+        s = 0
+        for i in range(16):
+            self.d[s:s+4] = [i & 2**x for x in range(4)]
+            self.ed[s:s+4] = [(i & 2**x) != 0 for x in range(4)]
+            s += 4
+
+        self.nf = self.f.copy()
+        self.nd = self.d.copy()
+        self.nf[self.ef] = np.nan
+        self.nd[self.ed] = np.nan
+
+        self.inff = self.f.copy()
+        self.infd = self.d.copy()
+        self.inff[::3][self.ef[::3]] = np.inf
+        self.infd[::3][self.ed[::3]] = np.inf
+        self.inff[1::3][self.ef[1::3]] = -np.inf
+        self.infd[1::3][self.ed[1::3]] = -np.inf
+        self.inff[2::3][self.ef[2::3]] = np.nan
+        self.infd[2::3][self.ed[2::3]] = np.nan
+        self.efnonan = self.ef.copy()
+        self.efnonan[2::3] = False
+        self.ednonan = self.ed.copy()
+        self.ednonan[2::3] = False
+
+        self.signf = self.f.copy()
+        self.signd = self.d.copy()
+        self.signf[self.ef] *= -1.
+        self.signd[self.ed] *= -1.
+        self.signf[1::6][self.ef[1::6]] = -np.inf
+        self.signd[1::6][self.ed[1::6]] = -np.inf
+        # On RISC-V, many operations that produce NaNs, such as converting
+        # a -NaN from f64 to f32, return a canonical NaN.  The canonical
+        # NaNs are always positive.  See section 11.3 NaN Generation and
+        # Propagation of the RISC-V Unprivileged ISA for more details.
+        # We disable the float32 sign test on riscv64 for -np.nan as the sign
+        # of the NaN will be lost when it's converted to a float32.
+        if platform.processor() != 'riscv64':
+            self.signf[3::6][self.ef[3::6]] = -np.nan
+        self.signd[3::6][self.ed[3::6]] = -np.nan
+        self.signf[4::6][self.ef[4::6]] = -0.
+        self.signd[4::6][self.ed[4::6]] = -0.
+
+    def test_float(self):
+        # offset for alignment test
+        for i in range(4):
+            assert_array_equal(self.f[i:] > 0, self.ef[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(self.f[i:] - 1 >= 0, self.ef[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(self.f[i:] == 0, ~self.ef[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(-self.f[i:] < 0, self.ef[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(-self.f[i:] + 1 <= 0, self.ef[i:])
+            r = self.f[i:] != 0
+            assert_array_equal(r, self.ef[i:])
+            r2 = self.f[i:] != np.zeros_like(self.f[i:])
+            r3 = 0 != self.f[i:]
+            assert_array_equal(r, r2)
+            assert_array_equal(r, r3)
+            # check bool == 0x1
+            assert_array_equal(r.view(np.int8), r.astype(np.int8))
+            assert_array_equal(r2.view(np.int8), r2.astype(np.int8))
+            assert_array_equal(r3.view(np.int8), r3.astype(np.int8))
+
+            # isnan on amd64 takes the same code path
+            assert_array_equal(np.isnan(self.nf[i:]), self.ef[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(np.isfinite(self.nf[i:]), ~self.ef[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(np.isfinite(self.inff[i:]), ~self.ef[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(np.isinf(self.inff[i:]), self.efnonan[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(np.signbit(self.signf[i:]), self.ef[i:])
+
+    def test_double(self):
+        # offset for alignment test
+        for i in range(2):
+            assert_array_equal(self.d[i:] > 0, self.ed[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(self.d[i:] - 1 >= 0, self.ed[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(self.d[i:] == 0, ~self.ed[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(-self.d[i:] < 0, self.ed[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(-self.d[i:] + 1 <= 0, self.ed[i:])
+            r = self.d[i:] != 0
+            assert_array_equal(r, self.ed[i:])
+            r2 = self.d[i:] != np.zeros_like(self.d[i:])
+            r3 = 0 != self.d[i:]
+            assert_array_equal(r, r2)
+            assert_array_equal(r, r3)
+            # check bool == 0x1
+            assert_array_equal(r.view(np.int8), r.astype(np.int8))
+            assert_array_equal(r2.view(np.int8), r2.astype(np.int8))
+            assert_array_equal(r3.view(np.int8), r3.astype(np.int8))
+
+            # isnan on amd64 takes the same code path
+            assert_array_equal(np.isnan(self.nd[i:]), self.ed[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(np.isfinite(self.nd[i:]), ~self.ed[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(np.isfinite(self.infd[i:]), ~self.ed[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(np.isinf(self.infd[i:]), self.ednonan[i:])
+            assert_array_equal(np.signbit(self.signd[i:]), self.ed[i:])
+
+
+class TestSeterr:
+    def test_default(self):
+        err = np.geterr()
+        assert_equal(err,
+                     dict(divide='warn',
+                          invalid='warn',
+                          over='warn',
+                          under='ignore')
+                     )
+
+    def test_set(self):
+        with np.errstate():
+            err = np.seterr()
+            old = np.seterr(divide='print')
+            assert_(err == old)
+            new = np.seterr()
+            assert_(new['divide'] == 'print')
+            np.seterr(over='raise')
+            assert_(np.geterr()['over'] == 'raise')
+            assert_(new['divide'] == 'print')
+            np.seterr(**old)
+            assert_(np.geterr() == old)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="no wasm fp exception support")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(platform.machine() == "armv5tel", reason="See gh-413.")
+    def test_divide_err(self):
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise'):
+            with assert_raises(FloatingPointError):
+                np.array([1.]) / np.array([0.])
+
+            np.seterr(divide='ignore')
+            np.array([1.]) / np.array([0.])
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="no wasm fp exception support")
+    def test_errobj(self):
+        olderrobj = np.geterrobj()
+        self.called = 0
+        try:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+                warnings.simplefilter("always")
+                with np.errstate(divide='warn'):
+                    np.seterrobj([20000, 1, None])
+                    np.array([1.]) / np.array([0.])
+                    assert_equal(len(w), 1)
+
+            def log_err(*args):
+                self.called += 1
+                extobj_err = args
+                assert_(len(extobj_err) == 2)
+                assert_("divide" in extobj_err[0])
+
+            with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+                np.seterrobj([20000, 3, log_err])
+                np.array([1.]) / np.array([0.])
+            assert_equal(self.called, 1)
+
+            np.seterrobj(olderrobj)
+            with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+                np.divide(1., 0., extobj=[20000, 3, log_err])
+            assert_equal(self.called, 2)
+        finally:
+            np.seterrobj(olderrobj)
+            del self.called
+
+    def test_errobj_noerrmask(self):
+        # errmask = 0 has a special code path for the default
+        olderrobj = np.geterrobj()
+        try:
+            # set errobj to something non default
+            np.seterrobj([umath.UFUNC_BUFSIZE_DEFAULT,
+                         umath.ERR_DEFAULT + 1, None])
+            # call a ufunc
+            np.isnan(np.array([6]))
+            # same with the default, lots of times to get rid of possible
+            # pre-existing stack in the code
+            for i in range(10000):
+                np.seterrobj([umath.UFUNC_BUFSIZE_DEFAULT, umath.ERR_DEFAULT,
+                             None])
+            np.isnan(np.array([6]))
+        finally:
+            np.seterrobj(olderrobj)
+
+
+class TestFloatExceptions:
+    def assert_raises_fpe(self, fpeerr, flop, x, y):
+        ftype = type(x)
+        try:
+            flop(x, y)
+            assert_(False,
+                    "Type %s did not raise fpe error '%s'." % (ftype, fpeerr))
+        except FloatingPointError as exc:
+            assert_(str(exc).find(fpeerr) >= 0,
+                    "Type %s raised wrong fpe error '%s'." % (ftype, exc))
+
+    def assert_op_raises_fpe(self, fpeerr, flop, sc1, sc2):
+        # Check that fpe exception is raised.
+        #
+        # Given a floating operation `flop` and two scalar values, check that
+        # the operation raises the floating point exception specified by
+        # `fpeerr`. Tests all variants with 0-d array scalars as well.
+
+        self.assert_raises_fpe(fpeerr, flop, sc1, sc2)
+        self.assert_raises_fpe(fpeerr, flop, sc1[()], sc2)
+        self.assert_raises_fpe(fpeerr, flop, sc1, sc2[()])
+        self.assert_raises_fpe(fpeerr, flop, sc1[()], sc2[()])
+
+    # Test for all real and complex float types
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="no wasm fp exception support")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("typecode", np.typecodes["AllFloat"])
+    def test_floating_exceptions(self, typecode):
+        if 'bsd' in sys.platform and typecode in 'gG':
+            pytest.skip(reason="Fallback impl for (c)longdouble may not raise "
+                               "FPE errors as expected on BSD OSes, "
+                               "see gh-24876, gh-23379")
+
+        # Test basic arithmetic function errors
+        with np.errstate(all='raise'):
+            ftype = np.obj2sctype(typecode)
+            if np.dtype(ftype).kind == 'f':
+                # Get some extreme values for the type
+                fi = np.finfo(ftype)
+                ft_tiny = fi._machar.tiny
+                ft_max = fi.max
+                ft_eps = fi.eps
+                underflow = 'underflow'
+                divbyzero = 'divide by zero'
+            else:
+                # 'c', complex, corresponding real dtype
+                rtype = type(ftype(0).real)
+                fi = np.finfo(rtype)
+                ft_tiny = ftype(fi._machar.tiny)
+                ft_max = ftype(fi.max)
+                ft_eps = ftype(fi.eps)
+                # The complex types raise different exceptions
+                underflow = ''
+                divbyzero = ''
+            overflow = 'overflow'
+            invalid = 'invalid'
+
+            # The value of tiny for double double is NaN, so we need to
+            # pass the assert
+            if not np.isnan(ft_tiny):
+                self.assert_raises_fpe(underflow,
+                                    lambda a, b: a/b, ft_tiny, ft_max)
+                self.assert_raises_fpe(underflow,
+                                    lambda a, b: a*b, ft_tiny, ft_tiny)
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(overflow,
+                                   lambda a, b: a*b, ft_max, ftype(2))
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(overflow,
+                                   lambda a, b: a/b, ft_max, ftype(0.5))
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(overflow,
+                                   lambda a, b: a+b, ft_max, ft_max*ft_eps)
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(overflow,
+                                   lambda a, b: a-b, -ft_max, ft_max*ft_eps)
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(overflow,
+                                   np.power, ftype(2), ftype(2**fi.nexp))
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(divbyzero,
+                                   lambda a, b: a/b, ftype(1), ftype(0))
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(
+                invalid, lambda a, b: a/b, ftype(np.inf), ftype(np.inf)
+            )
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(invalid,
+                                   lambda a, b: a/b, ftype(0), ftype(0))
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(
+                invalid, lambda a, b: a-b, ftype(np.inf), ftype(np.inf)
+            )
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(
+                invalid, lambda a, b: a+b, ftype(np.inf), ftype(-np.inf)
+            )
+            self.assert_raises_fpe(invalid,
+                                   lambda a, b: a*b, ftype(0), ftype(np.inf))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="no wasm fp exception support")
+    def test_warnings(self):
+        # test warning code path
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
+            with np.errstate(all="warn"):
+                np.divide(1, 0.)
+                assert_equal(len(w), 1)
+                assert_("divide by zero" in str(w[0].message))
+                np.array(1e300) * np.array(1e300)
+                assert_equal(len(w), 2)
+                assert_("overflow" in str(w[-1].message))
+                np.array(np.inf) - np.array(np.inf)
+                assert_equal(len(w), 3)
+                assert_("invalid value" in str(w[-1].message))
+                np.array(1e-300) * np.array(1e-300)
+                assert_equal(len(w), 4)
+                assert_("underflow" in str(w[-1].message))
+
+
+class TestTypes:
+    def check_promotion_cases(self, promote_func):
+        # tests that the scalars get coerced correctly.
+        b = np.bool_(0)
+        i8, i16, i32, i64 = np.int8(0), np.int16(0), np.int32(0), np.int64(0)
+        u8, u16, u32, u64 = np.uint8(0), np.uint16(0), np.uint32(0), np.uint64(0)
+        f32, f64, fld = np.float32(0), np.float64(0), np.longdouble(0)
+        c64, c128, cld = np.complex64(0), np.complex128(0), np.clongdouble(0)
+
+        # coercion within the same kind
+        assert_equal(promote_func(i8, i16), np.dtype(np.int16))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(i32, i8), np.dtype(np.int32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(i16, i64), np.dtype(np.int64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(u8, u32), np.dtype(np.uint32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(f32, f64), np.dtype(np.float64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(fld, f32), np.dtype(np.longdouble))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(f64, fld), np.dtype(np.longdouble))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(c128, c64), np.dtype(np.complex128))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(cld, c128), np.dtype(np.clongdouble))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(c64, fld), np.dtype(np.clongdouble))
+
+        # coercion between kinds
+        assert_equal(promote_func(b, i32), np.dtype(np.int32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(b, u8), np.dtype(np.uint8))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(i8, u8), np.dtype(np.int16))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(u8, i32), np.dtype(np.int32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(i64, u32), np.dtype(np.int64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(u64, i32), np.dtype(np.float64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(i32, f32), np.dtype(np.float64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(i64, f32), np.dtype(np.float64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(f32, i16), np.dtype(np.float32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(f32, u32), np.dtype(np.float64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(f32, c64), np.dtype(np.complex64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(c128, f32), np.dtype(np.complex128))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(cld, f64), np.dtype(np.clongdouble))
+
+        # coercion between scalars and 1-D arrays
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([b]), i8), np.dtype(np.int8))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([b]), u8), np.dtype(np.uint8))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([b]), i32), np.dtype(np.int32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([b]), u32), np.dtype(np.uint32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([i8]), i64), np.dtype(np.int8))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(u64, np.array([i32])), np.dtype(np.int32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(i64, np.array([u32])), np.dtype(np.uint32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.int32(-1), np.array([u64])),
+                     np.dtype(np.float64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(f64, np.array([f32])), np.dtype(np.float32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(fld, np.array([f32])), np.dtype(np.float32))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([f64]), fld), np.dtype(np.float64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(fld, np.array([c64])),
+                     np.dtype(np.complex64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(c64, np.array([f64])),
+                     np.dtype(np.complex128))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.complex64(3j), np.array([f64])),
+                     np.dtype(np.complex128))
+
+        # coercion between scalars and 1-D arrays, where
+        # the scalar has greater kind than the array
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([b]), f64), np.dtype(np.float64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([b]), i64), np.dtype(np.int64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([b]), u64), np.dtype(np.uint64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([i8]), f64), np.dtype(np.float64))
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([u16]), f64), np.dtype(np.float64))
+
+        # uint and int are treated as the same "kind" for
+        # the purposes of array-scalar promotion.
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([u16]), i32), np.dtype(np.uint16))
+
+        # float and complex are treated as the same "kind" for
+        # the purposes of array-scalar promotion, so that you can do
+        # (0j + float32array) to get a complex64 array instead of
+        # a complex128 array.
+        assert_equal(promote_func(np.array([f32]), c128),
+                     np.dtype(np.complex64))
+
+    def test_coercion(self):
+        def res_type(a, b):
+            return np.add(a, b).dtype
+
+        self.check_promotion_cases(res_type)
+
+        # Use-case: float/complex scalar * bool/int8 array
+        #           shouldn't narrow the float/complex type
+        for a in [np.array([True, False]), np.array([-3, 12], dtype=np.int8)]:
+            b = 1.234 * a
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('f8'), "array type %s" % a.dtype)
+            b = np.longdouble(1.234) * a
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype(np.longdouble),
+                         "array type %s" % a.dtype)
+            b = np.float64(1.234) * a
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('f8'), "array type %s" % a.dtype)
+            b = np.float32(1.234) * a
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('f4'), "array type %s" % a.dtype)
+            b = np.float16(1.234) * a
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('f2'), "array type %s" % a.dtype)
+
+            b = 1.234j * a
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('c16'), "array type %s" % a.dtype)
+            b = np.clongdouble(1.234j) * a
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype(np.clongdouble),
+                         "array type %s" % a.dtype)
+            b = np.complex128(1.234j) * a
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('c16'), "array type %s" % a.dtype)
+            b = np.complex64(1.234j) * a
+            assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('c8'), "array type %s" % a.dtype)
+
+        # The following use-case is problematic, and to resolve its
+        # tricky side-effects requires more changes.
+        #
+        # Use-case: (1-t)*a, where 't' is a boolean array and 'a' is
+        #            a float32, shouldn't promote to float64
+        #
+        # a = np.array([1.0, 1.5], dtype=np.float32)
+        # t = np.array([True, False])
+        # b = t*a
+        # assert_equal(b, [1.0, 0.0])
+        # assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+        # b = (1-t)*a
+        # assert_equal(b, [0.0, 1.5])
+        # assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+        #
+        # Probably ~t (bitwise negation) is more proper to use here,
+        # but this is arguably less intuitive to understand at a glance, and
+        # would fail if 't' is actually an integer array instead of boolean:
+        #
+        # b = (~t)*a
+        # assert_equal(b, [0.0, 1.5])
+        # assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('f4'))
+
+    def test_result_type(self):
+        self.check_promotion_cases(np.result_type)
+        assert_(np.result_type(None) == np.dtype(None))
+
+    def test_promote_types_endian(self):
+        # promote_types should always return native-endian types
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('<i8', '<i8'), np.dtype('i8'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('>i8', '>i8'), np.dtype('i8'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('>i8', '>U16'), np.dtype('U21'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('<i8', '<U16'), np.dtype('U21'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('>U16', '>i8'), np.dtype('U21'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('<U16', '<i8'), np.dtype('U21'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('<S5', '<U8'), np.dtype('U8'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('>S5', '>U8'), np.dtype('U8'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('<U8', '<S5'), np.dtype('U8'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('>U8', '>S5'), np.dtype('U8'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('<U5', '<U8'), np.dtype('U8'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('>U8', '>U5'), np.dtype('U8'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('<M8', '<M8'), np.dtype('M8'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('>M8', '>M8'), np.dtype('M8'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('<m8', '<m8'), np.dtype('m8'))
+        assert_equal(np.promote_types('>m8', '>m8'), np.dtype('m8'))
+
+    def test_can_cast_and_promote_usertypes(self):
+        # The rational type defines safe casting for signed integers,
+        # boolean. Rational itself *does* cast safely to double.
+        # (rational does not actually cast to all signed integers, e.g.
+        # int64 can be both long and longlong and it registers only the first)
+        valid_types = ["int8", "int16", "int32", "int64", "bool"]
+        invalid_types = "BHILQP" + "FDG" + "mM" + "f" + "V"
+
+        rational_dt = np.dtype(rational)
+        for numpy_dtype in valid_types:
+            numpy_dtype = np.dtype(numpy_dtype)
+            assert np.can_cast(numpy_dtype, rational_dt)
+            assert np.promote_types(numpy_dtype, rational_dt) is rational_dt
+
+        for numpy_dtype in invalid_types:
+            numpy_dtype = np.dtype(numpy_dtype)
+            assert not np.can_cast(numpy_dtype, rational_dt)
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                np.promote_types(numpy_dtype, rational_dt)
+
+        double_dt = np.dtype("double")
+        assert np.can_cast(rational_dt, double_dt)
+        assert np.promote_types(double_dt, rational_dt) is double_dt
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("swap", ["", "swap"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("string_dtype", ["U", "S"])
+    def test_promote_types_strings(self, swap, string_dtype):
+        if swap == "swap":
+            promote_types = lambda a, b: np.promote_types(b, a)
+        else:
+            promote_types = np.promote_types
+
+        S = string_dtype
+
+        # Promote numeric with unsized string:
+        assert_equal(promote_types('bool', S), np.dtype(S+'5'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('b', S), np.dtype(S+'4'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u1', S), np.dtype(S+'3'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u2', S), np.dtype(S+'5'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u4', S), np.dtype(S+'10'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u8', S), np.dtype(S+'20'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('i1', S), np.dtype(S+'4'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('i2', S), np.dtype(S+'6'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('i4', S), np.dtype(S+'11'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('i8', S), np.dtype(S+'21'))
+        # Promote numeric with sized string:
+        assert_equal(promote_types('bool', S+'1'), np.dtype(S+'5'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('bool', S+'30'), np.dtype(S+'30'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('b', S+'1'), np.dtype(S+'4'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('b', S+'30'), np.dtype(S+'30'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u1', S+'1'), np.dtype(S+'3'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u1', S+'30'), np.dtype(S+'30'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u2', S+'1'), np.dtype(S+'5'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u2', S+'30'), np.dtype(S+'30'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u4', S+'1'), np.dtype(S+'10'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u4', S+'30'), np.dtype(S+'30'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u8', S+'1'), np.dtype(S+'20'))
+        assert_equal(promote_types('u8', S+'30'), np.dtype(S+'30'))
+        # Promote with object:
+        assert_equal(promote_types('O', S+'30'), np.dtype('O'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["dtype1", "dtype2"],
+            [[np.dtype("V6"), np.dtype("V10")],  # mismatch shape
+             # Mismatching names:
+             [np.dtype([("name1", "i8")]), np.dtype([("name2", "i8")])],
+            ])
+    def test_invalid_void_promotion(self, dtype1, dtype2):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.promote_types(dtype1, dtype2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["dtype1", "dtype2"],
+            [[np.dtype("V10"), np.dtype("V10")],
+             [np.dtype([("name1", "i8")]),
+              np.dtype([("name1", np.dtype("i8").newbyteorder())])],
+             [np.dtype("i8,i8"), np.dtype("i8,>i8")],
+             [np.dtype("i8,i8"), np.dtype("i4,i4")],
+            ])
+    def test_valid_void_promotion(self, dtype1, dtype2):
+        assert np.promote_types(dtype1, dtype2) == dtype1
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype",
+            list(np.typecodes["All"]) +
+            ["i,i", "10i", "S3", "S100", "U3", "U100", rational])
+    def test_promote_identical_types_metadata(self, dtype):
+        # The same type passed in twice to promote types always
+        # preserves metadata
+        metadata = {1: 1}
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype, metadata=metadata)
+
+        res = np.promote_types(dtype, dtype)
+        assert res.metadata == dtype.metadata
+
+        # byte-swapping preserves and makes the dtype native:
+        dtype = dtype.newbyteorder()
+        if dtype.isnative:
+            # The type does not have byte swapping
+            return
+
+        res = np.promote_types(dtype, dtype)
+
+        # Metadata is (currently) generally lost on byte-swapping (except for
+        # unicode.
+        if dtype.char != "U":
+            assert res.metadata is None
+        else:
+            assert res.metadata == metadata
+        assert res.isnative
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore:Promotion of numbers:FutureWarning')
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["dtype1", "dtype2"],
+            itertools.product(
+                list(np.typecodes["All"]) +
+                ["i,i", "S3", "S100", "U3", "U100", rational],
+                repeat=2))
+    def test_promote_types_metadata(self, dtype1, dtype2):
+        """Metadata handling in promotion does not appear formalized
+        right now in NumPy. This test should thus be considered to
+        document behaviour, rather than test the correct definition of it.
+
+        This test is very ugly, it was useful for rewriting part of the
+        promotion, but probably should eventually be replaced/deleted
+        (i.e. when metadata handling in promotion is better defined).
+        """
+        metadata1 = {1: 1}
+        metadata2 = {2: 2}
+        dtype1 = np.dtype(dtype1, metadata=metadata1)
+        dtype2 = np.dtype(dtype2, metadata=metadata2)
+
+        try:
+            res = np.promote_types(dtype1, dtype2)
+        except TypeError:
+            # Promotion failed, this test only checks metadata
+            return
+
+        if res.char not in "USV" or res.names is not None or res.shape != ():
+            # All except string dtypes (and unstructured void) lose metadata
+            # on promotion (unless both dtypes are identical).
+            # At some point structured ones did not, but were restrictive.
+            assert res.metadata is None
+        elif res == dtype1:
+            # If one result is the result, it is usually returned unchanged:
+            assert res is dtype1
+        elif res == dtype2:
+            # dtype1 may have been cast to the same type/kind as dtype2.
+            # If the resulting dtype is identical we currently pick the cast
+            # version of dtype1, which lost the metadata:
+            if np.promote_types(dtype1, dtype2.kind) == dtype2:
+                res.metadata is None
+            else:
+                res.metadata == metadata2
+        else:
+            assert res.metadata is None
+
+        # Try again for byteswapped version
+        dtype1 = dtype1.newbyteorder()
+        assert dtype1.metadata == metadata1
+        res_bs = np.promote_types(dtype1, dtype2)
+        assert res_bs == res
+        assert res_bs.metadata == res.metadata
+
+    def test_can_cast(self):
+        assert_(np.can_cast(np.int32, np.int64))
+        assert_(np.can_cast(np.float64, complex))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast(complex, float))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i8', 'f8'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i8', 'f4'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i4', 'S11'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i8', 'i8', 'no'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('<i8', '>i8', 'no'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('<i8', '>i8', 'equiv'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('<i4', '>i8', 'equiv'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('<i4', '>i8', 'safe'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('<i8', '>i4', 'safe'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('<i8', '>i4', 'same_kind'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('<i8', '>u4', 'same_kind'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('<i8', '>u4', 'unsafe'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('bool', 'S5'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('bool', 'S4'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('b', 'S4'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('b', 'S3'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u1', 'S3'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('u1', 'S2'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u2', 'S5'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('u2', 'S4'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u4', 'S10'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('u4', 'S9'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u8', 'S20'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('u8', 'S19'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i1', 'S4'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i1', 'S3'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i2', 'S6'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i2', 'S5'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i4', 'S11'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i4', 'S10'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i8', 'S21'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i8', 'S20'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('bool', 'S5'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('bool', 'S4'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('b', 'U4'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('b', 'U3'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u1', 'U3'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('u1', 'U2'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u2', 'U5'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('u2', 'U4'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u4', 'U10'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('u4', 'U9'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('u8', 'U20'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('u8', 'U19'))
+
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i1', 'U4'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i1', 'U3'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i2', 'U6'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i2', 'U5'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i4', 'U11'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i4', 'U10'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i8', 'U21'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i8', 'U20'))
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.can_cast, 'i4', None)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.can_cast, None, 'i4')
+
+        # Also test keyword arguments
+        assert_(np.can_cast(from_=np.int32, to=np.int64))
+
+    def test_can_cast_simple_to_structured(self):
+        # Non-structured can only be cast to structured in 'unsafe' mode.
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i4', 'i4,i4'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i4', 'i4,i2'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i4', 'i4,i4', casting='unsafe'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i4', 'i4,i2', casting='unsafe'))
+        # Even if there is just a single field which is OK.
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i2', [('f1', 'i4')]))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i2', [('f1', 'i4')], casting='same_kind'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i2', [('f1', 'i4')], casting='unsafe'))
+        # It should be the same for recursive structured or subarrays.
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i2', [('f1', 'i4,i4')]))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i2', [('f1', 'i4,i4')], casting='unsafe'))
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i2', [('f1', '(2,3)i4')]))
+        assert_(np.can_cast('i2', [('f1', '(2,3)i4')], casting='unsafe'))
+
+    def test_can_cast_structured_to_simple(self):
+        # Need unsafe casting for structured to simple.
+        assert_(not np.can_cast([('f1', 'i4')], 'i4'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast([('f1', 'i4')], 'i4', casting='unsafe'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast([('f1', 'i4')], 'i2', casting='unsafe'))
+        # Since it is unclear what is being cast, multiple fields to
+        # single should not work even for unsafe casting.
+        assert_(not np.can_cast('i4,i4', 'i4', casting='unsafe'))
+        # But a single field inside a single field is OK.
+        assert_(not np.can_cast([('f1', [('x', 'i4')])], 'i4'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast([('f1', [('x', 'i4')])], 'i4', casting='unsafe'))
+        # And a subarray is fine too - it will just take the first element
+        # (arguably not very consistently; might also take the first field).
+        assert_(not np.can_cast([('f0', '(3,)i4')], 'i4'))
+        assert_(np.can_cast([('f0', '(3,)i4')], 'i4', casting='unsafe'))
+        # But a structured subarray with multiple fields should fail.
+        assert_(not np.can_cast([('f0', ('i4,i4'), (2,))], 'i4',
+                                casting='unsafe'))
+
+    def test_can_cast_values(self):
+        # gh-5917
+        for dt in np.sctypes['int'] + np.sctypes['uint']:
+            ii = np.iinfo(dt)
+            assert_(np.can_cast(ii.min, dt))
+            assert_(np.can_cast(ii.max, dt))
+            assert_(not np.can_cast(ii.min - 1, dt))
+            assert_(not np.can_cast(ii.max + 1, dt))
+
+        for dt in np.sctypes['float']:
+            fi = np.finfo(dt)
+            assert_(np.can_cast(fi.min, dt))
+            assert_(np.can_cast(fi.max, dt))
+
+
+# Custom exception class to test exception propagation in fromiter
+class NIterError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class TestFromiter:
+    def makegen(self):
+        return (x**2 for x in range(24))
+
+    def test_types(self):
+        ai32 = np.fromiter(self.makegen(), np.int32)
+        ai64 = np.fromiter(self.makegen(), np.int64)
+        af = np.fromiter(self.makegen(), float)
+        assert_(ai32.dtype == np.dtype(np.int32))
+        assert_(ai64.dtype == np.dtype(np.int64))
+        assert_(af.dtype == np.dtype(float))
+
+    def test_lengths(self):
+        expected = np.array(list(self.makegen()))
+        a = np.fromiter(self.makegen(), int)
+        a20 = np.fromiter(self.makegen(), int, 20)
+        assert_(len(a) == len(expected))
+        assert_(len(a20) == 20)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.fromiter,
+                          self.makegen(), int, len(expected) + 10)
+
+    def test_values(self):
+        expected = np.array(list(self.makegen()))
+        a = np.fromiter(self.makegen(), int)
+        a20 = np.fromiter(self.makegen(), int, 20)
+        assert_(np.all(a == expected, axis=0))
+        assert_(np.all(a20 == expected[:20], axis=0))
+
+    def load_data(self, n, eindex):
+        # Utility method for the issue 2592 tests.
+        # Raise an exception at the desired index in the iterator.
+        for e in range(n):
+            if e == eindex:
+                raise NIterError('error at index %s' % eindex)
+            yield e
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [int, object])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["count", "error_index"], [(10, 5), (10, 9)])
+    def test_2592(self, count, error_index, dtype):
+        # Test iteration exceptions are correctly raised. The data/generator
+        # has `count` elements but errors at `error_index`
+        iterable = self.load_data(count, error_index)
+        with pytest.raises(NIterError):
+            np.fromiter(iterable, dtype=dtype, count=count)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ["S", "S0", "V0", "U0"])
+    def test_empty_not_structured(self, dtype):
+        # Note, "S0" could be allowed at some point, so long "S" (without
+        # any length) is rejected.
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Must specify length"):
+            np.fromiter([], dtype=dtype)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["dtype", "data"],
+            [("d", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]),
+             ("O", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]),
+             ("i,O", [(1, 2), (5, 4), (2, 3), (9, 8), (6, 7)]),
+             # subarray dtypes (important because their dimensions end up
+             # in the result arrays dimension:
+             ("2i", [(1, 2), (5, 4), (2, 3), (9, 8), (6, 7)]),
+             (np.dtype(("O", (2, 3))),
+              [((1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5)), ((3, 2, 1), (5, 4, 3))])])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("length_hint", [0, 1])
+    def test_growth_and_complicated_dtypes(self, dtype, data, length_hint):
+        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+
+        data = data * 100  # make sure we realloc a bit
+
+        class MyIter:
+            # Class/example from gh-15789
+            def __length_hint__(self):
+                # only required to be an estimate, this is legal
+                return length_hint  # 0 or 1
+
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return iter(data)
+
+        res = np.fromiter(MyIter(), dtype=dtype)
+        expected = np.array(data, dtype=dtype)
+
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected)
+
+    def test_empty_result(self):
+        class MyIter:
+            def __length_hint__(self):
+                return 10
+
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return iter([])  # actual iterator is empty.
+
+        res = np.fromiter(MyIter(), dtype="d")
+        assert res.shape == (0,)
+        assert res.dtype == "d"
+
+    def test_too_few_items(self):
+        msg = "iterator too short: Expected 10 but iterator had only 3 items."
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+            np.fromiter([1, 2, 3], count=10, dtype=int)
+
+    def test_failed_itemsetting(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.fromiter([1, None, 3], dtype=int)
+
+        # The following manages to hit somewhat trickier code paths:
+        iterable = ((2, 3, 4) for i in range(5))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.fromiter(iterable, dtype=np.dtype((int, 2)))
+
+class TestNonzero:
+    def test_nonzero_trivial(self):
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array([])), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array([], dtype='?')), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(np.array([])), ([],))
+
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array([0])), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array([0], dtype='?')), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(np.array([0])), ([],))
+
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array([1])), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array([1], dtype='?')), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(np.array([1])), ([0],))
+
+    def test_nonzero_zerod(self):
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array(0)), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array(0, dtype='?')), 0)
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.nonzero(np.array(0)), ([],))
+
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array(1)), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(np.array(1, dtype='?')), 1)
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.nonzero(np.array(1)), ([0],))
+
+    def test_nonzero_onedim(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 0, 2, -1, 0, 0, 8])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x), 4)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x), 4)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(x), ([0, 2, 3, 6],))
+
+        # x = np.array([(1, 2), (0, 0), (1, 1), (-1, 3), (0, 7)],
+        #              dtype=[('a', 'i4'), ('b', 'i2')])
+        x = np.array([(1, 2, -5, -3), (0, 0, 2, 7), (1, 1, 0, 1), (-1, 3, 1, 0), (0, 7, 0, 4)],
+                     dtype=[('a', 'i4'), ('b', 'i2'), ('c', 'i1'), ('d', 'i8')])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x['a']), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x['b']), 4)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x['c']), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x['d']), 4)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(x['a']), ([0, 2, 3],))
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(x['b']), ([0, 2, 3, 4],))
+
+    def test_nonzero_twodim(self):
+        x = np.array([[0, 1, 0], [2, 0, 3]])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x.astype('i1')), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x.astype('i2')), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x.astype('i4')), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x.astype('i8')), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(x), ([0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 2]))
+
+        x = np.eye(3)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x.astype('i1')), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x.astype('i2')), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x.astype('i4')), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x.astype('i8')), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(x), ([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2]))
+
+        x = np.array([[(0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 11)],
+                   [(1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)],
+                   [(0, 0), (1, 5), (0, 1)]], dtype=[('a', 'f4'), ('b', 'u1')])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x['a']), 4)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x['b']), 5)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(x['a']), ([0, 1, 1, 2], [2, 0, 1, 1]))
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(x['b']), ([0, 0, 1, 2, 2], [0, 2, 0, 1, 2]))
+
+        assert_(not x['a'].T.flags.aligned)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x['a'].T), 4)
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(x['b'].T), 5)
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(x['a'].T), ([0, 1, 1, 2], [1, 1, 2, 0]))
+        assert_equal(np.nonzero(x['b'].T), ([0, 0, 1, 2, 2], [0, 1, 2, 0, 2]))
+
+    def test_sparse(self):
+        # test special sparse condition boolean code path
+        for i in range(20):
+            c = np.zeros(200, dtype=bool)
+            c[i::20] = True
+            assert_equal(np.nonzero(c)[0], np.arange(i, 200 + i, 20))
+
+            c = np.zeros(400, dtype=bool)
+            c[10 + i:20 + i] = True
+            c[20 + i*2] = True
+            assert_equal(np.nonzero(c)[0],
+                         np.concatenate((np.arange(10 + i, 20 + i), [20 + i*2])))
+
+    def test_return_type(self):
+        class C(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        for view in (C, np.ndarray):
+            for nd in range(1, 4):
+                shape = tuple(range(2, 2+nd))
+                x = np.arange(np.prod(shape)).reshape(shape).view(view)
+                for nzx in (np.nonzero(x), x.nonzero()):
+                    for nzx_i in nzx:
+                        assert_(type(nzx_i) is np.ndarray)
+                        assert_(nzx_i.flags.writeable)
+
+    def test_count_nonzero_axis(self):
+        # Basic check of functionality
+        m = np.array([[0, 1, 7, 0, 0], [3, 0, 0, 2, 19]])
+
+        expected = np.array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=0), expected)
+
+        expected = np.array([2, 3])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=1), expected)
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.count_nonzero, m, axis=(1, 1))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.count_nonzero, m, axis='foo')
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.count_nonzero, m, axis=3)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.count_nonzero,
+                      m, axis=np.array([[1], [2]]))
+
+    def test_count_nonzero_axis_all_dtypes(self):
+        # More thorough test that the axis argument is respected
+        # for all dtypes and responds correctly when presented with
+        # either integer or tuple arguments for axis
+        msg = "Mismatch for dtype: %s"
+
+        def assert_equal_w_dt(a, b, err_msg):
+            assert_equal(a.dtype, b.dtype, err_msg=err_msg)
+            assert_equal(a, b, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+        for dt in np.typecodes['All']:
+            err_msg = msg % (np.dtype(dt).name,)
+
+            if dt != 'V':
+                if dt != 'M':
+                    m = np.zeros((3, 3), dtype=dt)
+                    n = np.ones(1, dtype=dt)
+
+                    m[0, 0] = n[0]
+                    m[1, 0] = n[0]
+
+                else:  # np.zeros doesn't work for np.datetime64
+                    m = np.array(['1970-01-01'] * 9)
+                    m = m.reshape((3, 3))
+
+                    m[0, 0] = '1970-01-12'
+                    m[1, 0] = '1970-01-12'
+                    m = m.astype(dt)
+
+                expected = np.array([2, 0, 0], dtype=np.intp)
+                assert_equal_w_dt(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=0),
+                                  expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+                expected = np.array([1, 1, 0], dtype=np.intp)
+                assert_equal_w_dt(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=1),
+                                  expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+                expected = np.array(2)
+                assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=(0, 1)),
+                             expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+                assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=None),
+                             expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+                assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(m),
+                             expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+            if dt == 'V':
+                # There are no 'nonzero' objects for np.void, so the testing
+                # setup is slightly different for this dtype
+                m = np.array([np.void(1)] * 6).reshape((2, 3))
+
+                expected = np.array([0, 0, 0], dtype=np.intp)
+                assert_equal_w_dt(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=0),
+                                  expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+                expected = np.array([0, 0], dtype=np.intp)
+                assert_equal_w_dt(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=1),
+                                  expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+                expected = np.array(0)
+                assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=(0, 1)),
+                             expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+                assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(m, axis=None),
+                             expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+                assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(m),
+                             expected, err_msg=err_msg)
+
+    def test_count_nonzero_axis_consistent(self):
+        # Check that the axis behaviour for valid axes in
+        # non-special cases is consistent (and therefore
+        # correct) by checking it against an integer array
+        # that is then casted to the generic object dtype
+        from itertools import combinations, permutations
+
+        axis = (0, 1, 2, 3)
+        size = (5, 5, 5, 5)
+        msg = "Mismatch for axis: %s"
+
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+        m = rng.randint(-100, 100, size=size)
+        n = m.astype(object)
+
+        for length in range(len(axis)):
+            for combo in combinations(axis, length):
+                for perm in permutations(combo):
+                    assert_equal(
+                        np.count_nonzero(m, axis=perm),
+                        np.count_nonzero(n, axis=perm),
+                        err_msg=msg % (perm,))
+
+    def test_countnonzero_axis_empty(self):
+        a = np.array([[0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a, axis=()), a.astype(bool))
+
+    def test_countnonzero_keepdims(self):
+        a = np.array([[0, 0, 1, 0],
+                      [0, 3, 5, 0],
+                      [7, 9, 2, 0]])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a, axis=0, keepdims=True),
+                     [[1, 2, 3, 0]])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a, axis=1, keepdims=True),
+                     [[1], [2], [3]])
+        assert_equal(np.count_nonzero(a, keepdims=True),
+                     [[6]])
+
+    def test_array_method(self):
+        # Tests that the array method
+        # call to nonzero works
+        m = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [4, 0, 6]])
+        tgt = [[0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 2]]
+
+        assert_equal(m.nonzero(), tgt)
+
+    def test_nonzero_invalid_object(self):
+        # gh-9295
+        a = np.array([np.array([1, 2]), 3], dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.nonzero, a)
+
+        class BoolErrors:
+            def __bool__(self):
+                raise ValueError("Not allowed")
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.nonzero, np.array([BoolErrors()]))
+
+    def test_nonzero_sideeffect_safety(self):
+        # gh-13631
+        class FalseThenTrue:
+            _val = False
+            def __bool__(self):
+                try:
+                    return self._val
+                finally:
+                    self._val = True
+
+        class TrueThenFalse:
+            _val = True
+            def __bool__(self):
+                try:
+                    return self._val
+                finally:
+                    self._val = False
+
+        # result grows on the second pass
+        a = np.array([True, FalseThenTrue()])
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, np.nonzero, a)
+
+        a = np.array([[True], [FalseThenTrue()]])
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, np.nonzero, a)
+
+        # result shrinks on the second pass
+        a = np.array([False, TrueThenFalse()])
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, np.nonzero, a)
+
+        a = np.array([[False], [TrueThenFalse()]])
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, np.nonzero, a)
+
+    def test_nonzero_sideffects_structured_void(self):
+        # Checks that structured void does not mutate alignment flag of
+        # original array.
+        arr = np.zeros(5, dtype="i1,i8,i8")  # `ones` may short-circuit
+        assert arr.flags.aligned  # structs are considered "aligned"
+        assert not arr["f2"].flags.aligned
+        # make sure that nonzero/count_nonzero do not flip the flag:
+        np.nonzero(arr)
+        assert arr.flags.aligned
+        np.count_nonzero(arr)
+        assert arr.flags.aligned
+
+    def test_nonzero_exception_safe(self):
+        # gh-13930
+
+        class ThrowsAfter:
+            def __init__(self, iters):
+                self.iters_left = iters
+
+            def __bool__(self):
+                if self.iters_left == 0:
+                    raise ValueError("called `iters` times")
+
+                self.iters_left -= 1
+                return True
+
+        """
+        Test that a ValueError is raised instead of a SystemError
+
+        If the __bool__ function is called after the error state is set,
+        Python (cpython) will raise a SystemError.
+        """
+
+        # assert that an exception in first pass is handled correctly
+        a = np.array([ThrowsAfter(5)]*10)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.nonzero, a)
+
+        # raise exception in second pass for 1-dimensional loop
+        a = np.array([ThrowsAfter(15)]*10)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.nonzero, a)
+
+        # raise exception in second pass for n-dimensional loop
+        a = np.array([[ThrowsAfter(15)]]*10)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.nonzero, a)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="wasm doesn't have threads")
+    def test_structured_threadsafety(self):
+        # Nonzero (and some other functions) should be threadsafe for
+        # structured datatypes, see gh-15387. This test can behave randomly.
+        from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+        # Create a deeply nested dtype to make a failure more likely:
+        dt = np.dtype([("", "f8")])
+        dt = np.dtype([("", dt)])
+        dt = np.dtype([("", dt)] * 2)
+        # The array should be large enough to likely run into threading issues
+        arr = np.random.uniform(size=(5000, 4)).view(dt)[:, 0]
+        def func(arr):
+            arr.nonzero()
+
+        tpe = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=8)
+        futures = [tpe.submit(func, arr) for _ in range(10)]
+        for f in futures:
+            f.result()
+
+        assert arr.dtype is dt
+
+
+class TestIndex:
+    def test_boolean(self):
+        a = rand(3, 5, 8)
+        V = rand(5, 8)
+        g1 = randint(0, 5, size=15)
+        g2 = randint(0, 8, size=15)
+        V[g1, g2] = -V[g1, g2]
+        assert_((np.array([a[0][V > 0], a[1][V > 0], a[2][V > 0]]) == a[:, V > 0]).all())
+
+    def test_boolean_edgecase(self):
+        a = np.array([], dtype='int32')
+        b = np.array([], dtype='bool')
+        c = a[b]
+        assert_equal(c, [])
+        assert_equal(c.dtype, np.dtype('int32'))
+
+
+class TestBinaryRepr:
+    def test_zero(self):
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(0), '0')
+
+    def test_positive(self):
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(10), '1010')
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(12522),
+                     '11000011101010')
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(10736848),
+                     '101000111101010011010000')
+
+    def test_negative(self):
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(-1), '-1')
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(-10), '-1010')
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(-12522),
+                     '-11000011101010')
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(-10736848),
+                     '-101000111101010011010000')
+
+    def test_sufficient_width(self):
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(0, width=5), '00000')
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(10, width=7), '0001010')
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(-5, width=7), '1111011')
+
+    def test_neg_width_boundaries(self):
+        # see gh-8670
+
+        # Ensure that the example in the issue does not
+        # break before proceeding to a more thorough test.
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(-128, width=8), '10000000')
+
+        for width in range(1, 11):
+            num = -2**(width - 1)
+            exp = '1' + (width - 1) * '0'
+            assert_equal(np.binary_repr(num, width=width), exp)
+
+    def test_large_neg_int64(self):
+        # See gh-14289.
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(np.int64(-2**62), width=64),
+                     '11' + '0'*62)
+
+
+class TestBaseRepr:
+    def test_base3(self):
+        assert_equal(np.base_repr(3**5, 3), '100000')
+
+    def test_positive(self):
+        assert_equal(np.base_repr(12, 10), '12')
+        assert_equal(np.base_repr(12, 10, 4), '000012')
+        assert_equal(np.base_repr(12, 4), '30')
+        assert_equal(np.base_repr(3731624803700888, 36), '10QR0ROFCEW')
+
+    def test_negative(self):
+        assert_equal(np.base_repr(-12, 10), '-12')
+        assert_equal(np.base_repr(-12, 10, 4), '-000012')
+        assert_equal(np.base_repr(-12, 4), '-30')
+
+    def test_base_range(self):
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            np.base_repr(1, 1)
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            np.base_repr(1, 37)
+
+
+class TestArrayComparisons:
+    def test_array_equal(self):
+        res = np.array_equal(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([1, 2]))
+        assert_(res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equal(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([1, 2, 3]))
+        assert_(not res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equal(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([3, 4]))
+        assert_(not res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equal(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([1, 3]))
+        assert_(not res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equal(np.array(['a'], dtype='S1'), np.array(['a'], dtype='S1'))
+        assert_(res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equal(np.array([('a', 1)], dtype='S1,u4'),
+                             np.array([('a', 1)], dtype='S1,u4'))
+        assert_(res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+
+    def test_array_equal_equal_nan(self):
+        # Test array_equal with equal_nan kwarg
+        a1 = np.array([1, 2, np.nan])
+        a2 = np.array([1, np.nan, 2])
+        a3 = np.array([1, 2, np.inf])
+
+        # equal_nan=False by default
+        assert_(not np.array_equal(a1, a1))
+        assert_(np.array_equal(a1, a1, equal_nan=True))
+        assert_(not np.array_equal(a1, a2, equal_nan=True))
+        # nan's not conflated with inf's
+        assert_(not np.array_equal(a1, a3, equal_nan=True))
+        # 0-D arrays
+        a = np.array(np.nan)
+        assert_(not np.array_equal(a, a))
+        assert_(np.array_equal(a, a, equal_nan=True))
+        # Non-float dtype - equal_nan should have no effect
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int)
+        assert_(np.array_equal(a, a))
+        assert_(np.array_equal(a, a, equal_nan=True))
+        # Multi-dimensional array
+        a = np.array([[0, 1], [np.nan, 1]])
+        assert_(not np.array_equal(a, a))
+        assert_(np.array_equal(a, a, equal_nan=True))
+        # Complex values
+        a, b = [np.array([1 + 1j])]*2
+        a.real, b.imag = np.nan, np.nan
+        assert_(not np.array_equal(a, b, equal_nan=False))
+        assert_(np.array_equal(a, b, equal_nan=True))
+
+    def test_none_compares_elementwise(self):
+        a = np.array([None, 1, None], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(a == None, [True, False, True])
+        assert_equal(a != None, [False, True, False])
+
+        a = np.ones(3)
+        assert_equal(a == None, [False, False, False])
+        assert_equal(a != None, [True, True, True])
+
+    def test_array_equiv(self):
+        res = np.array_equiv(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([1, 2]))
+        assert_(res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equiv(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([1, 2, 3]))
+        assert_(not res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equiv(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([3, 4]))
+        assert_(not res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equiv(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([1, 3]))
+        assert_(not res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+
+        res = np.array_equiv(np.array([1, 1]), np.array([1]))
+        assert_(res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equiv(np.array([1, 1]), np.array([[1], [1]]))
+        assert_(res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equiv(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([2]))
+        assert_(not res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equiv(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[1], [2]]))
+        assert_(not res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+        res = np.array_equiv(np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]))
+        assert_(not res)
+        assert_(type(res) is bool)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ["V0", "V3", "V10"])
+    def test_compare_unstructured_voids(self, dtype):
+        zeros = np.zeros(3, dtype=dtype)
+
+        assert_array_equal(zeros, zeros)
+        assert not (zeros != zeros).any()
+
+        if dtype == "V0":
+            # Can't test != of actually different data
+            return
+
+        nonzeros = np.array([b"1", b"2", b"3"], dtype=dtype)
+
+        assert not (zeros == nonzeros).any()
+        assert (zeros != nonzeros).all()
+
+
+def assert_array_strict_equal(x, y):
+    assert_array_equal(x, y)
+    # Check flags, 32 bit arches typically don't provide 16 byte alignment
+    if ((x.dtype.alignment <= 8 or
+            np.intp().dtype.itemsize != 4) and
+            sys.platform != 'win32'):
+        assert_(x.flags == y.flags)
+    else:
+        assert_(x.flags.owndata == y.flags.owndata)
+        assert_(x.flags.writeable == y.flags.writeable)
+        assert_(x.flags.c_contiguous == y.flags.c_contiguous)
+        assert_(x.flags.f_contiguous == y.flags.f_contiguous)
+        assert_(x.flags.writebackifcopy == y.flags.writebackifcopy)
+    # check endianness
+    assert_(x.dtype.isnative == y.dtype.isnative)
+
+
+class TestClip:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.nr = 5
+        self.nc = 3
+
+    def fastclip(self, a, m, M, out=None, **kwargs):
+        return a.clip(m, M, out=out, **kwargs)
+
+    def clip(self, a, m, M, out=None):
+        # use a.choose to verify fastclip result
+        selector = np.less(a, m) + 2*np.greater(a, M)
+        return selector.choose((a, m, M), out=out)
+
+    # Handy functions
+    def _generate_data(self, n, m):
+        return randn(n, m)
+
+    def _generate_data_complex(self, n, m):
+        return randn(n, m) + 1.j * rand(n, m)
+
+    def _generate_flt_data(self, n, m):
+        return (randn(n, m)).astype(np.float32)
+
+    def _neg_byteorder(self, a):
+        a = np.asarray(a)
+        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+            a = a.astype(a.dtype.newbyteorder('>'))
+        else:
+            a = a.astype(a.dtype.newbyteorder('<'))
+        return a
+
+    def _generate_non_native_data(self, n, m):
+        data = randn(n, m)
+        data = self._neg_byteorder(data)
+        assert_(not data.dtype.isnative)
+        return data
+
+    def _generate_int_data(self, n, m):
+        return (10 * rand(n, m)).astype(np.int64)
+
+    def _generate_int32_data(self, n, m):
+        return (10 * rand(n, m)).astype(np.int32)
+
+    # Now the real test cases
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", '?bhilqpBHILQPefdgFDGO')
+    def test_ones_pathological(self, dtype):
+        # for preservation of behavior described in
+        # gh-12519; amin > amax behavior may still change
+        # in the future
+        arr = np.ones(10, dtype=dtype)
+        expected = np.zeros(10, dtype=dtype)
+        actual = np.clip(arr, 1, 0)
+        if dtype == 'O':
+            assert actual.tolist() == expected.tolist()
+        else:
+            assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_simple_double(self):
+        # Test native double input with scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = 0.1
+        M = 0.6
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_simple_int(self):
+        # Test native int input with scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_int_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        a = a.astype(int)
+        m = -2
+        M = 4
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_array_double(self):
+        # Test native double input with array min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = np.zeros(a.shape)
+        M = m + 0.5
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_simple_nonnative(self):
+        # Test non native double input with scalar min/max.
+        # Test native double input with non native double scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_non_native_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 0.6
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_equal(ac, act)
+
+        # Test native double input with non native double scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5
+        M = self._neg_byteorder(0.6)
+        assert_(not M.dtype.isnative)
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_simple_complex(self):
+        # Test native complex input with native double scalar min/max.
+        # Test native input with complex double scalar min/max.
+        a = 3 * self._generate_data_complex(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 1.
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+        # Test native input with complex double scalar min/max.
+        a = 3 * self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5 + 1.j
+        M = 1. + 2.j
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_clip_complex(self):
+        # Address Issue gh-5354 for clipping complex arrays
+        # Test native complex input without explicit min/max
+        # ie, either min=None or max=None
+        a = np.ones(10, dtype=complex)
+        m = a.min()
+        M = a.max()
+        am = self.fastclip(a, m, None)
+        aM = self.fastclip(a, None, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(am, a)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(aM, a)
+
+    def test_clip_non_contig(self):
+        # Test clip for non contiguous native input and native scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr * 2, self.nc * 3)
+        a = a[::2, ::3]
+        assert_(not a.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS'])
+        assert_(not a.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS'])
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, -1.6, 1.7)
+        act = self.clip(a, -1.6, 1.7)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_simple_out(self):
+        # Test native double input with scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 0.6
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape)
+        act = np.zeros(a.shape)
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, ac)
+        self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("casting", [None, "unsafe"])
+    def test_simple_int32_inout(self, casting):
+        # Test native int32 input with double min/max and int32 out.
+        a = self._generate_int32_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = np.float64(0)
+        M = np.float64(2)
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.int32)
+        act = ac.copy()
+        if casting is None:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                self.fastclip(a, m, M, ac, casting=casting)
+        else:
+            # explicitly passing "unsafe" will silence warning
+            self.fastclip(a, m, M, ac, casting=casting)
+            self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+            assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_simple_int64_out(self):
+        # Test native int32 input with int32 scalar min/max and int64 out.
+        a = self._generate_int32_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = np.int32(-1)
+        M = np.int32(1)
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.int64)
+        act = ac.copy()
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, ac)
+        self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_simple_int64_inout(self):
+        # Test native int32 input with double array min/max and int32 out.
+        a = self._generate_int32_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = np.zeros(a.shape, np.float64)
+        M = np.float64(1)
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.int32)
+        act = ac.copy()
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, out=ac, casting="unsafe")
+        self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_simple_int32_out(self):
+        # Test native double input with scalar min/max and int out.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -1.0
+        M = 2.0
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.int32)
+        act = ac.copy()
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, out=ac, casting="unsafe")
+        self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_simple_inplace_01(self):
+        # Test native double input with array min/max in-place.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        ac = a.copy()
+        m = np.zeros(a.shape)
+        M = 1.0
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, a)
+        self.clip(a, m, M, ac)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(a, ac)
+
+    def test_simple_inplace_02(self):
+        # Test native double input with scalar min/max in-place.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        ac = a.copy()
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 0.6
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, a)
+        self.clip(ac, m, M, ac)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(a, ac)
+
+    def test_noncontig_inplace(self):
+        # Test non contiguous double input with double scalar min/max in-place.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr * 2, self.nc * 3)
+        a = a[::2, ::3]
+        assert_(not a.flags['F_CONTIGUOUS'])
+        assert_(not a.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS'])
+        ac = a.copy()
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 0.6
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, a)
+        self.clip(ac, m, M, ac)
+        assert_array_equal(a, ac)
+
+    def test_type_cast_01(self):
+        # Test native double input with scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 0.6
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_02(self):
+        # Test native int32 input with int32 scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_int_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        a = a.astype(np.int32)
+        m = -2
+        M = 4
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_03(self):
+        # Test native int32 input with float64 scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_int32_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -2
+        M = 4
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, np.float64(m), np.float64(M))
+        act = self.clip(a, np.float64(m), np.float64(M))
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_04(self):
+        # Test native int32 input with float32 scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_int32_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = np.float32(-2)
+        M = np.float32(4)
+        act = self.fastclip(a, m, M)
+        ac = self.clip(a, m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_05(self):
+        # Test native int32 with double arrays min/max.
+        a = self._generate_int_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 1.
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m * np.zeros(a.shape), M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m * np.zeros(a.shape), M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_06(self):
+        # Test native with NON native scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = 0.5
+        m_s = self._neg_byteorder(m)
+        M = 1.
+        act = self.clip(a, m_s, M)
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m_s, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_07(self):
+        # Test NON native with native array min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5 * np.ones(a.shape)
+        M = 1.
+        a_s = self._neg_byteorder(a)
+        assert_(not a_s.dtype.isnative)
+        act = a_s.clip(m, M)
+        ac = self.fastclip(a_s, m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_08(self):
+        # Test NON native with native scalar min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 1.
+        a_s = self._neg_byteorder(a)
+        assert_(not a_s.dtype.isnative)
+        ac = self.fastclip(a_s, m, M)
+        act = a_s.clip(m, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_09(self):
+        # Test native with NON native array min/max.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5 * np.ones(a.shape)
+        M = 1.
+        m_s = self._neg_byteorder(m)
+        assert_(not m_s.dtype.isnative)
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m_s, M)
+        act = self.clip(a, m_s, M)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_10(self):
+        # Test native int32 with float min/max and float out for output argument.
+        a = self._generate_int_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        b = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.float32)
+        m = np.float32(-0.5)
+        M = np.float32(1)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M, out=b)
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M, out=b)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_type_cast_11(self):
+        # Test non native with native scalar, min/max, out non native
+        a = self._generate_non_native_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        b = a.copy()
+        b = b.astype(b.dtype.newbyteorder('>'))
+        bt = b.copy()
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 1.
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, out=b)
+        self.clip(a, m, M, out=bt)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(b, bt)
+
+    def test_type_cast_12(self):
+        # Test native int32 input and min/max and float out
+        a = self._generate_int_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        b = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.float32)
+        m = np.int32(0)
+        M = np.int32(1)
+        act = self.clip(a, m, M, out=b)
+        ac = self.fastclip(a, m, M, out=b)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_clip_with_out_simple(self):
+        # Test native double input with scalar min/max
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 0.6
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape)
+        act = np.zeros(a.shape)
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, ac)
+        self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_clip_with_out_simple2(self):
+        # Test native int32 input with double min/max and int32 out
+        a = self._generate_int32_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = np.float64(0)
+        M = np.float64(2)
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.int32)
+        act = ac.copy()
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, out=ac, casting="unsafe")
+        self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_clip_with_out_simple_int32(self):
+        # Test native int32 input with int32 scalar min/max and int64 out
+        a = self._generate_int32_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = np.int32(-1)
+        M = np.int32(1)
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.int64)
+        act = ac.copy()
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, ac)
+        self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_clip_with_out_array_int32(self):
+        # Test native int32 input with double array min/max and int32 out
+        a = self._generate_int32_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = np.zeros(a.shape, np.float64)
+        M = np.float64(1)
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.int32)
+        act = ac.copy()
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, out=ac, casting="unsafe")
+        self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_clip_with_out_array_outint32(self):
+        # Test native double input with scalar min/max and int out
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        m = -1.0
+        M = 2.0
+        ac = np.zeros(a.shape, dtype=np.int32)
+        act = ac.copy()
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, out=ac, casting="unsafe")
+        self.clip(a, m, M, act)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(ac, act)
+
+    def test_clip_with_out_transposed(self):
+        # Test that the out argument works when transposed
+        a = np.arange(16).reshape(4, 4)
+        out = np.empty_like(a).T
+        a.clip(4, 10, out=out)
+        expected = self.clip(a, 4, 10)
+        assert_array_equal(out, expected)
+
+    def test_clip_with_out_memory_overlap(self):
+        # Test that the out argument works when it has memory overlap
+        a = np.arange(16).reshape(4, 4)
+        ac = a.copy()
+        a[:-1].clip(4, 10, out=a[1:])
+        expected = self.clip(ac[:-1], 4, 10)
+        assert_array_equal(a[1:], expected)
+
+    def test_clip_inplace_array(self):
+        # Test native double input with array min/max
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        ac = a.copy()
+        m = np.zeros(a.shape)
+        M = 1.0
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, a)
+        self.clip(a, m, M, ac)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(a, ac)
+
+    def test_clip_inplace_simple(self):
+        # Test native double input with scalar min/max
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        ac = a.copy()
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 0.6
+        self.fastclip(a, m, M, a)
+        self.clip(a, m, M, ac)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(a, ac)
+
+    def test_clip_func_takes_out(self):
+        # Ensure that the clip() function takes an out=argument.
+        a = self._generate_data(self.nr, self.nc)
+        ac = a.copy()
+        m = -0.5
+        M = 0.6
+        a2 = np.clip(a, m, M, out=a)
+        self.clip(a, m, M, ac)
+        assert_array_strict_equal(a2, ac)
+        assert_(a2 is a)
+
+    def test_clip_nan(self):
+        d = np.arange(7.)
+        assert_equal(d.clip(min=np.nan), np.nan)
+        assert_equal(d.clip(max=np.nan), np.nan)
+        assert_equal(d.clip(min=np.nan, max=np.nan), np.nan)
+        assert_equal(d.clip(min=-2, max=np.nan), np.nan)
+        assert_equal(d.clip(min=np.nan, max=10), np.nan)
+
+    def test_object_clip(self):
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype=object)
+        actual = np.clip(a, 1, 5)
+        expected = np.array([1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5])
+        assert actual.tolist() == expected.tolist()
+
+    def test_clip_all_none(self):
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype=object)
+        with assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'max or min'):
+            np.clip(a, None, None)
+
+    def test_clip_invalid_casting(self):
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype=object)
+        with assert_raises_regex(ValueError,
+                                 'casting must be one of'):
+            self.fastclip(a, 1, 8, casting="garbage")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("amin, amax", [
+        # two scalars
+        (1, 0),
+        # mix scalar and array
+        (1, np.zeros(10)),
+        # two arrays
+        (np.ones(10), np.zeros(10)),
+        ])
+    def test_clip_value_min_max_flip(self, amin, amax):
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype=np.int64)
+        # requirement from ufunc_docstrings.py
+        expected = np.minimum(np.maximum(a, amin), amax)
+        actual = np.clip(a, amin, amax)
+        assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arr, amin, amax, exp", [
+        # for a bug in npy_ObjectClip, based on a
+        # case produced by hypothesis
+        (np.zeros(10, dtype=np.int64),
+         0,
+         -2**64+1,
+         np.full(10, -2**64+1, dtype=object)),
+        # for bugs in NPY_TIMEDELTA_MAX, based on a case
+        # produced by hypothesis
+        (np.zeros(10, dtype='m8') - 1,
+         0,
+         0,
+         np.zeros(10, dtype='m8')),
+    ])
+    def test_clip_problem_cases(self, arr, amin, amax, exp):
+        actual = np.clip(arr, amin, amax)
+        assert_equal(actual, exp)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arr, amin, amax", [
+        # problematic scalar nan case from hypothesis
+        (np.zeros(10, dtype=np.int64),
+         np.array(np.nan),
+         np.zeros(10, dtype=np.int32)),
+    ])
+    def test_clip_scalar_nan_propagation(self, arr, amin, amax):
+        # enforcement of scalar nan propagation for comparisons
+        # called through clip()
+        expected = np.minimum(np.maximum(arr, amin), amax)
+        actual = np.clip(arr, amin, amax)
+        assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="propagation doesn't match spec")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arr, amin, amax", [
+        (np.array([1] * 10, dtype='m8'),
+         np.timedelta64('NaT'),
+         np.zeros(10, dtype=np.int32)),
+    ])
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::DeprecationWarning")
+    def test_NaT_propagation(self, arr, amin, amax):
+        # NOTE: the expected function spec doesn't
+        # propagate NaT, but clip() now does
+        expected = np.minimum(np.maximum(arr, amin), amax)
+        actual = np.clip(arr, amin, amax)
+        assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+    @given(
+        data=st.data(),
+        arr=hynp.arrays(
+            dtype=hynp.integer_dtypes() | hynp.floating_dtypes(),
+            shape=hynp.array_shapes()
+        )
+    )
+    def test_clip_property(self, data, arr):
+        """A property-based test using Hypothesis.
+
+        This aims for maximum generality: it could in principle generate *any*
+        valid inputs to np.clip, and in practice generates much more varied
+        inputs than human testers come up with.
+
+        Because many of the inputs have tricky dependencies - compatible dtypes
+        and mutually-broadcastable shapes - we use `st.data()` strategy draw
+        values *inside* the test function, from strategies we construct based
+        on previous values.  An alternative would be to define a custom strategy
+        with `@st.composite`, but until we have duplicated code inline is fine.
+
+        That accounts for most of the function; the actual test is just three
+        lines to calculate and compare actual vs expected results!
+        """
+        numeric_dtypes = hynp.integer_dtypes() | hynp.floating_dtypes()
+        # Generate shapes for the bounds which can be broadcast with each other
+        # and with the base shape.  Below, we might decide to use scalar bounds,
+        # but it's clearer to generate these shapes unconditionally in advance.
+        in_shapes, result_shape = data.draw(
+            hynp.mutually_broadcastable_shapes(
+                num_shapes=2, base_shape=arr.shape
+            )
+        )
+        # Scalar `nan` is deprecated due to the differing behaviour it shows.
+        s = numeric_dtypes.flatmap(
+            lambda x: hynp.from_dtype(x, allow_nan=False))
+        amin = data.draw(s | hynp.arrays(dtype=numeric_dtypes,
+            shape=in_shapes[0], elements={"allow_nan": False}))
+        amax = data.draw(s | hynp.arrays(dtype=numeric_dtypes,
+            shape=in_shapes[1], elements={"allow_nan": False}))
+
+        # Then calculate our result and expected result and check that they're
+        # equal!  See gh-12519 and gh-19457 for discussion deciding on this
+        # property and the result_type argument.
+        result = np.clip(arr, amin, amax)
+        t = np.result_type(arr, amin, amax)
+        expected = np.minimum(amax, np.maximum(arr, amin, dtype=t), dtype=t)
+        assert result.dtype == t
+        assert_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+class TestAllclose:
+    rtol = 1e-5
+    atol = 1e-8
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.olderr = np.seterr(invalid='ignore')
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        np.seterr(**self.olderr)
+
+    def tst_allclose(self, x, y):
+        assert_(np.allclose(x, y), "%s and %s not close" % (x, y))
+
+    def tst_not_allclose(self, x, y):
+        assert_(not np.allclose(x, y), "%s and %s shouldn't be close" % (x, y))
+
+    def test_ip_allclose(self):
+        # Parametric test factory.
+        arr = np.array([100, 1000])
+        aran = np.arange(125).reshape((5, 5, 5))
+
+        atol = self.atol
+        rtol = self.rtol
+
+        data = [([1, 0], [1, 0]),
+                ([atol], [0]),
+                ([1], [1+rtol+atol]),
+                (arr, arr + arr*rtol),
+                (arr, arr + arr*rtol + atol*2),
+                (aran, aran + aran*rtol),
+                (np.inf, np.inf),
+                (np.inf, [np.inf])]
+
+        for (x, y) in data:
+            self.tst_allclose(x, y)
+
+    def test_ip_not_allclose(self):
+        # Parametric test factory.
+        aran = np.arange(125).reshape((5, 5, 5))
+
+        atol = self.atol
+        rtol = self.rtol
+
+        data = [([np.inf, 0], [1, np.inf]),
+                ([np.inf, 0], [1, 0]),
+                ([np.inf, np.inf], [1, np.inf]),
+                ([np.inf, np.inf], [1, 0]),
+                ([-np.inf, 0], [np.inf, 0]),
+                ([np.nan, 0], [np.nan, 0]),
+                ([atol*2], [0]),
+                ([1], [1+rtol+atol*2]),
+                (aran, aran + aran*atol + atol*2),
+                (np.array([np.inf, 1]), np.array([0, np.inf]))]
+
+        for (x, y) in data:
+            self.tst_not_allclose(x, y)
+
+    def test_no_parameter_modification(self):
+        x = np.array([np.inf, 1])
+        y = np.array([0, np.inf])
+        np.allclose(x, y)
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([np.inf, 1]))
+        assert_array_equal(y, np.array([0, np.inf]))
+
+    def test_min_int(self):
+        # Could make problems because of abs(min_int) == min_int
+        min_int = np.iinfo(np.int_).min
+        a = np.array([min_int], dtype=np.int_)
+        assert_(np.allclose(a, a))
+
+    def test_equalnan(self):
+        x = np.array([1.0, np.nan])
+        assert_(np.allclose(x, x, equal_nan=True))
+
+    def test_return_class_is_ndarray(self):
+        # Issue gh-6475
+        # Check that allclose does not preserve subtypes
+        class Foo(np.ndarray):
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+                return np.array(*args, **kwargs).view(cls)
+
+        a = Foo([1])
+        assert_(type(np.allclose(a, a)) is bool)
+
+
+class TestIsclose:
+    rtol = 1e-5
+    atol = 1e-8
+
+    def _setup(self):
+        atol = self.atol
+        rtol = self.rtol
+        arr = np.array([100, 1000])
+        aran = np.arange(125).reshape((5, 5, 5))
+
+        self.all_close_tests = [
+                ([1, 0], [1, 0]),
+                ([atol], [0]),
+                ([1], [1 + rtol + atol]),
+                (arr, arr + arr*rtol),
+                (arr, arr + arr*rtol + atol),
+                (aran, aran + aran*rtol),
+                (np.inf, np.inf),
+                (np.inf, [np.inf]),
+                ([np.inf, -np.inf], [np.inf, -np.inf]),
+                ]
+        self.none_close_tests = [
+                ([np.inf, 0], [1, np.inf]),
+                ([np.inf, -np.inf], [1, 0]),
+                ([np.inf, np.inf], [1, -np.inf]),
+                ([np.inf, np.inf], [1, 0]),
+                ([np.nan, 0], [np.nan, -np.inf]),
+                ([atol*2], [0]),
+                ([1], [1 + rtol + atol*2]),
+                (aran, aran + rtol*1.1*aran + atol*1.1),
+                (np.array([np.inf, 1]), np.array([0, np.inf])),
+                ]
+        self.some_close_tests = [
+                ([np.inf, 0], [np.inf, atol*2]),
+                ([atol, 1, 1e6*(1 + 2*rtol) + atol], [0, np.nan, 1e6]),
+                (np.arange(3), [0, 1, 2.1]),
+                (np.nan, [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]),
+                ([0], [atol, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]),
+                (0, [atol, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]),
+                ]
+        self.some_close_results = [
+                [True, False],
+                [True, False, False],
+                [True, True, False],
+                [False, False, False],
+                [True, False, False, False],
+                [True, False, False, False],
+                ]
+
+    def test_ip_isclose(self):
+        self._setup()
+        tests = self.some_close_tests
+        results = self.some_close_results
+        for (x, y), result in zip(tests, results):
+            assert_array_equal(np.isclose(x, y), result)
+
+    def tst_all_isclose(self, x, y):
+        assert_(np.all(np.isclose(x, y)), "%s and %s not close" % (x, y))
+
+    def tst_none_isclose(self, x, y):
+        msg = "%s and %s shouldn't be close"
+        assert_(not np.any(np.isclose(x, y)), msg % (x, y))
+
+    def tst_isclose_allclose(self, x, y):
+        msg = "isclose.all() and allclose aren't same for %s and %s"
+        msg2 = "isclose and allclose aren't same for %s and %s"
+        if np.isscalar(x) and np.isscalar(y):
+            assert_(np.isclose(x, y) == np.allclose(x, y), msg=msg2 % (x, y))
+        else:
+            assert_array_equal(np.isclose(x, y).all(), np.allclose(x, y), msg % (x, y))
+
+    def test_ip_all_isclose(self):
+        self._setup()
+        for (x, y) in self.all_close_tests:
+            self.tst_all_isclose(x, y)
+
+    def test_ip_none_isclose(self):
+        self._setup()
+        for (x, y) in self.none_close_tests:
+            self.tst_none_isclose(x, y)
+
+    def test_ip_isclose_allclose(self):
+        self._setup()
+        tests = (self.all_close_tests + self.none_close_tests +
+                 self.some_close_tests)
+        for (x, y) in tests:
+            self.tst_isclose_allclose(x, y)
+
+    def test_equal_nan(self):
+        assert_array_equal(np.isclose(np.nan, np.nan, equal_nan=True), [True])
+        arr = np.array([1.0, np.nan])
+        assert_array_equal(np.isclose(arr, arr, equal_nan=True), [True, True])
+
+    def test_masked_arrays(self):
+        # Make sure to test the output type when arguments are interchanged.
+
+        x = np.ma.masked_where([True, True, False], np.arange(3))
+        assert_(type(x) is type(np.isclose(2, x)))
+        assert_(type(x) is type(np.isclose(x, 2)))
+
+        x = np.ma.masked_where([True, True, False], [np.nan, np.inf, np.nan])
+        assert_(type(x) is type(np.isclose(np.inf, x)))
+        assert_(type(x) is type(np.isclose(x, np.inf)))
+
+        x = np.ma.masked_where([True, True, False], [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
+        y = np.isclose(np.nan, x, equal_nan=True)
+        assert_(type(x) is type(y))
+        # Ensure that the mask isn't modified...
+        assert_array_equal([True, True, False], y.mask)
+        y = np.isclose(x, np.nan, equal_nan=True)
+        assert_(type(x) is type(y))
+        # Ensure that the mask isn't modified...
+        assert_array_equal([True, True, False], y.mask)
+
+        x = np.ma.masked_where([True, True, False], [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
+        y = np.isclose(x, x, equal_nan=True)
+        assert_(type(x) is type(y))
+        # Ensure that the mask isn't modified...
+        assert_array_equal([True, True, False], y.mask)
+
+    def test_scalar_return(self):
+        assert_(np.isscalar(np.isclose(1, 1)))
+
+    def test_no_parameter_modification(self):
+        x = np.array([np.inf, 1])
+        y = np.array([0, np.inf])
+        np.isclose(x, y)
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([np.inf, 1]))
+        assert_array_equal(y, np.array([0, np.inf]))
+
+    def test_non_finite_scalar(self):
+        # GH7014, when two scalars are compared the output should also be a
+        # scalar
+        assert_(np.isclose(np.inf, -np.inf) is np.False_)
+        assert_(np.isclose(0, np.inf) is np.False_)
+        assert_(type(np.isclose(0, np.inf)) is np.bool_)
+
+    def test_timedelta(self):
+        # Allclose currently works for timedelta64 as long as `atol` is
+        # an integer or also a timedelta64
+        a = np.array([[1, 2, 3, "NaT"]], dtype="m8[ns]")
+        assert np.isclose(a, a, atol=0, equal_nan=True).all()
+        assert np.isclose(a, a, atol=np.timedelta64(1, "ns"), equal_nan=True).all()
+        assert np.allclose(a, a, atol=0, equal_nan=True)
+        assert np.allclose(a, a, atol=np.timedelta64(1, "ns"), equal_nan=True)
+
+
+class TestStdVar:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.A = np.array([1, -1, 1, -1])
+        self.real_var = 1
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        assert_almost_equal(np.var(self.A), self.real_var)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.std(self.A)**2, self.real_var)
+
+    def test_scalars(self):
+        assert_equal(np.var(1), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.std(1), 0)
+
+    def test_ddof1(self):
+        assert_almost_equal(np.var(self.A, ddof=1),
+                            self.real_var * len(self.A) / (len(self.A) - 1))
+        assert_almost_equal(np.std(self.A, ddof=1)**2,
+                            self.real_var*len(self.A) / (len(self.A) - 1))
+
+    def test_ddof2(self):
+        assert_almost_equal(np.var(self.A, ddof=2),
+                            self.real_var * len(self.A) / (len(self.A) - 2))
+        assert_almost_equal(np.std(self.A, ddof=2)**2,
+                            self.real_var * len(self.A) / (len(self.A) - 2))
+
+    def test_out_scalar(self):
+        d = np.arange(10)
+        out = np.array(0.)
+        r = np.std(d, out=out)
+        assert_(r is out)
+        assert_array_equal(r, out)
+        r = np.var(d, out=out)
+        assert_(r is out)
+        assert_array_equal(r, out)
+        r = np.mean(d, out=out)
+        assert_(r is out)
+        assert_array_equal(r, out)
+
+
+class TestStdVarComplex:
+    def test_basic(self):
+        A = np.array([1, 1.j, -1, -1.j])
+        real_var = 1
+        assert_almost_equal(np.var(A), real_var)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.std(A)**2, real_var)
+
+    def test_scalars(self):
+        assert_equal(np.var(1j), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.std(1j), 0)
+
+
+class TestCreationFuncs:
+    # Test ones, zeros, empty and full.
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        dtypes = {np.dtype(tp) for tp in itertools.chain(*np.sctypes.values())}
+        # void, bytes, str
+        variable_sized = {tp for tp in dtypes if tp.str.endswith('0')}
+        self.dtypes = sorted(dtypes - variable_sized |
+                             {np.dtype(tp.str.replace("0", str(i)))
+                              for tp in variable_sized for i in range(1, 10)},
+                             key=lambda dtype: dtype.str)
+        self.orders = {'C': 'c_contiguous', 'F': 'f_contiguous'}
+        self.ndims = 10
+
+    def check_function(self, func, fill_value=None):
+        par = ((0, 1, 2),
+               range(self.ndims),
+               self.orders,
+               self.dtypes)
+        fill_kwarg = {}
+        if fill_value is not None:
+            fill_kwarg = {'fill_value': fill_value}
+
+        for size, ndims, order, dtype in itertools.product(*par):
+            shape = ndims * [size]
+
+            # do not fill void type
+            if fill_kwarg and dtype.str.startswith('|V'):
+                continue
+
+            arr = func(shape, order=order, dtype=dtype,
+                       **fill_kwarg)
+
+            assert_equal(arr.dtype, dtype)
+            assert_(getattr(arr.flags, self.orders[order]))
+
+            if fill_value is not None:
+                if dtype.str.startswith('|S'):
+                    val = str(fill_value)
+                else:
+                    val = fill_value
+                assert_equal(arr, dtype.type(val))
+
+    def test_zeros(self):
+        self.check_function(np.zeros)
+
+    def test_ones(self):
+        self.check_function(np.ones)
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        self.check_function(np.empty)
+
+    def test_full(self):
+        self.check_function(np.full, 0)
+        self.check_function(np.full, 1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+    def test_for_reference_leak(self):
+        # Make sure we have an object for reference
+        dim = 1
+        beg = sys.getrefcount(dim)
+        np.zeros([dim]*10)
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(dim) == beg)
+        np.ones([dim]*10)
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(dim) == beg)
+        np.empty([dim]*10)
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(dim) == beg)
+        np.full([dim]*10, 0)
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(dim) == beg)
+
+
+class TestLikeFuncs:
+    '''Test ones_like, zeros_like, empty_like and full_like'''
+
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.data = [
+                # Array scalars
+                (np.array(3.), None),
+                (np.array(3), 'f8'),
+                # 1D arrays
+                (np.arange(6, dtype='f4'), None),
+                (np.arange(6), 'c16'),
+                # 2D C-layout arrays
+                (np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3), None),
+                (np.arange(6).reshape(3, 2), 'i1'),
+                # 2D F-layout arrays
+                (np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3), order='F'), None),
+                (np.arange(6).reshape((3, 2), order='F'), 'i1'),
+                # 3D C-layout arrays
+                (np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4), None),
+                (np.arange(24).reshape(4, 3, 2), 'f4'),
+                # 3D F-layout arrays
+                (np.arange(24).reshape((2, 3, 4), order='F'), None),
+                (np.arange(24).reshape((4, 3, 2), order='F'), 'f4'),
+                # 3D non-C/F-layout arrays
+                (np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4).swapaxes(0, 1), None),
+                (np.arange(24).reshape(4, 3, 2).swapaxes(0, 1), '?'),
+                     ]
+        self.shapes = [(), (5,), (5,6,), (5,6,7,)]
+
+    def compare_array_value(self, dz, value, fill_value):
+        if value is not None:
+            if fill_value:
+                # Conversion is close to what np.full_like uses
+                # but we  may want to convert directly in the future
+                # which may result in errors (where this does not).
+                z = np.array(value).astype(dz.dtype)
+                assert_(np.all(dz == z))
+            else:
+                assert_(np.all(dz == value))
+
+    def check_like_function(self, like_function, value, fill_value=False):
+        if fill_value:
+            fill_kwarg = {'fill_value': value}
+        else:
+            fill_kwarg = {}
+        for d, dtype in self.data:
+            # default (K) order, dtype
+            dz = like_function(d, dtype=dtype, **fill_kwarg)
+            assert_equal(dz.shape, d.shape)
+            assert_equal(np.array(dz.strides)*d.dtype.itemsize,
+                         np.array(d.strides)*dz.dtype.itemsize)
+            assert_equal(d.flags.c_contiguous, dz.flags.c_contiguous)
+            assert_equal(d.flags.f_contiguous, dz.flags.f_contiguous)
+            if dtype is None:
+                assert_equal(dz.dtype, d.dtype)
+            else:
+                assert_equal(dz.dtype, np.dtype(dtype))
+            self.compare_array_value(dz, value, fill_value)
+
+            # C order, default dtype
+            dz = like_function(d, order='C', dtype=dtype, **fill_kwarg)
+            assert_equal(dz.shape, d.shape)
+            assert_(dz.flags.c_contiguous)
+            if dtype is None:
+                assert_equal(dz.dtype, d.dtype)
+            else:
+                assert_equal(dz.dtype, np.dtype(dtype))
+            self.compare_array_value(dz, value, fill_value)
+
+            # F order, default dtype
+            dz = like_function(d, order='F', dtype=dtype, **fill_kwarg)
+            assert_equal(dz.shape, d.shape)
+            assert_(dz.flags.f_contiguous)
+            if dtype is None:
+                assert_equal(dz.dtype, d.dtype)
+            else:
+                assert_equal(dz.dtype, np.dtype(dtype))
+            self.compare_array_value(dz, value, fill_value)
+
+            # A order
+            dz = like_function(d, order='A', dtype=dtype, **fill_kwarg)
+            assert_equal(dz.shape, d.shape)
+            if d.flags.f_contiguous:
+                assert_(dz.flags.f_contiguous)
+            else:
+                assert_(dz.flags.c_contiguous)
+            if dtype is None:
+                assert_equal(dz.dtype, d.dtype)
+            else:
+                assert_equal(dz.dtype, np.dtype(dtype))
+            self.compare_array_value(dz, value, fill_value)
+
+            # Test the 'shape' parameter
+            for s in self.shapes:
+                for o in 'CFA':
+                    sz = like_function(d, dtype=dtype, shape=s, order=o,
+                                       **fill_kwarg)
+                    assert_equal(sz.shape, s)
+                    if dtype is None:
+                        assert_equal(sz.dtype, d.dtype)
+                    else:
+                        assert_equal(sz.dtype, np.dtype(dtype))
+                    if o == 'C' or (o == 'A' and d.flags.c_contiguous):
+                        assert_(sz.flags.c_contiguous)
+                    elif o == 'F' or (o == 'A' and d.flags.f_contiguous):
+                        assert_(sz.flags.f_contiguous)
+                    self.compare_array_value(sz, value, fill_value)
+
+                if (d.ndim != len(s)):
+                    assert_equal(np.argsort(like_function(d, dtype=dtype,
+                                                          shape=s, order='K',
+                                                          **fill_kwarg).strides),
+                                 np.argsort(np.empty(s, dtype=dtype,
+                                                     order='C').strides))
+                else:
+                    assert_equal(np.argsort(like_function(d, dtype=dtype,
+                                                          shape=s, order='K',
+                                                          **fill_kwarg).strides),
+                                 np.argsort(d.strides))
+
+        # Test the 'subok' parameter
+        class MyNDArray(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]).view(MyNDArray)
+
+        b = like_function(a, **fill_kwarg)
+        assert_(type(b) is MyNDArray)
+
+        b = like_function(a, subok=False, **fill_kwarg)
+        assert_(type(b) is not MyNDArray)
+
+    def test_ones_like(self):
+        self.check_like_function(np.ones_like, 1)
+
+    def test_zeros_like(self):
+        self.check_like_function(np.zeros_like, 0)
+
+    def test_empty_like(self):
+        self.check_like_function(np.empty_like, None)
+
+    def test_filled_like(self):
+        self.check_like_function(np.full_like, 0, True)
+        self.check_like_function(np.full_like, 1, True)
+        self.check_like_function(np.full_like, 1000, True)
+        self.check_like_function(np.full_like, 123.456, True)
+        # Inf to integer casts cause invalid-value errors: ignore them.
+        with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
+            self.check_like_function(np.full_like, np.inf, True)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('likefunc', [np.empty_like, np.full_like,
+                                          np.zeros_like, np.ones_like])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [str, bytes])
+    def test_dtype_str_bytes(self, likefunc, dtype):
+        # Regression test for gh-19860
+        a = np.arange(16).reshape(2, 8)
+        b = a[:, ::2]  # Ensure b is not contiguous.
+        kwargs = {'fill_value': ''} if likefunc == np.full_like else {}
+        result = likefunc(b, dtype=dtype, **kwargs)
+        if dtype == str:
+            assert result.strides == (16, 4)
+        else:
+            # dtype is bytes
+            assert result.strides == (4, 1)
+
+
+class TestCorrelate:
+    def _setup(self, dt):
+        self.x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=dt)
+        self.xs = np.arange(1, 20)[::3]
+        self.y = np.array([-1, -2, -3], dtype=dt)
+        self.z1 = np.array([-3., -8., -14., -20., -26., -14., -5.], dtype=dt)
+        self.z1_4 = np.array([-2., -5., -8., -11., -14., -5.], dtype=dt)
+        self.z1r = np.array([-15., -22., -22., -16., -10., -4., -1.], dtype=dt)
+        self.z2 = np.array([-5., -14., -26., -20., -14., -8., -3.], dtype=dt)
+        self.z2r = np.array([-1., -4., -10., -16., -22., -22., -15.], dtype=dt)
+        self.zs = np.array([-3., -14., -30., -48., -66., -84.,
+                           -102., -54., -19.], dtype=dt)
+
+    def test_float(self):
+        self._setup(float)
+        z = np.correlate(self.x, self.y, 'full')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(z, self.z1)
+        z = np.correlate(self.x, self.y[:-1], 'full')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(z, self.z1_4)
+        z = np.correlate(self.y, self.x, 'full')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(z, self.z2)
+        z = np.correlate(self.x[::-1], self.y, 'full')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(z, self.z1r)
+        z = np.correlate(self.y, self.x[::-1], 'full')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(z, self.z2r)
+        z = np.correlate(self.xs, self.y, 'full')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(z, self.zs)
+
+    def test_object(self):
+        self._setup(Decimal)
+        z = np.correlate(self.x, self.y, 'full')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(z, self.z1)
+        z = np.correlate(self.y, self.x, 'full')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(z, self.z2)
+
+    def test_no_overwrite(self):
+        d = np.ones(100)
+        k = np.ones(3)
+        np.correlate(d, k)
+        assert_array_equal(d, np.ones(100))
+        assert_array_equal(k, np.ones(3))
+
+    def test_complex(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4+1j], dtype=complex)
+        y = np.array([-1, -2j, 3+1j], dtype=complex)
+        r_z = np.array([3-1j, 6, 8+1j, 11+5j, -5+8j, -4-1j], dtype=complex)
+        r_z = r_z[::-1].conjugate()
+        z = np.correlate(y, x, mode='full')
+        assert_array_almost_equal(z, r_z)
+
+    def test_zero_size(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.correlate(np.array([]), np.ones(1000), mode='full')
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.correlate(np.ones(1000), np.array([]), mode='full')
+
+    def test_mode(self):
+        d = np.ones(100)
+        k = np.ones(3)
+        default_mode = np.correlate(d, k, mode='valid')
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            valid_mode = np.correlate(d, k, mode='v')
+        assert_array_equal(valid_mode, default_mode)
+        # integer mode
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            np.correlate(d, k, mode=-1)
+        assert_array_equal(np.correlate(d, k, mode=0), valid_mode)
+        # illegal arguments
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.correlate(d, k, mode=None)
+
+
+class TestConvolve:
+    def test_object(self):
+        d = [1.] * 100
+        k = [1.] * 3
+        assert_array_almost_equal(np.convolve(d, k)[2:-2], np.full(98, 3))
+
+    def test_no_overwrite(self):
+        d = np.ones(100)
+        k = np.ones(3)
+        np.convolve(d, k)
+        assert_array_equal(d, np.ones(100))
+        assert_array_equal(k, np.ones(3))
+
+    def test_mode(self):
+        d = np.ones(100)
+        k = np.ones(3)
+        default_mode = np.convolve(d, k, mode='full')
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            full_mode = np.convolve(d, k, mode='f')
+        assert_array_equal(full_mode, default_mode)
+        # integer mode
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            np.convolve(d, k, mode=-1)
+        assert_array_equal(np.convolve(d, k, mode=2), full_mode)
+        # illegal arguments
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.convolve(d, k, mode=None)
+
+
+class TestArgwhere:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('nd', [0, 1, 2])
+    def test_nd(self, nd):
+        # get an nd array with multiple elements in every dimension
+        x = np.empty((2,)*nd, bool)
+
+        # none
+        x[...] = False
+        assert_equal(np.argwhere(x).shape, (0, nd))
+
+        # only one
+        x[...] = False
+        x.flat[0] = True
+        assert_equal(np.argwhere(x).shape, (1, nd))
+
+        # all but one
+        x[...] = True
+        x.flat[0] = False
+        assert_equal(np.argwhere(x).shape, (x.size - 1, nd))
+
+        # all
+        x[...] = True
+        assert_equal(np.argwhere(x).shape, (x.size, nd))
+
+    def test_2D(self):
+        x = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(np.argwhere(x > 1),
+                           [[0, 2],
+                            [1, 0],
+                            [1, 1],
+                            [1, 2]])
+
+    def test_list(self):
+        assert_equal(np.argwhere([4, 0, 2, 1, 3]), [[0], [2], [3], [4]])
+
+
+class TestStringFunction:
+
+    def test_set_string_function(self):
+        a = np.array([1])
+        np.set_string_function(lambda x: "FOO", repr=True)
+        assert_equal(repr(a), "FOO")
+        np.set_string_function(None, repr=True)
+        assert_equal(repr(a), "array([1])")
+
+        np.set_string_function(lambda x: "FOO", repr=False)
+        assert_equal(str(a), "FOO")
+        np.set_string_function(None, repr=False)
+        assert_equal(str(a), "[1]")
+
+
+class TestRoll:
+    def test_roll1d(self):
+        x = np.arange(10)
+        xr = np.roll(x, 2)
+        assert_equal(xr, np.array([8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]))
+
+    def test_roll2d(self):
+        x2 = np.reshape(np.arange(10), (2, 5))
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, 1)
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[9, 0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, 1, axis=0)
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, 1, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[4, 0, 1, 2, 3], [9, 5, 6, 7, 8]]))
+
+        # Roll multiple axes at once.
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, 1, axis=(0, 1))
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[9, 5, 6, 7, 8], [4, 0, 1, 2, 3]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, (1, 0), axis=(0, 1))
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, (-1, 0), axis=(0, 1))
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, (0, 1), axis=(0, 1))
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[4, 0, 1, 2, 3], [9, 5, 6, 7, 8]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, (0, -1), axis=(0, 1))
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 0], [6, 7, 8, 9, 5]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, (1, 1), axis=(0, 1))
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[9, 5, 6, 7, 8], [4, 0, 1, 2, 3]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, (-1, -1), axis=(0, 1))
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[6, 7, 8, 9, 5], [1, 2, 3, 4, 0]]))
+
+        # Roll the same axis multiple times.
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, 1, axis=(0, 0))
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, 1, axis=(1, 1))
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[3, 4, 0, 1, 2], [8, 9, 5, 6, 7]]))
+
+        # Roll more than one turn in either direction.
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, 6, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[4, 0, 1, 2, 3], [9, 5, 6, 7, 8]]))
+
+        x2r = np.roll(x2, -4, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(x2r, np.array([[4, 0, 1, 2, 3], [9, 5, 6, 7, 8]]))
+
+    def test_roll_empty(self):
+        x = np.array([])
+        assert_equal(np.roll(x, 1), np.array([]))
+
+
+class TestRollaxis:
+
+    # expected shape indexed by (axis, start) for array of
+    # shape (1, 2, 3, 4)
+    tgtshape = {(0, 0): (1, 2, 3, 4), (0, 1): (1, 2, 3, 4),
+                (0, 2): (2, 1, 3, 4), (0, 3): (2, 3, 1, 4),
+                (0, 4): (2, 3, 4, 1),
+                (1, 0): (2, 1, 3, 4), (1, 1): (1, 2, 3, 4),
+                (1, 2): (1, 2, 3, 4), (1, 3): (1, 3, 2, 4),
+                (1, 4): (1, 3, 4, 2),
+                (2, 0): (3, 1, 2, 4), (2, 1): (1, 3, 2, 4),
+                (2, 2): (1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 3): (1, 2, 3, 4),
+                (2, 4): (1, 2, 4, 3),
+                (3, 0): (4, 1, 2, 3), (3, 1): (1, 4, 2, 3),
+                (3, 2): (1, 2, 4, 3), (3, 3): (1, 2, 3, 4),
+                (3, 4): (1, 2, 3, 4)}
+
+    def test_exceptions(self):
+        a = np.arange(1*2*3*4).reshape(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.rollaxis, a, -5, 0)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.rollaxis, a, 0, -5)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.rollaxis, a, 4, 0)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.rollaxis, a, 0, 5)
+
+    def test_results(self):
+        a = np.arange(1*2*3*4).reshape(1, 2, 3, 4).copy()
+        aind = np.indices(a.shape)
+        assert_(a.flags['OWNDATA'])
+        for (i, j) in self.tgtshape:
+            # positive axis, positive start
+            res = np.rollaxis(a, axis=i, start=j)
+            i0, i1, i2, i3 = aind[np.array(res.shape) - 1]
+            assert_(np.all(res[i0, i1, i2, i3] == a))
+            assert_(res.shape == self.tgtshape[(i, j)], str((i,j)))
+            assert_(not res.flags['OWNDATA'])
+
+            # negative axis, positive start
+            ip = i + 1
+            res = np.rollaxis(a, axis=-ip, start=j)
+            i0, i1, i2, i3 = aind[np.array(res.shape) - 1]
+            assert_(np.all(res[i0, i1, i2, i3] == a))
+            assert_(res.shape == self.tgtshape[(4 - ip, j)])
+            assert_(not res.flags['OWNDATA'])
+
+            # positive axis, negative start
+            jp = j + 1 if j < 4 else j
+            res = np.rollaxis(a, axis=i, start=-jp)
+            i0, i1, i2, i3 = aind[np.array(res.shape) - 1]
+            assert_(np.all(res[i0, i1, i2, i3] == a))
+            assert_(res.shape == self.tgtshape[(i, 4 - jp)])
+            assert_(not res.flags['OWNDATA'])
+
+            # negative axis, negative start
+            ip = i + 1
+            jp = j + 1 if j < 4 else j
+            res = np.rollaxis(a, axis=-ip, start=-jp)
+            i0, i1, i2, i3 = aind[np.array(res.shape) - 1]
+            assert_(np.all(res[i0, i1, i2, i3] == a))
+            assert_(res.shape == self.tgtshape[(4 - ip, 4 - jp)])
+            assert_(not res.flags['OWNDATA'])
+
+
+class TestMoveaxis:
+    def test_move_to_end(self):
+        x = np.random.randn(5, 6, 7)
+        for source, expected in [(0, (6, 7, 5)),
+                                 (1, (5, 7, 6)),
+                                 (2, (5, 6, 7)),
+                                 (-1, (5, 6, 7))]:
+            actual = np.moveaxis(x, source, -1).shape
+            assert_(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_move_new_position(self):
+        x = np.random.randn(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        for source, destination, expected in [
+                (0, 1, (2, 1, 3, 4)),
+                (1, 2, (1, 3, 2, 4)),
+                (1, -1, (1, 3, 4, 2)),
+                ]:
+            actual = np.moveaxis(x, source, destination).shape
+            assert_(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_preserve_order(self):
+        x = np.zeros((1, 2, 3, 4))
+        for source, destination in [
+                (0, 0),
+                (3, -1),
+                (-1, 3),
+                ([0, -1], [0, -1]),
+                ([2, 0], [2, 0]),
+                (range(4), range(4)),
+                ]:
+            actual = np.moveaxis(x, source, destination).shape
+            assert_(actual, (1, 2, 3, 4))
+
+    def test_move_multiples(self):
+        x = np.zeros((0, 1, 2, 3))
+        for source, destination, expected in [
+                ([0, 1], [2, 3], (2, 3, 0, 1)),
+                ([2, 3], [0, 1], (2, 3, 0, 1)),
+                ([0, 1, 2], [2, 3, 0], (2, 3, 0, 1)),
+                ([3, 0], [1, 0], (0, 3, 1, 2)),
+                ([0, 3], [0, 1], (0, 3, 1, 2)),
+                ]:
+            actual = np.moveaxis(x, source, destination).shape
+            assert_(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_errors(self):
+        x = np.random.randn(1, 2, 3)
+        assert_raises_regex(np.AxisError, 'source.*out of bounds',
+                            np.moveaxis, x, 3, 0)
+        assert_raises_regex(np.AxisError, 'source.*out of bounds',
+                            np.moveaxis, x, -4, 0)
+        assert_raises_regex(np.AxisError, 'destination.*out of bounds',
+                            np.moveaxis, x, 0, 5)
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'repeated axis in `source`',
+                            np.moveaxis, x, [0, 0], [0, 1])
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'repeated axis in `destination`',
+                            np.moveaxis, x, [0, 1], [1, 1])
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'must have the same number',
+                            np.moveaxis, x, 0, [0, 1])
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'must have the same number',
+                            np.moveaxis, x, [0, 1], [0])
+
+    def test_array_likes(self):
+        x = np.ma.zeros((1, 2, 3))
+        result = np.moveaxis(x, 0, 0)
+        assert_(x.shape, result.shape)
+        assert_(isinstance(result, np.ma.MaskedArray))
+
+        x = [1, 2, 3]
+        result = np.moveaxis(x, 0, 0)
+        assert_(x, list(result))
+        assert_(isinstance(result, np.ndarray))
+
+
+class TestCross:
+    def test_2x2(self):
+        u = [1, 2]
+        v = [3, 4]
+        z = -2
+        cp = np.cross(u, v)
+        assert_equal(cp, z)
+        cp = np.cross(v, u)
+        assert_equal(cp, -z)
+
+    def test_2x3(self):
+        u = [1, 2]
+        v = [3, 4, 5]
+        z = np.array([10, -5, -2])
+        cp = np.cross(u, v)
+        assert_equal(cp, z)
+        cp = np.cross(v, u)
+        assert_equal(cp, -z)
+
+    def test_3x3(self):
+        u = [1, 2, 3]
+        v = [4, 5, 6]
+        z = np.array([-3, 6, -3])
+        cp = np.cross(u, v)
+        assert_equal(cp, z)
+        cp = np.cross(v, u)
+        assert_equal(cp, -z)
+
+    def test_broadcasting(self):
+        # Ticket #2624 (Trac #2032)
+        u = np.tile([1, 2], (11, 1))
+        v = np.tile([3, 4], (11, 1))
+        z = -2
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, v), z)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(v, u), -z)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, u), 0)
+
+        u = np.tile([1, 2], (11, 1)).T
+        v = np.tile([3, 4, 5], (11, 1))
+        z = np.tile([10, -5, -2], (11, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, v, axisa=0), z)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(v, u.T), -z)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(v, v), 0)
+
+        u = np.tile([1, 2, 3], (11, 1)).T
+        v = np.tile([3, 4], (11, 1)).T
+        z = np.tile([-12, 9, -2], (11, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, v, axisa=0, axisb=0), z)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(v.T, u.T), -z)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u.T, u.T), 0)
+
+        u = np.tile([1, 2, 3], (5, 1))
+        v = np.tile([4, 5, 6], (5, 1)).T
+        z = np.tile([-3, 6, -3], (5, 1))
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, v, axisb=0), z)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(v.T, u), -z)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, u), 0)
+
+    def test_broadcasting_shapes(self):
+        u = np.ones((2, 1, 3))
+        v = np.ones((5, 3))
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, v).shape, (2, 5, 3))
+        u = np.ones((10, 3, 5))
+        v = np.ones((2, 5))
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, v, axisa=1, axisb=0).shape, (10, 5, 3))
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.cross, u, v, axisa=1, axisb=2)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.cross, u, v, axisa=3, axisb=0)
+        u = np.ones((10, 3, 5, 7))
+        v = np.ones((5, 7, 2))
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, v, axisa=1, axisc=2).shape, (10, 5, 3, 7))
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.cross, u, v, axisa=-5, axisb=2)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.cross, u, v, axisa=1, axisb=-4)
+        # gh-5885
+        u = np.ones((3, 4, 2))
+        for axisc in range(-2, 2):
+            assert_equal(np.cross(u, u, axisc=axisc).shape, (3, 4))
+
+    def test_uint8_int32_mixed_dtypes(self):
+        # regression test for gh-19138
+        u = np.array([[195, 8, 9]], np.uint8)
+        v = np.array([250, 166, 68], np.int32)
+        z = np.array([[950, 11010, -30370]], dtype=np.int32)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(v, u), z)
+        assert_equal(np.cross(u, v), -z)
+
+
+def test_outer_out_param():
+    arr1 = np.ones((5,))
+    arr2 = np.ones((2,))
+    arr3 = np.linspace(-2, 2, 5)
+    out1 = np.ndarray(shape=(5,5))
+    out2 = np.ndarray(shape=(2, 5))
+    res1 = np.outer(arr1, arr3, out1)
+    assert_equal(res1, out1)
+    assert_equal(np.outer(arr2, arr3, out2), out2)
+
+
+class TestIndices:
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        [x, y] = np.indices((4, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([[0, 0, 0],
+                                        [1, 1, 1],
+                                        [2, 2, 2],
+                                        [3, 3, 3]]))
+        assert_array_equal(y, np.array([[0, 1, 2],
+                                        [0, 1, 2],
+                                        [0, 1, 2],
+                                        [0, 1, 2]]))
+
+    def test_single_input(self):
+        [x] = np.indices((4,))
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([0, 1, 2, 3]))
+
+        [x] = np.indices((4,), sparse=True)
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([0, 1, 2, 3]))
+
+    def test_scalar_input(self):
+        assert_array_equal([], np.indices(()))
+        assert_array_equal([], np.indices((), sparse=True))
+        assert_array_equal([[]], np.indices((0,)))
+        assert_array_equal([[]], np.indices((0,), sparse=True))
+
+    def test_sparse(self):
+        [x, y] = np.indices((4,3), sparse=True)
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array([[0], [1], [2], [3]]))
+        assert_array_equal(y, np.array([[0, 1, 2]]))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [np.int32, np.int64, np.float32, np.float64])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dims", [(), (0,), (4, 3)])
+    def test_return_type(self, dtype, dims):
+        inds = np.indices(dims, dtype=dtype)
+        assert_(inds.dtype == dtype)
+
+        for arr in np.indices(dims, dtype=dtype, sparse=True):
+            assert_(arr.dtype == dtype)
+
+
+class TestRequire:
+    flag_names = ['C', 'C_CONTIGUOUS', 'CONTIGUOUS',
+                  'F', 'F_CONTIGUOUS', 'FORTRAN',
+                  'A', 'ALIGNED',
+                  'W', 'WRITEABLE',
+                  'O', 'OWNDATA']
+
+    def generate_all_false(self, dtype):
+        arr = np.zeros((2, 2), [('junk', 'i1'), ('a', dtype)])
+        arr.setflags(write=False)
+        a = arr['a']
+        assert_(not a.flags['C'])
+        assert_(not a.flags['F'])
+        assert_(not a.flags['O'])
+        assert_(not a.flags['W'])
+        assert_(not a.flags['A'])
+        return a
+
+    def set_and_check_flag(self, flag, dtype, arr):
+        if dtype is None:
+            dtype = arr.dtype
+        b = np.require(arr, dtype, [flag])
+        assert_(b.flags[flag])
+        assert_(b.dtype == dtype)
+
+        # a further call to np.require ought to return the same array
+        # unless OWNDATA is specified.
+        c = np.require(b, None, [flag])
+        if flag[0] != 'O':
+            assert_(c is b)
+        else:
+            assert_(c.flags[flag])
+
+    def test_require_each(self):
+
+        id = ['f8', 'i4']
+        fd = [None, 'f8', 'c16']
+        for idtype, fdtype, flag in itertools.product(id, fd, self.flag_names):
+            a = self.generate_all_false(idtype)
+            self.set_and_check_flag(flag, fdtype,  a)
+
+    def test_unknown_requirement(self):
+        a = self.generate_all_false('f8')
+        assert_raises(KeyError, np.require, a, None, 'Q')
+
+    def test_non_array_input(self):
+        a = np.require([1, 2, 3, 4], 'i4', ['C', 'A', 'O'])
+        assert_(a.flags['O'])
+        assert_(a.flags['C'])
+        assert_(a.flags['A'])
+        assert_(a.dtype == 'i4')
+        assert_equal(a, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+    def test_C_and_F_simul(self):
+        a = self.generate_all_false('f8')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.require, a, None, ['C', 'F'])
+
+    def test_ensure_array(self):
+        class ArraySubclass(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        a = ArraySubclass((2, 2))
+        b = np.require(a, None, ['E'])
+        assert_(type(b) is np.ndarray)
+
+    def test_preserve_subtype(self):
+        class ArraySubclass(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        for flag in self.flag_names:
+            a = ArraySubclass((2, 2))
+            self.set_and_check_flag(flag, None, a)
+
+
+class TestBroadcast:
+    def test_broadcast_in_args(self):
+        # gh-5881
+        arrs = [np.empty((6, 7)), np.empty((5, 6, 1)), np.empty((7,)),
+                np.empty((5, 1, 7))]
+        mits = [np.broadcast(*arrs),
+                np.broadcast(np.broadcast(*arrs[:0]), np.broadcast(*arrs[0:])),
+                np.broadcast(np.broadcast(*arrs[:1]), np.broadcast(*arrs[1:])),
+                np.broadcast(np.broadcast(*arrs[:2]), np.broadcast(*arrs[2:])),
+                np.broadcast(arrs[0], np.broadcast(*arrs[1:-1]), arrs[-1])]
+        for mit in mits:
+            assert_equal(mit.shape, (5, 6, 7))
+            assert_equal(mit.ndim, 3)
+            assert_equal(mit.nd, 3)
+            assert_equal(mit.numiter, 4)
+            for a, ia in zip(arrs, mit.iters):
+                assert_(a is ia.base)
+
+    def test_broadcast_single_arg(self):
+        # gh-6899
+        arrs = [np.empty((5, 6, 7))]
+        mit = np.broadcast(*arrs)
+        assert_equal(mit.shape, (5, 6, 7))
+        assert_equal(mit.ndim, 3)
+        assert_equal(mit.nd, 3)
+        assert_equal(mit.numiter, 1)
+        assert_(arrs[0] is mit.iters[0].base)
+
+    def test_number_of_arguments(self):
+        arr = np.empty((5,))
+        for j in range(35):
+            arrs = [arr] * j
+            if j > 32:
+                assert_raises(ValueError, np.broadcast, *arrs)
+            else:
+                mit = np.broadcast(*arrs)
+                assert_equal(mit.numiter, j)
+
+    def test_broadcast_error_kwargs(self):
+        #gh-13455
+        arrs = [np.empty((5, 6, 7))]
+        mit  = np.broadcast(*arrs)
+        mit2 = np.broadcast(*arrs, **{})
+        assert_equal(mit.shape, mit2.shape)
+        assert_equal(mit.ndim, mit2.ndim)
+        assert_equal(mit.nd, mit2.nd)
+        assert_equal(mit.numiter, mit2.numiter)
+        assert_(mit.iters[0].base is mit2.iters[0].base)
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.broadcast, 1, **{'x': 1})
+
+    def test_shape_mismatch_error_message(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"arg 0 with shape \(1, 3\) and "
+                                             r"arg 2 with shape \(2,\)"):
+            np.broadcast([[1, 2, 3]], [[4], [5]], [6, 7])
+
+
+class TestKeepdims:
+
+    class sub_array(np.ndarray):
+        def sum(self, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
+            return np.ndarray.sum(self, axis, dtype, out, keepdims=True)
+
+    def test_raise(self):
+        sub_class = self.sub_array
+        x = np.arange(30).view(sub_class)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.sum, x, keepdims=True)
+
+
+class TestTensordot:
+
+    def test_zero_dimension(self):
+        # Test resolution to issue #5663
+        a = np.ndarray((3,0))
+        b = np.ndarray((0,4))
+        td = np.tensordot(a, b, (1, 0))
+        assert_array_equal(td, np.dot(a, b))
+        assert_array_equal(td, np.einsum('ij,jk', a, b))
+
+    def test_zero_dimensional(self):
+        # gh-12130
+        arr_0d = np.array(1)
+        ret = np.tensordot(arr_0d, arr_0d, ([], []))  # contracting no axes is well defined
+        assert_array_equal(ret, arr_0d)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_numerictypes.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_numerictypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bab5bf24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_numerictypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+import sys
+import itertools
+
+import pytest
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, IS_PYPY
+
+# This is the structure of the table used for plain objects:
+#
+# +-+-+-+
+# |x|y|z|
+# +-+-+-+
+
+# Structure of a plain array description:
+Pdescr = [
+    ('x', 'i4', (2,)),
+    ('y', 'f8', (2, 2)),
+    ('z', 'u1')]
+
+# A plain list of tuples with values for testing:
+PbufferT = [
+    # x     y                  z
+    ([3, 2], [[6., 4.], [6., 4.]], 8),
+    ([4, 3], [[7., 5.], [7., 5.]], 9),
+    ]
+
+
+# This is the structure of the table used for nested objects (DON'T PANIC!):
+#
+# +-+---------------------------------+-----+----------+-+-+
+# |x|Info                             |color|info      |y|z|
+# | +-----+--+----------------+----+--+     +----+-----+ | |
+# | |value|y2|Info2           |name|z2|     |Name|Value| | |
+# | |     |  +----+-----+--+--+    |  |     |    |     | | |
+# | |     |  |name|value|y3|z3|    |  |     |    |     | | |
+# +-+-----+--+----+-----+--+--+----+--+-----+----+-----+-+-+
+#
+
+# The corresponding nested array description:
+Ndescr = [
+    ('x', 'i4', (2,)),
+    ('Info', [
+        ('value', 'c16'),
+        ('y2', 'f8'),
+        ('Info2', [
+            ('name', 'S2'),
+            ('value', 'c16', (2,)),
+            ('y3', 'f8', (2,)),
+            ('z3', 'u4', (2,))]),
+        ('name', 'S2'),
+        ('z2', 'b1')]),
+    ('color', 'S2'),
+    ('info', [
+        ('Name', 'U8'),
+        ('Value', 'c16')]),
+    ('y', 'f8', (2, 2)),
+    ('z', 'u1')]
+
+NbufferT = [
+    # x     Info                                                color info        y                  z
+    #       value y2 Info2                            name z2         Name Value
+    #                name   value    y3       z3
+    ([3, 2], (6j, 6., (b'nn', [6j, 4j], [6., 4.], [1, 2]), b'NN', True),
+     b'cc', ('NN', 6j), [[6., 4.], [6., 4.]], 8),
+    ([4, 3], (7j, 7., (b'oo', [7j, 5j], [7., 5.], [2, 1]), b'OO', False),
+     b'dd', ('OO', 7j), [[7., 5.], [7., 5.]], 9),
+    ]
+
+
+byteorder = {'little':'<', 'big':'>'}[sys.byteorder]
+
+def normalize_descr(descr):
+    "Normalize a description adding the platform byteorder."
+
+    out = []
+    for item in descr:
+        dtype = item[1]
+        if isinstance(dtype, str):
+            if dtype[0] not in ['|', '<', '>']:
+                onebyte = dtype[1:] == "1"
+                if onebyte or dtype[0] in ['S', 'V', 'b']:
+                    dtype = "|" + dtype
+                else:
+                    dtype = byteorder + dtype
+            if len(item) > 2 and np.prod(item[2]) > 1:
+                nitem = (item[0], dtype, item[2])
+            else:
+                nitem = (item[0], dtype)
+            out.append(nitem)
+        elif isinstance(dtype, list):
+            l = normalize_descr(dtype)
+            out.append((item[0], l))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Expected a str or list and got %s" %
+                             (type(item)))
+    return out
+
+
+############################################################
+#    Creation tests
+############################################################
+
+class CreateZeros:
+    """Check the creation of heterogeneous arrays zero-valued"""
+
+    def test_zeros0D(self):
+        """Check creation of 0-dimensional objects"""
+        h = np.zeros((), dtype=self._descr)
+        assert_(normalize_descr(self._descr) == h.dtype.descr)
+        assert_(h.dtype.fields['x'][0].name[:4] == 'void')
+        assert_(h.dtype.fields['x'][0].char == 'V')
+        assert_(h.dtype.fields['x'][0].type == np.void)
+        # A small check that data is ok
+        assert_equal(h['z'], np.zeros((), dtype='u1'))
+
+    def test_zerosSD(self):
+        """Check creation of single-dimensional objects"""
+        h = np.zeros((2,), dtype=self._descr)
+        assert_(normalize_descr(self._descr) == h.dtype.descr)
+        assert_(h.dtype['y'].name[:4] == 'void')
+        assert_(h.dtype['y'].char == 'V')
+        assert_(h.dtype['y'].type == np.void)
+        # A small check that data is ok
+        assert_equal(h['z'], np.zeros((2,), dtype='u1'))
+
+    def test_zerosMD(self):
+        """Check creation of multi-dimensional objects"""
+        h = np.zeros((2, 3), dtype=self._descr)
+        assert_(normalize_descr(self._descr) == h.dtype.descr)
+        assert_(h.dtype['z'].name == 'uint8')
+        assert_(h.dtype['z'].char == 'B')
+        assert_(h.dtype['z'].type == np.uint8)
+        # A small check that data is ok
+        assert_equal(h['z'], np.zeros((2, 3), dtype='u1'))
+
+
+class TestCreateZerosPlain(CreateZeros):
+    """Check the creation of heterogeneous arrays zero-valued (plain)"""
+    _descr = Pdescr
+
+class TestCreateZerosNested(CreateZeros):
+    """Check the creation of heterogeneous arrays zero-valued (nested)"""
+    _descr = Ndescr
+
+
+class CreateValues:
+    """Check the creation of heterogeneous arrays with values"""
+
+    def test_tuple(self):
+        """Check creation from tuples"""
+        h = np.array(self._buffer, dtype=self._descr)
+        assert_(normalize_descr(self._descr) == h.dtype.descr)
+        if self.multiple_rows:
+            assert_(h.shape == (2,))
+        else:
+            assert_(h.shape == ())
+
+    def test_list_of_tuple(self):
+        """Check creation from list of tuples"""
+        h = np.array([self._buffer], dtype=self._descr)
+        assert_(normalize_descr(self._descr) == h.dtype.descr)
+        if self.multiple_rows:
+            assert_(h.shape == (1, 2))
+        else:
+            assert_(h.shape == (1,))
+
+    def test_list_of_list_of_tuple(self):
+        """Check creation from list of list of tuples"""
+        h = np.array([[self._buffer]], dtype=self._descr)
+        assert_(normalize_descr(self._descr) == h.dtype.descr)
+        if self.multiple_rows:
+            assert_(h.shape == (1, 1, 2))
+        else:
+            assert_(h.shape == (1, 1))
+
+
+class TestCreateValuesPlainSingle(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of heterogeneous arrays (plain, single row)"""
+    _descr = Pdescr
+    multiple_rows = 0
+    _buffer = PbufferT[0]
+
+class TestCreateValuesPlainMultiple(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of heterogeneous arrays (plain, multiple rows)"""
+    _descr = Pdescr
+    multiple_rows = 1
+    _buffer = PbufferT
+
+class TestCreateValuesNestedSingle(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of heterogeneous arrays (nested, single row)"""
+    _descr = Ndescr
+    multiple_rows = 0
+    _buffer = NbufferT[0]
+
+class TestCreateValuesNestedMultiple(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of heterogeneous arrays (nested, multiple rows)"""
+    _descr = Ndescr
+    multiple_rows = 1
+    _buffer = NbufferT
+
+
+############################################################
+#    Reading tests
+############################################################
+
+class ReadValuesPlain:
+    """Check the reading of values in heterogeneous arrays (plain)"""
+
+    def test_access_fields(self):
+        h = np.array(self._buffer, dtype=self._descr)
+        if not self.multiple_rows:
+            assert_(h.shape == ())
+            assert_equal(h['x'], np.array(self._buffer[0], dtype='i4'))
+            assert_equal(h['y'], np.array(self._buffer[1], dtype='f8'))
+            assert_equal(h['z'], np.array(self._buffer[2], dtype='u1'))
+        else:
+            assert_(len(h) == 2)
+            assert_equal(h['x'], np.array([self._buffer[0][0],
+                                             self._buffer[1][0]], dtype='i4'))
+            assert_equal(h['y'], np.array([self._buffer[0][1],
+                                             self._buffer[1][1]], dtype='f8'))
+            assert_equal(h['z'], np.array([self._buffer[0][2],
+                                             self._buffer[1][2]], dtype='u1'))
+
+
+class TestReadValuesPlainSingle(ReadValuesPlain):
+    """Check the creation of heterogeneous arrays (plain, single row)"""
+    _descr = Pdescr
+    multiple_rows = 0
+    _buffer = PbufferT[0]
+
+class TestReadValuesPlainMultiple(ReadValuesPlain):
+    """Check the values of heterogeneous arrays (plain, multiple rows)"""
+    _descr = Pdescr
+    multiple_rows = 1
+    _buffer = PbufferT
+
+class ReadValuesNested:
+    """Check the reading of values in heterogeneous arrays (nested)"""
+
+    def test_access_top_fields(self):
+        """Check reading the top fields of a nested array"""
+        h = np.array(self._buffer, dtype=self._descr)
+        if not self.multiple_rows:
+            assert_(h.shape == ())
+            assert_equal(h['x'], np.array(self._buffer[0], dtype='i4'))
+            assert_equal(h['y'], np.array(self._buffer[4], dtype='f8'))
+            assert_equal(h['z'], np.array(self._buffer[5], dtype='u1'))
+        else:
+            assert_(len(h) == 2)
+            assert_equal(h['x'], np.array([self._buffer[0][0],
+                                           self._buffer[1][0]], dtype='i4'))
+            assert_equal(h['y'], np.array([self._buffer[0][4],
+                                           self._buffer[1][4]], dtype='f8'))
+            assert_equal(h['z'], np.array([self._buffer[0][5],
+                                           self._buffer[1][5]], dtype='u1'))
+
+    def test_nested1_acessors(self):
+        """Check reading the nested fields of a nested array (1st level)"""
+        h = np.array(self._buffer, dtype=self._descr)
+        if not self.multiple_rows:
+            assert_equal(h['Info']['value'],
+                         np.array(self._buffer[1][0], dtype='c16'))
+            assert_equal(h['Info']['y2'],
+                         np.array(self._buffer[1][1], dtype='f8'))
+            assert_equal(h['info']['Name'],
+                         np.array(self._buffer[3][0], dtype='U2'))
+            assert_equal(h['info']['Value'],
+                         np.array(self._buffer[3][1], dtype='c16'))
+        else:
+            assert_equal(h['Info']['value'],
+                         np.array([self._buffer[0][1][0],
+                                self._buffer[1][1][0]],
+                                dtype='c16'))
+            assert_equal(h['Info']['y2'],
+                         np.array([self._buffer[0][1][1],
+                                self._buffer[1][1][1]],
+                                dtype='f8'))
+            assert_equal(h['info']['Name'],
+                         np.array([self._buffer[0][3][0],
+                                self._buffer[1][3][0]],
+                               dtype='U2'))
+            assert_equal(h['info']['Value'],
+                         np.array([self._buffer[0][3][1],
+                                self._buffer[1][3][1]],
+                               dtype='c16'))
+
+    def test_nested2_acessors(self):
+        """Check reading the nested fields of a nested array (2nd level)"""
+        h = np.array(self._buffer, dtype=self._descr)
+        if not self.multiple_rows:
+            assert_equal(h['Info']['Info2']['value'],
+                         np.array(self._buffer[1][2][1], dtype='c16'))
+            assert_equal(h['Info']['Info2']['z3'],
+                         np.array(self._buffer[1][2][3], dtype='u4'))
+        else:
+            assert_equal(h['Info']['Info2']['value'],
+                         np.array([self._buffer[0][1][2][1],
+                                self._buffer[1][1][2][1]],
+                               dtype='c16'))
+            assert_equal(h['Info']['Info2']['z3'],
+                         np.array([self._buffer[0][1][2][3],
+                                self._buffer[1][1][2][3]],
+                               dtype='u4'))
+
+    def test_nested1_descriptor(self):
+        """Check access nested descriptors of a nested array (1st level)"""
+        h = np.array(self._buffer, dtype=self._descr)
+        assert_(h.dtype['Info']['value'].name == 'complex128')
+        assert_(h.dtype['Info']['y2'].name == 'float64')
+        assert_(h.dtype['info']['Name'].name == 'str256')
+        assert_(h.dtype['info']['Value'].name == 'complex128')
+
+    def test_nested2_descriptor(self):
+        """Check access nested descriptors of a nested array (2nd level)"""
+        h = np.array(self._buffer, dtype=self._descr)
+        assert_(h.dtype['Info']['Info2']['value'].name == 'void256')
+        assert_(h.dtype['Info']['Info2']['z3'].name == 'void64')
+
+
+class TestReadValuesNestedSingle(ReadValuesNested):
+    """Check the values of heterogeneous arrays (nested, single row)"""
+    _descr = Ndescr
+    multiple_rows = False
+    _buffer = NbufferT[0]
+
+class TestReadValuesNestedMultiple(ReadValuesNested):
+    """Check the values of heterogeneous arrays (nested, multiple rows)"""
+    _descr = Ndescr
+    multiple_rows = True
+    _buffer = NbufferT
+
+class TestEmptyField:
+    def test_assign(self):
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype=np.float32)
+        a.dtype = [("int",   "<0i4"), ("float", "<2f4")]
+        assert_(a['int'].shape == (5, 0))
+        assert_(a['float'].shape == (5, 2))
+
+class TestCommonType:
+    def test_scalar_loses1(self):
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="np.find_common_type"):
+            res = np.find_common_type(['f4', 'f4', 'i2'], ['f8'])
+        assert_(res == 'f4')
+
+    def test_scalar_loses2(self):
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="np.find_common_type"):
+            res = np.find_common_type(['f4', 'f4'], ['i8'])
+        assert_(res == 'f4')
+
+    def test_scalar_wins(self):
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="np.find_common_type"):
+            res = np.find_common_type(['f4', 'f4', 'i2'], ['c8'])
+        assert_(res == 'c8')
+
+    def test_scalar_wins2(self):
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="np.find_common_type"):
+            res = np.find_common_type(['u4', 'i4', 'i4'], ['f4'])
+        assert_(res == 'f8')
+
+    def test_scalar_wins3(self):  # doesn't go up to 'f16' on purpose
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="np.find_common_type"):
+            res = np.find_common_type(['u8', 'i8', 'i8'], ['f8'])
+        assert_(res == 'f8')
+
+class TestMultipleFields:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.ary = np.array([(1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8)], dtype='i4,f4,i2,c8')
+
+    def _bad_call(self):
+        return self.ary['f0', 'f1']
+
+    def test_no_tuple(self):
+        assert_raises(IndexError, self._bad_call)
+
+    def test_return(self):
+        res = self.ary[['f0', 'f2']].tolist()
+        assert_(res == [(1, 3), (5, 7)])
+
+
+class TestIsSubDType:
+    # scalar types can be promoted into dtypes
+    wrappers = [np.dtype, lambda x: x]
+
+    def test_both_abstract(self):
+        assert_(np.issubdtype(np.floating, np.inexact))
+        assert_(not np.issubdtype(np.inexact, np.floating))
+
+    def test_same(self):
+        for cls in (np.float32, np.int32):
+            for w1, w2 in itertools.product(self.wrappers, repeat=2):
+                assert_(np.issubdtype(w1(cls), w2(cls)))
+
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        # note we cannot promote floating to a dtype, as it would turn into a
+        # concrete type
+        for w in self.wrappers:
+            assert_(np.issubdtype(w(np.float32), np.floating))
+            assert_(np.issubdtype(w(np.float64), np.floating))
+
+    def test_subclass_backwards(self):
+        for w in self.wrappers:
+            assert_(not np.issubdtype(np.floating, w(np.float32)))
+            assert_(not np.issubdtype(np.floating, w(np.float64)))
+
+    def test_sibling_class(self):
+        for w1, w2 in itertools.product(self.wrappers, repeat=2):
+            assert_(not np.issubdtype(w1(np.float32), w2(np.float64)))
+            assert_(not np.issubdtype(w1(np.float64), w2(np.float32)))
+
+    def test_nondtype_nonscalartype(self):
+        # See gh-14619 and gh-9505 which introduced the deprecation to fix
+        # this. These tests are directly taken from gh-9505
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.float32, 'float64')
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.float32, 'f8')
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.int32, str)
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.int32, 'int64')
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.str_, 'void')
+        # for the following the correct spellings are
+        # np.integer, np.floating, or np.complexfloating respectively:
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.int8, int)  # np.int8 is never np.int_
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.float32, float)
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.complex64, complex)
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.float32, "float")
+        assert not np.issubdtype(np.float64, "f")
+
+        # Test the same for the correct first datatype and abstract one
+        # in the case of int, float, complex:
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.float64, 'float64')
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.float64, 'f8')
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.str_, str)
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.int64, 'int64')
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.void, 'void')
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.int8, np.integer)
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.float32, np.floating)
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.complex64, np.complexfloating)
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.float64, "float")
+        assert np.issubdtype(np.float32, "f")
+
+
+class TestSctypeDict:
+    def test_longdouble(self):
+        assert_(np.sctypeDict['f8'] is not np.longdouble)
+        assert_(np.sctypeDict['c16'] is not np.clongdouble)
+
+    def test_ulong(self):
+        # Test that 'ulong' behaves like 'long'. np.sctypeDict['long'] is an
+        # alias for np.int_, but np.long is not supported for historical
+        # reasons (gh-21063)
+        assert_(np.sctypeDict['ulong'] is np.uint)
+        with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
+            # We will probably allow this in the future:
+            assert not hasattr(np, 'ulong')
+
+class TestBitName:
+    def test_abstract(self):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.core.numerictypes.bitname, np.floating)
+
+
+class TestMaximumSctype:
+
+    # note that parametrizing with sctype['int'] and similar would skip types
+    # with the same size (gh-11923)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', [np.byte, np.short, np.intc, np.int_, np.longlong])
+    def test_int(self, t):
+        assert_equal(np.maximum_sctype(t), np.sctypes['int'][-1])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', [np.ubyte, np.ushort, np.uintc, np.uint, np.ulonglong])
+    def test_uint(self, t):
+        assert_equal(np.maximum_sctype(t), np.sctypes['uint'][-1])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', [np.half, np.single, np.double, np.longdouble])
+    def test_float(self, t):
+        assert_equal(np.maximum_sctype(t), np.sctypes['float'][-1])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', [np.csingle, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble])
+    def test_complex(self, t):
+        assert_equal(np.maximum_sctype(t), np.sctypes['complex'][-1])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', [np.bool_, np.object_, np.str_, np.bytes_,
+                                   np.void])
+    def test_other(self, t):
+        assert_equal(np.maximum_sctype(t), t)
+
+
+class Test_sctype2char:
+    # This function is old enough that we're really just documenting the quirks
+    # at this point.
+
+    def test_scalar_type(self):
+        assert_equal(np.sctype2char(np.double), 'd')
+        assert_equal(np.sctype2char(np.int_), 'l')
+        assert_equal(np.sctype2char(np.str_), 'U')
+        assert_equal(np.sctype2char(np.bytes_), 'S')
+
+    def test_other_type(self):
+        assert_equal(np.sctype2char(float), 'd')
+        assert_equal(np.sctype2char(list), 'O')
+        assert_equal(np.sctype2char(np.ndarray), 'O')
+
+    def test_third_party_scalar_type(self):
+        from numpy.core._rational_tests import rational
+        assert_raises(KeyError, np.sctype2char, rational)
+        assert_raises(KeyError, np.sctype2char, rational(1))
+
+    def test_array_instance(self):
+        assert_equal(np.sctype2char(np.array([1.0, 2.0])), 'd')
+
+    def test_abstract_type(self):
+        assert_raises(KeyError, np.sctype2char, np.floating)
+
+    def test_non_type(self):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.sctype2char, 1)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("rep, expected", [
+    (np.int32, True),
+    (list, False),
+    (1.1, False),
+    (str, True),
+    (np.dtype(np.float64), True),
+    (np.dtype((np.int16, (3, 4))), True),
+    (np.dtype([('a', np.int8)]), True),
+    ])
+def test_issctype(rep, expected):
+    # ensure proper identification of scalar
+    # data-types by issctype()
+    actual = np.issctype(rep)
+    assert_equal(actual, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.flags.optimize > 1,
+                    reason="no docstrings present to inspect when PYTHONOPTIMIZE/Py_OptimizeFlag > 1")
+@pytest.mark.xfail(IS_PYPY,
+                   reason="PyPy cannot modify tp_doc after PyType_Ready")
+class TestDocStrings:
+    def test_platform_dependent_aliases(self):
+        if np.int64 is np.int_:
+            assert_('int64' in np.int_.__doc__)
+        elif np.int64 is np.longlong:
+            assert_('int64' in np.longlong.__doc__)
+
+
+class TestScalarTypeNames:
+    # gh-9799
+
+    numeric_types = [
+        np.byte, np.short, np.intc, np.int_, np.longlong,
+        np.ubyte, np.ushort, np.uintc, np.uint, np.ulonglong,
+        np.half, np.single, np.double, np.longdouble,
+        np.csingle, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble,
+    ]
+
+    def test_names_are_unique(self):
+        # none of the above may be aliases for each other
+        assert len(set(self.numeric_types)) == len(self.numeric_types)
+
+        # names must be unique
+        names = [t.__name__ for t in self.numeric_types]
+        assert len(set(names)) == len(names)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', numeric_types)
+    def test_names_reflect_attributes(self, t):
+        """ Test that names correspond to where the type is under ``np.`` """
+        assert getattr(np, t.__name__) is t
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t', numeric_types)
+    def test_names_are_undersood_by_dtype(self, t):
+        """ Test the dtype constructor maps names back to the type """
+        assert np.dtype(t.__name__).type is t
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_numpy_2_0_compat.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_numpy_2_0_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5224261f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_numpy_2_0_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from os import path
+import pickle
+
+import numpy as np
+
+
+class TestNumPy2Compatibility:
+
+    data_dir = path.join(path.dirname(__file__), "data")
+    filename = path.join(data_dir, "numpy_2_0_array.pkl")
+
+    def test_importable__core_stubs(self):
+        """
+        Checks if stubs for `numpy._core` are importable.
+        """
+        from numpy._core.multiarray import _reconstruct
+        from numpy._core.umath import cos
+        from numpy._core._multiarray_umath import exp
+        from numpy._core._internal import ndarray
+        from numpy._core._dtype import _construction_repr
+        from numpy._core._dtype_ctypes import dtype_from_ctypes_type
+
+    def test_unpickle_numpy_2_0_file(self):
+        """
+        Checks that NumPy 1.26 and pickle is able to load pickles
+        created with NumPy 2.0 without errors/warnings.
+        """
+        with open(self.filename, mode="rb") as file:
+            content = file.read()
+
+        # Let's make sure that the pickle object we're loading
+        # was built with NumPy 2.0.
+        assert b"numpy._core.multiarray" in content
+
+        arr = pickle.loads(content, encoding="latin1")
+
+        assert isinstance(arr, np.ndarray)
+        assert arr.shape == (73,) and arr.dtype == np.float64
+
+    def test_numpy_load_numpy_2_0_file(self):
+        """
+        Checks that `numpy.load` for NumPy 1.26 is able to load pickles
+        created with NumPy 2.0 without errors/warnings.
+        """
+        arr = np.load(self.filename, encoding="latin1", allow_pickle=True)
+
+        assert isinstance(arr, np.ndarray)
+        assert arr.shape == (73,) and arr.dtype == np.float64
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_overrides.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_overrides.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5924358e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_overrides.py
@@ -0,0 +1,759 @@
+import inspect
+import sys
+import os
+import tempfile
+from io import StringIO
+from unittest import mock
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_raises_regex)
+from numpy.core.overrides import (
+    _get_implementing_args, array_function_dispatch,
+    verify_matching_signatures)
+from numpy.compat import pickle
+import pytest
+
+
+def _return_not_implemented(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return NotImplemented
+
+
+# need to define this at the top level to test pickling
+@array_function_dispatch(lambda array: (array,))
+def dispatched_one_arg(array):
+    """Docstring."""
+    return 'original'
+
+
+@array_function_dispatch(lambda array1, array2: (array1, array2))
+def dispatched_two_arg(array1, array2):
+    """Docstring."""
+    return 'original'
+
+
+class TestGetImplementingArgs:
+
+    def test_ndarray(self):
+        array = np.array(1)
+
+        args = _get_implementing_args([array])
+        assert_equal(list(args), [array])
+
+        args = _get_implementing_args([array, array])
+        assert_equal(list(args), [array])
+
+        args = _get_implementing_args([array, 1])
+        assert_equal(list(args), [array])
+
+        args = _get_implementing_args([1, array])
+        assert_equal(list(args), [array])
+
+    def test_ndarray_subclasses(self):
+
+        class OverrideSub(np.ndarray):
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        class NoOverrideSub(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        array = np.array(1).view(np.ndarray)
+        override_sub = np.array(1).view(OverrideSub)
+        no_override_sub = np.array(1).view(NoOverrideSub)
+
+        args = _get_implementing_args([array, override_sub])
+        assert_equal(list(args), [override_sub, array])
+
+        args = _get_implementing_args([array, no_override_sub])
+        assert_equal(list(args), [no_override_sub, array])
+
+        args = _get_implementing_args(
+            [override_sub, no_override_sub])
+        assert_equal(list(args), [override_sub, no_override_sub])
+
+    def test_ndarray_and_duck_array(self):
+
+        class Other:
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        array = np.array(1)
+        other = Other()
+
+        args = _get_implementing_args([other, array])
+        assert_equal(list(args), [other, array])
+
+        args = _get_implementing_args([array, other])
+        assert_equal(list(args), [array, other])
+
+    def test_ndarray_subclass_and_duck_array(self):
+
+        class OverrideSub(np.ndarray):
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        class Other:
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        array = np.array(1)
+        subarray = np.array(1).view(OverrideSub)
+        other = Other()
+
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([array, subarray, other]),
+                     [subarray, array, other])
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([array, other, subarray]),
+                     [subarray, array, other])
+
+    def test_many_duck_arrays(self):
+
+        class A:
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        class B(A):
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        class C(A):
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        class D:
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        a = A()
+        b = B()
+        c = C()
+        d = D()
+
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([1]), [])
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a]), [a])
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, 1]), [a])
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, a, a]), [a])
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, d, a]), [a, d])
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, b]), [b, a])
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([b, a]), [b, a])
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, b, c]), [b, c, a])
+        assert_equal(_get_implementing_args([a, c, b]), [c, b, a])
+
+    def test_too_many_duck_arrays(self):
+        namespace = dict(__array_function__=_return_not_implemented)
+        types = [type('A' + str(i), (object,), namespace) for i in range(33)]
+        relevant_args = [t() for t in types]
+
+        actual = _get_implementing_args(relevant_args[:32])
+        assert_equal(actual, relevant_args[:32])
+
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'distinct argument types'):
+            _get_implementing_args(relevant_args)
+
+
+class TestNDArrayArrayFunction:
+
+    def test_method(self):
+
+        class Other:
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        class NoOverrideSub(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        class OverrideSub(np.ndarray):
+            __array_function__ = _return_not_implemented
+
+        array = np.array([1])
+        other = Other()
+        no_override_sub = array.view(NoOverrideSub)
+        override_sub = array.view(OverrideSub)
+
+        result = array.__array_function__(func=dispatched_two_arg,
+                                          types=(np.ndarray,),
+                                          args=(array, 1.), kwargs={})
+        assert_equal(result, 'original')
+
+        result = array.__array_function__(func=dispatched_two_arg,
+                                          types=(np.ndarray, Other),
+                                          args=(array, other), kwargs={})
+        assert_(result is NotImplemented)
+
+        result = array.__array_function__(func=dispatched_two_arg,
+                                          types=(np.ndarray, NoOverrideSub),
+                                          args=(array, no_override_sub),
+                                          kwargs={})
+        assert_equal(result, 'original')
+
+        result = array.__array_function__(func=dispatched_two_arg,
+                                          types=(np.ndarray, OverrideSub),
+                                          args=(array, override_sub),
+                                          kwargs={})
+        assert_equal(result, 'original')
+
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'no implementation found'):
+            np.concatenate((array, other))
+
+        expected = np.concatenate((array, array))
+        result = np.concatenate((array, no_override_sub))
+        assert_equal(result, expected.view(NoOverrideSub))
+        result = np.concatenate((array, override_sub))
+        assert_equal(result, expected.view(OverrideSub))
+
+    def test_no_wrapper(self):
+        # This shouldn't happen unless a user intentionally calls
+        # __array_function__ with invalid arguments, but check that we raise
+        # an appropriate error all the same.
+        array = np.array(1)
+        func = lambda x: x
+        with assert_raises_regex(AttributeError, '_implementation'):
+            array.__array_function__(func=func, types=(np.ndarray,),
+                                     args=(array,), kwargs={})
+
+
+class TestArrayFunctionDispatch:
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            roundtripped = pickle.loads(
+                    pickle.dumps(dispatched_one_arg, protocol=proto))
+            assert_(roundtripped is dispatched_one_arg)
+
+    def test_name_and_docstring(self):
+        assert_equal(dispatched_one_arg.__name__, 'dispatched_one_arg')
+        if sys.flags.optimize < 2:
+            assert_equal(dispatched_one_arg.__doc__, 'Docstring.')
+
+    def test_interface(self):
+
+        class MyArray:
+            def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
+                return (self, func, types, args, kwargs)
+
+        original = MyArray()
+        (obj, func, types, args, kwargs) = dispatched_one_arg(original)
+        assert_(obj is original)
+        assert_(func is dispatched_one_arg)
+        assert_equal(set(types), {MyArray})
+        # assert_equal uses the overloaded np.iscomplexobj() internally
+        assert_(args == (original,))
+        assert_equal(kwargs, {})
+
+    def test_not_implemented(self):
+
+        class MyArray:
+            def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
+                return NotImplemented
+
+        array = MyArray()
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'no implementation found'):
+            dispatched_one_arg(array)
+
+    def test_where_dispatch(self):
+
+        class DuckArray:
+            def __array_function__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return "overridden"
+
+        array = np.array(1)
+        duck_array = DuckArray()
+
+        result = np.std(array, where=duck_array)
+
+        assert_equal(result, "overridden")
+
+
+class TestVerifyMatchingSignatures:
+
+    def test_verify_matching_signatures(self):
+
+        verify_matching_signatures(lambda x: 0, lambda x: 0)
+        verify_matching_signatures(lambda x=None: 0, lambda x=None: 0)
+        verify_matching_signatures(lambda x=1: 0, lambda x=None: 0)
+
+        with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
+            verify_matching_signatures(lambda a: 0, lambda b: 0)
+        with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
+            verify_matching_signatures(lambda x: 0, lambda x=None: 0)
+        with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
+            verify_matching_signatures(lambda x=None: 0, lambda y=None: 0)
+        with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
+            verify_matching_signatures(lambda x=1: 0, lambda y=1: 0)
+
+    def test_array_function_dispatch(self):
+
+        with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
+            @array_function_dispatch(lambda x: (x,))
+            def f(y):
+                pass
+
+        # should not raise
+        @array_function_dispatch(lambda x: (x,), verify=False)
+        def f(y):
+            pass
+
+
+def _new_duck_type_and_implements():
+    """Create a duck array type and implements functions."""
+    HANDLED_FUNCTIONS = {}
+
+    class MyArray:
+        def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
+            if func not in HANDLED_FUNCTIONS:
+                return NotImplemented
+            if not all(issubclass(t, MyArray) for t in types):
+                return NotImplemented
+            return HANDLED_FUNCTIONS[func](*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def implements(numpy_function):
+        """Register an __array_function__ implementations."""
+        def decorator(func):
+            HANDLED_FUNCTIONS[numpy_function] = func
+            return func
+        return decorator
+
+    return (MyArray, implements)
+
+
+class TestArrayFunctionImplementation:
+
+    def test_one_arg(self):
+        MyArray, implements = _new_duck_type_and_implements()
+
+        @implements(dispatched_one_arg)
+        def _(array):
+            return 'myarray'
+
+        assert_equal(dispatched_one_arg(1), 'original')
+        assert_equal(dispatched_one_arg(MyArray()), 'myarray')
+
+    def test_optional_args(self):
+        MyArray, implements = _new_duck_type_and_implements()
+
+        @array_function_dispatch(lambda array, option=None: (array,))
+        def func_with_option(array, option='default'):
+            return option
+
+        @implements(func_with_option)
+        def my_array_func_with_option(array, new_option='myarray'):
+            return new_option
+
+        # we don't need to implement every option on __array_function__
+        # implementations
+        assert_equal(func_with_option(1), 'default')
+        assert_equal(func_with_option(1, option='extra'), 'extra')
+        assert_equal(func_with_option(MyArray()), 'myarray')
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            func_with_option(MyArray(), option='extra')
+
+        # but new options on implementations can't be used
+        result = my_array_func_with_option(MyArray(), new_option='yes')
+        assert_equal(result, 'yes')
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            func_with_option(MyArray(), new_option='no')
+
+    def test_not_implemented(self):
+        MyArray, implements = _new_duck_type_and_implements()
+
+        @array_function_dispatch(lambda array: (array,), module='my')
+        def func(array):
+            return array
+
+        array = np.array(1)
+        assert_(func(array) is array)
+        assert_equal(func.__module__, 'my')
+
+        with assert_raises_regex(
+                TypeError, "no implementation found for 'my.func'"):
+            func(MyArray())
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name", ["concatenate", "mean", "asarray"])
+    def test_signature_error_message_simple(self, name):
+        func = getattr(np, name)
+        try:
+            # all of these functions need an argument:
+            func()
+        except TypeError as e:
+            exc = e
+
+        assert exc.args[0].startswith(f"{name}()")
+
+    def test_signature_error_message(self):
+        # The lambda function will be named "<lambda>", but the TypeError
+        # should show the name as "func"
+        def _dispatcher():
+            return ()
+
+        @array_function_dispatch(_dispatcher)
+        def func():
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            func._implementation(bad_arg=3)
+        except TypeError as e:
+            expected_exception = e
+
+        try:
+            func(bad_arg=3)
+            raise AssertionError("must fail")
+        except TypeError as exc:
+            if exc.args[0].startswith("_dispatcher"):
+                # We replace the qualname currently, but it used `__name__`
+                # (relevant functions have the same name and qualname anyway)
+                pytest.skip("Python version is not using __qualname__ for "
+                            "TypeError formatting.")
+
+            assert exc.args == expected_exception.args
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("value", [234, "this func is not replaced"])
+    def test_dispatcher_error(self, value):
+        # If the dispatcher raises an error, we must not attempt to mutate it
+        error = TypeError(value)
+
+        def dispatcher():
+            raise error
+
+        @array_function_dispatch(dispatcher)
+        def func():
+            return 3
+
+        try:
+            func()
+            raise AssertionError("must fail")
+        except TypeError as exc:
+            assert exc is error  # unmodified exception
+
+    def test_properties(self):
+        # Check that str and repr are sensible
+        func = dispatched_two_arg
+        assert str(func) == str(func._implementation)
+        repr_no_id = repr(func).split("at ")[0]
+        repr_no_id_impl = repr(func._implementation).split("at ")[0]
+        assert repr_no_id == repr_no_id_impl
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func", [
+            lambda x, y: 0,  # no like argument
+            lambda like=None: 0,  # not keyword only
+            lambda *, like=None, a=3: 0,  # not last (not that it matters)
+        ])
+    def test_bad_like_sig(self, func):
+        # We sanity check the signature, and these should fail.
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            array_function_dispatch()(func)
+
+    def test_bad_like_passing(self):
+        # Cover internal sanity check for passing like as first positional arg
+        def func(*, like=None):
+            pass
+
+        func_with_like = array_function_dispatch()(func)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            func_with_like()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            func_with_like(like=234)
+
+    def test_too_many_args(self):
+        # Mainly a unit-test to increase coverage
+        objs = []
+        for i in range(40):
+            class MyArr:
+                def __array_function__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                    return NotImplemented
+
+            objs.append(MyArr())
+
+        def _dispatch(*args):
+            return args
+
+        @array_function_dispatch(_dispatch)
+        def func(*args):
+            pass
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="maximum number"):
+            func(*objs)
+
+
+
+class TestNDArrayMethods:
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        # gh-12162: should still be defined even if __array_function__ doesn't
+        # implement np.array_repr()
+
+        class MyArray(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_function__(*args, **kwargs):
+                return NotImplemented
+
+        array = np.array(1).view(MyArray)
+        assert_equal(repr(array), 'MyArray(1)')
+        assert_equal(str(array), '1')
+
+
+class TestNumPyFunctions:
+
+    def test_set_module(self):
+        assert_equal(np.sum.__module__, 'numpy')
+        assert_equal(np.char.equal.__module__, 'numpy.char')
+        assert_equal(np.fft.fft.__module__, 'numpy.fft')
+        assert_equal(np.linalg.solve.__module__, 'numpy.linalg')
+
+    def test_inspect_sum(self):
+        signature = inspect.signature(np.sum)
+        assert_('axis' in signature.parameters)
+
+    def test_override_sum(self):
+        MyArray, implements = _new_duck_type_and_implements()
+
+        @implements(np.sum)
+        def _(array):
+            return 'yes'
+
+        assert_equal(np.sum(MyArray()), 'yes')
+
+    def test_sum_on_mock_array(self):
+
+        # We need a proxy for mocks because __array_function__ is only looked
+        # up in the class dict
+        class ArrayProxy:
+            def __init__(self, value):
+                self.value = value
+            def __array_function__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                return self.value.__array_function__(*args, **kwargs)
+            def __array__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                return self.value.__array__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        proxy = ArrayProxy(mock.Mock(spec=ArrayProxy))
+        proxy.value.__array_function__.return_value = 1
+        result = np.sum(proxy)
+        assert_equal(result, 1)
+        proxy.value.__array_function__.assert_called_once_with(
+            np.sum, (ArrayProxy,), (proxy,), {})
+        proxy.value.__array__.assert_not_called()
+
+    def test_sum_forwarding_implementation(self):
+
+        class MyArray(np.ndarray):
+
+            def sum(self, axis, out):
+                return 'summed'
+
+            def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
+                return super().__array_function__(func, types, args, kwargs)
+
+        # note: the internal implementation of np.sum() calls the .sum() method
+        array = np.array(1).view(MyArray)
+        assert_equal(np.sum(array), 'summed')
+
+
+class TestArrayLike:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        class MyArray():
+            def __init__(self, function=None):
+                self.function = function
+
+            def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
+                assert func is getattr(np, func.__name__)
+                try:
+                    my_func = getattr(self, func.__name__)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return NotImplemented
+                return my_func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.MyArray = MyArray
+
+        class MyNoArrayFunctionArray():
+            def __init__(self, function=None):
+                self.function = function
+
+        self.MyNoArrayFunctionArray = MyNoArrayFunctionArray
+
+    def add_method(self, name, arr_class, enable_value_error=False):
+        def _definition(*args, **kwargs):
+            # Check that `like=` isn't propagated downstream
+            assert 'like' not in kwargs
+
+            if enable_value_error and 'value_error' in kwargs:
+                raise ValueError
+
+            return arr_class(getattr(arr_class, name))
+        setattr(arr_class, name, _definition)
+
+    def func_args(*args, **kwargs):
+        return args, kwargs
+
+    def test_array_like_not_implemented(self):
+        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray)
+
+        ref = self.MyArray.array()
+
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'no implementation found'):
+            array_like = np.asarray(1, like=ref)
+
+    _array_tests = [
+        ('array', *func_args((1,))),
+        ('asarray', *func_args((1,))),
+        ('asanyarray', *func_args((1,))),
+        ('ascontiguousarray', *func_args((2, 3))),
+        ('asfortranarray', *func_args((2, 3))),
+        ('require', *func_args((np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3),),
+                               requirements=['A', 'F'])),
+        ('empty', *func_args((1,))),
+        ('full', *func_args((1,), 2)),
+        ('ones', *func_args((1,))),
+        ('zeros', *func_args((1,))),
+        ('arange', *func_args(3)),
+        ('frombuffer', *func_args(b'\x00' * 8, dtype=int)),
+        ('fromiter', *func_args(range(3), dtype=int)),
+        ('fromstring', *func_args('1,2', dtype=int, sep=',')),
+        ('loadtxt', *func_args(lambda: StringIO('0 1\n2 3'))),
+        ('genfromtxt', *func_args(lambda: StringIO('1,2.1'),
+                                  dtype=[('int', 'i8'), ('float', 'f8')],
+                                  delimiter=',')),
+    ]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('function, args, kwargs', _array_tests)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('numpy_ref', [True, False])
+    def test_array_like(self, function, args, kwargs, numpy_ref):
+        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray)
+        self.add_method(function, self.MyArray)
+        np_func = getattr(np, function)
+        my_func = getattr(self.MyArray, function)
+
+        if numpy_ref is True:
+            ref = np.array(1)
+        else:
+            ref = self.MyArray.array()
+
+        like_args = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)
+        array_like = np_func(*like_args, **kwargs, like=ref)
+
+        if numpy_ref is True:
+            assert type(array_like) is np.ndarray
+
+            np_args = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)
+            np_arr = np_func(*np_args, **kwargs)
+
+            # Special-case np.empty to ensure values match
+            if function == "empty":
+                np_arr.fill(1)
+                array_like.fill(1)
+
+            assert_equal(array_like, np_arr)
+        else:
+            assert type(array_like) is self.MyArray
+            assert array_like.function is my_func
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('function, args, kwargs', _array_tests)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('ref', [1, [1], "MyNoArrayFunctionArray"])
+    def test_no_array_function_like(self, function, args, kwargs, ref):
+        self.add_method('array', self.MyNoArrayFunctionArray)
+        self.add_method(function, self.MyNoArrayFunctionArray)
+        np_func = getattr(np, function)
+
+        # Instantiate ref if it's the MyNoArrayFunctionArray class
+        if ref == "MyNoArrayFunctionArray":
+            ref = self.MyNoArrayFunctionArray.array()
+
+        like_args = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)
+
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError,
+                'The `like` argument must be an array-like that implements'):
+            np_func(*like_args, **kwargs, like=ref)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('numpy_ref', [True, False])
+    def test_array_like_fromfile(self, numpy_ref):
+        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray)
+        self.add_method("fromfile", self.MyArray)
+
+        if numpy_ref is True:
+            ref = np.array(1)
+        else:
+            ref = self.MyArray.array()
+
+        data = np.random.random(5)
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            fname = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testfile")
+            data.tofile(fname)
+
+            array_like = np.fromfile(fname, like=ref)
+            if numpy_ref is True:
+                assert type(array_like) is np.ndarray
+                np_res = np.fromfile(fname, like=ref)
+                assert_equal(np_res, data)
+                assert_equal(array_like, np_res)
+            else:
+                assert type(array_like) is self.MyArray
+                assert array_like.function is self.MyArray.fromfile
+
+    def test_exception_handling(self):
+        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray, enable_value_error=True)
+
+        ref = self.MyArray.array()
+
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            # Raises the error about `value_error` being invalid first
+            np.array(1, value_error=True, like=ref)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('function, args, kwargs', _array_tests)
+    def test_like_as_none(self, function, args, kwargs):
+        self.add_method('array', self.MyArray)
+        self.add_method(function, self.MyArray)
+        np_func = getattr(np, function)
+
+        like_args = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)
+        # required for loadtxt and genfromtxt to init w/o error.
+        like_args_exp = tuple(a() if callable(a) else a for a in args)
+
+        array_like = np_func(*like_args, **kwargs, like=None)
+        expected = np_func(*like_args_exp, **kwargs)
+        # Special-case np.empty to ensure values match
+        if function == "empty":
+            array_like.fill(1)
+            expected.fill(1)
+        assert_equal(array_like, expected)
+
+
+def test_function_like():
+    # We provide a `__get__` implementation, make sure it works
+    assert type(np.mean) is np.core._multiarray_umath._ArrayFunctionDispatcher 
+
+    class MyClass:
+        def __array__(self):
+            # valid argument to mean:
+            return np.arange(3)
+
+        func1 = staticmethod(np.mean)
+        func2 = np.mean
+        func3 = classmethod(np.mean)
+
+    m = MyClass()
+    assert m.func1([10]) == 10
+    assert m.func2() == 1  # mean of the arange
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="unsupported operand type"):
+        # Tries to operate on the class
+        m.func3()
+
+    # Manual binding also works (the above may shortcut):
+    bound = np.mean.__get__(m, MyClass)
+    assert bound() == 1
+
+    bound = np.mean.__get__(None, MyClass)  # unbound actually
+    assert bound([10]) == 10
+
+    bound = np.mean.__get__(MyClass)  # classmethod
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="unsupported operand type"):
+        bound()
+
+
+def test_scipy_trapz_support_shim():
+    # SciPy 1.10 and earlier "clone" trapz in this way, so we have a
+    # support shim in place: https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/17811
+    # That should be removed eventually.  This test copies what SciPy does.
+    # Hopefully removable 1 year after SciPy 1.11; shim added to NumPy 1.25.
+    import types
+    import functools
+
+    def _copy_func(f):
+        # Based on http://stackoverflow.com/a/6528148/190597 (Glenn Maynard)
+        g = types.FunctionType(f.__code__, f.__globals__, name=f.__name__,
+                            argdefs=f.__defaults__, closure=f.__closure__)
+        g = functools.update_wrapper(g, f)
+        g.__kwdefaults__ = f.__kwdefaults__
+        return g
+
+    trapezoid = _copy_func(np.trapz)
+
+    assert np.trapz([1, 2]) == trapezoid([1, 2])
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_print.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_print.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..162686ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_print.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_, assert_equal, IS_MUSL
+from numpy.core.tests._locales import CommaDecimalPointLocale
+
+
+from io import StringIO
+
+_REF = {np.inf: 'inf', -np.inf: '-inf', np.nan: 'nan'}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.float32, np.double, np.longdouble])
+def test_float_types(tp):
+    """ Check formatting.
+
+        This is only for the str function, and only for simple types.
+        The precision of np.float32 and np.longdouble aren't the same as the
+        python float precision.
+
+    """
+    for x in [0, 1, -1, 1e20]:
+        assert_equal(str(tp(x)), str(float(x)),
+                     err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
+
+    if tp(1e16).itemsize > 4:
+        assert_equal(str(tp(1e16)), str(float('1e16')),
+                     err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
+    else:
+        ref = '1e+16'
+        assert_equal(str(tp(1e16)), ref,
+                     err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.float32, np.double, np.longdouble])
+def test_nan_inf_float(tp):
+    """ Check formatting of nan & inf.
+
+        This is only for the str function, and only for simple types.
+        The precision of np.float32 and np.longdouble aren't the same as the
+        python float precision.
+
+    """
+    for x in [np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]:
+        assert_equal(str(tp(x)), _REF[x],
+                     err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.complex64, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble])
+def test_complex_types(tp):
+    """Check formatting of complex types.
+
+        This is only for the str function, and only for simple types.
+        The precision of np.float32 and np.longdouble aren't the same as the
+        python float precision.
+
+    """
+    for x in [0, 1, -1, 1e20]:
+        assert_equal(str(tp(x)), str(complex(x)),
+                     err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
+        assert_equal(str(tp(x*1j)), str(complex(x*1j)),
+                     err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
+        assert_equal(str(tp(x + x*1j)), str(complex(x + x*1j)),
+                     err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
+
+    if tp(1e16).itemsize > 8:
+        assert_equal(str(tp(1e16)), str(complex(1e16)),
+                     err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
+    else:
+        ref = '(1e+16+0j)'
+        assert_equal(str(tp(1e16)), ref,
+                     err_msg='Failed str formatting for type %s' % tp)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [np.complex64, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble])
+def test_complex_inf_nan(dtype):
+    """Check inf/nan formatting of complex types."""
+    TESTS = {
+        complex(np.inf, 0): "(inf+0j)",
+        complex(0, np.inf): "infj",
+        complex(-np.inf, 0): "(-inf+0j)",
+        complex(0, -np.inf): "-infj",
+        complex(np.inf, 1): "(inf+1j)",
+        complex(1, np.inf): "(1+infj)",
+        complex(-np.inf, 1): "(-inf+1j)",
+        complex(1, -np.inf): "(1-infj)",
+        complex(np.nan, 0): "(nan+0j)",
+        complex(0, np.nan): "nanj",
+        complex(-np.nan, 0): "(nan+0j)",
+        complex(0, -np.nan): "nanj",
+        complex(np.nan, 1): "(nan+1j)",
+        complex(1, np.nan): "(1+nanj)",
+        complex(-np.nan, 1): "(nan+1j)",
+        complex(1, -np.nan): "(1+nanj)",
+    }
+    for c, s in TESTS.items():
+        assert_equal(str(dtype(c)), s)
+
+
+# print tests
+def _test_redirected_print(x, tp, ref=None):
+    file = StringIO()
+    file_tp = StringIO()
+    stdout = sys.stdout
+    try:
+        sys.stdout = file_tp
+        print(tp(x))
+        sys.stdout = file
+        if ref:
+            print(ref)
+        else:
+            print(x)
+    finally:
+        sys.stdout = stdout
+
+    assert_equal(file.getvalue(), file_tp.getvalue(),
+                 err_msg='print failed for type%s' % tp)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.float32, np.double, np.longdouble])
+def test_float_type_print(tp):
+    """Check formatting when using print """
+    for x in [0, 1, -1, 1e20]:
+        _test_redirected_print(float(x), tp)
+
+    for x in [np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]:
+        _test_redirected_print(float(x), tp, _REF[x])
+
+    if tp(1e16).itemsize > 4:
+        _test_redirected_print(float(1e16), tp)
+    else:
+        ref = '1e+16'
+        _test_redirected_print(float(1e16), tp, ref)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('tp', [np.complex64, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble])
+def test_complex_type_print(tp):
+    """Check formatting when using print """
+    # We do not create complex with inf/nan directly because the feature is
+    # missing in python < 2.6
+    for x in [0, 1, -1, 1e20]:
+        _test_redirected_print(complex(x), tp)
+
+    if tp(1e16).itemsize > 8:
+        _test_redirected_print(complex(1e16), tp)
+    else:
+        ref = '(1e+16+0j)'
+        _test_redirected_print(complex(1e16), tp, ref)
+
+    _test_redirected_print(complex(np.inf, 1), tp, '(inf+1j)')
+    _test_redirected_print(complex(-np.inf, 1), tp, '(-inf+1j)')
+    _test_redirected_print(complex(-np.nan, 1), tp, '(nan+1j)')
+
+
+def test_scalar_format():
+    """Test the str.format method with NumPy scalar types"""
+    tests = [('{0}', True, np.bool_),
+            ('{0}', False, np.bool_),
+            ('{0:d}', 130, np.uint8),
+            ('{0:d}', 50000, np.uint16),
+            ('{0:d}', 3000000000, np.uint32),
+            ('{0:d}', 15000000000000000000, np.uint64),
+            ('{0:d}', -120, np.int8),
+            ('{0:d}', -30000, np.int16),
+            ('{0:d}', -2000000000, np.int32),
+            ('{0:d}', -7000000000000000000, np.int64),
+            ('{0:g}', 1.5, np.float16),
+            ('{0:g}', 1.5, np.float32),
+            ('{0:g}', 1.5, np.float64),
+            ('{0:g}', 1.5, np.longdouble),
+            ('{0:g}', 1.5+0.5j, np.complex64),
+            ('{0:g}', 1.5+0.5j, np.complex128),
+            ('{0:g}', 1.5+0.5j, np.clongdouble)]
+
+    for (fmat, val, valtype) in tests:
+        try:
+            assert_equal(fmat.format(val), fmat.format(valtype(val)),
+                    "failed with val %s, type %s" % (val, valtype))
+        except ValueError as e:
+            assert_(False,
+               "format raised exception (fmt='%s', val=%s, type=%s, exc='%s')" %
+                            (fmat, repr(val), repr(valtype), str(e)))
+
+
+#
+# Locale tests: scalar types formatting should be independent of the locale
+#
+
+class TestCommaDecimalPointLocale(CommaDecimalPointLocale):
+
+    def test_locale_single(self):
+        assert_equal(str(np.float32(1.2)), str(float(1.2)))
+
+    def test_locale_double(self):
+        assert_equal(str(np.double(1.2)), str(float(1.2)))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_MUSL,
+                        reason="test flaky on musllinux")
+    def test_locale_longdouble(self):
+        assert_equal(str(np.longdouble('1.2')), str(float(1.2)))
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_protocols.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_protocols.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55a2bcf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_protocols.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import pytest
+import warnings
+import numpy as np
+
+
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("error")
+def test_getattr_warning():
+    # issue gh-14735: make sure we clear only getattr errors, and let warnings
+    # through
+    class Wrapper:
+        def __init__(self, array):
+            self.array = array
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(self.array)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, item):
+            return type(self)(self.array[item])
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            if name.startswith("__array_"):
+                warnings.warn("object got converted", UserWarning, stacklevel=1)
+
+            return getattr(self.array, name)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return "<Wrapper({self.array})>".format(self=self)
+
+    array = Wrapper(np.arange(10))
+    with pytest.raises(UserWarning, match="object got converted"):
+        np.asarray(array)
+
+
+def test_array_called():
+    class Wrapper:
+        val = '0' * 100
+        def __array__(self, result=None):
+            return np.array([self.val], dtype=object)
+
+
+    wrapped = Wrapper()
+    arr = np.array(wrapped, dtype=str)
+    assert arr.dtype == 'U100'
+    assert arr[0] == Wrapper.val
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_records.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_records.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a76ae2d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_records.py
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+import collections.abc
+import textwrap
+from io import BytesIO
+from os import path
+from pathlib import Path
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_raises, temppath,
+    )
+from numpy.compat import pickle
+
+
+class TestFromrecords:
+    def test_fromrecords(self):
+        r = np.rec.fromrecords([[456, 'dbe', 1.2], [2, 'de', 1.3]],
+                            names='col1,col2,col3')
+        assert_equal(r[0].item(), (456, 'dbe', 1.2))
+        assert_equal(r['col1'].dtype.kind, 'i')
+        assert_equal(r['col2'].dtype.kind, 'U')
+        assert_equal(r['col2'].dtype.itemsize, 12)
+        assert_equal(r['col3'].dtype.kind, 'f')
+
+    def test_fromrecords_0len(self):
+        """ Verify fromrecords works with a 0-length input """
+        dtype = [('a', float), ('b', float)]
+        r = np.rec.fromrecords([], dtype=dtype)
+        assert_equal(r.shape, (0,))
+
+    def test_fromrecords_2d(self):
+        data = [
+            [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)],
+            [(6, 5), (4, 3), (2, 1)]
+        ]
+        expected_a = [[1, 3, 5], [6, 4, 2]]
+        expected_b = [[2, 4, 6], [5, 3, 1]]
+
+        # try with dtype
+        r1 = np.rec.fromrecords(data, dtype=[('a', int), ('b', int)])
+        assert_equal(r1['a'], expected_a)
+        assert_equal(r1['b'], expected_b)
+
+        # try with names
+        r2 = np.rec.fromrecords(data, names=['a', 'b'])
+        assert_equal(r2['a'], expected_a)
+        assert_equal(r2['b'], expected_b)
+
+        assert_equal(r1, r2)
+
+    def test_method_array(self):
+        r = np.rec.array(b'abcdefg' * 100, formats='i2,a3,i4', shape=3, byteorder='big')
+        assert_equal(r[1].item(), (25444, b'efg', 1633837924))
+
+    def test_method_array2(self):
+        r = np.rec.array([(1, 11, 'a'), (2, 22, 'b'), (3, 33, 'c'), (4, 44, 'd'), (5, 55, 'ex'),
+                     (6, 66, 'f'), (7, 77, 'g')], formats='u1,f4,a1')
+        assert_equal(r[1].item(), (2, 22.0, b'b'))
+
+    def test_recarray_slices(self):
+        r = np.rec.array([(1, 11, 'a'), (2, 22, 'b'), (3, 33, 'c'), (4, 44, 'd'), (5, 55, 'ex'),
+                     (6, 66, 'f'), (7, 77, 'g')], formats='u1,f4,a1')
+        assert_equal(r[1::2][1].item(), (4, 44.0, b'd'))
+
+    def test_recarray_fromarrays(self):
+        x1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+        x2 = np.array(['a', 'dd', 'xyz', '12'])
+        x3 = np.array([1.1, 2, 3, 4])
+        r = np.rec.fromarrays([x1, x2, x3], names='a,b,c')
+        assert_equal(r[1].item(), (2, 'dd', 2.0))
+        x1[1] = 34
+        assert_equal(r.a, np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]))
+
+    def test_recarray_fromfile(self):
+        data_dir = path.join(path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
+        filename = path.join(data_dir, 'recarray_from_file.fits')
+        fd = open(filename, 'rb')
+        fd.seek(2880 * 2)
+        r1 = np.rec.fromfile(fd, formats='f8,i4,a5', shape=3, byteorder='big')
+        fd.seek(2880 * 2)
+        r2 = np.rec.array(fd, formats='f8,i4,a5', shape=3, byteorder='big')
+        fd.seek(2880 * 2)
+        bytes_array = BytesIO()
+        bytes_array.write(fd.read())
+        bytes_array.seek(0)
+        r3 = np.rec.fromfile(bytes_array, formats='f8,i4,a5', shape=3, byteorder='big')
+        fd.close()
+        assert_equal(r1, r2)
+        assert_equal(r2, r3)
+
+    def test_recarray_from_obj(self):
+        count = 10
+        a = np.zeros(count, dtype='O')
+        b = np.zeros(count, dtype='f8')
+        c = np.zeros(count, dtype='f8')
+        for i in range(len(a)):
+            a[i] = list(range(1, 10))
+
+        mine = np.rec.fromarrays([a, b, c], names='date,data1,data2')
+        for i in range(len(a)):
+            assert_((mine.date[i] == list(range(1, 10))))
+            assert_((mine.data1[i] == 0.0))
+            assert_((mine.data2[i] == 0.0))
+
+    def test_recarray_repr(self):
+        a = np.array([(1, 0.1), (2, 0.2)],
+                     dtype=[('foo', '<i4'), ('bar', '<f8')])
+        a = np.rec.array(a)
+        assert_equal(
+            repr(a),
+            textwrap.dedent("""\
+            rec.array([(1, 0.1), (2, 0.2)],
+                      dtype=[('foo', '<i4'), ('bar', '<f8')])""")
+        )
+
+        # make sure non-structured dtypes also show up as rec.array
+        a = np.array(np.ones(4, dtype='f8'))
+        assert_(repr(np.rec.array(a)).startswith('rec.array'))
+
+        # check that the 'np.record' part of the dtype isn't shown
+        a = np.rec.array(np.ones(3, dtype='i4,i4'))
+        assert_equal(repr(a).find('numpy.record'), -1)
+        a = np.rec.array(np.ones(3, dtype='i4'))
+        assert_(repr(a).find('dtype=int32') != -1)
+
+    def test_0d_recarray_repr(self):
+        arr_0d = np.rec.array((1, 2.0, '2003'), dtype='<i4,<f8,<M8[Y]')
+        assert_equal(repr(arr_0d), textwrap.dedent("""\
+            rec.array((1, 2., '2003'),
+                      dtype=[('f0', '<i4'), ('f1', '<f8'), ('f2', '<M8[Y]')])"""))
+
+        record = arr_0d[()]
+        assert_equal(repr(record), "(1, 2., '2003')")
+        # 1.13 converted to python scalars before the repr
+        try:
+            np.set_printoptions(legacy='1.13')
+            assert_equal(repr(record), '(1, 2.0, datetime.date(2003, 1, 1))')
+        finally:
+            np.set_printoptions(legacy=False)
+
+    def test_recarray_from_repr(self):
+        a = np.array([(1,'ABC'), (2, "DEF")],
+                     dtype=[('foo', int), ('bar', 'S4')])
+        recordarr = np.rec.array(a)
+        recarr = a.view(np.recarray)
+        recordview = a.view(np.dtype((np.record, a.dtype)))
+
+        recordarr_r = eval("numpy." + repr(recordarr), {'numpy': np})
+        recarr_r = eval("numpy." + repr(recarr), {'numpy': np})
+        recordview_r = eval("numpy." + repr(recordview), {'numpy': np})
+
+        assert_equal(type(recordarr_r), np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(recordarr_r.dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(recordarr, recordarr_r)
+
+        assert_equal(type(recarr_r), np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(recarr_r.dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(recarr, recarr_r)
+
+        assert_equal(type(recordview_r), np.ndarray)
+        assert_equal(recordview.dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(recordview, recordview_r)
+
+    def test_recarray_views(self):
+        a = np.array([(1,'ABC'), (2, "DEF")],
+                     dtype=[('foo', int), ('bar', 'S4')])
+        b = np.array([1,2,3,4,5], dtype=np.int64)
+
+        #check that np.rec.array gives right dtypes
+        assert_equal(np.rec.array(a).dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(type(np.rec.array(a)), np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(np.rec.array(b).dtype.type, np.int64)
+        assert_equal(type(np.rec.array(b)), np.recarray)
+
+        #check that viewing as recarray does the same
+        assert_equal(a.view(np.recarray).dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(type(a.view(np.recarray)), np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(b.view(np.recarray).dtype.type, np.int64)
+        assert_equal(type(b.view(np.recarray)), np.recarray)
+
+        #check that view to non-structured dtype preserves type=np.recarray
+        r = np.rec.array(np.ones(4, dtype="f4,i4"))
+        rv = r.view('f8').view('f4,i4')
+        assert_equal(type(rv), np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(rv.dtype.type, np.record)
+
+        #check that getitem also preserves np.recarray and np.record
+        r = np.rec.array(np.ones(4, dtype=[('a', 'i4'), ('b', 'i4'),
+                                           ('c', 'i4,i4')]))
+        assert_equal(r['c'].dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(type(r['c']), np.recarray)
+
+        #and that it preserves subclasses (gh-6949)
+        class C(np.recarray):
+            pass
+
+        c = r.view(C)
+        assert_equal(type(c['c']), C)
+
+        # check that accessing nested structures keep record type, but
+        # not for subarrays, non-void structures, non-structured voids
+        test_dtype = [('a', 'f4,f4'), ('b', 'V8'), ('c', ('f4',2)),
+                      ('d', ('i8', 'i4,i4'))]
+        r = np.rec.array([((1,1), b'11111111', [1,1], 1),
+                          ((1,1), b'11111111', [1,1], 1)], dtype=test_dtype)
+        assert_equal(r.a.dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(r.b.dtype.type, np.void)
+        assert_equal(r.c.dtype.type, np.float32)
+        assert_equal(r.d.dtype.type, np.int64)
+        # check the same, but for views
+        r = np.rec.array(np.ones(4, dtype='i4,i4'))
+        assert_equal(r.view('f4,f4').dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(r.view(('i4',2)).dtype.type, np.int32)
+        assert_equal(r.view('V8').dtype.type, np.void)
+        assert_equal(r.view(('i8', 'i4,i4')).dtype.type, np.int64)
+
+        #check that we can undo the view
+        arrs = [np.ones(4, dtype='f4,i4'), np.ones(4, dtype='f8')]
+        for arr in arrs:
+            rec = np.rec.array(arr)
+            # recommended way to view as an ndarray:
+            arr2 = rec.view(rec.dtype.fields or rec.dtype, np.ndarray)
+            assert_equal(arr2.dtype.type, arr.dtype.type)
+            assert_equal(type(arr2), type(arr))
+
+    def test_recarray_from_names(self):
+        ra = np.rec.array([
+            (1, 'abc', 3.7000002861022949, 0),
+            (2, 'xy', 6.6999998092651367, 1),
+            (0, ' ', 0.40000000596046448, 0)],
+                       names='c1, c2, c3, c4')
+        pa = np.rec.fromrecords([
+            (1, 'abc', 3.7000002861022949, 0),
+            (2, 'xy', 6.6999998092651367, 1),
+            (0, ' ', 0.40000000596046448, 0)],
+                       names='c1, c2, c3, c4')
+        assert_(ra.dtype == pa.dtype)
+        assert_(ra.shape == pa.shape)
+        for k in range(len(ra)):
+            assert_(ra[k].item() == pa[k].item())
+
+    def test_recarray_conflict_fields(self):
+        ra = np.rec.array([(1, 'abc', 2.3), (2, 'xyz', 4.2),
+                        (3, 'wrs', 1.3)],
+                       names='field, shape, mean')
+        ra.mean = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3]
+        assert_array_almost_equal(ra['mean'], [1.1, 2.2, 3.3])
+        assert_(type(ra.mean) is type(ra.var))
+        ra.shape = (1, 3)
+        assert_(ra.shape == (1, 3))
+        ra.shape = ['A', 'B', 'C']
+        assert_array_equal(ra['shape'], [['A', 'B', 'C']])
+        ra.field = 5
+        assert_array_equal(ra['field'], [[5, 5, 5]])
+        assert_(isinstance(ra.field, collections.abc.Callable))
+
+    def test_fromrecords_with_explicit_dtype(self):
+        a = np.rec.fromrecords([(1, 'a'), (2, 'bbb')],
+                                dtype=[('a', int), ('b', object)])
+        assert_equal(a.a, [1, 2])
+        assert_equal(a[0].a, 1)
+        assert_equal(a.b, ['a', 'bbb'])
+        assert_equal(a[-1].b, 'bbb')
+        #
+        ndtype = np.dtype([('a', int), ('b', object)])
+        a = np.rec.fromrecords([(1, 'a'), (2, 'bbb')], dtype=ndtype)
+        assert_equal(a.a, [1, 2])
+        assert_equal(a[0].a, 1)
+        assert_equal(a.b, ['a', 'bbb'])
+        assert_equal(a[-1].b, 'bbb')
+
+    def test_recarray_stringtypes(self):
+        # Issue #3993
+        a = np.array([('abc ', 1), ('abc', 2)],
+                     dtype=[('foo', 'S4'), ('bar', int)])
+        a = a.view(np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(a.foo[0] == a.foo[1], False)
+
+    def test_recarray_returntypes(self):
+        qux_fields = {'C': (np.dtype('S5'), 0), 'D': (np.dtype('S5'), 6)}
+        a = np.rec.array([('abc ', (1,1), 1, ('abcde', 'fgehi')),
+                          ('abc', (2,3), 1, ('abcde', 'jklmn'))],
+                         dtype=[('foo', 'S4'),
+                                ('bar', [('A', int), ('B', int)]),
+                                ('baz', int), ('qux', qux_fields)])
+        assert_equal(type(a.foo), np.ndarray)
+        assert_equal(type(a['foo']), np.ndarray)
+        assert_equal(type(a.bar), np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(type(a['bar']), np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(a.bar.dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(type(a['qux']), np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(a.qux.dtype.type, np.record)
+        assert_equal(dict(a.qux.dtype.fields), qux_fields)
+        assert_equal(type(a.baz), np.ndarray)
+        assert_equal(type(a['baz']), np.ndarray)
+        assert_equal(type(a[0].bar), np.record)
+        assert_equal(type(a[0]['bar']), np.record)
+        assert_equal(a[0].bar.A, 1)
+        assert_equal(a[0].bar['A'], 1)
+        assert_equal(a[0]['bar'].A, 1)
+        assert_equal(a[0]['bar']['A'], 1)
+        assert_equal(a[0].qux.D, b'fgehi')
+        assert_equal(a[0].qux['D'], b'fgehi')
+        assert_equal(a[0]['qux'].D, b'fgehi')
+        assert_equal(a[0]['qux']['D'], b'fgehi')
+
+    def test_zero_width_strings(self):
+        # Test for #6430, based on the test case from #1901
+
+        cols = [['test'] * 3, [''] * 3]
+        rec = np.rec.fromarrays(cols)
+        assert_equal(rec['f0'], ['test', 'test', 'test'])
+        assert_equal(rec['f1'], ['', '', ''])
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('f0', '|S4'), ('f1', '|S')])
+        rec = np.rec.fromarrays(cols, dtype=dt)
+        assert_equal(rec.itemsize, 4)
+        assert_equal(rec['f0'], [b'test', b'test', b'test'])
+        assert_equal(rec['f1'], [b'', b'', b''])
+
+
+class TestPathUsage:
+    # Test that pathlib.Path can be used
+    def test_tofile_fromfile(self):
+        with temppath(suffix='.bin') as path:
+            path = Path(path)
+            np.random.seed(123)
+            a = np.random.rand(10).astype('f8,i4,a5')
+            a[5] = (0.5,10,'abcde')
+            with path.open("wb") as fd:
+                a.tofile(fd)
+            x = np.core.records.fromfile(path,
+                                         formats='f8,i4,a5',
+                                         shape=10)
+            assert_array_equal(x, a)
+
+
+class TestRecord:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.data = np.rec.fromrecords([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)],
+                            dtype=[("col1", "<i4"),
+                                   ("col2", "<i4"),
+                                   ("col3", "<i4")])
+
+    def test_assignment1(self):
+        a = self.data
+        assert_equal(a.col1[0], 1)
+        a[0].col1 = 0
+        assert_equal(a.col1[0], 0)
+
+    def test_assignment2(self):
+        a = self.data
+        assert_equal(a.col1[0], 1)
+        a.col1[0] = 0
+        assert_equal(a.col1[0], 0)
+
+    def test_invalid_assignment(self):
+        a = self.data
+
+        def assign_invalid_column(x):
+            x[0].col5 = 1
+
+        assert_raises(AttributeError, assign_invalid_column, a)
+
+    def test_nonwriteable_setfield(self):
+        # gh-8171
+        r = np.rec.array([(0,), (1,)], dtype=[('f', 'i4')])
+        r.flags.writeable = False
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            r.f = [2, 3]
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            r.setfield([2,3], *r.dtype.fields['f'])
+
+    def test_out_of_order_fields(self):
+        # names in the same order, padding added to descr
+        x = self.data[['col1', 'col2']]
+        assert_equal(x.dtype.names, ('col1', 'col2'))
+        assert_equal(x.dtype.descr,
+                     [('col1', '<i4'), ('col2', '<i4'), ('', '|V4')])
+
+        # names change order to match indexing, as of 1.14 - descr can't
+        # represent that
+        y = self.data[['col2', 'col1']]
+        assert_equal(y.dtype.names, ('col2', 'col1'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: y.dtype.descr)
+
+    def test_pickle_1(self):
+        # Issue #1529
+        a = np.array([(1, [])], dtype=[('a', np.int32), ('b', np.int32, 0)])
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            assert_equal(a, pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a, protocol=proto)))
+            assert_equal(a[0], pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a[0],
+                                                         protocol=proto)))
+
+    def test_pickle_2(self):
+        a = self.data
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            assert_equal(a, pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a, protocol=proto)))
+            assert_equal(a[0], pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a[0],
+                                                         protocol=proto)))
+
+    def test_pickle_3(self):
+        # Issue #7140
+        a = self.data
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            pa = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a[0], protocol=proto))
+            assert_(pa.flags.c_contiguous)
+            assert_(pa.flags.f_contiguous)
+            assert_(pa.flags.writeable)
+            assert_(pa.flags.aligned)
+
+    def test_pickle_void(self):
+        # issue gh-13593
+        dt = np.dtype([('obj', 'O'), ('int', 'i')])
+        a = np.empty(1, dtype=dt)
+        data = (bytearray(b'eman'),)
+        a['obj'] = data
+        a['int'] = 42
+        ctor, args = a[0].__reduce__()
+        # check the constructor is what we expect before interpreting the arguments
+        assert ctor is np.core.multiarray.scalar
+        dtype, obj = args
+        # make sure we did not pickle the address
+        assert not isinstance(obj, bytes)
+
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, ctor, dtype, 13)
+
+        # Test roundtrip:
+        dump = pickle.dumps(a[0])
+        unpickled = pickle.loads(dump)
+        assert a[0] == unpickled
+
+        # Also check the similar (impossible) "object scalar" path:
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert ctor(np.dtype("O"), data) is data
+
+    def test_objview_record(self):
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/2599
+        dt = np.dtype([('foo', 'i8'), ('bar', 'O')])
+        r = np.zeros((1,3), dtype=dt).view(np.recarray)
+        r.foo = np.array([1, 2, 3])  # TypeError?
+
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/3256
+        ra = np.recarray((2,), dtype=[('x', object), ('y', float), ('z', int)])
+        ra[['x','y']]  # TypeError?
+
+    def test_record_scalar_setitem(self):
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/3561
+        rec = np.recarray(1, dtype=[('x', float, 5)])
+        rec[0].x = 1
+        assert_equal(rec[0].x, np.ones(5))
+
+    def test_missing_field(self):
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/4806
+        arr = np.zeros((3,), dtype=[('x', int), ('y', int)])
+        assert_raises(KeyError, lambda: arr[['nofield']])
+
+    def test_fromarrays_nested_structured_arrays(self):
+        arrays = [
+            np.arange(10),
+            np.ones(10, dtype=[('a', '<u2'), ('b', '<f4')]),
+        ]
+        arr = np.rec.fromarrays(arrays)  # ValueError?
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('nfields', [0, 1, 2])
+    def test_assign_dtype_attribute(self, nfields):
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', np.uint8), ('b', np.uint8), ('c', np.uint8)][:nfields])
+        data = np.zeros(3, dt).view(np.recarray)
+
+        # the original and resulting dtypes differ on whether they are records
+        assert data.dtype.type == np.record
+        assert dt.type != np.record
+
+        # ensure that the dtype remains a record even when assigned
+        data.dtype = dt
+        assert data.dtype.type == np.record
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('nfields', [0, 1, 2])
+    def test_nested_fields_are_records(self, nfields):
+        """ Test that nested structured types are treated as records too """
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', np.uint8), ('b', np.uint8), ('c', np.uint8)][:nfields])
+        dt_outer = np.dtype([('inner', dt)])
+
+        data = np.zeros(3, dt_outer).view(np.recarray)
+        assert isinstance(data, np.recarray)
+        assert isinstance(data['inner'], np.recarray)
+
+        data0 = data[0]
+        assert isinstance(data0, np.record)
+        assert isinstance(data0['inner'], np.record)
+
+    def test_nested_dtype_padding(self):
+        """ test that trailing padding is preserved """
+        # construct a dtype with padding at the end
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', np.uint8), ('b', np.uint8), ('c', np.uint8)])
+        dt_padded_end = dt[['a', 'b']]
+        assert dt_padded_end.itemsize == dt.itemsize
+
+        dt_outer = np.dtype([('inner', dt_padded_end)])
+
+        data = np.zeros(3, dt_outer).view(np.recarray)
+        assert_equal(data['inner'].dtype, dt_padded_end)
+
+        data0 = data[0]
+        assert_equal(data0['inner'].dtype, dt_padded_end)
+
+
+def test_find_duplicate():
+    l1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+    assert_(np.rec.find_duplicate(l1) == [])
+
+    l2 = [1, 2, 1, 4, 5, 6]
+    assert_(np.rec.find_duplicate(l2) == [1])
+
+    l3 = [1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 6, 2, 3]
+    assert_(np.rec.find_duplicate(l3) == [1, 2])
+
+    l3 = [2, 2, 1, 4, 1, 6, 2, 3]
+    assert_(np.rec.find_duplicate(l3) == [2, 1])
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_regression.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_regression.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..678c727d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_regression.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2568 @@
+import copy
+import sys
+import gc
+import tempfile
+import pytest
+from os import path
+from io import BytesIO
+from itertools import chain
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+        assert_, assert_equal, IS_PYPY, assert_almost_equal,
+        assert_array_equal, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_raises,
+        assert_raises_regex, assert_warns, suppress_warnings,
+        _assert_valid_refcount, HAS_REFCOUNT, IS_PYSTON, IS_WASM
+        )
+from numpy.testing._private.utils import _no_tracing, requires_memory
+from numpy.compat import asbytes, asunicode, pickle
+
+
+class TestRegression:
+    def test_invalid_round(self):
+        # Ticket #3
+        v = 4.7599999999999998
+        assert_array_equal(np.array([v]), np.array(v))
+
+    def test_mem_empty(self):
+        # Ticket #7
+        np.empty((1,), dtype=[('x', np.int64)])
+
+    def test_pickle_transposed(self):
+        # Ticket #16
+        a = np.transpose(np.array([[2, 9], [7, 0], [3, 8]]))
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with BytesIO() as f:
+                pickle.dump(a, f, protocol=proto)
+                f.seek(0)
+                b = pickle.load(f)
+            assert_array_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_dtype_names(self):
+        # Ticket #35
+        # Should succeed
+        np.dtype([(('name', 'label'), np.int32, 3)])
+
+    def test_reduce(self):
+        # Ticket #40
+        assert_almost_equal(np.add.reduce([1., .5], dtype=None), 1.5)
+
+    def test_zeros_order(self):
+        # Ticket #43
+        np.zeros([3], int, 'C')
+        np.zeros([3], order='C')
+        np.zeros([3], int, order='C')
+
+    def test_asarray_with_order(self):
+        # Check that nothing is done when order='F' and array C/F-contiguous
+        a = np.ones(2)
+        assert_(a is np.asarray(a, order='F'))
+
+    def test_ravel_with_order(self):
+        # Check that ravel works when order='F' and array C/F-contiguous
+        a = np.ones(2)
+        assert_(not a.ravel('F').flags.owndata)
+
+    def test_sort_bigendian(self):
+        # Ticket #47
+        a = np.linspace(0, 10, 11)
+        c = a.astype(np.dtype('<f8'))
+        c.sort()
+        assert_array_almost_equal(c, a)
+
+    def test_negative_nd_indexing(self):
+        # Ticket #49
+        c = np.arange(125).reshape((5, 5, 5))
+        origidx = np.array([-1, 0, 1])
+        idx = np.array(origidx)
+        c[idx]
+        assert_array_equal(idx, origidx)
+
+    def test_char_dump(self):
+        # Ticket #50
+        ca = np.char.array(np.arange(1000, 1010), itemsize=4)
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with BytesIO() as f:
+                pickle.dump(ca, f, protocol=proto)
+                f.seek(0)
+                ca = np.load(f, allow_pickle=True)
+
+    def test_noncontiguous_fill(self):
+        # Ticket #58.
+        a = np.zeros((5, 3))
+        b = a[:, :2,]
+
+        def rs():
+            b.shape = (10,)
+
+        assert_raises(AttributeError, rs)
+
+    def test_bool(self):
+        # Ticket #60
+        np.bool_(1)  # Should succeed
+
+    def test_indexing1(self):
+        # Ticket #64
+        descr = [('x', [('y', [('z', 'c16', (2,)),]),]),]
+        buffer = ((([6j, 4j],),),)
+        h = np.array(buffer, dtype=descr)
+        h['x']['y']['z']
+
+    def test_indexing2(self):
+        # Ticket #65
+        descr = [('x', 'i4', (2,))]
+        buffer = ([3, 2],)
+        h = np.array(buffer, dtype=descr)
+        h['x']
+
+    def test_round(self):
+        # Ticket #67
+        x = np.array([1+2j])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**(-1), [1/(1+2j)])
+
+    def test_scalar_compare(self):
+        # Trac Ticket #72
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/565
+        a = np.array(['test', 'auto'])
+        assert_array_equal(a == 'auto', np.array([False, True]))
+        assert_(a[1] == 'auto')
+        assert_(a[0] != 'auto')
+        b = np.linspace(0, 10, 11)
+        assert_array_equal(b != 'auto', np.ones(11, dtype=bool))
+        assert_(b[0] != 'auto')
+
+    def test_unicode_swapping(self):
+        # Ticket #79
+        ulen = 1
+        ucs_value = '\U0010FFFF'
+        ua = np.array([[[ucs_value*ulen]*2]*3]*4, dtype='U%s' % ulen)
+        ua.newbyteorder()  # Should succeed.
+
+    def test_object_array_fill(self):
+        # Ticket #86
+        x = np.zeros(1, 'O')
+        x.fill([])
+
+    def test_mem_dtype_align(self):
+        # Ticket #93
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.dtype,
+                              {'names':['a'], 'formats':['foo']}, align=1)
+
+    def test_endian_bool_indexing(self):
+        # Ticket #105
+        a = np.arange(10., dtype='>f8')
+        b = np.arange(10., dtype='<f8')
+        xa = np.where((a > 2) & (a < 6))
+        xb = np.where((b > 2) & (b < 6))
+        ya = ((a > 2) & (a < 6))
+        yb = ((b > 2) & (b < 6))
+        assert_array_almost_equal(xa, ya.nonzero())
+        assert_array_almost_equal(xb, yb.nonzero())
+        assert_(np.all(a[ya] > 0.5))
+        assert_(np.all(b[yb] > 0.5))
+
+    def test_endian_where(self):
+        # GitHub issue #369
+        net = np.zeros(3, dtype='>f4')
+        net[1] = 0.00458849
+        net[2] = 0.605202
+        max_net = net.max()
+        test = np.where(net <= 0., max_net, net)
+        correct = np.array([ 0.60520202,  0.00458849,  0.60520202])
+        assert_array_almost_equal(test, correct)
+
+    def test_endian_recarray(self):
+        # Ticket #2185
+        dt = np.dtype([
+               ('head', '>u4'),
+               ('data', '>u4', 2),
+            ])
+        buf = np.recarray(1, dtype=dt)
+        buf[0]['head'] = 1
+        buf[0]['data'][:] = [1, 1]
+
+        h = buf[0]['head']
+        d = buf[0]['data'][0]
+        buf[0]['head'] = h
+        buf[0]['data'][0] = d
+        assert_(buf[0]['head'] == 1)
+
+    def test_mem_dot(self):
+        # Ticket #106
+        x = np.random.randn(0, 1)
+        y = np.random.randn(10, 1)
+        # Dummy array to detect bad memory access:
+        _z = np.ones(10)
+        _dummy = np.empty((0, 10))
+        z = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(_z, _dummy.shape, _dummy.strides)
+        np.dot(x, np.transpose(y), out=z)
+        assert_equal(_z, np.ones(10))
+        # Do the same for the built-in dot:
+        np.core.multiarray.dot(x, np.transpose(y), out=z)
+        assert_equal(_z, np.ones(10))
+
+    def test_arange_endian(self):
+        # Ticket #111
+        ref = np.arange(10)
+        x = np.arange(10, dtype='<f8')
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+        x = np.arange(10, dtype='>f8')
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+
+    def test_arange_inf_step(self):
+        ref = np.arange(0, 1, 10)
+        x = np.arange(0, 1, np.inf)
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+
+        ref = np.arange(0, 1, -10)
+        x = np.arange(0, 1, -np.inf)
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+
+        ref = np.arange(0, -1, -10)
+        x = np.arange(0, -1, -np.inf)
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+
+        ref = np.arange(0, -1, 10)
+        x = np.arange(0, -1, np.inf)
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+
+    def test_arange_underflow_stop_and_step(self):
+        finfo = np.finfo(np.float64)
+
+        ref = np.arange(0, finfo.eps, 2 * finfo.eps)
+        x = np.arange(0, finfo.eps, finfo.max)
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+
+        ref = np.arange(0, finfo.eps, -2 * finfo.eps)
+        x = np.arange(0, finfo.eps, -finfo.max)
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+
+        ref = np.arange(0, -finfo.eps, -2 * finfo.eps)
+        x = np.arange(0, -finfo.eps, -finfo.max)
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+
+        ref = np.arange(0, -finfo.eps, 2 * finfo.eps)
+        x = np.arange(0, -finfo.eps, finfo.max)
+        assert_array_equal(ref, x)
+
+    def test_argmax(self):
+        # Ticket #119
+        a = np.random.normal(0, 1, (4, 5, 6, 7, 8))
+        for i in range(a.ndim):
+            a.argmax(i)  # Should succeed
+
+    def test_mem_divmod(self):
+        # Ticket #126
+        for i in range(10):
+            divmod(np.array([i])[0], 10)
+
+    def test_hstack_invalid_dims(self):
+        # Ticket #128
+        x = np.arange(9).reshape((3, 3))
+        y = np.array([0, 0, 0])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.hstack, (x, y))
+
+    def test_squeeze_type(self):
+        # Ticket #133
+        a = np.array([3])
+        b = np.array(3)
+        assert_(type(a.squeeze()) is np.ndarray)
+        assert_(type(b.squeeze()) is np.ndarray)
+
+    def test_add_identity(self):
+        # Ticket #143
+        assert_equal(0, np.add.identity)
+
+    def test_numpy_float_python_long_addition(self):
+        # Check that numpy float and python longs can be added correctly.
+        a = np.float_(23.) + 2**135
+        assert_equal(a, 23. + 2**135)
+
+    def test_binary_repr_0(self):
+        # Ticket #151
+        assert_equal('0', np.binary_repr(0))
+
+    def test_rec_iterate(self):
+        # Ticket #160
+        descr = np.dtype([('i', int), ('f', float), ('s', '|S3')])
+        x = np.rec.array([(1, 1.1, '1.0'),
+                         (2, 2.2, '2.0')], dtype=descr)
+        x[0].tolist()
+        [i for i in x[0]]
+
+    def test_unicode_string_comparison(self):
+        # Ticket #190
+        a = np.array('hello', np.str_)
+        b = np.array('world')
+        a == b
+
+    def test_tobytes_FORTRANORDER_discontiguous(self):
+        # Fix in r2836
+        # Create non-contiguous Fortran ordered array
+        x = np.array(np.random.rand(3, 3), order='F')[:, :2]
+        assert_array_almost_equal(x.ravel(), np.frombuffer(x.tobytes()))
+
+    def test_flat_assignment(self):
+        # Correct behaviour of ticket #194
+        x = np.empty((3, 1))
+        x.flat = np.arange(3)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(x, [[0], [1], [2]])
+        x.flat = np.arange(3, dtype=float)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(x, [[0], [1], [2]])
+
+    def test_broadcast_flat_assignment(self):
+        # Ticket #194
+        x = np.empty((3, 1))
+
+        def bfa():
+            x[:] = np.arange(3)
+
+        def bfb():
+            x[:] = np.arange(3, dtype=float)
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, bfa)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, bfb)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_WASM, reason="not sure why")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("index",
+            [np.ones(10, dtype=bool), np.arange(10)],
+            ids=["boolean-arr-index", "integer-arr-index"])
+    def test_nonarray_assignment(self, index):
+        # See also Issue gh-2870, test for non-array assignment
+        # and equivalent unsafe casted array assignment
+        a = np.arange(10)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            a[index] = np.nan
+
+        with np.errstate(invalid="warn"):
+            with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="invalid value"):
+                a[index] = np.array(np.nan)  # Only warns
+
+    def test_unpickle_dtype_with_object(self):
+        # Implemented in r2840
+        dt = np.dtype([('x', int), ('y', np.object_), ('z', 'O')])
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with BytesIO() as f:
+                pickle.dump(dt, f, protocol=proto)
+                f.seek(0)
+                dt_ = pickle.load(f)
+            assert_equal(dt, dt_)
+
+    def test_mem_array_creation_invalid_specification(self):
+        # Ticket #196
+        dt = np.dtype([('x', int), ('y', np.object_)])
+        # Wrong way
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.array, [1, 'object'], dt)
+        # Correct way
+        np.array([(1, 'object')], dt)
+
+    def test_recarray_single_element(self):
+        # Ticket #202
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int32)
+        b = a.copy()
+        r = np.rec.array(a, shape=1, formats=['3i4'], names=['d'])
+        assert_array_equal(a, b)
+        assert_equal(a, r[0][0])
+
+    def test_zero_sized_array_indexing(self):
+        # Ticket #205
+        tmp = np.array([])
+
+        def index_tmp():
+            tmp[np.array(10)]
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, index_tmp)
+
+    def test_chararray_rstrip(self):
+        # Ticket #222
+        x = np.chararray((1,), 5)
+        x[0] = b'a   '
+        x = x.rstrip()
+        assert_equal(x[0], b'a')
+
+    def test_object_array_shape(self):
+        # Ticket #239
+        assert_equal(np.array([[1, 2], 3, 4], dtype=object).shape, (3,))
+        assert_equal(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=object).shape, (2, 2))
+        assert_equal(np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype=object).shape, (2, 2))
+        assert_equal(np.array([], dtype=object).shape, (0,))
+        assert_equal(np.array([[], [], []], dtype=object).shape, (3, 0))
+        assert_equal(np.array([[3, 4], [5, 6], None], dtype=object).shape, (3,))
+
+    def test_mem_around(self):
+        # Ticket #243
+        x = np.zeros((1,))
+        y = [0]
+        decimal = 6
+        np.around(abs(x-y), decimal) <= 10.0**(-decimal)
+
+    def test_character_array_strip(self):
+        # Ticket #246
+        x = np.char.array(("x", "x ", "x  "))
+        for c in x:
+            assert_equal(c, "x")
+
+    def test_lexsort(self):
+        # Lexsort memory error
+        v = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
+        assert_equal(np.lexsort(v), 0)
+
+    def test_lexsort_invalid_sequence(self):
+        # Issue gh-4123
+        class BuggySequence:
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 4
+
+            def __getitem__(self, key):
+                raise KeyError
+
+        assert_raises(KeyError, np.lexsort, BuggySequence())
+
+    def test_lexsort_zerolen_custom_strides(self):
+        # Ticket #14228
+        xs = np.array([], dtype='i8')
+        assert np.lexsort((xs,)).shape[0] == 0 # Works
+
+        xs.strides = (16,)
+        assert np.lexsort((xs,)).shape[0] == 0 # Was: MemoryError
+
+    def test_lexsort_zerolen_custom_strides_2d(self):
+        xs = np.array([], dtype='i8')
+
+        xs.shape = (0, 2)
+        xs.strides = (16, 16)
+        assert np.lexsort((xs,), axis=0).shape[0] == 0
+
+        xs.shape = (2, 0)
+        xs.strides = (16, 16)
+        assert np.lexsort((xs,), axis=0).shape[0] == 2
+
+    def test_lexsort_invalid_axis(self):
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.lexsort, (np.arange(1),), axis=2)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.lexsort, (np.array([]),), axis=1)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.lexsort, (np.array(1),), axis=10)
+
+    def test_lexsort_zerolen_element(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([])  # a void dtype with no fields
+        xs = np.empty(4, dt)
+
+        assert np.lexsort((xs,)).shape[0] == xs.shape[0]
+
+    def test_pickle_py2_bytes_encoding(self):
+        # Check that arrays and scalars pickled on Py2 are
+        # unpickleable on Py3 using encoding='bytes'
+
+        test_data = [
+            # (original, py2_pickle)
+            (np.str_('\u6f2c'),
+             b"cnumpy.core.multiarray\nscalar\np0\n(cnumpy\ndtype\np1\n"
+             b"(S'U1'\np2\nI0\nI1\ntp3\nRp4\n(I3\nS'<'\np5\nNNNI4\nI4\n"
+             b"I0\ntp6\nbS',o\\x00\\x00'\np7\ntp8\nRp9\n."),
+
+            (np.array([9e123], dtype=np.float64),
+             b"cnumpy.core.multiarray\n_reconstruct\np0\n(cnumpy\nndarray\n"
+             b"p1\n(I0\ntp2\nS'b'\np3\ntp4\nRp5\n(I1\n(I1\ntp6\ncnumpy\ndtype\n"
+             b"p7\n(S'f8'\np8\nI0\nI1\ntp9\nRp10\n(I3\nS'<'\np11\nNNNI-1\nI-1\n"
+             b"I0\ntp12\nbI00\nS'O\\x81\\xb7Z\\xaa:\\xabY'\np13\ntp14\nb."),
+
+            (np.array([(9e123,)], dtype=[('name', float)]),
+             b"cnumpy.core.multiarray\n_reconstruct\np0\n(cnumpy\nndarray\np1\n"
+             b"(I0\ntp2\nS'b'\np3\ntp4\nRp5\n(I1\n(I1\ntp6\ncnumpy\ndtype\np7\n"
+             b"(S'V8'\np8\nI0\nI1\ntp9\nRp10\n(I3\nS'|'\np11\nN(S'name'\np12\ntp13\n"
+             b"(dp14\ng12\n(g7\n(S'f8'\np15\nI0\nI1\ntp16\nRp17\n(I3\nS'<'\np18\nNNNI-1\n"
+             b"I-1\nI0\ntp19\nbI0\ntp20\nsI8\nI1\nI0\ntp21\n"
+             b"bI00\nS'O\\x81\\xb7Z\\xaa:\\xabY'\np22\ntp23\nb."),
+        ]
+
+        for original, data in test_data:
+            result = pickle.loads(data, encoding='bytes')
+            assert_equal(result, original)
+
+            if isinstance(result, np.ndarray) and result.dtype.names is not None:
+                for name in result.dtype.names:
+                    assert_(isinstance(name, str))
+
+    def test_pickle_dtype(self):
+        # Ticket #251
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            pickle.dumps(float, protocol=proto)
+
+    def test_swap_real(self):
+        # Ticket #265
+        assert_equal(np.arange(4, dtype='>c8').imag.max(), 0.0)
+        assert_equal(np.arange(4, dtype='<c8').imag.max(), 0.0)
+        assert_equal(np.arange(4, dtype='>c8').real.max(), 3.0)
+        assert_equal(np.arange(4, dtype='<c8').real.max(), 3.0)
+
+    def test_object_array_from_list(self):
+        # Ticket #270 (gh-868)
+        assert_(np.array([1, None, 'A']).shape == (3,))
+
+    def test_multiple_assign(self):
+        # Ticket #273
+        a = np.zeros((3, 1), int)
+        a[[1, 2]] = 1
+
+    def test_empty_array_type(self):
+        assert_equal(np.array([]).dtype, np.zeros(0).dtype)
+
+    def test_void_copyswap(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('one', '<i4'), ('two', '<i4')])
+        x = np.array((1, 2), dtype=dt)
+        x = x.byteswap()
+        assert_(x['one'] > 1 and x['two'] > 2)
+
+    def test_method_args(self):
+        # Make sure methods and functions have same default axis
+        # keyword and arguments
+        funcs1 = ['argmax', 'argmin', 'sum', 'any', 'all', 'cumsum',
+                  'ptp', 'cumprod', 'prod', 'std', 'var', 'mean',
+                  'round', 'min', 'max', 'argsort', 'sort']
+        funcs2 = ['compress', 'take', 'repeat']
+
+        for func in funcs1:
+            arr = np.random.rand(8, 7)
+            arr2 = arr.copy()
+            res1 = getattr(arr, func)()
+            res2 = getattr(np, func)(arr2)
+            if res1 is None:
+                res1 = arr
+
+            if res1.dtype.kind in 'uib':
+                assert_((res1 == res2).all(), func)
+            else:
+                assert_(abs(res1-res2).max() < 1e-8, func)
+
+        for func in funcs2:
+            arr1 = np.random.rand(8, 7)
+            arr2 = np.random.rand(8, 7)
+            res1 = None
+            if func == 'compress':
+                arr1 = arr1.ravel()
+                res1 = getattr(arr2, func)(arr1)
+            else:
+                arr2 = (15*arr2).astype(int).ravel()
+            if res1 is None:
+                res1 = getattr(arr1, func)(arr2)
+            res2 = getattr(np, func)(arr1, arr2)
+            assert_(abs(res1-res2).max() < 1e-8, func)
+
+    def test_mem_lexsort_strings(self):
+        # Ticket #298
+        lst = ['abc', 'cde', 'fgh']
+        np.lexsort((lst,))
+
+    def test_fancy_index(self):
+        # Ticket #302
+        x = np.array([1, 2])[np.array([0])]
+        assert_equal(x.shape, (1,))
+
+    def test_recarray_copy(self):
+        # Ticket #312
+        dt = [('x', np.int16), ('y', np.float64)]
+        ra = np.array([(1, 2.3)], dtype=dt)
+        rb = np.rec.array(ra, dtype=dt)
+        rb['x'] = 2.
+        assert_(ra['x'] != rb['x'])
+
+    def test_rec_fromarray(self):
+        # Ticket #322
+        x1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
+        x2 = np.array(['a', 'dd', 'xyz'])
+        x3 = np.array([1.1, 2, 3])
+        np.rec.fromarrays([x1, x2, x3], formats="(2,)i4,a3,f8")
+
+    def test_object_array_assign(self):
+        x = np.empty((2, 2), object)
+        x.flat[2] = (1, 2, 3)
+        assert_equal(x.flat[2], (1, 2, 3))
+
+    def test_ndmin_float64(self):
+        # Ticket #324
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.float64)
+        assert_equal(np.array(x, dtype=np.float32, ndmin=2).ndim, 2)
+        assert_equal(np.array(x, dtype=np.float64, ndmin=2).ndim, 2)
+
+    def test_ndmin_order(self):
+        # Issue #465 and related checks
+        assert_(np.array([1, 2], order='C', ndmin=3).flags.c_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.array([1, 2], order='F', ndmin=3).flags.f_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.array(np.ones((2, 2), order='F'), ndmin=3).flags.f_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.array(np.ones((2, 2), order='C'), ndmin=3).flags.c_contiguous)
+
+    def test_mem_axis_minimization(self):
+        # Ticket #327
+        data = np.arange(5)
+        data = np.add.outer(data, data)
+
+    def test_mem_float_imag(self):
+        # Ticket #330
+        np.float64(1.0).imag
+
+    def test_dtype_tuple(self):
+        # Ticket #334
+        assert_(np.dtype('i4') == np.dtype(('i4', ())))
+
+    def test_dtype_posttuple(self):
+        # Ticket #335
+        np.dtype([('col1', '()i4')])
+
+    def test_numeric_carray_compare(self):
+        # Ticket #341
+        assert_equal(np.array(['X'], 'c'), b'X')
+
+    def test_string_array_size(self):
+        # Ticket #342
+        assert_raises(ValueError,
+                              np.array, [['X'], ['X', 'X', 'X']], '|S1')
+
+    def test_dtype_repr(self):
+        # Ticket #344
+        dt1 = np.dtype(('uint32', 2))
+        dt2 = np.dtype(('uint32', (2,)))
+        assert_equal(dt1.__repr__(), dt2.__repr__())
+
+    def test_reshape_order(self):
+        # Make sure reshape order works.
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape(2, 3, order='F')
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5]])
+        a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]])
+        b = a[:, 1]
+        assert_equal(b.reshape(2, 2, order='F'), [[2, 6], [4, 8]])
+
+    def test_reshape_zero_strides(self):
+        # Issue #380, test reshaping of zero strided arrays
+        a = np.ones(1)
+        a = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(a, shape=(5,), strides=(0,))
+        assert_(a.reshape(5, 1).strides[0] == 0)
+
+    def test_reshape_zero_size(self):
+        # GitHub Issue #2700, setting shape failed for 0-sized arrays
+        a = np.ones((0, 2))
+        a.shape = (-1, 2)
+
+    # Cannot test if NPY_RELAXED_STRIDES_DEBUG changes the strides.
+    # With NPY_RELAXED_STRIDES_DEBUG the test becomes superfluous.
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(np.ones(1).strides[0] == np.iinfo(np.intp).max,
+                        reason="Using relaxed stride debug")
+    def test_reshape_trailing_ones_strides(self):
+        # GitHub issue gh-2949, bad strides for trailing ones of new shape
+        a = np.zeros(12, dtype=np.int32)[::2]  # not contiguous
+        strides_c = (16, 8, 8, 8)
+        strides_f = (8, 24, 48, 48)
+        assert_equal(a.reshape(3, 2, 1, 1).strides, strides_c)
+        assert_equal(a.reshape(3, 2, 1, 1, order='F').strides, strides_f)
+        assert_equal(np.array(0, dtype=np.int32).reshape(1, 1).strides, (4, 4))
+
+    def test_repeat_discont(self):
+        # Ticket #352
+        a = np.arange(12).reshape(4, 3)[:, 2]
+        assert_equal(a.repeat(3), [2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 8, 8, 8, 11, 11, 11])
+
+    def test_array_index(self):
+        # Make sure optimization is not called in this case.
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        a2 = np.array([[1, 2, 3]])
+        assert_equal(a[np.where(a == 3)], a2[np.where(a2 == 3)])
+
+    def test_object_argmax(self):
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=object)
+        assert_(a.argmax() == 2)
+
+    def test_recarray_fields(self):
+        # Ticket #372
+        dt0 = np.dtype([('f0', 'i4'), ('f1', 'i4')])
+        dt1 = np.dtype([('f0', 'i8'), ('f1', 'i8')])
+        for a in [np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], "i4,i4"),
+                  np.rec.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], "i4,i4"),
+                  np.rec.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)]),
+                  np.rec.fromarrays([(1, 2), (3, 4)], "i4,i4"),
+                  np.rec.fromarrays([(1, 2), (3, 4)])]:
+            assert_(a.dtype in [dt0, dt1])
+
+    def test_random_shuffle(self):
+        # Ticket #374
+        a = np.arange(5).reshape((5, 1))
+        b = a.copy()
+        np.random.shuffle(b)
+        assert_equal(np.sort(b, axis=0), a)
+
+    def test_refcount_vdot(self):
+        # Changeset #3443
+        _assert_valid_refcount(np.vdot)
+
+    def test_startswith(self):
+        ca = np.char.array(['Hi', 'There'])
+        assert_equal(ca.startswith('H'), [True, False])
+
+    def test_noncommutative_reduce_accumulate(self):
+        # Ticket #413
+        tosubtract = np.arange(5)
+        todivide = np.array([2.0, 0.5, 0.25])
+        assert_equal(np.subtract.reduce(tosubtract), -10)
+        assert_equal(np.divide.reduce(todivide), 16.0)
+        assert_array_equal(np.subtract.accumulate(tosubtract),
+            np.array([0, -1, -3, -6, -10]))
+        assert_array_equal(np.divide.accumulate(todivide),
+            np.array([2., 4., 16.]))
+
+    def test_convolve_empty(self):
+        # Convolve should raise an error for empty input array.
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.convolve, [], [1])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.convolve, [1], [])
+
+    def test_multidim_byteswap(self):
+        # Ticket #449
+        r = np.array([(1, (0, 1, 2))], dtype="i2,3i2")
+        assert_array_equal(r.byteswap(),
+                           np.array([(256, (0, 256, 512))], r.dtype))
+
+    def test_string_NULL(self):
+        # Changeset 3557
+        assert_equal(np.array("a\x00\x0b\x0c\x00").item(),
+                     'a\x00\x0b\x0c')
+
+    def test_junk_in_string_fields_of_recarray(self):
+        # Ticket #483
+        r = np.array([[b'abc']], dtype=[('var1', '|S20')])
+        assert_(asbytes(r['var1'][0][0]) == b'abc')
+
+    def test_take_output(self):
+        # Ensure that 'take' honours output parameter.
+        x = np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4))
+        a = np.take(x, [0, 2], axis=1)
+        b = np.zeros_like(a)
+        np.take(x, [0, 2], axis=1, out=b)
+        assert_array_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_take_object_fail(self):
+        # Issue gh-3001
+        d = 123.
+        a = np.array([d, 1], dtype=object)
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            ref_d = sys.getrefcount(d)
+        try:
+            a.take([0, 100])
+        except IndexError:
+            pass
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            assert_(ref_d == sys.getrefcount(d))
+
+    def test_array_str_64bit(self):
+        # Ticket #501
+        s = np.array([1, np.nan], dtype=np.float64)
+        with np.errstate(all='raise'):
+            np.array_str(s)  # Should succeed
+
+    def test_frompyfunc_endian(self):
+        # Ticket #503
+        from math import radians
+        uradians = np.frompyfunc(radians, 1, 1)
+        big_endian = np.array([83.4, 83.5], dtype='>f8')
+        little_endian = np.array([83.4, 83.5], dtype='<f8')
+        assert_almost_equal(uradians(big_endian).astype(float),
+                            uradians(little_endian).astype(float))
+
+    def test_mem_string_arr(self):
+        # Ticket #514
+        s = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+        t = []
+        np.hstack((t, s))
+
+    def test_arr_transpose(self):
+        # Ticket #516
+        x = np.random.rand(*(2,)*16)
+        x.transpose(list(range(16)))  # Should succeed
+
+    def test_string_mergesort(self):
+        # Ticket #540
+        x = np.array(['a']*32)
+        assert_array_equal(x.argsort(kind='m'), np.arange(32))
+
+    def test_argmax_byteorder(self):
+        # Ticket #546
+        a = np.arange(3, dtype='>f')
+        assert_(a[a.argmax()] == a.max())
+
+    def test_rand_seed(self):
+        # Ticket #555
+        for l in np.arange(4):
+            np.random.seed(l)
+
+    def test_mem_deallocation_leak(self):
+        # Ticket #562
+        a = np.zeros(5, dtype=float)
+        b = np.array(a, dtype=float)
+        del a, b
+
+    def test_mem_on_invalid_dtype(self):
+        "Ticket #583"
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.fromiter, [['12', ''], ['13', '']], str)
+
+    def test_dot_negative_stride(self):
+        # Ticket #588
+        x = np.array([[1, 5, 25, 125., 625]])
+        y = np.array([[20.], [160.], [640.], [1280.], [1024.]])
+        z = y[::-1].copy()
+        y2 = y[::-1]
+        assert_equal(np.dot(x, z), np.dot(x, y2))
+
+    def test_object_casting(self):
+        # This used to trigger the object-type version of
+        # the bitwise_or operation, because float64 -> object
+        # casting succeeds
+        def rs():
+            x = np.ones([484, 286])
+            y = np.zeros([484, 286])
+            x |= y
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, rs)
+
+    def test_unicode_scalar(self):
+        # Ticket #600
+        x = np.array(["DROND", "DROND1"], dtype="U6")
+        el = x[1]
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            new = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(el, protocol=proto))
+            assert_equal(new, el)
+
+    def test_arange_non_native_dtype(self):
+        # Ticket #616
+        for T in ('>f4', '<f4'):
+            dt = np.dtype(T)
+            assert_equal(np.arange(0, dtype=dt).dtype, dt)
+            assert_equal(np.arange(0.5, dtype=dt).dtype, dt)
+            assert_equal(np.arange(5, dtype=dt).dtype, dt)
+
+    def test_bool_flat_indexing_invalid_nr_elements(self):
+        s = np.ones(10, dtype=float)
+        x = np.array((15,), dtype=float)
+
+        def ia(x, s, v):
+            x[(s > 0)] = v
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, ia, x, s, np.zeros(9, dtype=float))
+        assert_raises(IndexError, ia, x, s, np.zeros(11, dtype=float))
+
+        # Old special case (different code path):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, ia, x.flat, s, np.zeros(9, dtype=float))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, ia, x.flat, s, np.zeros(11, dtype=float))
+
+    def test_mem_scalar_indexing(self):
+        # Ticket #603
+        x = np.array([0], dtype=float)
+        index = np.array(0, dtype=np.int32)
+        x[index]
+
+    def test_binary_repr_0_width(self):
+        assert_equal(np.binary_repr(0, width=3), '000')
+
+    def test_fromstring(self):
+        assert_equal(np.fromstring("12:09:09", dtype=int, sep=":"),
+                     [12, 9, 9])
+
+    def test_searchsorted_variable_length(self):
+        x = np.array(['a', 'aa', 'b'])
+        y = np.array(['d', 'e'])
+        assert_equal(x.searchsorted(y), [3, 3])
+
+    def test_string_argsort_with_zeros(self):
+        # Check argsort for strings containing zeros.
+        x = np.frombuffer(b"\x00\x02\x00\x01", dtype="|S2")
+        assert_array_equal(x.argsort(kind='m'), np.array([1, 0]))
+        assert_array_equal(x.argsort(kind='q'), np.array([1, 0]))
+
+    def test_string_sort_with_zeros(self):
+        # Check sort for strings containing zeros.
+        x = np.frombuffer(b"\x00\x02\x00\x01", dtype="|S2")
+        y = np.frombuffer(b"\x00\x01\x00\x02", dtype="|S2")
+        assert_array_equal(np.sort(x, kind="q"), y)
+
+    def test_copy_detection_zero_dim(self):
+        # Ticket #658
+        np.indices((0, 3, 4)).T.reshape(-1, 3)
+
+    def test_flat_byteorder(self):
+        # Ticket #657
+        x = np.arange(10)
+        assert_array_equal(x.astype('>i4'), x.astype('<i4').flat[:])
+        assert_array_equal(x.astype('>i4').flat[:], x.astype('<i4'))
+
+    def test_sign_bit(self):
+        x = np.array([0, -0.0, 0])
+        assert_equal(str(np.abs(x)), '[0. 0. 0.]')
+
+    def test_flat_index_byteswap(self):
+        for dt in (np.dtype('<i4'), np.dtype('>i4')):
+            x = np.array([-1, 0, 1], dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(x.flat[0].dtype, x[0].dtype)
+
+    def test_copy_detection_corner_case(self):
+        # Ticket #658
+        np.indices((0, 3, 4)).T.reshape(-1, 3)
+
+    # Cannot test if NPY_RELAXED_STRIDES_DEBUG changes the strides.
+    # With NPY_RELAXED_STRIDES_DEBUG the test becomes superfluous,
+    # 0-sized reshape itself is tested elsewhere.
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(np.ones(1).strides[0] == np.iinfo(np.intp).max,
+                        reason="Using relaxed stride debug")
+    def test_copy_detection_corner_case2(self):
+        # Ticket #771: strides are not set correctly when reshaping 0-sized
+        # arrays
+        b = np.indices((0, 3, 4)).T.reshape(-1, 3)
+        assert_equal(b.strides, (3 * b.itemsize, b.itemsize))
+
+    def test_object_array_refcounting(self):
+        # Ticket #633
+        if not hasattr(sys, 'getrefcount'):
+            return
+
+        # NB. this is probably CPython-specific
+
+        cnt = sys.getrefcount
+
+        a = object()
+        b = object()
+        c = object()
+
+        cnt0_a = cnt(a)
+        cnt0_b = cnt(b)
+        cnt0_c = cnt(c)
+
+        # -- 0d -> 1-d broadcast slice assignment
+
+        arr = np.zeros(5, dtype=np.object_)
+
+        arr[:] = a
+        assert_equal(cnt(a), cnt0_a + 5)
+
+        arr[:] = b
+        assert_equal(cnt(a), cnt0_a)
+        assert_equal(cnt(b), cnt0_b + 5)
+
+        arr[:2] = c
+        assert_equal(cnt(b), cnt0_b + 3)
+        assert_equal(cnt(c), cnt0_c + 2)
+
+        del arr
+
+        # -- 1-d -> 2-d broadcast slice assignment
+
+        arr = np.zeros((5, 2), dtype=np.object_)
+        arr0 = np.zeros(2, dtype=np.object_)
+
+        arr0[0] = a
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 1)
+        arr0[1] = b
+        assert_(cnt(b) == cnt0_b + 1)
+
+        arr[:, :] = arr0
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 6)
+        assert_(cnt(b) == cnt0_b + 6)
+
+        arr[:, 0] = None
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 1)
+
+        del arr, arr0
+
+        # -- 2-d copying + flattening
+
+        arr = np.zeros((5, 2), dtype=np.object_)
+
+        arr[:, 0] = a
+        arr[:, 1] = b
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 5)
+        assert_(cnt(b) == cnt0_b + 5)
+
+        arr2 = arr.copy()
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 10)
+        assert_(cnt(b) == cnt0_b + 10)
+
+        arr2 = arr[:, 0].copy()
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 10)
+        assert_(cnt(b) == cnt0_b + 5)
+
+        arr2 = arr.flatten()
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 10)
+        assert_(cnt(b) == cnt0_b + 10)
+
+        del arr, arr2
+
+        # -- concatenate, repeat, take, choose
+
+        arr1 = np.zeros((5, 1), dtype=np.object_)
+        arr2 = np.zeros((5, 1), dtype=np.object_)
+
+        arr1[...] = a
+        arr2[...] = b
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 5)
+        assert_(cnt(b) == cnt0_b + 5)
+
+        tmp = np.concatenate((arr1, arr2))
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 5 + 5)
+        assert_(cnt(b) == cnt0_b + 5 + 5)
+
+        tmp = arr1.repeat(3, axis=0)
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 5 + 3*5)
+
+        tmp = arr1.take([1, 2, 3], axis=0)
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 5 + 3)
+
+        x = np.array([[0], [1], [0], [1], [1]], int)
+        tmp = x.choose(arr1, arr2)
+        assert_(cnt(a) == cnt0_a + 5 + 2)
+        assert_(cnt(b) == cnt0_b + 5 + 3)
+
+        del tmp  # Avoid pyflakes unused variable warning
+
+    def test_mem_custom_float_to_array(self):
+        # Ticket 702
+        class MyFloat:
+            def __float__(self):
+                return 1.0
+
+        tmp = np.atleast_1d([MyFloat()])
+        tmp.astype(float)  # Should succeed
+
+    def test_object_array_refcount_self_assign(self):
+        # Ticket #711
+        class VictimObject:
+            deleted = False
+
+            def __del__(self):
+                self.deleted = True
+
+        d = VictimObject()
+        arr = np.zeros(5, dtype=np.object_)
+        arr[:] = d
+        del d
+        arr[:] = arr  # refcount of 'd' might hit zero here
+        assert_(not arr[0].deleted)
+        arr[:] = arr  # trying to induce a segfault by doing it again...
+        assert_(not arr[0].deleted)
+
+    def test_mem_fromiter_invalid_dtype_string(self):
+        x = [1, 2, 3]
+        assert_raises(ValueError,
+                              np.fromiter, [xi for xi in x], dtype='S')
+
+    def test_reduce_big_object_array(self):
+        # Ticket #713
+        oldsize = np.setbufsize(10*16)
+        a = np.array([None]*161, object)
+        assert_(not np.any(a))
+        np.setbufsize(oldsize)
+
+    def test_mem_0d_array_index(self):
+        # Ticket #714
+        np.zeros(10)[np.array(0)]
+
+    def test_nonnative_endian_fill(self):
+        # Non-native endian arrays were incorrectly filled with scalars
+        # before r5034.
+        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+            dtype = np.dtype('>i4')
+        else:
+            dtype = np.dtype('<i4')
+        x = np.empty([1], dtype=dtype)
+        x.fill(1)
+        assert_equal(x, np.array([1], dtype=dtype))
+
+    def test_dot_alignment_sse2(self):
+        # Test for ticket #551, changeset r5140
+        x = np.zeros((30, 40))
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x, protocol=proto))
+            # y is now typically not aligned on a 8-byte boundary
+            z = np.ones((1, y.shape[0]))
+            # This shouldn't cause a segmentation fault:
+            np.dot(z, y)
+
+    def test_astype_copy(self):
+        # Ticket #788, changeset r5155
+        # The test data file was generated by scipy.io.savemat.
+        # The dtype is float64, but the isbuiltin attribute is 0.
+        data_dir = path.join(path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
+        filename = path.join(data_dir, "astype_copy.pkl")
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+            xp = pickle.load(f, encoding='latin1')
+        xpd = xp.astype(np.float64)
+        assert_((xp.__array_interface__['data'][0] !=
+                xpd.__array_interface__['data'][0]))
+
+    def test_compress_small_type(self):
+        # Ticket #789, changeset 5217.
+        # compress with out argument segfaulted if cannot cast safely
+        import numpy as np
+        a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+        b = np.zeros((2, 1), dtype=np.single)
+        try:
+            a.compress([True, False], axis=1, out=b)
+            raise AssertionError("compress with an out which cannot be "
+                                 "safely casted should not return "
+                                 "successfully")
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        # Ticket #791
+        class TestArray(np.ndarray):
+            def __new__(cls, data, info):
+                result = np.array(data)
+                result = result.view(cls)
+                result.info = info
+                return result
+
+            def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+                self.info = getattr(obj, 'info', '')
+
+        dat = TestArray([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]], 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.info == 'jubba')
+        dat.resize((4, 2))
+        assert_(dat.info == 'jubba')
+        dat.sort()
+        assert_(dat.info == 'jubba')
+        dat.fill(2)
+        assert_(dat.info == 'jubba')
+        dat.put([2, 3, 4], [6, 3, 4])
+        assert_(dat.info == 'jubba')
+        dat.setfield(4, np.int32, 0)
+        assert_(dat.info == 'jubba')
+        dat.setflags()
+        assert_(dat.info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.all(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.any(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.argmax(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.argmin(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.argsort(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.astype(TestArray).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.byteswap().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.clip(2, 7).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.compress([0, 1, 1]).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.conj().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.conjugate().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.copy().info == 'jubba')
+        dat2 = TestArray([2, 3, 1, 0], 'jubba')
+        choices = [[0, 1, 2, 3], [10, 11, 12, 13],
+                   [20, 21, 22, 23], [30, 31, 32, 33]]
+        assert_(dat2.choose(choices).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.cumprod(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.cumsum(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.diagonal().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.flatten().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.getfield(np.int32, 0).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.imag.info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.max(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.mean(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.min(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.newbyteorder().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.prod(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.ptp(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.ravel().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.real.info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.repeat(2).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.reshape((2, 4)).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.round().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.squeeze().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.std(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.sum(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.swapaxes(0, 1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.take([2, 3, 5]).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.transpose().info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.T.info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.var(1).info == 'jubba')
+        assert_(dat.view(TestArray).info == 'jubba')
+        # These methods do not preserve subclasses
+        assert_(type(dat.nonzero()[0]) is np.ndarray)
+        assert_(type(dat.nonzero()[1]) is np.ndarray)
+
+    def test_recarray_tolist(self):
+        # Ticket #793, changeset r5215
+        # Comparisons fail for NaN, so we can't use random memory
+        # for the test.
+        buf = np.zeros(40, dtype=np.int8)
+        a = np.recarray(2, formats="i4,f8,f8", names="id,x,y", buf=buf)
+        b = a.tolist()
+        assert_( a[0].tolist() == b[0])
+        assert_( a[1].tolist() == b[1])
+
+    def test_nonscalar_item_method(self):
+        # Make sure that .item() fails graciously when it should
+        a = np.arange(5)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.item)
+
+    def test_char_array_creation(self):
+        a = np.array('123', dtype='c')
+        b = np.array([b'1', b'2', b'3'])
+        assert_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_unaligned_unicode_access(self):
+        # Ticket #825
+        for i in range(1, 9):
+            msg = 'unicode offset: %d chars' % i
+            t = np.dtype([('a', 'S%d' % i), ('b', 'U2')])
+            x = np.array([(b'a', 'b')], dtype=t)
+            assert_equal(str(x), "[(b'a', 'b')]", err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_sign_for_complex_nan(self):
+        # Ticket 794.
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            C = np.array([-np.inf, -2+1j, 0, 2-1j, np.inf, np.nan])
+            have = np.sign(C)
+            want = np.array([-1+0j, -1+0j, 0+0j, 1+0j, 1+0j, np.nan])
+            assert_equal(have, want)
+
+    def test_for_equal_names(self):
+        # Ticket #674
+        dt = np.dtype([('foo', float), ('bar', float)])
+        a = np.zeros(10, dt)
+        b = list(a.dtype.names)
+        b[0] = "notfoo"
+        a.dtype.names = b
+        assert_(a.dtype.names[0] == "notfoo")
+        assert_(a.dtype.names[1] == "bar")
+
+    def test_for_object_scalar_creation(self):
+        # Ticket #816
+        a = np.object_()
+        b = np.object_(3)
+        b2 = np.object_(3.0)
+        c = np.object_([4, 5])
+        d = np.object_([None, {}, []])
+        assert_(a is None)
+        assert_(type(b) is int)
+        assert_(type(b2) is float)
+        assert_(type(c) is np.ndarray)
+        assert_(c.dtype == object)
+        assert_(d.dtype == object)
+
+    def test_array_resize_method_system_error(self):
+        # Ticket #840 - order should be an invalid keyword.
+        x = np.array([[0, 1], [2, 3]])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, x.resize, (2, 2), order='C')
+
+    def test_for_zero_length_in_choose(self):
+        "Ticket #882"
+        a = np.array(1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda x: x.choose([]), a)
+
+    def test_array_ndmin_overflow(self):
+        "Ticket #947."
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: np.array([1], ndmin=33))
+
+    def test_void_scalar_with_titles(self):
+        # No ticket
+        data = [('john', 4), ('mary', 5)]
+        dtype1 = [(('source:yy', 'name'), 'O'), (('source:xx', 'id'), int)]
+        arr = np.array(data, dtype=dtype1)
+        assert_(arr[0][0] == 'john')
+        assert_(arr[0][1] == 4)
+
+    def test_void_scalar_constructor(self):
+        #Issue #1550
+
+        #Create test string data, construct void scalar from data and assert
+        #that void scalar contains original data.
+        test_string = np.array("test")
+        test_string_void_scalar = np.core.multiarray.scalar(
+            np.dtype(("V", test_string.dtype.itemsize)), test_string.tobytes())
+
+        assert_(test_string_void_scalar.view(test_string.dtype) == test_string)
+
+        #Create record scalar, construct from data and assert that
+        #reconstructed scalar is correct.
+        test_record = np.ones((), "i,i")
+        test_record_void_scalar = np.core.multiarray.scalar(
+            test_record.dtype, test_record.tobytes())
+
+        assert_(test_record_void_scalar == test_record)
+
+        # Test pickle and unpickle of void and record scalars
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            assert_(pickle.loads(
+                pickle.dumps(test_string, protocol=proto)) == test_string)
+            assert_(pickle.loads(
+                pickle.dumps(test_record, protocol=proto)) == test_record)
+
+    @_no_tracing
+    def test_blasdot_uninitialized_memory(self):
+        # Ticket #950
+        for m in [0, 1, 2]:
+            for n in [0, 1, 2]:
+                for k in range(3):
+                    # Try to ensure that x->data contains non-zero floats
+                    x = np.array([123456789e199], dtype=np.float64)
+                    if IS_PYPY:
+                        x.resize((m, 0), refcheck=False)
+                    else:
+                        x.resize((m, 0))
+                    y = np.array([123456789e199], dtype=np.float64)
+                    if IS_PYPY:
+                        y.resize((0, n), refcheck=False)
+                    else:
+                        y.resize((0, n))
+
+                    # `dot` should just return zero (m, n) matrix
+                    z = np.dot(x, y)
+                    assert_(np.all(z == 0))
+                    assert_(z.shape == (m, n))
+
+    def test_zeros(self):
+        # Regression test for #1061.
+        # Set a size which cannot fit into a 64 bits signed integer
+        sz = 2 ** 64
+        with assert_raises_regex(ValueError,
+                                 'Maximum allowed dimension exceeded'):
+            np.empty(sz)
+
+    def test_huge_arange(self):
+        # Regression test for #1062.
+        # Set a size which cannot fit into a 64 bits signed integer
+        sz = 2 ** 64
+        with assert_raises_regex(ValueError,
+                                 'Maximum allowed size exceeded'):
+            np.arange(sz)
+            assert_(np.size == sz)
+
+    def test_fromiter_bytes(self):
+        # Ticket #1058
+        a = np.fromiter(list(range(10)), dtype='b')
+        b = np.fromiter(list(range(10)), dtype='B')
+        assert_(np.all(a == np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])))
+        assert_(np.all(b == np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])))
+
+    def test_array_from_sequence_scalar_array(self):
+        # Ticket #1078: segfaults when creating an array with a sequence of
+        # 0d arrays.
+        a = np.array((np.ones(2), np.array(2)), dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(a.shape, (2,))
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype(object))
+        assert_equal(a[0], np.ones(2))
+        assert_equal(a[1], np.array(2))
+
+        a = np.array(((1,), np.array(1)), dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(a.shape, (2,))
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype(object))
+        assert_equal(a[0], (1,))
+        assert_equal(a[1], np.array(1))
+
+    def test_array_from_sequence_scalar_array2(self):
+        # Ticket #1081: weird array with strange input...
+        t = np.array([np.array([]), np.array(0, object)], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(t.shape, (2,))
+        assert_equal(t.dtype, np.dtype(object))
+
+    def test_array_too_big(self):
+        # Ticket #1080.
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.zeros, [975]*7, np.int8)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.zeros, [26244]*5, np.int8)
+
+    def test_dtype_keyerrors_(self):
+        # Ticket #1106.
+        dt = np.dtype([('f1', np.uint)])
+        assert_raises(KeyError, dt.__getitem__, "f2")
+        assert_raises(IndexError, dt.__getitem__, 1)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, dt.__getitem__, 0.0)
+
+    def test_lexsort_buffer_length(self):
+        # Ticket #1217, don't segfault.
+        a = np.ones(100, dtype=np.int8)
+        b = np.ones(100, dtype=np.int32)
+        i = np.lexsort((a[::-1], b))
+        assert_equal(i, np.arange(100, dtype=int))
+
+    def test_object_array_to_fixed_string(self):
+        # Ticket #1235.
+        a = np.array(['abcdefgh', 'ijklmnop'], dtype=np.object_)
+        b = np.array(a, dtype=(np.str_, 8))
+        assert_equal(a, b)
+        c = np.array(a, dtype=(np.str_, 5))
+        assert_equal(c, np.array(['abcde', 'ijklm']))
+        d = np.array(a, dtype=(np.str_, 12))
+        assert_equal(a, d)
+        e = np.empty((2, ), dtype=(np.str_, 8))
+        e[:] = a[:]
+        assert_equal(a, e)
+
+    def test_unicode_to_string_cast(self):
+        # Ticket #1240.
+        a = np.array([['abc', '\u03a3'],
+                      ['asdf', 'erw']],
+                     dtype='U')
+        assert_raises(UnicodeEncodeError, np.array, a, 'S4')
+
+    def test_unicode_to_string_cast_error(self):
+        # gh-15790
+        a = np.array(['\x80'] * 129, dtype='U3')
+        assert_raises(UnicodeEncodeError, np.array, a, 'S')
+        b = a.reshape(3, 43)[:-1, :-1]
+        assert_raises(UnicodeEncodeError, np.array, b, 'S')
+
+    def test_mixed_string_byte_array_creation(self):
+        a = np.array(['1234', b'123'])
+        assert_(a.itemsize == 16)
+        a = np.array([b'123', '1234'])
+        assert_(a.itemsize == 16)
+        a = np.array(['1234', b'123', '12345'])
+        assert_(a.itemsize == 20)
+        a = np.array([b'123', '1234', b'12345'])
+        assert_(a.itemsize == 20)
+        a = np.array([b'123', '1234', b'1234'])
+        assert_(a.itemsize == 16)
+
+    def test_misaligned_objects_segfault(self):
+        # Ticket #1198 and #1267
+        a1 = np.zeros((10,), dtype='O,c')
+        a2 = np.array(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j'], 'S10')
+        a1['f0'] = a2
+        repr(a1)
+        np.argmax(a1['f0'])
+        a1['f0'][1] = "FOO"
+        a1['f0'] = "FOO"
+        np.array(a1['f0'], dtype='S')
+        np.nonzero(a1['f0'])
+        a1.sort()
+        copy.deepcopy(a1)
+
+    def test_misaligned_scalars_segfault(self):
+        # Ticket #1267
+        s1 = np.array(('a', 'Foo'), dtype='c,O')
+        s2 = np.array(('b', 'Bar'), dtype='c,O')
+        s1['f1'] = s2['f1']
+        s1['f1'] = 'Baz'
+
+    def test_misaligned_dot_product_objects(self):
+        # Ticket #1267
+        # This didn't require a fix, but it's worth testing anyway, because
+        # it may fail if .dot stops enforcing the arrays to be BEHAVED
+        a = np.array([[(1, 'a'), (0, 'a')], [(0, 'a'), (1, 'a')]], dtype='O,c')
+        b = np.array([[(4, 'a'), (1, 'a')], [(2, 'a'), (2, 'a')]], dtype='O,c')
+        np.dot(a['f0'], b['f0'])
+
+    def test_byteswap_complex_scalar(self):
+        # Ticket #1259 and gh-441
+        for dtype in [np.dtype('<'+t) for t in np.typecodes['Complex']]:
+            z = np.array([2.2-1.1j], dtype)
+            x = z[0]  # always native-endian
+            y = x.byteswap()
+            if x.dtype.byteorder == z.dtype.byteorder:
+                # little-endian machine
+                assert_equal(x, np.frombuffer(y.tobytes(), dtype=dtype.newbyteorder()))
+            else:
+                # big-endian machine
+                assert_equal(x, np.frombuffer(y.tobytes(), dtype=dtype))
+            # double check real and imaginary parts:
+            assert_equal(x.real, y.real.byteswap())
+            assert_equal(x.imag, y.imag.byteswap())
+
+    def test_structured_arrays_with_objects1(self):
+        # Ticket #1299
+        stra = 'aaaa'
+        strb = 'bbbb'
+        x = np.array([[(0, stra), (1, strb)]], 'i8,O')
+        x[x.nonzero()] = x.ravel()[:1]
+        assert_(x[0, 1] == x[0, 0])
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        sys.version_info >= (3, 12),
+        reason="Python 3.12 has immortal refcounts, this test no longer works."
+    )
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+    def test_structured_arrays_with_objects2(self):
+        # Ticket #1299 second test
+        stra = 'aaaa'
+        strb = 'bbbb'
+        numb = sys.getrefcount(strb)
+        numa = sys.getrefcount(stra)
+        x = np.array([[(0, stra), (1, strb)]], 'i8,O')
+        x[x.nonzero()] = x.ravel()[:1]
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(strb) == numb)
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(stra) == numa + 2)
+
+    def test_duplicate_title_and_name(self):
+        # Ticket #1254
+        dtspec = [(('a', 'a'), 'i'), ('b', 'i')]
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, dtspec)
+
+    def test_signed_integer_division_overflow(self):
+        # Ticket #1317.
+        def test_type(t):
+            min = np.array([np.iinfo(t).min])
+            min //= -1
+
+        with np.errstate(over="ignore"):
+            for t in (np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64, int):
+                test_type(t)
+
+    def test_buffer_hashlib(self):
+        from hashlib import sha256
+
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.dtype('<i4'))
+        assert_equal(sha256(x).hexdigest(), '4636993d3e1da4e9d6b8f87b79e8f7c6d018580d52661950eabc3845c5897a4d')
+
+    def test_0d_string_scalar(self):
+        # Bug #1436; the following should succeed
+        np.asarray('x', '>c')
+
+    def test_log1p_compiler_shenanigans(self):
+        # Check if log1p is behaving on 32 bit intel systems.
+        assert_(np.isfinite(np.log1p(np.exp2(-53))))
+
+    def test_fromiter_comparison(self):
+        a = np.fromiter(list(range(10)), dtype='b')
+        b = np.fromiter(list(range(10)), dtype='B')
+        assert_(np.all(a == np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])))
+        assert_(np.all(b == np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])))
+
+    def test_fromstring_crash(self):
+        # Ticket #1345: the following should not cause a crash
+        with assert_warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            np.fromstring(b'aa, aa, 1.0', sep=',')
+
+    def test_ticket_1539(self):
+        dtypes = [x for x in np.sctypeDict.values()
+                  if (issubclass(x, np.number)
+                      and not issubclass(x, np.timedelta64))]
+        a = np.array([], np.bool_)  # not x[0] because it is unordered
+        failures = []
+
+        for x in dtypes:
+            b = a.astype(x)
+            for y in dtypes:
+                c = a.astype(y)
+                try:
+                    d = np.dot(b, c)
+                except TypeError:
+                    failures.append((x, y))
+                else:
+                    if d != 0:
+                        failures.append((x, y))
+        if failures:
+            raise AssertionError("Failures: %r" % failures)
+
+    def test_ticket_1538(self):
+        x = np.finfo(np.float32)
+        for name in 'eps epsneg max min resolution tiny'.split():
+            assert_equal(type(getattr(x, name)), np.float32,
+                         err_msg=name)
+
+    def test_ticket_1434(self):
+        # Check that the out= argument in var and std has an effect
+        data = np.array(((1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)))
+        out = np.zeros((3,))
+
+        ret = data.var(axis=1, out=out)
+        assert_(ret is out)
+        assert_array_equal(ret, data.var(axis=1))
+
+        ret = data.std(axis=1, out=out)
+        assert_(ret is out)
+        assert_array_equal(ret, data.std(axis=1))
+
+    def test_complex_nan_maximum(self):
+        cnan = complex(0, np.nan)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(1, cnan), cnan)
+
+    def test_subclass_int_tuple_assignment(self):
+        # ticket #1563
+        class Subclass(np.ndarray):
+            def __new__(cls, i):
+                return np.ones((i,)).view(cls)
+
+        x = Subclass(5)
+        x[(0,)] = 2  # shouldn't raise an exception
+        assert_equal(x[0], 2)
+
+    def test_ufunc_no_unnecessary_views(self):
+        # ticket #1548
+        class Subclass(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3]).view(Subclass)
+        y = np.add(x, x, x)
+        assert_equal(id(x), id(y))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+    def test_take_refcount(self):
+        # ticket #939
+        a = np.arange(16, dtype=float)
+        a.shape = (4, 4)
+        lut = np.ones((5 + 3, 4), float)
+        rgba = np.empty(shape=a.shape + (4,), dtype=lut.dtype)
+        c1 = sys.getrefcount(rgba)
+        try:
+            lut.take(a, axis=0, mode='clip', out=rgba)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        c2 = sys.getrefcount(rgba)
+        assert_equal(c1, c2)
+
+    def test_fromfile_tofile_seeks(self):
+        # On Python 3, tofile/fromfile used to get (#1610) the Python
+        # file handle out of sync
+        f0 = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
+        f = f0.file
+        f.write(np.arange(255, dtype='u1').tobytes())
+
+        f.seek(20)
+        ret = np.fromfile(f, count=4, dtype='u1')
+        assert_equal(ret, np.array([20, 21, 22, 23], dtype='u1'))
+        assert_equal(f.tell(), 24)
+
+        f.seek(40)
+        np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='u1').tofile(f)
+        assert_equal(f.tell(), 43)
+
+        f.seek(40)
+        data = f.read(3)
+        assert_equal(data, b"\x01\x02\x03")
+
+        f.seek(80)
+        f.read(4)
+        data = np.fromfile(f, dtype='u1', count=4)
+        assert_equal(data, np.array([84, 85, 86, 87], dtype='u1'))
+
+        f.close()
+
+    def test_complex_scalar_warning(self):
+        for tp in [np.csingle, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble]:
+            x = tp(1+2j)
+            assert_warns(np.ComplexWarning, float, x)
+            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                sup.filter(np.ComplexWarning)
+                assert_equal(float(x), float(x.real))
+
+    def test_complex_scalar_complex_cast(self):
+        for tp in [np.csingle, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble]:
+            x = tp(1+2j)
+            assert_equal(complex(x), 1+2j)
+
+    def test_complex_boolean_cast(self):
+        # Ticket #2218
+        for tp in [np.csingle, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble]:
+            x = np.array([0, 0+0.5j, 0.5+0j], dtype=tp)
+            assert_equal(x.astype(bool), np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype=bool))
+            assert_(np.any(x))
+            assert_(np.all(x[1:]))
+
+    def test_uint_int_conversion(self):
+        x = 2**64 - 1
+        assert_equal(int(np.uint64(x)), x)
+
+    def test_duplicate_field_names_assign(self):
+        ra = np.fromiter(((i*3, i*2) for i in range(10)), dtype='i8,f8')
+        ra.dtype.names = ('f1', 'f2')
+        repr(ra)  # should not cause a segmentation fault
+        assert_raises(ValueError, setattr, ra.dtype, 'names', ('f1', 'f1'))
+
+    def test_eq_string_and_object_array(self):
+        # From e-mail thread "__eq__ with str and object" (Keith Goodman)
+        a1 = np.array(['a', 'b'], dtype=object)
+        a2 = np.array(['a', 'c'])
+        assert_array_equal(a1 == a2, [True, False])
+        assert_array_equal(a2 == a1, [True, False])
+
+    def test_nonzero_byteswap(self):
+        a = np.array([0x80000000, 0x00000080, 0], dtype=np.uint32)
+        a.dtype = np.float32
+        assert_equal(a.nonzero()[0], [1])
+        a = a.byteswap().newbyteorder()
+        assert_equal(a.nonzero()[0], [1])  # [0] if nonzero() ignores swap
+
+    def test_find_common_type_boolean(self):
+        # Ticket #1695
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="np.find_common_type"):
+            res = np.find_common_type([], ['?', '?'])
+        assert res == '?'
+
+    def test_empty_mul(self):
+        a = np.array([1.])
+        a[1:1] *= 2
+        assert_equal(a, [1.])
+
+    def test_array_side_effect(self):
+        # The second use of itemsize was throwing an exception because in
+        # ctors.c, discover_itemsize was calling PyObject_Length without
+        # checking the return code.  This failed to get the length of the
+        # number 2, and the exception hung around until something checked
+        # PyErr_Occurred() and returned an error.
+        assert_equal(np.dtype('S10').itemsize, 10)
+        np.array([['abc', 2], ['long   ', '0123456789']], dtype=np.bytes_)
+        assert_equal(np.dtype('S10').itemsize, 10)
+
+    def test_any_float(self):
+        # all and any for floats
+        a = np.array([0.1, 0.9])
+        assert_(np.any(a))
+        assert_(np.all(a))
+
+    def test_large_float_sum(self):
+        a = np.arange(10000, dtype='f')
+        assert_equal(a.sum(dtype='d'), a.astype('d').sum())
+
+    def test_ufunc_casting_out(self):
+        a = np.array(1.0, dtype=np.float32)
+        b = np.array(1.0, dtype=np.float64)
+        c = np.array(1.0, dtype=np.float32)
+        np.add(a, b, out=c)
+        assert_equal(c, 2.0)
+
+    def test_array_scalar_contiguous(self):
+        # Array scalars are both C and Fortran contiguous
+        assert_(np.array(1.0).flags.c_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.array(1.0).flags.f_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.array(np.float32(1.0)).flags.c_contiguous)
+        assert_(np.array(np.float32(1.0)).flags.f_contiguous)
+
+    def test_squeeze_contiguous(self):
+        # Similar to GitHub issue #387
+        a = np.zeros((1, 2)).squeeze()
+        b = np.zeros((2, 2, 2), order='F')[:, :, ::2].squeeze()
+        assert_(a.flags.c_contiguous)
+        assert_(a.flags.f_contiguous)
+        assert_(b.flags.f_contiguous)
+
+    def test_squeeze_axis_handling(self):
+        # Issue #10779
+        # Ensure proper handling of objects
+        # that don't support axis specification
+        # when squeezing
+
+        class OldSqueeze(np.ndarray):
+
+            def __new__(cls,
+                        input_array):
+                obj = np.asarray(input_array).view(cls)
+                return obj
+
+            # it is perfectly reasonable that prior
+            # to numpy version 1.7.0 a subclass of ndarray
+            # might have been created that did not expect
+            # squeeze to have an axis argument
+            # NOTE: this example is somewhat artificial;
+            # it is designed to simulate an old API
+            # expectation to guard against regression
+            def squeeze(self):
+                return super().squeeze()
+
+        oldsqueeze = OldSqueeze(np.array([[1],[2],[3]]))
+
+        # if no axis argument is specified the old API
+        # expectation should give the correct result
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze(oldsqueeze),
+                     np.array([1,2,3]))
+
+        # likewise, axis=None should work perfectly well
+        # with the old API expectation
+        assert_equal(np.squeeze(oldsqueeze, axis=None),
+                     np.array([1,2,3]))
+
+        # however, specification of any particular axis
+        # should raise a TypeError in the context of the
+        # old API specification, even when using a valid
+        # axis specification like 1 for this array
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            # this would silently succeed for array
+            # subclasses / objects that did not support
+            # squeeze axis argument handling before fixing
+            # Issue #10779
+            np.squeeze(oldsqueeze, axis=1)
+
+        # check for the same behavior when using an invalid
+        # axis specification -- in this case axis=0 does not
+        # have size 1, but the priority should be to raise
+        # a TypeError for the axis argument and NOT a
+        # ValueError for squeezing a non-empty dimension
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.squeeze(oldsqueeze, axis=0)
+
+        # the new API knows how to handle the axis
+        # argument and will return a ValueError if
+        # attempting to squeeze an axis that is not
+        # of length 1
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            np.squeeze(np.array([[1],[2],[3]]), axis=0)
+
+    def test_reduce_contiguous(self):
+        # GitHub issue #387
+        a = np.add.reduce(np.zeros((2, 1, 2)), (0, 1))
+        b = np.add.reduce(np.zeros((2, 1, 2)), 1)
+        assert_(a.flags.c_contiguous)
+        assert_(a.flags.f_contiguous)
+        assert_(b.flags.c_contiguous)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYSTON, reason="Pyston disables recursion checking")
+    def test_object_array_self_reference(self):
+        # Object arrays with references to themselves can cause problems
+        a = np.array(0, dtype=object)
+        a[()] = a
+        assert_raises(RecursionError, int, a)
+        assert_raises(RecursionError, float, a)
+        a[()] = None
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYSTON, reason="Pyston disables recursion checking")
+    def test_object_array_circular_reference(self):
+        # Test the same for a circular reference.
+        a = np.array(0, dtype=object)
+        b = np.array(0, dtype=object)
+        a[()] = b
+        b[()] = a
+        assert_raises(RecursionError, int, a)
+        # NumPy has no tp_traverse currently, so circular references
+        # cannot be detected. So resolve it:
+        a[()] = None
+
+        # This was causing a to become like the above
+        a = np.array(0, dtype=object)
+        a[...] += 1
+        assert_equal(a, 1)
+
+    def test_object_array_nested(self):
+        # but is fine with a reference to a different array
+        a = np.array(0, dtype=object)
+        b = np.array(0, dtype=object)
+        a[()] = b
+        assert_equal(int(a), int(0))
+        assert_equal(float(a), float(0))
+
+    def test_object_array_self_copy(self):
+        # An object array being copied into itself DECREF'ed before INCREF'ing
+        # causing segmentation faults (gh-3787)
+        a = np.array(object(), dtype=object)
+        np.copyto(a, a)
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            assert_(sys.getrefcount(a[()]) == 2)
+        a[()].__class__  # will segfault if object was deleted
+
+    def test_zerosize_accumulate(self):
+        "Ticket #1733"
+        x = np.array([[42, 0]], dtype=np.uint32)
+        assert_equal(np.add.accumulate(x[:-1, 0]), [])
+
+    def test_objectarray_setfield(self):
+        # Setfield should not overwrite Object fields with non-Object data
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, x.setfield, 4, np.int32, 0)
+
+    def test_setting_rank0_string(self):
+        "Ticket #1736"
+        s1 = b"hello1"
+        s2 = b"hello2"
+        a = np.zeros((), dtype="S10")
+        a[()] = s1
+        assert_equal(a, np.array(s1))
+        a[()] = np.array(s2)
+        assert_equal(a, np.array(s2))
+
+        a = np.zeros((), dtype='f4')
+        a[()] = 3
+        assert_equal(a, np.array(3))
+        a[()] = np.array(4)
+        assert_equal(a, np.array(4))
+
+    def test_string_astype(self):
+        "Ticket #1748"
+        s1 = b'black'
+        s2 = b'white'
+        s3 = b'other'
+        a = np.array([[s1], [s2], [s3]])
+        assert_equal(a.dtype, np.dtype('S5'))
+        b = a.astype(np.dtype('S0'))
+        assert_equal(b.dtype, np.dtype('S5'))
+
+    def test_ticket_1756(self):
+        # Ticket #1756
+        s = b'0123456789abcdef'
+        a = np.array([s]*5)
+        for i in range(1, 17):
+            a1 = np.array(a, "|S%d" % i)
+            a2 = np.array([s[:i]]*5)
+            assert_equal(a1, a2)
+
+    def test_fields_strides(self):
+        "gh-2355"
+        r = np.frombuffer(b'abcdefghijklmnop'*4*3, dtype='i4,(2,3)u2')
+        assert_equal(r[0:3:2]['f1'], r['f1'][0:3:2])
+        assert_equal(r[0:3:2]['f1'][0], r[0:3:2][0]['f1'])
+        assert_equal(r[0:3:2]['f1'][0][()], r[0:3:2][0]['f1'][()])
+        assert_equal(r[0:3:2]['f1'][0].strides, r[0:3:2][0]['f1'].strides)
+
+    def test_alignment_update(self):
+        # Check that alignment flag is updated on stride setting
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        assert_(a.flags.aligned)
+        a.strides = 3
+        assert_(not a.flags.aligned)
+
+    def test_ticket_1770(self):
+        "Should not segfault on python 3k"
+        import numpy as np
+        try:
+            a = np.zeros((1,), dtype=[('f1', 'f')])
+            a['f1'] = 1
+            a['f2'] = 1
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        except Exception:
+            raise AssertionError
+
+    def test_ticket_1608(self):
+        "x.flat shouldn't modify data"
+        x = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]).T
+        np.array(x.flat)
+        assert_equal(x, [[1, 3], [2, 4]])
+
+    def test_pickle_string_overwrite(self):
+        import re
+
+        data = np.array([1], dtype='b')
+        blob = pickle.dumps(data, protocol=1)
+        data = pickle.loads(blob)
+
+        # Check that loads does not clobber interned strings
+        s = re.sub("a(.)", "\x01\\1", "a_")
+        assert_equal(s[0], "\x01")
+        data[0] = 0x6a
+        s = re.sub("a(.)", "\x01\\1", "a_")
+        assert_equal(s[0], "\x01")
+
+    def test_pickle_bytes_overwrite(self):
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            data = np.array([1], dtype='b')
+            data = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(data, protocol=proto))
+            data[0] = 0x7d
+            bytestring = "\x01  ".encode('ascii')
+            assert_equal(bytestring[0:1], '\x01'.encode('ascii'))
+
+    def test_pickle_py2_array_latin1_hack(self):
+        # Check that unpickling hacks in Py3 that support
+        # encoding='latin1' work correctly.
+
+        # Python2 output for pickle.dumps(numpy.array([129], dtype='b'))
+        data = (b"cnumpy.core.multiarray\n_reconstruct\np0\n(cnumpy\nndarray\np1\n(I0\n"
+                b"tp2\nS'b'\np3\ntp4\nRp5\n(I1\n(I1\ntp6\ncnumpy\ndtype\np7\n(S'i1'\np8\n"
+                b"I0\nI1\ntp9\nRp10\n(I3\nS'|'\np11\nNNNI-1\nI-1\nI0\ntp12\nbI00\nS'\\x81'\n"
+                b"p13\ntp14\nb.")
+        # This should work:
+        result = pickle.loads(data, encoding='latin1')
+        assert_array_equal(result, np.array([129]).astype('b'))
+        # Should not segfault:
+        assert_raises(Exception, pickle.loads, data, encoding='koi8-r')
+
+    def test_pickle_py2_scalar_latin1_hack(self):
+        # Check that scalar unpickling hack in Py3 that supports
+        # encoding='latin1' work correctly.
+
+        # Python2 output for pickle.dumps(...)
+        datas = [
+            # (original, python2_pickle, koi8r_validity)
+            (np.str_('\u6bd2'),
+             (b"cnumpy.core.multiarray\nscalar\np0\n(cnumpy\ndtype\np1\n"
+              b"(S'U1'\np2\nI0\nI1\ntp3\nRp4\n(I3\nS'<'\np5\nNNNI4\nI4\nI0\n"
+              b"tp6\nbS'\\xd2k\\x00\\x00'\np7\ntp8\nRp9\n."),
+             'invalid'),
+
+            (np.float64(9e123),
+             (b"cnumpy.core.multiarray\nscalar\np0\n(cnumpy\ndtype\np1\n(S'f8'\n"
+              b"p2\nI0\nI1\ntp3\nRp4\n(I3\nS'<'\np5\nNNNI-1\nI-1\nI0\ntp6\n"
+              b"bS'O\\x81\\xb7Z\\xaa:\\xabY'\np7\ntp8\nRp9\n."),
+             'invalid'),
+
+            (np.bytes_(b'\x9c'),  # different 8-bit code point in KOI8-R vs latin1
+             (b"cnumpy.core.multiarray\nscalar\np0\n(cnumpy\ndtype\np1\n(S'S1'\np2\n"
+              b"I0\nI1\ntp3\nRp4\n(I3\nS'|'\np5\nNNNI1\nI1\nI0\ntp6\nbS'\\x9c'\np7\n"
+              b"tp8\nRp9\n."),
+             'different'),
+        ]
+        for original, data, koi8r_validity in datas:
+            result = pickle.loads(data, encoding='latin1')
+            assert_equal(result, original)
+
+            # Decoding under non-latin1 encoding (e.g.) KOI8-R can
+            # produce bad results, but should not segfault.
+            if koi8r_validity == 'different':
+                # Unicode code points happen to lie within latin1,
+                # but are different in koi8-r, resulting to silent
+                # bogus results
+                result = pickle.loads(data, encoding='koi8-r')
+                assert_(result != original)
+            elif koi8r_validity == 'invalid':
+                # Unicode code points outside latin1, so results
+                # to an encoding exception
+                assert_raises(ValueError, pickle.loads, data, encoding='koi8-r')
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(koi8r_validity)
+
+    def test_structured_type_to_object(self):
+        a_rec = np.array([(0, 1), (3, 2)], dtype='i4,i8')
+        a_obj = np.empty((2,), dtype=object)
+        a_obj[0] = (0, 1)
+        a_obj[1] = (3, 2)
+        # astype records -> object
+        assert_equal(a_rec.astype(object), a_obj)
+        # '=' records -> object
+        b = np.empty_like(a_obj)
+        b[...] = a_rec
+        assert_equal(b, a_obj)
+        # '=' object -> records
+        b = np.empty_like(a_rec)
+        b[...] = a_obj
+        assert_equal(b, a_rec)
+
+    def test_assign_obj_listoflists(self):
+        # Ticket # 1870
+        # The inner list should get assigned to the object elements
+        a = np.zeros(4, dtype=object)
+        b = a.copy()
+        a[0] = [1]
+        a[1] = [2]
+        a[2] = [3]
+        a[3] = [4]
+        b[...] = [[1], [2], [3], [4]]
+        assert_equal(a, b)
+        # The first dimension should get broadcast
+        a = np.zeros((2, 2), dtype=object)
+        a[...] = [[1, 2]]
+        assert_equal(a, [[1, 2], [1, 2]])
+
+    @pytest.mark.slow_pypy
+    def test_memoryleak(self):
+        # Ticket #1917 - ensure that array data doesn't leak
+        for i in range(1000):
+            # 100MB times 1000 would give 100GB of memory usage if it leaks
+            a = np.empty((100000000,), dtype='i1')
+            del a
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+    def test_ufunc_reduce_memoryleak(self):
+        a = np.arange(6)
+        acnt = sys.getrefcount(a)
+        np.add.reduce(a)
+        assert_equal(sys.getrefcount(a), acnt)
+
+    def test_search_sorted_invalid_arguments(self):
+        # Ticket #2021, should not segfault.
+        x = np.arange(0, 4, dtype='datetime64[D]')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, x.searchsorted, 1)
+
+    def test_string_truncation(self):
+        # Ticket #1990 - Data can be truncated in creation of an array from a
+        # mixed sequence of numeric values and strings (gh-2583)
+        for val in [True, 1234, 123.4, complex(1, 234)]:
+            for tostr, dtype in [(asunicode, "U"), (asbytes, "S")]:
+                b = np.array([val, tostr('xx')], dtype=dtype)
+                assert_equal(tostr(b[0]), tostr(val))
+                b = np.array([tostr('xx'), val], dtype=dtype)
+                assert_equal(tostr(b[1]), tostr(val))
+
+                # test also with longer strings
+                b = np.array([val, tostr('xxxxxxxxxx')], dtype=dtype)
+                assert_equal(tostr(b[0]), tostr(val))
+                b = np.array([tostr('xxxxxxxxxx'), val], dtype=dtype)
+                assert_equal(tostr(b[1]), tostr(val))
+
+    def test_string_truncation_ucs2(self):
+        # Ticket #2081. Python compiled with two byte unicode
+        # can lead to truncation if itemsize is not properly
+        # adjusted for NumPy's four byte unicode.
+        a = np.array(['abcd'])
+        assert_equal(a.dtype.itemsize, 16)
+
+    def test_unique_stable(self):
+        # Ticket #2063 must always choose stable sort for argsort to
+        # get consistent results
+        v = np.array(([0]*5 + [1]*6 + [2]*6)*4)
+        res = np.unique(v, return_index=True)
+        tgt = (np.array([0, 1, 2]), np.array([ 0,  5, 11]))
+        assert_equal(res, tgt)
+
+    def test_unicode_alloc_dealloc_match(self):
+        # Ticket #1578, the mismatch only showed up when running
+        # python-debug for python versions >= 2.7, and then as
+        # a core dump and error message.
+        a = np.array(['abc'], dtype=np.str_)[0]
+        del a
+
+    def test_refcount_error_in_clip(self):
+        # Ticket #1588
+        a = np.zeros((2,), dtype='>i2').clip(min=0)
+        x = a + a
+        # This used to segfault:
+        y = str(x)
+        # Check the final string:
+        assert_(y == "[0 0]")
+
+    def test_searchsorted_wrong_dtype(self):
+        # Ticket #2189, it used to segfault, so we check that it raises the
+        # proper exception.
+        a = np.array([('a', 1)], dtype='S1, int')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.searchsorted, a, 1.2)
+        # Ticket #2066, similar problem:
+        dtype = np.format_parser(['i4', 'i4'], [], [])
+        a = np.recarray((2,), dtype)
+        a[...] = [(1, 2), (3, 4)]
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.searchsorted, a, 1)
+
+    def test_complex64_alignment(self):
+        # Issue gh-2668 (trac 2076), segfault on sparc due to misalignment
+        dtt = np.complex64
+        arr = np.arange(10, dtype=dtt)
+        # 2D array
+        arr2 = np.reshape(arr, (2, 5))
+        # Fortran write followed by (C or F) read caused bus error
+        data_str = arr2.tobytes('F')
+        data_back = np.ndarray(arr2.shape,
+                              arr2.dtype,
+                              buffer=data_str,
+                              order='F')
+        assert_array_equal(arr2, data_back)
+
+    def test_structured_count_nonzero(self):
+        arr = np.array([0, 1]).astype('i4, (2)i4')[:1]
+        count = np.count_nonzero(arr)
+        assert_equal(count, 0)
+
+    def test_copymodule_preserves_f_contiguity(self):
+        a = np.empty((2, 2), order='F')
+        b = copy.copy(a)
+        c = copy.deepcopy(a)
+        assert_(b.flags.fortran)
+        assert_(b.flags.f_contiguous)
+        assert_(c.flags.fortran)
+        assert_(c.flags.f_contiguous)
+
+    def test_fortran_order_buffer(self):
+        import numpy as np
+        a = np.array([['Hello', 'Foob']], dtype='U5', order='F')
+        arr = np.ndarray(shape=[1, 2, 5], dtype='U1', buffer=a)
+        arr2 = np.array([[['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'],
+                          ['F', 'o', 'o', 'b', '']]])
+        assert_array_equal(arr, arr2)
+
+    def test_assign_from_sequence_error(self):
+        # Ticket #4024.
+        arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, arr.__setitem__, slice(None), [9, 9])
+        arr.__setitem__(slice(None), [9])
+        assert_equal(arr, [9, 9, 9])
+
+    def test_format_on_flex_array_element(self):
+        # Ticket #4369.
+        dt = np.dtype([('date', '<M8[D]'), ('val', '<f8')])
+        arr = np.array([('2000-01-01', 1)], dt)
+        formatted = '{0}'.format(arr[0])
+        assert_equal(formatted, str(arr[0]))
+
+    def test_deepcopy_on_0d_array(self):
+        # Ticket #3311.
+        arr = np.array(3)
+        arr_cp = copy.deepcopy(arr)
+
+        assert_equal(arr, arr_cp)
+        assert_equal(arr.shape, arr_cp.shape)
+        assert_equal(int(arr), int(arr_cp))
+        assert_(arr is not arr_cp)
+        assert_(isinstance(arr_cp, type(arr)))
+
+    def test_deepcopy_F_order_object_array(self):
+        # Ticket #6456.
+        a = {'a': 1}
+        b = {'b': 2}
+        arr = np.array([[a, b], [a, b]], order='F')
+        arr_cp = copy.deepcopy(arr)
+
+        assert_equal(arr, arr_cp)
+        assert_(arr is not arr_cp)
+        # Ensure that we have actually copied the item.
+        assert_(arr[0, 1] is not arr_cp[1, 1])
+        # Ensure we are allowed to have references to the same object.
+        assert_(arr[0, 1] is arr[1, 1])
+        # Check the references hold for the copied objects.
+        assert_(arr_cp[0, 1] is arr_cp[1, 1])
+
+    def test_deepcopy_empty_object_array(self):
+        # Ticket #8536.
+        # Deepcopy should succeed
+        a = np.array([], dtype=object)
+        b = copy.deepcopy(a)
+        assert_(a.shape == b.shape)
+
+    def test_bool_subscript_crash(self):
+        # gh-4494
+        c = np.rec.array([(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)])
+        masked = c[np.array([True, False])]
+        base = masked.base
+        del masked, c
+        base.dtype
+
+    def test_richcompare_crash(self):
+        # gh-4613
+        import operator as op
+
+        # dummy class where __array__ throws exception
+        class Foo:
+            __array_priority__ = 1002
+
+            def __array__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                raise Exception()
+
+        rhs = Foo()
+        lhs = np.array(1)
+        for f in [op.lt, op.le, op.gt, op.ge]:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, f, lhs, rhs)
+        assert_(not op.eq(lhs, rhs))
+        assert_(op.ne(lhs, rhs))
+
+    def test_richcompare_scalar_and_subclass(self):
+        # gh-4709
+        class Foo(np.ndarray):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return "OK"
+
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3]).view(Foo)
+        assert_equal(10 == x, "OK")
+        assert_equal(np.int32(10) == x, "OK")
+        assert_equal(np.array([10]) == x, "OK")
+
+    def test_pickle_empty_string(self):
+        # gh-3926
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            test_string = np.bytes_('')
+            assert_equal(pickle.loads(
+                pickle.dumps(test_string, protocol=proto)), test_string)
+
+    def test_frompyfunc_many_args(self):
+        # gh-5672
+
+        def passer(*args):
+            pass
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.frompyfunc, passer, 32, 1)
+
+    def test_repeat_broadcasting(self):
+        # gh-5743
+        a = np.arange(60).reshape(3, 4, 5)
+        for axis in chain(range(-a.ndim, a.ndim), [None]):
+            assert_equal(a.repeat(2, axis=axis), a.repeat([2], axis=axis))
+
+    def test_frompyfunc_nout_0(self):
+        # gh-2014
+
+        def f(x):
+            x[0], x[-1] = x[-1], x[0]
+
+        uf = np.frompyfunc(f, 1, 0)
+        a = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9]], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(uf(a), ())
+        expected = np.array([[3, 2, 1], [5, 4], [9, 7, 8, 6]], dtype=object)
+        assert_array_equal(a, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+    def test_leak_in_structured_dtype_comparison(self):
+        # gh-6250
+        recordtype = np.dtype([('a', np.float64),
+                               ('b', np.int32),
+                               ('d', (str, 5))])
+
+        # Simple case
+        a = np.zeros(2, dtype=recordtype)
+        for i in range(100):
+            a == a
+        assert_(sys.getrefcount(a) < 10)
+
+        # The case in the bug report.
+        before = sys.getrefcount(a)
+        u, v = a[0], a[1]
+        u == v
+        del u, v
+        gc.collect()
+        after = sys.getrefcount(a)
+        assert_equal(before, after)
+
+    def test_empty_percentile(self):
+        # gh-6530 / gh-6553
+        assert_array_equal(np.percentile(np.arange(10), []), np.array([]))
+
+    def test_void_compare_segfault(self):
+        # gh-6922. The following should not segfault
+        a = np.ones(3, dtype=[('object', 'O'), ('int', '<i2')])
+        a.sort()
+
+    def test_reshape_size_overflow(self):
+        # gh-7455
+        a = np.ones(20)[::2]
+        if np.dtype(np.intp).itemsize == 8:
+            # 64 bit. The following are the prime factors of 2**63 + 5,
+            # plus a leading 2, so when multiplied together as int64,
+            # the result overflows to a total size of 10.
+            new_shape = (2, 13, 419, 691, 823, 2977518503)
+        else:
+            # 32 bit. The following are the prime factors of 2**31 + 5,
+            # plus a leading 2, so when multiplied together as int32,
+            # the result overflows to a total size of 10.
+            new_shape = (2, 7, 7, 43826197)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, a.reshape, new_shape)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY and sys.implementation.version <= (7, 3, 8),
+            reason="PyPy bug in error formatting")
+    def test_invalid_structured_dtypes(self):
+        # gh-2865
+        # mapping python objects to other dtypes
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, ('O', [('name', 'i8')]))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, ('i8', [('name', 'O')]))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype,
+                      ('i8', [('name', [('name', 'O')])]))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, ([('a', 'i4'), ('b', 'i4')], 'O'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype, ('i8', 'O'))
+        # wrong number/type of tuple elements in dict
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype,
+                      ('i', {'name': ('i', 0, 'title', 'oops')}))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype,
+                      ('i', {'name': ('i', 'wrongtype', 'title')}))
+        # disallowed as of 1.13
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.dtype,
+                      ([('a', 'O'), ('b', 'O')], [('c', 'O'), ('d', 'O')]))
+        # allowed as a special case due to existing use, see gh-2798
+        a = np.ones(1, dtype=('O', [('name', 'O')]))
+        assert_equal(a[0], 1)
+        # In particular, the above union dtype (and union dtypes in general)
+        # should mainly behave like the main (object) dtype:
+        assert a[0] is a.item()
+        assert type(a[0]) is int
+
+    def test_correct_hash_dict(self):
+        # gh-8887 - __hash__ would be None despite tp_hash being set
+        all_types = set(np.sctypeDict.values()) - {np.void}
+        for t in all_types:
+            val = t()
+
+            try:
+                hash(val)
+            except TypeError as e:
+                assert_equal(t.__hash__, None)
+            else:
+                assert_(t.__hash__ != None)
+
+    def test_scalar_copy(self):
+        scalar_types = set(np.sctypeDict.values())
+        values = {
+            np.void: b"a",
+            np.bytes_: b"a",
+            np.str_: "a",
+            np.datetime64: "2017-08-25",
+        }
+        for sctype in scalar_types:
+            item = sctype(values.get(sctype, 1))
+            item2 = copy.copy(item)
+            assert_equal(item, item2)
+
+    def test_void_item_memview(self):
+        va = np.zeros(10, 'V4')
+        x = va[:1].item()
+        va[0] = b'\xff\xff\xff\xff'
+        del va
+        assert_equal(x, b'\x00\x00\x00\x00')
+
+    def test_void_getitem(self):
+        # Test fix for gh-11668.
+        assert_(np.array([b'a'], 'V1').astype('O') == b'a')
+        assert_(np.array([b'ab'], 'V2').astype('O') == b'ab')
+        assert_(np.array([b'abc'], 'V3').astype('O') == b'abc')
+        assert_(np.array([b'abcd'], 'V4').astype('O') == b'abcd')
+
+    def test_structarray_title(self):
+        # The following used to segfault on pypy, due to NPY_TITLE_KEY
+        # not working properly and resulting to double-decref of the
+        # structured array field items:
+        # See: https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/2789
+        for j in range(5):
+            structure = np.array([1], dtype=[(('x', 'X'), np.object_)])
+            structure[0]['x'] = np.array([2])
+            gc.collect()
+
+    def test_dtype_scalar_squeeze(self):
+        # gh-11384
+        values = {
+            'S': b"a",
+            'M': "2018-06-20",
+        }
+        for ch in np.typecodes['All']:
+            if ch in 'O':
+                continue
+            sctype = np.dtype(ch).type
+            scvalue = sctype(values.get(ch, 3))
+            for axis in [None, ()]:
+                squeezed = scvalue.squeeze(axis=axis)
+                assert_equal(squeezed, scvalue)
+                assert_equal(type(squeezed), type(scvalue))
+
+    def test_field_access_by_title(self):
+        # gh-11507
+        s = 'Some long field name'
+        if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+            base = sys.getrefcount(s)
+        t = np.dtype([((s, 'f1'), np.float64)])
+        data = np.zeros(10, t)
+        for i in range(10):
+            str(data[['f1']])
+            if HAS_REFCOUNT:
+                assert_(base <= sys.getrefcount(s))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('val', [
+        # arrays and scalars
+        np.ones((10, 10), dtype='int32'),
+        np.uint64(10),
+        ])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('protocol',
+        range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1)
+        )
+    def test_pickle_module(self, protocol, val):
+        # gh-12837
+        s = pickle.dumps(val, protocol)
+        assert b'_multiarray_umath' not in s
+        if protocol == 5 and len(val.shape) > 0:
+            # unpickling ndarray goes through _frombuffer for protocol 5
+            assert b'numpy.core.numeric' in s
+        else:
+            assert b'numpy.core.multiarray' in s
+
+    def test_object_casting_errors(self):
+        # gh-11993 update to ValueError (see gh-16909), since strings can in
+        # principle be converted to complex, but this string cannot.
+        arr = np.array(['AAAAA', 18465886.0, 18465886.0], dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, arr.astype, 'c8')
+
+    def test_eff1d_casting(self):
+        # gh-12711
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 4, 7, 0], dtype=np.int16)
+        res = np.ediff1d(x, to_begin=-99, to_end=np.array([88, 99]))
+        assert_equal(res, [-99,   1,   2,   3,  -7,  88,  99])
+
+        # The use of safe casting means, that 1<<20 is cast unsafely, an
+        # error may be better, but currently there is no mechanism for it.
+        res = np.ediff1d(x, to_begin=(1<<20), to_end=(1<<20))
+        assert_equal(res, [0,   1,   2,   3,  -7,  0])
+
+    def test_pickle_datetime64_array(self):
+        # gh-12745 (would fail with pickle5 installed)
+        d = np.datetime64('2015-07-04 12:59:59.50', 'ns')
+        arr = np.array([d])
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            dumped = pickle.dumps(arr, protocol=proto)
+            assert_equal(pickle.loads(dumped), arr)
+
+    def test_bad_array_interface(self):
+        class T:
+            __array_interface__ = {}
+
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            np.array([T()])
+
+    def test_2d__array__shape(self):
+        class T:
+            def __array__(self):
+                return np.ndarray(shape=(0,0))
+
+            # Make sure __array__ is used instead of Sequence methods.
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return iter([])
+
+            def __getitem__(self, idx):
+                raise AssertionError("__getitem__ was called")
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 0
+
+
+        t = T()
+        # gh-13659, would raise in broadcasting [x=t for x in result]
+        arr = np.array([t])
+        assert arr.shape == (1, 0, 0)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.maxsize < 2 ** 31 + 1, reason='overflows 32-bit python')
+    def test_to_ctypes(self):
+        #gh-14214
+        arr = np.zeros((2 ** 31 + 1,), 'b')
+        assert arr.size * arr.itemsize > 2 ** 31
+        c_arr = np.ctypeslib.as_ctypes(arr)
+        assert_equal(c_arr._length_, arr.size)
+
+    def test_complex_conversion_error(self):
+        # gh-17068
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r"Unable to convert dtype.*"):
+            complex(np.array("now", np.datetime64))
+
+    def test__array_interface__descr(self):
+        # gh-17068
+        dt = np.dtype(dict(names=['a', 'b'],
+                           offsets=[0, 0],
+                           formats=[np.int64, np.int64]))
+        descr = np.array((1, 1), dtype=dt).__array_interface__['descr']
+        assert descr == [('', '|V8')]  # instead of [(b'', '|V8')]
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.maxsize < 2 ** 31 + 1, reason='overflows 32-bit python')
+    @requires_memory(free_bytes=9e9)
+    def test_dot_big_stride(self):
+        # gh-17111
+        # blas stride = stride//itemsize > int32 max
+        int32_max = np.iinfo(np.int32).max
+        n = int32_max + 3
+        a = np.empty([n], dtype=np.float32)
+        b = a[::n-1]
+        b[...] = 1
+        assert b.strides[0] > int32_max * b.dtype.itemsize
+        assert np.dot(b, b) == 2.0
+
+    def test_frompyfunc_name(self):
+        # name conversion was failing for python 3 strings
+        # resulting in the default '?' name. Also test utf-8
+        # encoding using non-ascii name.
+        def cassé(x):
+            return x
+
+        f = np.frompyfunc(cassé, 1, 1)
+        assert str(f) == "<ufunc 'cassé (vectorized)'>"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("operation", [
+        'add', 'subtract', 'multiply', 'floor_divide',
+        'conjugate', 'fmod', 'square', 'reciprocal',
+        'power', 'absolute', 'negative', 'positive',
+        'greater', 'greater_equal', 'less',
+        'less_equal', 'equal', 'not_equal', 'logical_and',
+        'logical_not', 'logical_or', 'bitwise_and', 'bitwise_or',
+        'bitwise_xor', 'invert', 'left_shift', 'right_shift',
+        'gcd', 'lcm'
+        ]
+    )
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("order", [
+        ('b->', 'B->'),
+        ('h->', 'H->'),
+        ('i->', 'I->'),
+        ('l->', 'L->'),
+        ('q->', 'Q->'),
+        ]
+    )
+    def test_ufunc_order(self, operation, order):
+        # gh-18075
+        # Ensure signed types before unsigned
+        def get_idx(string, str_lst):
+            for i, s in enumerate(str_lst):
+                if string in s:
+                    return i
+            raise ValueError(f"{string} not in list")
+        types = getattr(np, operation).types
+        assert get_idx(order[0], types) < get_idx(order[1], types), (
+                f"Unexpected types order of ufunc in {operation}"
+                f"for {order}. Possible fix: Use signed before unsigned"
+                "in generate_umath.py")
+
+    def test_nonbool_logical(self):
+        # gh-22845
+        # create two arrays with bit patterns that do not overlap.
+        # needs to be large enough to test both SIMD and scalar paths
+        size = 100
+        a = np.frombuffer(b'\x01' * size, dtype=np.bool_)
+        b = np.frombuffer(b'\x80' * size, dtype=np.bool_)
+        expected = np.ones(size, dtype=np.bool_)
+        assert_array_equal(np.logical_and(a, b), expected)
+
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalar_ctors.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalar_ctors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da976d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalar_ctors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+"""
+Test the scalar constructors, which also do type-coercion
+"""
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_equal, assert_almost_equal, assert_warns,
+    )
+
+class TestFromString:
+    def test_floating(self):
+        # Ticket #640, floats from string
+        fsingle = np.single('1.234')
+        fdouble = np.double('1.234')
+        flongdouble = np.longdouble('1.234')
+        assert_almost_equal(fsingle, 1.234)
+        assert_almost_equal(fdouble, 1.234)
+        assert_almost_equal(flongdouble, 1.234)
+
+    def test_floating_overflow(self):
+        """ Strings containing an unrepresentable float overflow """
+        fhalf = np.half('1e10000')
+        assert_equal(fhalf, np.inf)
+        fsingle = np.single('1e10000')
+        assert_equal(fsingle, np.inf)
+        fdouble = np.double('1e10000')
+        assert_equal(fdouble, np.inf)
+        flongdouble = assert_warns(RuntimeWarning, np.longdouble, '1e10000')
+        assert_equal(flongdouble, np.inf)
+
+        fhalf = np.half('-1e10000')
+        assert_equal(fhalf, -np.inf)
+        fsingle = np.single('-1e10000')
+        assert_equal(fsingle, -np.inf)
+        fdouble = np.double('-1e10000')
+        assert_equal(fdouble, -np.inf)
+        flongdouble = assert_warns(RuntimeWarning, np.longdouble, '-1e10000')
+        assert_equal(flongdouble, -np.inf)
+
+
+class TestExtraArgs:
+    def test_superclass(self):
+        # try both positional and keyword arguments
+        s = np.str_(b'\\x61', encoding='unicode-escape')
+        assert s == 'a'
+        s = np.str_(b'\\x61', 'unicode-escape')
+        assert s == 'a'
+
+        # previously this would return '\\xx'
+        with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
+            np.str_(b'\\xx', encoding='unicode-escape')
+        with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
+            np.str_(b'\\xx', 'unicode-escape')
+
+        # superclass fails, but numpy succeeds
+        assert np.bytes_(-2) == b'-2'
+
+    def test_datetime(self):
+        dt = np.datetime64('2000-01', ('M', 2))
+        assert np.datetime_data(dt) == ('M', 2)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.datetime64('2000', garbage=True)
+
+    def test_bool(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.bool_(False, garbage=True)
+
+    def test_void(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.void(b'test', garbage=True)
+
+
+class TestFromInt:
+    def test_intp(self):
+        # Ticket #99
+        assert_equal(1024, np.intp(1024))
+
+    def test_uint64_from_negative(self):
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.uint64(-2), np.uint64(18446744073709551614))
+
+
+int_types = [np.byte, np.short, np.intc, np.int_, np.longlong]
+uint_types = [np.ubyte, np.ushort, np.uintc, np.uint, np.ulonglong]
+float_types = [np.half, np.single, np.double, np.longdouble]
+cfloat_types = [np.csingle, np.cdouble, np.clongdouble]
+
+
+class TestArrayFromScalar:
+    """ gh-15467 """
+
+    def _do_test(self, t1, t2):
+        x = t1(2)
+        arr = np.array(x, dtype=t2)
+        # type should be preserved exactly
+        if t2 is None:
+            assert arr.dtype.type is t1
+        else:
+            assert arr.dtype.type is t2
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t1', int_types + uint_types)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t2', int_types + uint_types + [None])
+    def test_integers(self, t1, t2):
+        return self._do_test(t1, t2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t1', float_types)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t2', float_types + [None])
+    def test_reals(self, t1, t2):
+        return self._do_test(t1, t2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t1', cfloat_types)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('t2', cfloat_types + [None])
+    def test_complex(self, t1, t2):
+        return self._do_test(t1, t2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("length",
+        [5, np.int8(5), np.array(5, dtype=np.uint16)])
+def test_void_via_length(length):
+    res = np.void(length)
+    assert type(res) is np.void
+    assert res.item() == b"\0" * 5
+    assert res.dtype == "V5"
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bytes_",
+        [b"spam", np.array(567.)])
+def test_void_from_byteslike(bytes_):
+    res = np.void(bytes_)
+    expected = bytes(bytes_)
+    assert type(res) is np.void
+    assert res.item() == expected
+
+    # Passing dtype can extend it (this is how filling works)
+    res = np.void(bytes_, dtype="V100")
+    assert type(res) is np.void
+    assert res.item()[:len(expected)] == expected
+    assert res.item()[len(expected):] == b"\0" * (res.nbytes - len(expected))
+    # As well as shorten:
+    res = np.void(bytes_, dtype="V4")
+    assert type(res) is np.void
+    assert res.item() == expected[:4]
+
+def test_void_arraylike_trumps_byteslike():
+    # The memoryview is converted as an array-like of shape (18,)
+    # rather than a single bytes-like of that length.
+    m = memoryview(b"just one mintleaf?")
+    res = np.void(m)
+    assert type(res) is np.ndarray
+    assert res.dtype == "V1"
+    assert res.shape == (18,)
+
+def test_void_dtype_arg():
+    # Basic test for the dtype argument (positional and keyword)
+    res = np.void((1, 2), dtype="i,i")
+    assert res.item() == (1, 2)
+    res = np.void((2, 3), "i,i")
+    assert res.item() == (2, 3)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("data",
+        [5, np.int8(5), np.array(5, dtype=np.uint16)])
+def test_void_from_integer_with_dtype(data):
+    # The "length" meaning is ignored, rather data is used:
+    res = np.void(data, dtype="i,i")
+    assert type(res) is np.void
+    assert res.dtype == "i,i"
+    assert res["f0"] == 5 and res["f1"] == 5
+
+def test_void_from_structure():
+    dtype = np.dtype([('s', [('f', 'f8'), ('u', 'U1')]), ('i', 'i2')])
+    data = np.array(((1., 'a'), 2), dtype=dtype)
+    res = np.void(data[()], dtype=dtype)
+    assert type(res) is np.void
+    assert res.dtype == dtype
+    assert res == data[()]
+
+def test_void_bad_dtype():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match="void: descr must be a `void.*int64"):
+        np.void(4, dtype="i8")
+
+    # Subarray dtype (with shape `(4,)` is rejected):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match=r"void: descr must be a `void.*\(4,\)"):
+        np.void(4, dtype="4i")
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalar_methods.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalar_methods.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18a7bc82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalar_methods.py
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+"""
+Test the scalar constructors, which also do type-coercion
+"""
+import fractions
+import platform
+import types
+from typing import Any, Type
+
+import pytest
+import numpy as np
+
+from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_raises, IS_MUSL
+
+
+class TestAsIntegerRatio:
+    # derived in part from the cpython test "test_floatasratio"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ftype", [
+        np.half, np.single, np.double, np.longdouble])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("f, ratio", [
+        (0.875, (7, 8)),
+        (-0.875, (-7, 8)),
+        (0.0, (0, 1)),
+        (11.5, (23, 2)),
+        ])
+    def test_small(self, ftype, f, ratio):
+        assert_equal(ftype(f).as_integer_ratio(), ratio)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ftype", [
+        np.half, np.single, np.double, np.longdouble])
+    def test_simple_fractions(self, ftype):
+        R = fractions.Fraction
+        assert_equal(R(0, 1),
+                     R(*ftype(0.0).as_integer_ratio()))
+        assert_equal(R(5, 2),
+                     R(*ftype(2.5).as_integer_ratio()))
+        assert_equal(R(1, 2),
+                     R(*ftype(0.5).as_integer_ratio()))
+        assert_equal(R(-2100, 1),
+                     R(*ftype(-2100.0).as_integer_ratio()))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ftype", [
+        np.half, np.single, np.double, np.longdouble])
+    def test_errors(self, ftype):
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, ftype('inf').as_integer_ratio)
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, ftype('-inf').as_integer_ratio)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, ftype('nan').as_integer_ratio)
+
+    def test_against_known_values(self):
+        R = fractions.Fraction
+        assert_equal(R(1075, 512),
+                     R(*np.half(2.1).as_integer_ratio()))
+        assert_equal(R(-1075, 512),
+                     R(*np.half(-2.1).as_integer_ratio()))
+        assert_equal(R(4404019, 2097152),
+                     R(*np.single(2.1).as_integer_ratio()))
+        assert_equal(R(-4404019, 2097152),
+                     R(*np.single(-2.1).as_integer_ratio()))
+        assert_equal(R(4728779608739021, 2251799813685248),
+                     R(*np.double(2.1).as_integer_ratio()))
+        assert_equal(R(-4728779608739021, 2251799813685248),
+                     R(*np.double(-2.1).as_integer_ratio()))
+        # longdouble is platform dependent
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ftype, frac_vals, exp_vals", [
+        # dtype test cases generated using hypothesis
+        # first five generated cases per dtype
+        (np.half, [0.0, 0.01154830649280303, 0.31082276347447274,
+                   0.527350517124794, 0.8308562335072596],
+                  [0, 1, 0, -8, 12]),
+        (np.single, [0.0, 0.09248576989263226, 0.8160498218131407,
+                     0.17389442853722373, 0.7956044195067877],
+                    [0, 12, 10, 17, -26]),
+        (np.double, [0.0, 0.031066908499895136, 0.5214135908877832,
+                     0.45780736035689296, 0.5906586745934036],
+                    [0, -801, 51, 194, -653]),
+        pytest.param(
+            np.longdouble,
+            [0.0, 0.20492557202724854, 0.4277180662199366, 0.9888085019891495,
+             0.9620175814461964],
+            [0, -7400, 14266, -7822, -8721],
+            marks=[
+                pytest.mark.skipif(
+                    np.finfo(np.double) == np.finfo(np.longdouble),
+                    reason="long double is same as double"),
+                pytest.mark.skipif(
+                    platform.machine().startswith("ppc"),
+                    reason="IBM double double"),
+            ]
+        )
+    ])
+    def test_roundtrip(self, ftype, frac_vals, exp_vals):
+        for frac, exp in zip(frac_vals, exp_vals):
+            f = np.ldexp(ftype(frac), exp)
+            assert f.dtype == ftype
+            n, d = f.as_integer_ratio()
+
+            try:
+                nf = np.longdouble(n)
+                df = np.longdouble(d)
+                if not np.isfinite(df):
+                    raise OverflowError
+            except (OverflowError, RuntimeWarning):
+                # the values may not fit in any float type
+                pytest.skip("longdouble too small on this platform")
+
+            assert_equal(nf / df, f, "{}/{}".format(n, d))
+
+
+class TestIsInteger:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("str_value", ["inf", "nan"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("code", np.typecodes["Float"])
+    def test_special(self, code: str, str_value: str) -> None:
+        cls = np.dtype(code).type
+        value = cls(str_value)
+        assert not value.is_integer()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "code", np.typecodes["Float"] + np.typecodes["AllInteger"]
+    )
+    def test_true(self, code: str) -> None:
+        float_array = np.arange(-5, 5).astype(code)
+        for value in float_array:
+            assert value.is_integer()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("code", np.typecodes["Float"])
+    def test_false(self, code: str) -> None:
+        float_array = np.arange(-5, 5).astype(code)
+        float_array *= 1.1
+        for value in float_array:
+            if value == 0:
+                continue
+            assert not value.is_integer()
+
+
+class TestClassGetItem:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("cls", [
+        np.number,
+        np.integer,
+        np.inexact,
+        np.unsignedinteger,
+        np.signedinteger,
+        np.floating,
+    ])
+    def test_abc(self, cls: Type[np.number]) -> None:
+        alias = cls[Any]
+        assert isinstance(alias, types.GenericAlias)
+        assert alias.__origin__ is cls
+
+    def test_abc_complexfloating(self) -> None:
+        alias = np.complexfloating[Any, Any]
+        assert isinstance(alias, types.GenericAlias)
+        assert alias.__origin__ is np.complexfloating
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arg_len", range(4))
+    def test_abc_complexfloating_subscript_tuple(self, arg_len: int) -> None:
+        arg_tup = (Any,) * arg_len
+        if arg_len in (1, 2):
+            assert np.complexfloating[arg_tup]
+        else:
+            match = f"Too {'few' if arg_len == 0 else 'many'} arguments"
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=match):
+                np.complexfloating[arg_tup]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("cls", [np.generic, np.flexible, np.character])
+    def test_abc_non_numeric(self, cls: Type[np.generic]) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cls[Any]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("code", np.typecodes["All"])
+    def test_concrete(self, code: str) -> None:
+        cls = np.dtype(code).type
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cls[Any]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arg_len", range(4))
+    def test_subscript_tuple(self, arg_len: int) -> None:
+        arg_tup = (Any,) * arg_len
+        if arg_len == 1:
+            assert np.number[arg_tup]
+        else:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                np.number[arg_tup]
+
+    def test_subscript_scalar(self) -> None:
+        assert np.number[Any]
+
+
+class TestBitCount:
+    # derived in part from the cpython test "test_bit_count"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("itype", np.sctypes['int']+np.sctypes['uint'])
+    def test_small(self, itype):
+        for a in range(max(np.iinfo(itype).min, 0), 128):
+            msg = f"Smoke test for {itype}({a}).bit_count()"
+            assert itype(a).bit_count() == bin(a).count("1"), msg
+
+    def test_bit_count(self):
+        for exp in [10, 17, 63]:
+            a = 2**exp
+            assert np.uint64(a).bit_count() == 1
+            assert np.uint64(a - 1).bit_count() == exp
+            assert np.uint64(a ^ 63).bit_count() == 7
+            assert np.uint64((a - 1) ^ 510).bit_count() == exp - 8
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarbuffer.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarbuffer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31b0494c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarbuffer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+"""
+Test scalar buffer interface adheres to PEP 3118
+"""
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core._rational_tests import rational
+from numpy.core._multiarray_tests import get_buffer_info
+import pytest
+
+from numpy.testing import assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises
+
+# PEP3118 format strings for native (standard alignment and byteorder) types
+scalars_and_codes = [
+    (np.bool_, '?'),
+    (np.byte, 'b'),
+    (np.short, 'h'),
+    (np.intc, 'i'),
+    (np.int_, 'l'),
+    (np.longlong, 'q'),
+    (np.ubyte, 'B'),
+    (np.ushort, 'H'),
+    (np.uintc, 'I'),
+    (np.uint, 'L'),
+    (np.ulonglong, 'Q'),
+    (np.half, 'e'),
+    (np.single, 'f'),
+    (np.double, 'd'),
+    (np.longdouble, 'g'),
+    (np.csingle, 'Zf'),
+    (np.cdouble, 'Zd'),
+    (np.clongdouble, 'Zg'),
+]
+scalars_only, codes_only = zip(*scalars_and_codes)
+
+
+class TestScalarPEP3118:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('scalar', scalars_only, ids=codes_only)
+    def test_scalar_match_array(self, scalar):
+        x = scalar()
+        a = np.array([], dtype=np.dtype(scalar))
+        mv_x = memoryview(x)
+        mv_a = memoryview(a)
+        assert_equal(mv_x.format, mv_a.format)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('scalar', scalars_only, ids=codes_only)
+    def test_scalar_dim(self, scalar):
+        x = scalar()
+        mv_x = memoryview(x)
+        assert_equal(mv_x.itemsize, np.dtype(scalar).itemsize)
+        assert_equal(mv_x.ndim, 0)
+        assert_equal(mv_x.shape, ())
+        assert_equal(mv_x.strides, ())
+        assert_equal(mv_x.suboffsets, ())
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('scalar, code', scalars_and_codes, ids=codes_only)
+    def test_scalar_code_and_properties(self, scalar, code):
+        x = scalar()
+        expected = dict(strides=(), itemsize=x.dtype.itemsize, ndim=0,
+                        shape=(), format=code, readonly=True)
+
+        mv_x = memoryview(x)
+        assert self._as_dict(mv_x) == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('scalar', scalars_only, ids=codes_only)
+    def test_scalar_buffers_readonly(self, scalar):
+        x = scalar()
+        with pytest.raises(BufferError, match="scalar buffer is readonly"):
+            get_buffer_info(x, ["WRITABLE"])
+
+    def test_void_scalar_structured_data(self):
+        dt = np.dtype([('name', np.str_, 16), ('grades', np.float64, (2,))])
+        x = np.array(('ndarray_scalar', (1.2, 3.0)), dtype=dt)[()]
+        assert_(isinstance(x, np.void))
+        mv_x = memoryview(x)
+        expected_size = 16 * np.dtype((np.str_, 1)).itemsize
+        expected_size += 2 * np.dtype(np.float64).itemsize
+        assert_equal(mv_x.itemsize, expected_size)
+        assert_equal(mv_x.ndim, 0)
+        assert_equal(mv_x.shape, ())
+        assert_equal(mv_x.strides, ())
+        assert_equal(mv_x.suboffsets, ())
+
+        # check scalar format string against ndarray format string
+        a = np.array([('Sarah', (8.0, 7.0)), ('John', (6.0, 7.0))], dtype=dt)
+        assert_(isinstance(a, np.ndarray))
+        mv_a = memoryview(a)
+        assert_equal(mv_x.itemsize, mv_a.itemsize)
+        assert_equal(mv_x.format, mv_a.format)
+
+        # Check that we do not allow writeable buffer export (technically
+        # we could allow it sometimes here...)
+        with pytest.raises(BufferError, match="scalar buffer is readonly"):
+            get_buffer_info(x, ["WRITABLE"])
+
+    def _as_dict(self, m):
+        return dict(strides=m.strides, shape=m.shape, itemsize=m.itemsize,
+                    ndim=m.ndim, format=m.format, readonly=m.readonly)
+
+    def test_datetime_memoryview(self):
+        # gh-11656
+        # Values verified with v1.13.3, shape is not () as in test_scalar_dim
+
+        dt1 = np.datetime64('2016-01-01')
+        dt2 = np.datetime64('2017-01-01')
+        expected = dict(strides=(1,), itemsize=1, ndim=1, shape=(8,),
+                        format='B', readonly=True)
+        v = memoryview(dt1)
+        assert self._as_dict(v) == expected
+
+        v = memoryview(dt2 - dt1)
+        assert self._as_dict(v) == expected
+
+        dt = np.dtype([('a', 'uint16'), ('b', 'M8[s]')])
+        a = np.empty(1, dt)
+        # Fails to create a PEP 3118 valid buffer
+        assert_raises((ValueError, BufferError), memoryview, a[0])
+
+        # Check that we do not allow writeable buffer export
+        with pytest.raises(BufferError, match="scalar buffer is readonly"):
+            get_buffer_info(dt1, ["WRITABLE"])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('s', [
+        pytest.param("\x32\x32", id="ascii"),
+        pytest.param("\uFE0F\uFE0F", id="basic multilingual"),
+        pytest.param("\U0001f4bb\U0001f4bb", id="non-BMP"),
+    ])
+    def test_str_ucs4(self, s):
+        s = np.str_(s)  # only our subclass implements the buffer protocol
+
+        # all the same, characters always encode as ucs4
+        expected = dict(strides=(), itemsize=8, ndim=0, shape=(), format='2w',
+                        readonly=True)
+
+        v = memoryview(s)
+        assert self._as_dict(v) == expected
+
+        # integers of the paltform-appropriate endianness
+        code_points = np.frombuffer(v, dtype='i4')
+
+        assert_equal(code_points, [ord(c) for c in s])
+
+        # Check that we do not allow writeable buffer export
+        with pytest.raises(BufferError, match="scalar buffer is readonly"):
+            get_buffer_info(s, ["WRITABLE"])
+
+    def test_user_scalar_fails_buffer(self):
+        r = rational(1)
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            memoryview(r)
+
+        # Check that we do not allow writeable buffer export
+        with pytest.raises(BufferError, match="scalar buffer is readonly"):
+            get_buffer_info(r, ["WRITABLE"])
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarinherit.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarinherit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9c574d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarinherit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+""" Test printing of scalar types.
+
+"""
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_, assert_raises
+
+
+class A:
+    pass
+class B(A, np.float64):
+    pass
+
+class C(B):
+    pass
+class D(C, B):
+    pass
+
+class B0(np.float64, A):
+    pass
+class C0(B0):
+    pass
+
+class HasNew:
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        return cls, args, kwargs
+
+class B1(np.float64, HasNew):
+    pass
+
+
+class TestInherit:
+    def test_init(self):
+        x = B(1.0)
+        assert_(str(x) == '1.0')
+        y = C(2.0)
+        assert_(str(y) == '2.0')
+        z = D(3.0)
+        assert_(str(z) == '3.0')
+
+    def test_init2(self):
+        x = B0(1.0)
+        assert_(str(x) == '1.0')
+        y = C0(2.0)
+        assert_(str(y) == '2.0')
+
+    def test_gh_15395(self):
+        # HasNew is the second base, so `np.float64` should have priority
+        x = B1(1.0)
+        assert_(str(x) == '1.0')
+
+        # previously caused RecursionError!?
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            B1(1.0, 2.0)
+
+
+class TestCharacter:
+    def test_char_radd(self):
+        # GH issue 9620, reached gentype_add and raise TypeError
+        np_s = np.bytes_('abc')
+        np_u = np.str_('abc')
+        s = b'def'
+        u = 'def'
+        assert_(np_s.__radd__(np_s) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(np_s.__radd__(np_u) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(np_s.__radd__(s) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(np_s.__radd__(u) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(np_u.__radd__(np_s) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(np_u.__radd__(np_u) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(np_u.__radd__(s) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(np_u.__radd__(u) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(s + np_s == b'defabc')
+        assert_(u + np_u == 'defabc')
+
+        class MyStr(str, np.generic):
+            # would segfault
+            pass
+
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            # Previously worked, but gave completely wrong result
+            ret = s + MyStr('abc')
+
+        class MyBytes(bytes, np.generic):
+            # would segfault
+            pass
+
+        ret = s + MyBytes(b'abc')
+        assert(type(ret) is type(s))
+        assert ret == b"defabc"
+
+    def test_char_repeat(self):
+        np_s = np.bytes_('abc')
+        np_u = np.str_('abc')
+        res_s = b'abc' * 5
+        res_u = 'abc' * 5
+        assert_(np_s * 5 == res_s)
+        assert_(np_u * 5 == res_u)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarmath.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarmath.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9977c8b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarmath.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1100 @@
+import contextlib
+import sys
+import warnings
+import itertools
+import operator
+import platform
+from numpy._utils import _pep440
+import pytest
+from hypothesis import given, settings
+from hypothesis.strategies import sampled_from
+from hypothesis.extra import numpy as hynp
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_equal, IS_PYPY, suppress_warnings, _gen_alignment_data,
+    assert_warns, _SUPPORTS_SVE,
+    )
+
+try:
+    COMPILERS = np.show_config(mode="dicts")["Compilers"]
+    USING_CLANG_CL = COMPILERS["c"]["name"] == "clang-cl"
+except TypeError:
+    USING_CLANG_CL = False
+
+types = [np.bool_, np.byte, np.ubyte, np.short, np.ushort, np.intc, np.uintc,
+         np.int_, np.uint, np.longlong, np.ulonglong,
+         np.single, np.double, np.longdouble, np.csingle,
+         np.cdouble, np.clongdouble]
+
+floating_types = np.floating.__subclasses__()
+complex_floating_types = np.complexfloating.__subclasses__()
+
+objecty_things = [object(), None]
+
+reasonable_operators_for_scalars = [
+    operator.lt, operator.le, operator.eq, operator.ne, operator.ge,
+    operator.gt, operator.add, operator.floordiv, operator.mod,
+    operator.mul, operator.pow, operator.sub, operator.truediv,
+]
+
+
+# This compares scalarmath against ufuncs.
+
+class TestTypes:
+    def test_types(self):
+        for atype in types:
+            a = atype(1)
+            assert_(a == 1, "error with %r: got %r" % (atype, a))
+
+    def test_type_add(self):
+        # list of types
+        for k, atype in enumerate(types):
+            a_scalar = atype(3)
+            a_array = np.array([3], dtype=atype)
+            for l, btype in enumerate(types):
+                b_scalar = btype(1)
+                b_array = np.array([1], dtype=btype)
+                c_scalar = a_scalar + b_scalar
+                c_array = a_array + b_array
+                # It was comparing the type numbers, but the new ufunc
+                # function-finding mechanism finds the lowest function
+                # to which both inputs can be cast - which produces 'l'
+                # when you do 'q' + 'b'.  The old function finding mechanism
+                # skipped ahead based on the first argument, but that
+                # does not produce properly symmetric results...
+                assert_equal(c_scalar.dtype, c_array.dtype,
+                           "error with types (%d/'%c' + %d/'%c')" %
+                            (k, np.dtype(atype).char, l, np.dtype(btype).char))
+
+    def test_type_create(self):
+        for k, atype in enumerate(types):
+            a = np.array([1, 2, 3], atype)
+            b = atype([1, 2, 3])
+            assert_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_leak(self):
+        # test leak of scalar objects
+        # a leak would show up in valgrind as still-reachable of ~2.6MB
+        for i in range(200000):
+            np.add(1, 1)
+
+
+def check_ufunc_scalar_equivalence(op, arr1, arr2):
+    scalar1 = arr1[()]
+    scalar2 = arr2[()]
+    assert isinstance(scalar1, np.generic)
+    assert isinstance(scalar2, np.generic)
+
+    if arr1.dtype.kind == "c" or arr2.dtype.kind == "c":
+        comp_ops = {operator.ge, operator.gt, operator.le, operator.lt}
+        if op in comp_ops and (np.isnan(scalar1) or np.isnan(scalar2)):
+            pytest.xfail("complex comp ufuncs use sort-order, scalars do not.")
+    if op == operator.pow and arr2.item() in [-1, 0, 0.5, 1, 2]:
+        # array**scalar special case can have different result dtype
+        # (Other powers may have issues also, but are not hit here.)
+        # TODO: It would be nice to resolve this issue.
+        pytest.skip("array**2 can have incorrect/weird result dtype")
+
+    # ignore fpe's since they may just mismatch for integers anyway.
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(), np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+        # Comparisons DeprecationWarnings replacing errors (2022-03):
+        warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
+        try:
+            res = op(arr1, arr2)
+        except Exception as e:
+            with pytest.raises(type(e)):
+                op(scalar1, scalar2)
+        else:
+            scalar_res = op(scalar1, scalar2)
+            assert_array_equal(scalar_res, res, strict=True)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@settings(max_examples=10000, deadline=2000)
+@given(sampled_from(reasonable_operators_for_scalars),
+       hynp.arrays(dtype=hynp.scalar_dtypes(), shape=()),
+       hynp.arrays(dtype=hynp.scalar_dtypes(), shape=()))
+def test_array_scalar_ufunc_equivalence(op, arr1, arr2):
+    """
+    This is a thorough test attempting to cover important promotion paths
+    and ensuring that arrays and scalars stay as aligned as possible.
+    However, if it creates troubles, it should maybe just be removed.
+    """
+    check_ufunc_scalar_equivalence(op, arr1, arr2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@given(sampled_from(reasonable_operators_for_scalars),
+       hynp.scalar_dtypes(), hynp.scalar_dtypes())
+def test_array_scalar_ufunc_dtypes(op, dt1, dt2):
+    # Same as above, but don't worry about sampling weird values so that we
+    # do not have to sample as much
+    arr1 = np.array(2, dtype=dt1)
+    arr2 = np.array(3, dtype=dt2)  # some power do weird things.
+
+    check_ufunc_scalar_equivalence(op, arr1, arr2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("fscalar", [np.float16, np.float32])
+def test_int_float_promotion_truediv(fscalar):
+    # Promotion for mixed int and float32/float16 must not go to float64
+    i = np.int8(1)
+    f = fscalar(1)
+    expected = np.result_type(i, f)
+    assert (i / f).dtype == expected
+    assert (f / i).dtype == expected
+    # But normal int / int true division goes to float64:
+    assert (i / i).dtype == np.dtype("float64")
+    # For int16, result has to be ast least float32 (takes ufunc path):
+    assert (np.int16(1) / f).dtype == np.dtype("float32")
+
+
+class TestBaseMath:
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(_SUPPORTS_SVE, reason="gh-22982")
+    def test_blocked(self):
+        # test alignments offsets for simd instructions
+        # alignments for vz + 2 * (vs - 1) + 1
+        for dt, sz in [(np.float32, 11), (np.float64, 7), (np.int32, 11)]:
+            for out, inp1, inp2, msg in _gen_alignment_data(dtype=dt,
+                                                            type='binary',
+                                                            max_size=sz):
+                exp1 = np.ones_like(inp1)
+                inp1[...] = np.ones_like(inp1)
+                inp2[...] = np.zeros_like(inp2)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.add(inp1, inp2), exp1, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.add(inp1, 2), exp1 + 2, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.add(1, inp2), exp1, err_msg=msg)
+
+                np.add(inp1, inp2, out=out)
+                assert_almost_equal(out, exp1, err_msg=msg)
+
+                inp2[...] += np.arange(inp2.size, dtype=dt) + 1
+                assert_almost_equal(np.square(inp2),
+                                    np.multiply(inp2, inp2),  err_msg=msg)
+                # skip true divide for ints
+                if dt != np.int32:
+                    assert_almost_equal(np.reciprocal(inp2),
+                                        np.divide(1, inp2),  err_msg=msg)
+
+                inp1[...] = np.ones_like(inp1)
+                np.add(inp1, 2, out=out)
+                assert_almost_equal(out, exp1 + 2, err_msg=msg)
+                inp2[...] = np.ones_like(inp2)
+                np.add(2, inp2, out=out)
+                assert_almost_equal(out, exp1 + 2, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_lower_align(self):
+        # check data that is not aligned to element size
+        # i.e doubles are aligned to 4 bytes on i386
+        d = np.zeros(23 * 8, dtype=np.int8)[4:-4].view(np.float64)
+        o = np.zeros(23 * 8, dtype=np.int8)[4:-4].view(np.float64)
+        assert_almost_equal(d + d, d * 2)
+        np.add(d, d, out=o)
+        np.add(np.ones_like(d), d, out=o)
+        np.add(d, np.ones_like(d), out=o)
+        np.add(np.ones_like(d), d)
+        np.add(d, np.ones_like(d))
+
+
+class TestPower:
+    def test_small_types(self):
+        for t in [np.int8, np.int16, np.float16]:
+            a = t(3)
+            b = a ** 4
+            assert_(b == 81, "error with %r: got %r" % (t, b))
+
+    def test_large_types(self):
+        for t in [np.int32, np.int64, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble]:
+            a = t(51)
+            b = a ** 4
+            msg = "error with %r: got %r" % (t, b)
+            if np.issubdtype(t, np.integer):
+                assert_(b == 6765201, msg)
+            else:
+                assert_almost_equal(b, 6765201, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_integers_to_negative_integer_power(self):
+        # Note that the combination of uint64 with a signed integer
+        # has common type np.float64. The other combinations should all
+        # raise a ValueError for integer ** negative integer.
+        exp = [np.array(-1, dt)[()] for dt in 'bhilq']
+
+        # 1 ** -1 possible special case
+        base = [np.array(1, dt)[()] for dt in 'bhilqBHILQ']
+        for i1, i2 in itertools.product(base, exp):
+            if i1.dtype != np.uint64:
+                assert_raises(ValueError, operator.pow, i1, i2)
+            else:
+                res = operator.pow(i1, i2)
+                assert_(res.dtype.type is np.float64)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, 1.)
+
+        # -1 ** -1 possible special case
+        base = [np.array(-1, dt)[()] for dt in 'bhilq']
+        for i1, i2 in itertools.product(base, exp):
+            if i1.dtype != np.uint64:
+                assert_raises(ValueError, operator.pow, i1, i2)
+            else:
+                res = operator.pow(i1, i2)
+                assert_(res.dtype.type is np.float64)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, -1.)
+
+        # 2 ** -1 perhaps generic
+        base = [np.array(2, dt)[()] for dt in 'bhilqBHILQ']
+        for i1, i2 in itertools.product(base, exp):
+            if i1.dtype != np.uint64:
+                assert_raises(ValueError, operator.pow, i1, i2)
+            else:
+                res = operator.pow(i1, i2)
+                assert_(res.dtype.type is np.float64)
+                assert_almost_equal(res, .5)
+
+    def test_mixed_types(self):
+        typelist = [np.int8, np.int16, np.float16,
+                    np.float32, np.float64, np.int8,
+                    np.int16, np.int32, np.int64]
+        for t1 in typelist:
+            for t2 in typelist:
+                a = t1(3)
+                b = t2(2)
+                result = a**b
+                msg = ("error with %r and %r:"
+                       "got %r, expected %r") % (t1, t2, result, 9)
+                if np.issubdtype(np.dtype(result), np.integer):
+                    assert_(result == 9, msg)
+                else:
+                    assert_almost_equal(result, 9, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_modular_power(self):
+        # modular power is not implemented, so ensure it errors
+        a = 5
+        b = 4
+        c = 10
+        expected = pow(a, b, c)  # noqa: F841
+        for t in (np.int32, np.float32, np.complex64):
+            # note that 3-operand power only dispatches on the first argument
+            assert_raises(TypeError, operator.pow, t(a), b, c)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, operator.pow, np.array(t(a)), b, c)
+
+
+def floordiv_and_mod(x, y):
+    return (x // y, x % y)
+
+
+def _signs(dt):
+    if dt in np.typecodes['UnsignedInteger']:
+        return (+1,)
+    else:
+        return (+1, -1)
+
+
+class TestModulus:
+
+    def test_modulus_basic(self):
+        dt = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['Float']
+        for op in [floordiv_and_mod, divmod]:
+            for dt1, dt2 in itertools.product(dt, dt):
+                for sg1, sg2 in itertools.product(_signs(dt1), _signs(dt2)):
+                    fmt = 'op: %s, dt1: %s, dt2: %s, sg1: %s, sg2: %s'
+                    msg = fmt % (op.__name__, dt1, dt2, sg1, sg2)
+                    a = np.array(sg1*71, dtype=dt1)[()]
+                    b = np.array(sg2*19, dtype=dt2)[()]
+                    div, rem = op(a, b)
+                    assert_equal(div*b + rem, a, err_msg=msg)
+                    if sg2 == -1:
+                        assert_(b < rem <= 0, msg)
+                    else:
+                        assert_(b > rem >= 0, msg)
+
+    def test_float_modulus_exact(self):
+        # test that float results are exact for small integers. This also
+        # holds for the same integers scaled by powers of two.
+        nlst = list(range(-127, 0))
+        plst = list(range(1, 128))
+        dividend = nlst + [0] + plst
+        divisor = nlst + plst
+        arg = list(itertools.product(dividend, divisor))
+        tgt = list(divmod(*t) for t in arg)
+
+        a, b = np.array(arg, dtype=int).T
+        # convert exact integer results from Python to float so that
+        # signed zero can be used, it is checked.
+        tgtdiv, tgtrem = np.array(tgt, dtype=float).T
+        tgtdiv = np.where((tgtdiv == 0.0) & ((b < 0) ^ (a < 0)), -0.0, tgtdiv)
+        tgtrem = np.where((tgtrem == 0.0) & (b < 0), -0.0, tgtrem)
+
+        for op in [floordiv_and_mod, divmod]:
+            for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+                msg = 'op: %s, dtype: %s' % (op.__name__, dt)
+                fa = a.astype(dt)
+                fb = b.astype(dt)
+                # use list comprehension so a_ and b_ are scalars
+                div, rem = zip(*[op(a_, b_) for  a_, b_ in zip(fa, fb)])
+                assert_equal(div, tgtdiv, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_equal(rem, tgtrem, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_float_modulus_roundoff(self):
+        # gh-6127
+        dt = np.typecodes['Float']
+        for op in [floordiv_and_mod, divmod]:
+            for dt1, dt2 in itertools.product(dt, dt):
+                for sg1, sg2 in itertools.product((+1, -1), (+1, -1)):
+                    fmt = 'op: %s, dt1: %s, dt2: %s, sg1: %s, sg2: %s'
+                    msg = fmt % (op.__name__, dt1, dt2, sg1, sg2)
+                    a = np.array(sg1*78*6e-8, dtype=dt1)[()]
+                    b = np.array(sg2*6e-8, dtype=dt2)[()]
+                    div, rem = op(a, b)
+                    # Equal assertion should hold when fmod is used
+                    assert_equal(div*b + rem, a, err_msg=msg)
+                    if sg2 == -1:
+                        assert_(b < rem <= 0, msg)
+                    else:
+                        assert_(b > rem >= 0, msg)
+
+    def test_float_modulus_corner_cases(self):
+        # Check remainder magnitude.
+        for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+            b = np.array(1.0, dtype=dt)
+            a = np.nextafter(np.array(0.0, dtype=dt), -b)
+            rem = operator.mod(a, b)
+            assert_(rem <= b, 'dt: %s' % dt)
+            rem = operator.mod(-a, -b)
+            assert_(rem >= -b, 'dt: %s' % dt)
+
+        # Check nans, inf
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered in remainder")
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "divide by zero encountered in remainder")
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "divide by zero encountered in floor_divide")
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "divide by zero encountered in divmod")
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered in divmod")
+            for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+                fone = np.array(1.0, dtype=dt)
+                fzer = np.array(0.0, dtype=dt)
+                finf = np.array(np.inf, dtype=dt)
+                fnan = np.array(np.nan, dtype=dt)
+                rem = operator.mod(fone, fzer)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s' % dt)
+                # MSVC 2008 returns NaN here, so disable the check.
+                #rem = operator.mod(fone, finf)
+                #assert_(rem == fone, 'dt: %s' % dt)
+                rem = operator.mod(fone, fnan)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s' % dt)
+                rem = operator.mod(finf, fone)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s' % dt)
+                for op in [floordiv_and_mod, divmod]:
+                    div, mod = op(fone, fzer)
+                    assert_(np.isinf(div)) and assert_(np.isnan(mod))
+
+    def test_inplace_floordiv_handling(self):
+        # issue gh-12927
+        # this only applies to in-place floordiv //=, because the output type
+        # promotes to float which does not fit
+        a = np.array([1, 2], np.int64)
+        b = np.array([1, 2], np.uint64)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                match=r"Cannot cast ufunc 'floor_divide' output from"):
+            a //= b
+
+
+class TestComplexDivision:
+    def test_zero_division(self):
+        with np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+            for t in [np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+                a = t(0.0)
+                b = t(1.0)
+                assert_(np.isinf(b/a))
+                b = t(complex(np.inf, np.inf))
+                assert_(np.isinf(b/a))
+                b = t(complex(np.inf, np.nan))
+                assert_(np.isinf(b/a))
+                b = t(complex(np.nan, np.inf))
+                assert_(np.isinf(b/a))
+                b = t(complex(np.nan, np.nan))
+                assert_(np.isnan(b/a))
+                b = t(0.)
+                assert_(np.isnan(b/a))
+
+    def test_signed_zeros(self):
+        with np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+            for t in [np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+                # tupled (numerator, denominator, expected)
+                # for testing as expected == numerator/denominator
+                data = (
+                    (( 0.0,-1.0), ( 0.0, 1.0), (-1.0,-0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0,-1.0), ( 0.0,-1.0), ( 1.0,-0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0,-1.0), (-0.0,-1.0), ( 1.0, 0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0,-1.0), (-0.0, 1.0), (-1.0, 0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0, 1.0), ( 0.0,-1.0), (-1.0, 0.0)),
+                    (( 0.0,-1.0), ( 0.0,-1.0), ( 1.0,-0.0)),
+                    ((-0.0,-1.0), ( 0.0,-1.0), ( 1.0,-0.0)),
+                    ((-0.0, 1.0), ( 0.0,-1.0), (-1.0,-0.0))
+                )
+                for cases in data:
+                    n = cases[0]
+                    d = cases[1]
+                    ex = cases[2]
+                    result = t(complex(n[0], n[1])) / t(complex(d[0], d[1]))
+                    # check real and imag parts separately to avoid comparison
+                    # in array context, which does not account for signed zeros
+                    assert_equal(result.real, ex[0])
+                    assert_equal(result.imag, ex[1])
+
+    def test_branches(self):
+        with np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+            for t in [np.complex64, np.complex128]:
+                # tupled (numerator, denominator, expected)
+                # for testing as expected == numerator/denominator
+                data = list()
+
+                # trigger branch: real(fabs(denom)) > imag(fabs(denom))
+                # followed by else condition as neither are == 0
+                data.append((( 2.0, 1.0), ( 2.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0.0)))
+
+                # trigger branch: real(fabs(denom)) > imag(fabs(denom))
+                # followed by if condition as both are == 0
+                # is performed in test_zero_division(), so this is skipped
+
+                # trigger else if branch: real(fabs(denom)) < imag(fabs(denom))
+                data.append((( 1.0, 2.0), ( 1.0, 2.0), (1.0, 0.0)))
+
+                for cases in data:
+                    n = cases[0]
+                    d = cases[1]
+                    ex = cases[2]
+                    result = t(complex(n[0], n[1])) / t(complex(d[0], d[1]))
+                    # check real and imag parts separately to avoid comparison
+                    # in array context, which does not account for signed zeros
+                    assert_equal(result.real, ex[0])
+                    assert_equal(result.imag, ex[1])
+
+
+class TestConversion:
+    def test_int_from_long(self):
+        l = [1e6, 1e12, 1e18, -1e6, -1e12, -1e18]
+        li = [10**6, 10**12, 10**18, -10**6, -10**12, -10**18]
+        for T in [None, np.float64, np.int64]:
+            a = np.array(l, dtype=T)
+            assert_equal([int(_m) for _m in a], li)
+
+        a = np.array(l[:3], dtype=np.uint64)
+        assert_equal([int(_m) for _m in a], li[:3])
+
+    def test_iinfo_long_values(self):
+        for code in 'bBhH':
+            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+                res = np.array(np.iinfo(code).max + 1, dtype=code)
+            tgt = np.iinfo(code).min
+            assert_(res == tgt)
+
+        for code in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+            res = np.array(np.iinfo(code).max, dtype=code)
+            tgt = np.iinfo(code).max
+            assert_(res == tgt)
+
+        for code in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+            res = np.dtype(code).type(np.iinfo(code).max)
+            tgt = np.iinfo(code).max
+            assert_(res == tgt)
+
+    def test_int_raise_behaviour(self):
+        def overflow_error_func(dtype):
+            dtype(np.iinfo(dtype).max + 1)
+
+        for code in [np.int_, np.uint, np.longlong, np.ulonglong]:
+            assert_raises(OverflowError, overflow_error_func, code)
+
+    def test_int_from_infinite_longdouble(self):
+        # gh-627
+        x = np.longdouble(np.inf)
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, int, x)
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.record(np.ComplexWarning)
+            x = np.clongdouble(np.inf)
+            assert_raises(OverflowError, int, x)
+            assert_equal(len(sup.log), 1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not IS_PYPY, reason="Test is PyPy only (gh-9972)")
+    def test_int_from_infinite_longdouble___int__(self):
+        x = np.longdouble(np.inf)
+        assert_raises(OverflowError, x.__int__)
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.record(np.ComplexWarning)
+            x = np.clongdouble(np.inf)
+            assert_raises(OverflowError, x.__int__)
+            assert_equal(len(sup.log), 1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(np.finfo(np.double) == np.finfo(np.longdouble),
+                        reason="long double is same as double")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(platform.machine().startswith("ppc"),
+                        reason="IBM double double")
+    def test_int_from_huge_longdouble(self):
+        # Produce a longdouble that would overflow a double,
+        # use exponent that avoids bug in Darwin pow function.
+        exp = np.finfo(np.double).maxexp - 1
+        huge_ld = 2 * 1234 * np.longdouble(2) ** exp
+        huge_i = 2 * 1234 * 2 ** exp
+        assert_(huge_ld != np.inf)
+        assert_equal(int(huge_ld), huge_i)
+
+    def test_int_from_longdouble(self):
+        x = np.longdouble(1.5)
+        assert_equal(int(x), 1)
+        x = np.longdouble(-10.5)
+        assert_equal(int(x), -10)
+
+    def test_numpy_scalar_relational_operators(self):
+        # All integer
+        for dt1 in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+            assert_(1 > np.array(0, dtype=dt1)[()], "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(not 1 < np.array(0, dtype=dt1)[()], "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+
+            for dt2 in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] > np.array(0, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(not np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] < np.array(0, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+
+        #Unsigned integers
+        for dt1 in 'BHILQP':
+            assert_(-1 < np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()], "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(not -1 > np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()], "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(-1 != np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()], "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+
+            #unsigned vs signed
+            for dt2 in 'bhilqp':
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] > np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(not np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] < np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] != np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+
+        #Signed integers and floats
+        for dt1 in 'bhlqp' + np.typecodes['Float']:
+            assert_(1 > np.array(-1, dtype=dt1)[()], "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(not 1 < np.array(-1, dtype=dt1)[()], "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+            assert_(-1 == np.array(-1, dtype=dt1)[()], "type %s failed" % (dt1,))
+
+            for dt2 in 'bhlqp' + np.typecodes['Float']:
+                assert_(np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] > np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(not np.array(1, dtype=dt1)[()] < np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+                assert_(np.array(-1, dtype=dt1)[()] == np.array(-1, dtype=dt2)[()],
+                        "type %s and %s failed" % (dt1, dt2))
+
+    def test_scalar_comparison_to_none(self):
+        # Scalars should just return False and not give a warnings.
+        # The comparisons are flagged by pep8, ignore that.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', FutureWarning)
+            assert_(not np.float32(1) == None)
+            assert_(not np.str_('test') == None)
+            # This is dubious (see below):
+            assert_(not np.datetime64('NaT') == None)
+
+            assert_(np.float32(1) != None)
+            assert_(np.str_('test') != None)
+            # This is dubious (see below):
+            assert_(np.datetime64('NaT') != None)
+        assert_(len(w) == 0)
+
+        # For documentation purposes, this is why the datetime is dubious.
+        # At the time of deprecation this was no behaviour change, but
+        # it has to be considered when the deprecations are done.
+        assert_(np.equal(np.datetime64('NaT'), None))
+
+
+#class TestRepr:
+#    def test_repr(self):
+#        for t in types:
+#            val = t(1197346475.0137341)
+#            val_repr = repr(val)
+#            val2 = eval(val_repr)
+#            assert_equal( val, val2 )
+
+
+class TestRepr:
+    def _test_type_repr(self, t):
+        finfo = np.finfo(t)
+        last_fraction_bit_idx = finfo.nexp + finfo.nmant
+        last_exponent_bit_idx = finfo.nexp
+        storage_bytes = np.dtype(t).itemsize*8
+        # could add some more types to the list below
+        for which in ['small denorm', 'small norm']:
+            # Values from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754
+            constr = np.array([0x00]*storage_bytes, dtype=np.uint8)
+            if which == 'small denorm':
+                byte = last_fraction_bit_idx // 8
+                bytebit = 7-(last_fraction_bit_idx % 8)
+                constr[byte] = 1 << bytebit
+            elif which == 'small norm':
+                byte = last_exponent_bit_idx // 8
+                bytebit = 7-(last_exponent_bit_idx % 8)
+                constr[byte] = 1 << bytebit
+            else:
+                raise ValueError('hmm')
+            val = constr.view(t)[0]
+            val_repr = repr(val)
+            val2 = t(eval(val_repr))
+            if not (val2 == 0 and val < 1e-100):
+                assert_equal(val, val2)
+
+    def test_float_repr(self):
+        # long double test cannot work, because eval goes through a python
+        # float
+        for t in [np.float32, np.float64]:
+            self._test_type_repr(t)
+
+
+if not IS_PYPY:
+    # sys.getsizeof() is not valid on PyPy
+    class TestSizeOf:
+
+        def test_equal_nbytes(self):
+            for type in types:
+                x = type(0)
+                assert_(sys.getsizeof(x) > x.nbytes)
+
+        def test_error(self):
+            d = np.float32()
+            assert_raises(TypeError, d.__sizeof__, "a")
+
+
+class TestMultiply:
+    def test_seq_repeat(self):
+        # Test that basic sequences get repeated when multiplied with
+        # numpy integers. And errors are raised when multiplied with others.
+        # Some of this behaviour may be controversial and could be open for
+        # change.
+        accepted_types = set(np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+        deprecated_types = {'?'}
+        forbidden_types = (
+            set(np.typecodes["All"]) - accepted_types - deprecated_types)
+        forbidden_types -= {'V'}  # can't default-construct void scalars
+
+        for seq_type in (list, tuple):
+            seq = seq_type([1, 2, 3])
+            for numpy_type in accepted_types:
+                i = np.dtype(numpy_type).type(2)
+                assert_equal(seq * i, seq * int(i))
+                assert_equal(i * seq, int(i) * seq)
+
+            for numpy_type in deprecated_types:
+                i = np.dtype(numpy_type).type()
+                assert_equal(
+                    assert_warns(DeprecationWarning, operator.mul, seq, i),
+                    seq * int(i))
+                assert_equal(
+                    assert_warns(DeprecationWarning, operator.mul, i, seq),
+                    int(i) * seq)
+
+            for numpy_type in forbidden_types:
+                i = np.dtype(numpy_type).type()
+                assert_raises(TypeError, operator.mul, seq, i)
+                assert_raises(TypeError, operator.mul, i, seq)
+
+    def test_no_seq_repeat_basic_array_like(self):
+        # Test that an array-like which does not know how to be multiplied
+        # does not attempt sequence repeat (raise TypeError).
+        # See also gh-7428.
+        class ArrayLike:
+            def __init__(self, arr):
+                self.arr = arr
+            def __array__(self):
+                return self.arr
+
+        # Test for simple ArrayLike above and memoryviews (original report)
+        for arr_like in (ArrayLike(np.ones(3)), memoryview(np.ones(3))):
+            assert_array_equal(arr_like * np.float32(3.), np.full(3, 3.))
+            assert_array_equal(np.float32(3.) * arr_like, np.full(3, 3.))
+            assert_array_equal(arr_like * np.int_(3), np.full(3, 3))
+            assert_array_equal(np.int_(3) * arr_like, np.full(3, 3))
+
+
+class TestNegative:
+    def test_exceptions(self):
+        a = np.ones((), dtype=np.bool_)[()]
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.neg, a)
+
+    def test_result(self):
+        types = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning)
+            for dt in types:
+                a = np.ones((), dtype=dt)[()]
+                if dt in np.typecodes['UnsignedInteger']:
+                    st = np.dtype(dt).type
+                    max = st(np.iinfo(dt).max)
+                    assert_equal(operator.neg(a), max)
+                else:
+                    assert_equal(operator.neg(a) + a, 0)
+
+class TestSubtract:
+    def test_exceptions(self):
+        a = np.ones((), dtype=np.bool_)[()]
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.sub, a, a)
+
+    def test_result(self):
+        types = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning)
+            for dt in types:
+                a = np.ones((), dtype=dt)[()]
+                assert_equal(operator.sub(a, a), 0)
+
+
+class TestAbs:
+    def _test_abs_func(self, absfunc, test_dtype):
+        x = test_dtype(-1.5)
+        assert_equal(absfunc(x), 1.5)
+        x = test_dtype(0.0)
+        res = absfunc(x)
+        # assert_equal() checks zero signedness
+        assert_equal(res, 0.0)
+        x = test_dtype(-0.0)
+        res = absfunc(x)
+        assert_equal(res, 0.0)
+
+        x = test_dtype(np.finfo(test_dtype).max)
+        assert_equal(absfunc(x), x.real)
+
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(UserWarning)
+            x = test_dtype(np.finfo(test_dtype).tiny)
+            assert_equal(absfunc(x), x.real)
+
+        x = test_dtype(np.finfo(test_dtype).min)
+        assert_equal(absfunc(x), -x.real)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", floating_types + complex_floating_types)
+    def test_builtin_abs(self, dtype):
+        if (
+                sys.platform == "cygwin" and dtype == np.clongdouble and
+                (
+                    _pep440.parse(platform.release().split("-")[0])
+                    < _pep440.Version("3.3.0")
+                )
+        ):
+            pytest.xfail(
+                reason="absl is computed in double precision on cygwin < 3.3"
+            )
+        self._test_abs_func(abs, dtype)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", floating_types + complex_floating_types)
+    def test_numpy_abs(self, dtype):
+        if (
+                sys.platform == "cygwin" and dtype == np.clongdouble and
+                (
+                    _pep440.parse(platform.release().split("-")[0])
+                    < _pep440.Version("3.3.0")
+                )
+        ):
+            pytest.xfail(
+                reason="absl is computed in double precision on cygwin < 3.3"
+            )
+        self._test_abs_func(np.abs, dtype)
+
+class TestBitShifts:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('type_code', np.typecodes['AllInteger'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('op',
+        [operator.rshift, operator.lshift], ids=['>>', '<<'])
+    def test_shift_all_bits(self, type_code, op):
+        """Shifts where the shift amount is the width of the type or wider """
+        if (
+                USING_CLANG_CL and
+                type_code in ("l", "L") and
+                op is operator.lshift
+        ):
+            pytest.xfail("Failing on clang-cl builds")
+        # gh-2449
+        dt = np.dtype(type_code)
+        nbits = dt.itemsize * 8
+        for val in [5, -5]:
+            for shift in [nbits, nbits + 4]:
+                val_scl = np.array(val).astype(dt)[()]
+                shift_scl = dt.type(shift)
+                res_scl = op(val_scl, shift_scl)
+                if val_scl < 0 and op is operator.rshift:
+                    # sign bit is preserved
+                    assert_equal(res_scl, -1)
+                else:
+                    assert_equal(res_scl, 0)
+
+                # Result on scalars should be the same as on arrays
+                val_arr = np.array([val_scl]*32, dtype=dt)
+                shift_arr = np.array([shift]*32, dtype=dt)
+                res_arr = op(val_arr, shift_arr)
+                assert_equal(res_arr, res_scl)
+
+
+class TestHash:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("type_code", np.typecodes['AllInteger'])
+    def test_integer_hashes(self, type_code):
+        scalar = np.dtype(type_code).type
+        for i in range(128):
+            assert hash(i) == hash(scalar(i))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("type_code", np.typecodes['AllFloat'])
+    def test_float_and_complex_hashes(self, type_code):
+        scalar = np.dtype(type_code).type
+        for val in [np.pi, np.inf, 3, 6.]:
+            numpy_val = scalar(val)
+            # Cast back to Python, in case the NumPy scalar has less precision
+            if numpy_val.dtype.kind == 'c':
+                val = complex(numpy_val)
+            else:
+                val = float(numpy_val)
+            assert val == numpy_val
+            assert hash(val) == hash(numpy_val)
+
+        if hash(float(np.nan)) != hash(float(np.nan)):
+            # If Python distinguishes different NaNs we do so too (gh-18833)
+            assert hash(scalar(np.nan)) != hash(scalar(np.nan))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("type_code", np.typecodes['Complex'])
+    def test_complex_hashes(self, type_code):
+        # Test some complex valued hashes specifically:
+        scalar = np.dtype(type_code).type
+        for val in [np.pi+1j, np.inf-3j, 3j, 6.+1j]:
+            numpy_val = scalar(val)
+            assert hash(complex(numpy_val)) == hash(numpy_val)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def recursionlimit(n):
+    o = sys.getrecursionlimit()
+    try:
+        sys.setrecursionlimit(n)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        sys.setrecursionlimit(o)
+
+
+@given(sampled_from(objecty_things),
+       sampled_from(reasonable_operators_for_scalars),
+       sampled_from(types))
+def test_operator_object_left(o, op, type_):
+    try:
+        with recursionlimit(200):
+            op(o, type_(1))
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
+
+@given(sampled_from(objecty_things),
+       sampled_from(reasonable_operators_for_scalars),
+       sampled_from(types))
+def test_operator_object_right(o, op, type_):
+    try:
+        with recursionlimit(200):
+            op(type_(1), o)
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
+
+@given(sampled_from(reasonable_operators_for_scalars),
+       sampled_from(types),
+       sampled_from(types))
+def test_operator_scalars(op, type1, type2):
+    try:
+        op(type1(1), type2(1))
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", reasonable_operators_for_scalars)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("val", [None, 2**64])
+def test_longdouble_inf_loop(op, val):
+    # Note: The 2**64 value will pass once NEP 50 is adopted.
+    try:
+        op(np.longdouble(3), val)
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    try:
+        op(val, np.longdouble(3))
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("op", reasonable_operators_for_scalars)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("val", [None, 2**64])
+def test_clongdouble_inf_loop(op, val):
+    # Note: The 2**64 value will pass once NEP 50 is adopted.
+    try:
+        op(np.clongdouble(3), val)
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    try:
+        op(val, np.longdouble(3))
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("operation", [
+        lambda min, max: max + max,
+        lambda min, max: min - max,
+        lambda min, max: max * max], ids=["+", "-", "*"])
+def test_scalar_integer_operation_overflow(dtype, operation):
+    st = np.dtype(dtype).type
+    min = st(np.iinfo(dtype).min)
+    max = st(np.iinfo(dtype).max)
+
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="overflow encountered"):
+        operation(min, max)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["Integer"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("operation", [
+        lambda min, neg_1: -min,
+        lambda min, neg_1: abs(min),
+        lambda min, neg_1: min * neg_1,
+        pytest.param(lambda min, neg_1: min // neg_1,
+            marks=pytest.mark.skip(reason="broken on some platforms"))],
+        ids=["neg", "abs", "*", "//"])
+def test_scalar_signed_integer_overflow(dtype, operation):
+    # The minimum signed integer can "overflow" for some additional operations
+    st = np.dtype(dtype).type
+    min = st(np.iinfo(dtype).min)
+    neg_1 = st(-1)
+
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="overflow encountered"):
+        operation(min, neg_1)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["UnsignedInteger"])
+def test_scalar_unsigned_integer_overflow(dtype):
+    val = np.dtype(dtype).type(8)
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="overflow encountered"):
+        -val
+
+    zero = np.dtype(dtype).type(0)
+    -zero  # does not warn
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("operation", [
+        lambda val, zero: val // zero,
+        lambda val, zero: val % zero, ], ids=["//", "%"])
+def test_scalar_integer_operation_divbyzero(dtype, operation):
+    st = np.dtype(dtype).type
+    val = st(100)
+    zero = st(0)
+
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="divide by zero"):
+        operation(val, zero)
+
+
+ops_with_names = [
+    ("__lt__", "__gt__", operator.lt, True),
+    ("__le__", "__ge__", operator.le, True),
+    ("__eq__", "__eq__", operator.eq, True),
+    # Note __op__ and __rop__ may be identical here:
+    ("__ne__", "__ne__", operator.ne, True),
+    ("__gt__", "__lt__", operator.gt, True),
+    ("__ge__", "__le__", operator.ge, True),
+    ("__floordiv__", "__rfloordiv__", operator.floordiv, False),
+    ("__truediv__", "__rtruediv__", operator.truediv, False),
+    ("__add__", "__radd__", operator.add, False),
+    ("__mod__", "__rmod__", operator.mod, False),
+    ("__mul__", "__rmul__", operator.mul, False),
+    ("__pow__", "__rpow__", operator.pow, False),
+    ("__sub__", "__rsub__", operator.sub, False),
+]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["__op__", "__rop__", "op", "cmp"], ops_with_names)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sctype", [np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble])
+def test_subclass_deferral(sctype, __op__, __rop__, op, cmp):
+    """
+    This test covers scalar subclass deferral.  Note that this is exceedingly
+    complicated, especially since it tends to fall back to the array paths and
+    these additionally add the "array priority" mechanism.
+
+    The behaviour was modified subtly in 1.22 (to make it closer to how Python
+    scalars work).  Due to its complexity and the fact that subclassing NumPy
+    scalars is probably a bad idea to begin with.  There is probably room
+    for adjustments here.
+    """
+    class myf_simple1(sctype):
+        pass
+
+    class myf_simple2(sctype):
+        pass
+
+    def op_func(self, other):
+        return __op__
+
+    def rop_func(self, other):
+        return __rop__
+
+    myf_op = type("myf_op", (sctype,), {__op__: op_func, __rop__: rop_func})
+
+    # inheritance has to override, or this is correctly lost:
+    res = op(myf_simple1(1), myf_simple2(2))
+    assert type(res) == sctype or type(res) == np.bool_
+    assert op(myf_simple1(1), myf_simple2(2)) == op(1, 2)  # inherited
+
+    # Two independent subclasses do not really define an order.  This could
+    # be attempted, but we do not since Python's `int` does neither:
+    assert op(myf_op(1), myf_simple1(2)) == __op__
+    assert op(myf_simple1(1), myf_op(2)) == op(1, 2)  # inherited
+
+
+def test_longdouble_complex():
+    # Simple test to check longdouble and complex combinations, since these
+    # need to go through promotion, which longdouble needs to be careful about.
+    x = np.longdouble(1)
+    assert x + 1j == 1+1j
+    assert 1j + x == 1+1j
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["__op__", "__rop__", "op", "cmp"], ops_with_names)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("subtype", [float, int, complex, np.float16])
+@np._no_nep50_warning()
+def test_pyscalar_subclasses(subtype, __op__, __rop__, op, cmp):
+    def op_func(self, other):
+        return __op__
+
+    def rop_func(self, other):
+        return __rop__
+
+    # Check that deferring is indicated using `__array_ufunc__`:
+    myt = type("myt", (subtype,),
+               {__op__: op_func, __rop__: rop_func, "__array_ufunc__": None})
+
+    # Just like normally, we should never presume we can modify the float.
+    assert op(myt(1), np.float64(2)) == __op__
+    assert op(np.float64(1), myt(2)) == __rop__
+
+    if op in {operator.mod, operator.floordiv} and subtype == complex:
+        return  # module is not support for complex.  Do not test.
+
+    if __rop__ == __op__:
+        return
+
+    # When no deferring is indicated, subclasses are handled normally.
+    myt = type("myt", (subtype,), {__rop__: rop_func})
+
+    # Check for float32, as a float subclass float64 may behave differently
+    res = op(myt(1), np.float16(2))
+    expected = op(subtype(1), np.float16(2))
+    assert res == expected
+    assert type(res) == type(expected)
+    res = op(np.float32(2), myt(1))
+    expected = op(np.float32(2), subtype(1))
+    assert res == expected
+    assert type(res) == type(expected)
+
+    # Same check for longdouble:
+    res = op(myt(1), np.longdouble(2))
+    expected = op(subtype(1), np.longdouble(2))
+    assert res == expected
+    assert type(res) == type(expected)
+    res = op(np.float32(2), myt(1))
+    expected = op(np.longdouble(2), subtype(1))
+    assert res == expected
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarprint.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarprint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98d1f4aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_scalarprint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+""" Test printing of scalar types.
+
+"""
+import code
+import platform
+import pytest
+import sys
+
+from tempfile import TemporaryFile
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, IS_MUSL
+
+class TestRealScalars:
+    def test_str(self):
+        svals = [0.0, -0.0, 1, -1, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]
+        styps = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble]
+        wanted = [
+             ['0.0',  '0.0',  '0.0',  '0.0' ],
+             ['-0.0', '-0.0', '-0.0', '-0.0'],
+             ['1.0',  '1.0',  '1.0',  '1.0' ],
+             ['-1.0', '-1.0', '-1.0', '-1.0'],
+             ['inf',  'inf',  'inf',  'inf' ],
+             ['-inf', '-inf', '-inf', '-inf'],
+             ['nan',  'nan',  'nan',  'nan']]
+
+        for wants, val in zip(wanted, svals):
+            for want, styp in zip(wants, styps):
+                msg = 'for str({}({}))'.format(np.dtype(styp).name, repr(val))
+                assert_equal(str(styp(val)), want, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_scalar_cutoffs(self):
+        # test that both the str and repr of np.float64 behaves
+        # like python floats in python3.
+        def check(v):
+            assert_equal(str(np.float64(v)), str(v))
+            assert_equal(str(np.float64(v)), repr(v))
+            assert_equal(repr(np.float64(v)), repr(v))
+            assert_equal(repr(np.float64(v)), str(v))
+
+        # check we use the same number of significant digits
+        check(1.12345678901234567890)
+        check(0.0112345678901234567890)
+
+        # check switch from scientific output to positional and back
+        check(1e-5)
+        check(1e-4)
+        check(1e15)
+        check(1e16)
+
+    def test_py2_float_print(self):
+        # gh-10753
+        # In python2, the python float type implements an obsolete method
+        # tp_print, which overrides tp_repr and tp_str when using "print" to
+        # output to a "real file" (ie, not a StringIO). Make sure we don't
+        # inherit it.
+        x = np.double(0.1999999999999)
+        with TemporaryFile('r+t') as f:
+            print(x, file=f)
+            f.seek(0)
+            output = f.read()
+        assert_equal(output, str(x) + '\n')
+        # In python2 the value float('0.1999999999999') prints with reduced
+        # precision as '0.2', but we want numpy's np.double('0.1999999999999')
+        # to print the unique value, '0.1999999999999'.
+
+        # gh-11031
+        # Only in the python2 interactive shell and when stdout is a "real"
+        # file, the output of the last command is printed to stdout without
+        # Py_PRINT_RAW (unlike the print statement) so `>>> x` and `>>> print
+        # x` are potentially different. Make sure they are the same. The only
+        # way I found to get prompt-like output is using an actual prompt from
+        # the 'code' module. Again, must use tempfile to get a "real" file.
+
+        # dummy user-input which enters one line and then ctrl-Ds.
+        def userinput():
+            yield 'np.sqrt(2)'
+            raise EOFError
+        gen = userinput()
+        input_func = lambda prompt="": next(gen)
+
+        with TemporaryFile('r+t') as fo, TemporaryFile('r+t') as fe:
+            orig_stdout, orig_stderr = sys.stdout, sys.stderr
+            sys.stdout, sys.stderr = fo, fe
+
+            code.interact(local={'np': np}, readfunc=input_func, banner='')
+
+            sys.stdout, sys.stderr = orig_stdout, orig_stderr
+
+            fo.seek(0)
+            capture = fo.read().strip()
+
+        assert_equal(capture, repr(np.sqrt(2)))
+
+    def test_dragon4(self):
+        # these tests are adapted from Ryan Juckett's dragon4 implementation,
+        # see dragon4.c for details.
+
+        fpos32 = lambda x, **k: np.format_float_positional(np.float32(x), **k)
+        fsci32 = lambda x, **k: np.format_float_scientific(np.float32(x), **k)
+        fpos64 = lambda x, **k: np.format_float_positional(np.float64(x), **k)
+        fsci64 = lambda x, **k: np.format_float_scientific(np.float64(x), **k)
+
+        preckwd = lambda prec: {'unique': False, 'precision': prec}
+
+        assert_equal(fpos32('1.0'), "1.")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('1.0'), "1.e+00")
+        assert_equal(fpos32('10.234'), "10.234")
+        assert_equal(fpos32('-10.234'), "-10.234")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('10.234'), "1.0234e+01")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('-10.234'), "-1.0234e+01")
+        assert_equal(fpos32('1000.0'), "1000.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32('1.0', precision=0), "1.")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('1.0', precision=0), "1.e+00")
+        assert_equal(fpos32('10.234', precision=0), "10.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32('-10.234', precision=0), "-10.")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('10.234', precision=0), "1.e+01")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('-10.234', precision=0), "-1.e+01")
+        assert_equal(fpos32('10.234', precision=2), "10.23")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('-10.234', precision=2), "-1.02e+01")
+        assert_equal(fsci64('9.9999999999999995e-08', **preckwd(16)),
+                            '9.9999999999999995e-08')
+        assert_equal(fsci64('9.8813129168249309e-324', **preckwd(16)),
+                            '9.8813129168249309e-324')
+        assert_equal(fsci64('9.9999999999999694e-311', **preckwd(16)),
+                            '9.9999999999999694e-311')
+
+
+        # test rounding
+        # 3.1415927410 is closest float32 to np.pi
+        assert_equal(fpos32('3.14159265358979323846', **preckwd(10)),
+                            "3.1415927410")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('3.14159265358979323846', **preckwd(10)),
+                            "3.1415927410e+00")
+        assert_equal(fpos64('3.14159265358979323846', **preckwd(10)),
+                            "3.1415926536")
+        assert_equal(fsci64('3.14159265358979323846', **preckwd(10)),
+                            "3.1415926536e+00")
+        # 299792448 is closest float32 to 299792458
+        assert_equal(fpos32('299792458.0', **preckwd(5)), "299792448.00000")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('299792458.0', **preckwd(5)), "2.99792e+08")
+        assert_equal(fpos64('299792458.0', **preckwd(5)), "299792458.00000")
+        assert_equal(fsci64('299792458.0', **preckwd(5)), "2.99792e+08")
+
+        assert_equal(fpos32('3.14159265358979323846', **preckwd(25)),
+                            "3.1415927410125732421875000")
+        assert_equal(fpos64('3.14159265358979323846', **preckwd(50)),
+                         "3.14159265358979311599796346854418516159057617187500")
+        assert_equal(fpos64('3.14159265358979323846'), "3.141592653589793")
+
+
+        # smallest numbers
+        assert_equal(fpos32(0.5**(126 + 23), unique=False, precision=149),
+                    "0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000140129846432"
+                    "4817070923729583289916131280261941876515771757068283889791"
+                    "08268586060148663818836212158203125")
+        
+        assert_equal(fpos64(5e-324, unique=False, precision=1074),
+                    "0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+                    "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+                    "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+                    "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+                    "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+                    "0000000000000000000000000000000000049406564584124654417656"
+                    "8792868221372365059802614324764425585682500675507270208751"
+                    "8652998363616359923797965646954457177309266567103559397963"
+                    "9877479601078187812630071319031140452784581716784898210368"
+                    "8718636056998730723050006387409153564984387312473397273169"
+                    "6151400317153853980741262385655911710266585566867681870395"
+                    "6031062493194527159149245532930545654440112748012970999954"
+                    "1931989409080416563324524757147869014726780159355238611550"
+                    "1348035264934720193790268107107491703332226844753335720832"
+                    "4319360923828934583680601060115061698097530783422773183292"
+                    "4790498252473077637592724787465608477820373446969953364701"
+                    "7972677717585125660551199131504891101451037862738167250955"
+                    "8373897335989936648099411642057026370902792427675445652290"
+                    "87538682506419718265533447265625")
+
+        # largest numbers
+        f32x = np.finfo(np.float32).max
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, **preckwd(0)),
+                    "340282346638528859811704183484516925440.")
+        assert_equal(fpos64(np.finfo(np.float64).max, **preckwd(0)),
+                    "1797693134862315708145274237317043567980705675258449965989"
+                    "1747680315726078002853876058955863276687817154045895351438"
+                    "2464234321326889464182768467546703537516986049910576551282"
+                    "0762454900903893289440758685084551339423045832369032229481"
+                    "6580855933212334827479782620414472316873817718091929988125"
+                    "0404026184124858368.")
+        # Warning: In unique mode only the integer digits necessary for
+        # uniqueness are computed, the rest are 0.
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x),
+                    "340282350000000000000000000000000000000.")
+
+        # Further tests of zero-padding vs rounding in different combinations
+        # of unique, fractional, precision, min_digits
+        # precision can only reduce digits, not add them.
+        # min_digits can only extend digits, not reduce them.
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=True, precision=0),
+                    "340282350000000000000000000000000000000.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=True, precision=4),
+                    "340282350000000000000000000000000000000.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=True, min_digits=0),
+                    "340282346638528859811704183484516925440.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=True, min_digits=4),
+                    "340282346638528859811704183484516925440.0000")
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=True,
+                                    min_digits=4, precision=4),
+                    "340282346638528859811704183484516925440.0000")
+        assert_raises(ValueError, fpos32, f32x, unique=True, fractional=False,
+                                          precision=0)
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=False, precision=4),
+                    "340300000000000000000000000000000000000.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=False, precision=20),
+                    "340282350000000000000000000000000000000.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=False, min_digits=4),
+                    "340282350000000000000000000000000000000.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=False,
+                                  min_digits=20),
+                    "340282346638528859810000000000000000000.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=True, fractional=False,
+                                  min_digits=15),
+                    "340282346638529000000000000000000000000.")
+        assert_equal(fpos32(f32x, unique=False, fractional=False, precision=4),
+                    "340300000000000000000000000000000000000.")
+        # test that unique rounding is preserved when precision is supplied
+        # but no extra digits need to be printed (gh-18609)
+        a = np.float64.fromhex('-1p-97')
+        assert_equal(fsci64(a, unique=True), '-6.310887241768095e-30')
+        assert_equal(fsci64(a, unique=False, precision=15),
+                     '-6.310887241768094e-30')
+        assert_equal(fsci64(a, unique=True, precision=15),
+                     '-6.310887241768095e-30')
+        assert_equal(fsci64(a, unique=True, min_digits=15),
+                     '-6.310887241768095e-30')
+        assert_equal(fsci64(a, unique=True, precision=15, min_digits=15),
+                     '-6.310887241768095e-30')
+        # adds/remove digits in unique mode with unbiased rnding
+        assert_equal(fsci64(a, unique=True, precision=14),
+                     '-6.31088724176809e-30')
+        assert_equal(fsci64(a, unique=True, min_digits=16),
+                     '-6.3108872417680944e-30')
+        assert_equal(fsci64(a, unique=True, precision=16),
+                     '-6.310887241768095e-30')
+        assert_equal(fsci64(a, unique=True, min_digits=14),
+                     '-6.310887241768095e-30')
+        # test min_digits in unique mode with different rounding cases
+        assert_equal(fsci64('1e120', min_digits=3), '1.000e+120')
+        assert_equal(fsci64('1e100', min_digits=3), '1.000e+100')
+
+        # test trailing zeros
+        assert_equal(fpos32('1.0', unique=False, precision=3), "1.000")
+        assert_equal(fpos64('1.0', unique=False, precision=3), "1.000")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('1.0', unique=False, precision=3), "1.000e+00")
+        assert_equal(fsci64('1.0', unique=False, precision=3), "1.000e+00")
+        assert_equal(fpos32('1.5', unique=False, precision=3), "1.500")
+        assert_equal(fpos64('1.5', unique=False, precision=3), "1.500")
+        assert_equal(fsci32('1.5', unique=False, precision=3), "1.500e+00")
+        assert_equal(fsci64('1.5', unique=False, precision=3), "1.500e+00")
+        # gh-10713
+        assert_equal(fpos64('324', unique=False, precision=5,
+                                   fractional=False), "324.00")
+
+    def test_dragon4_interface(self):
+        tps = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64]
+        # test is flaky for musllinux on np.float128
+        if hasattr(np, 'float128') and not IS_MUSL:
+            tps.append(np.float128)
+
+        fpos = np.format_float_positional
+        fsci = np.format_float_scientific
+
+        for tp in tps:
+            # test padding
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.0'), pad_left=4, pad_right=4), "   1.    ")
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('-1.0'), pad_left=4, pad_right=4), "  -1.    ")
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('-10.2'),
+                         pad_left=4, pad_right=4), " -10.2   ")
+
+            # test exp_digits
+            assert_equal(fsci(tp('1.23e1'), exp_digits=5), "1.23e+00001")
+
+            # test fixed (non-unique) mode
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.0'), unique=False, precision=4), "1.0000")
+            assert_equal(fsci(tp('1.0'), unique=False, precision=4),
+                         "1.0000e+00")
+
+            # test trimming
+            # trim of 'k' or '.' only affects non-unique mode, since unique
+            # mode will not output trailing 0s.
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.'), unique=False, precision=4, trim='k'),
+                         "1.0000")
+
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.'), unique=False, precision=4, trim='.'),
+                         "1.")
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.2'), unique=False, precision=4, trim='.'),
+                         "1.2" if tp != np.float16 else "1.2002")
+
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.'), unique=False, precision=4, trim='0'),
+                         "1.0")
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.2'), unique=False, precision=4, trim='0'),
+                         "1.2" if tp != np.float16 else "1.2002")
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.'), trim='0'), "1.0")
+
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.'), unique=False, precision=4, trim='-'),
+                         "1")
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.2'), unique=False, precision=4, trim='-'),
+                         "1.2" if tp != np.float16 else "1.2002")
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.'), trim='-'), "1")
+            assert_equal(fpos(tp('1.001'), precision=1, trim='-'), "1")
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not platform.machine().startswith("ppc64"),
+                        reason="only applies to ppc float128 values")
+    def test_ppc64_ibm_double_double128(self):
+        # check that the precision decreases once we get into the subnormal
+        # range. Unlike float64, this starts around 1e-292 instead of 1e-308,
+        # which happens when the first double is normal and the second is
+        # subnormal.
+        x = np.float128('2.123123123123123123123123123123123e-286')
+        got = [str(x/np.float128('2e' + str(i))) for i in range(0,40)]
+        expected = [
+            "1.06156156156156156156156156156157e-286",
+            "1.06156156156156156156156156156158e-287",
+            "1.06156156156156156156156156156159e-288",
+            "1.0615615615615615615615615615616e-289",
+            "1.06156156156156156156156156156157e-290",
+            "1.06156156156156156156156156156156e-291",
+            "1.0615615615615615615615615615616e-292",
+            "1.0615615615615615615615615615615e-293",
+            "1.061561561561561561561561561562e-294",
+            "1.06156156156156156156156156155e-295",
+            "1.0615615615615615615615615616e-296",
+            "1.06156156156156156156156156e-297",
+            "1.06156156156156156156156157e-298",
+            "1.0615615615615615615615616e-299",
+            "1.06156156156156156156156e-300",
+            "1.06156156156156156156155e-301",
+            "1.0615615615615615615616e-302",
+            "1.061561561561561561562e-303",
+            "1.06156156156156156156e-304",
+            "1.0615615615615615618e-305",
+            "1.06156156156156156e-306",
+            "1.06156156156156157e-307",
+            "1.0615615615615616e-308",
+            "1.06156156156156e-309",
+            "1.06156156156157e-310",
+            "1.0615615615616e-311",
+            "1.06156156156e-312",
+            "1.06156156154e-313",
+            "1.0615615616e-314",
+            "1.06156156e-315",
+            "1.06156155e-316",
+            "1.061562e-317",
+            "1.06156e-318",
+            "1.06155e-319",
+            "1.0617e-320",
+            "1.06e-321",
+            "1.04e-322",
+            "1e-323",
+            "0.0",
+            "0.0"]
+        assert_equal(got, expected)
+
+        # Note: we follow glibc behavior, but it (or gcc) might not be right.
+        # In particular we can get two values that print the same but are not
+        # equal:
+        a = np.float128('2')/np.float128('3')
+        b = np.float128(str(a))
+        assert_equal(str(a), str(b))
+        assert_(a != b)
+
+    def float32_roundtrip(self):
+        # gh-9360
+        x = np.float32(1024 - 2**-14)
+        y = np.float32(1024 - 2**-13)
+        assert_(repr(x) != repr(y))
+        assert_equal(np.float32(repr(x)), x)
+        assert_equal(np.float32(repr(y)), y)
+
+    def float64_vs_python(self):
+        # gh-2643, gh-6136, gh-6908
+        assert_equal(repr(np.float64(0.1)), repr(0.1))
+        assert_(repr(np.float64(0.20000000000000004)) != repr(0.2))
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_shape_base.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_shape_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0428b95a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_shape_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
+import pytest
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.core import (
+    array, arange, atleast_1d, atleast_2d, atleast_3d, block, vstack, hstack,
+    newaxis, concatenate, stack
+    )
+from numpy.core.shape_base import (_block_dispatcher, _block_setup,
+                                   _block_concatenate, _block_slicing)
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_raises, assert_array_equal, assert_equal,
+    assert_raises_regex, assert_warns, IS_PYPY
+    )
+
+
+class TestAtleast1d:
+    def test_0D_array(self):
+        a = array(1)
+        b = array(2)
+        res = [atleast_1d(a), atleast_1d(b)]
+        desired = [array([1]), array([2])]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_1D_array(self):
+        a = array([1, 2])
+        b = array([2, 3])
+        res = [atleast_1d(a), atleast_1d(b)]
+        desired = [array([1, 2]), array([2, 3])]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_2D_array(self):
+        a = array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
+        b = array([[2, 3], [2, 3]])
+        res = [atleast_1d(a), atleast_1d(b)]
+        desired = [a, b]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_3D_array(self):
+        a = array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
+        b = array([[2, 3], [2, 3]])
+        a = array([a, a])
+        b = array([b, b])
+        res = [atleast_1d(a), atleast_1d(b)]
+        desired = [a, b]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_r1array(self):
+        """ Test to make sure equivalent Travis O's r1array function
+        """
+        assert_(atleast_1d(3).shape == (1,))
+        assert_(atleast_1d(3j).shape == (1,))
+        assert_(atleast_1d(3.0).shape == (1,))
+        assert_(atleast_1d([[2, 3], [4, 5]]).shape == (2, 2))
+
+
+class TestAtleast2d:
+    def test_0D_array(self):
+        a = array(1)
+        b = array(2)
+        res = [atleast_2d(a), atleast_2d(b)]
+        desired = [array([[1]]), array([[2]])]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_1D_array(self):
+        a = array([1, 2])
+        b = array([2, 3])
+        res = [atleast_2d(a), atleast_2d(b)]
+        desired = [array([[1, 2]]), array([[2, 3]])]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_2D_array(self):
+        a = array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
+        b = array([[2, 3], [2, 3]])
+        res = [atleast_2d(a), atleast_2d(b)]
+        desired = [a, b]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_3D_array(self):
+        a = array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
+        b = array([[2, 3], [2, 3]])
+        a = array([a, a])
+        b = array([b, b])
+        res = [atleast_2d(a), atleast_2d(b)]
+        desired = [a, b]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_r2array(self):
+        """ Test to make sure equivalent Travis O's r2array function
+        """
+        assert_(atleast_2d(3).shape == (1, 1))
+        assert_(atleast_2d([3j, 1]).shape == (1, 2))
+        assert_(atleast_2d([[[3, 1], [4, 5]], [[3, 5], [1, 2]]]).shape == (2, 2, 2))
+
+
+class TestAtleast3d:
+    def test_0D_array(self):
+        a = array(1)
+        b = array(2)
+        res = [atleast_3d(a), atleast_3d(b)]
+        desired = [array([[[1]]]), array([[[2]]])]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_1D_array(self):
+        a = array([1, 2])
+        b = array([2, 3])
+        res = [atleast_3d(a), atleast_3d(b)]
+        desired = [array([[[1], [2]]]), array([[[2], [3]]])]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_2D_array(self):
+        a = array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
+        b = array([[2, 3], [2, 3]])
+        res = [atleast_3d(a), atleast_3d(b)]
+        desired = [a[:,:, newaxis], b[:,:, newaxis]]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_3D_array(self):
+        a = array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
+        b = array([[2, 3], [2, 3]])
+        a = array([a, a])
+        b = array([b, b])
+        res = [atleast_3d(a), atleast_3d(b)]
+        desired = [a, b]
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+
+class TestHstack:
+    def test_non_iterable(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, hstack, 1)
+
+    def test_empty_input(self):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, hstack, ())
+
+    def test_0D_array(self):
+        a = array(1)
+        b = array(2)
+        res = hstack([a, b])
+        desired = array([1, 2])
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_1D_array(self):
+        a = array([1])
+        b = array([2])
+        res = hstack([a, b])
+        desired = array([1, 2])
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_2D_array(self):
+        a = array([[1], [2]])
+        b = array([[1], [2]])
+        res = hstack([a, b])
+        desired = array([[1, 1], [2, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_generator(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="arrays to stack must be"):
+            hstack((np.arange(3) for _ in range(2)))
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="arrays to stack must be"):
+            hstack(map(lambda x: x, np.ones((3, 2))))
+
+    def test_casting_and_dtype(self):
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        b = np.array([2.5, 3.5, 4.5])
+        res = np.hstack((a, b), casting="unsafe", dtype=np.int64)
+        expected_res = np.array([1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4])
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected_res)
+    
+    def test_casting_and_dtype_type_error(self):
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        b = np.array([2.5, 3.5, 4.5])
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            hstack((a, b), casting="safe", dtype=np.int64)
+
+
+class TestVstack:
+    def test_non_iterable(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, vstack, 1)
+
+    def test_empty_input(self):
+        assert_raises(ValueError, vstack, ())
+
+    def test_0D_array(self):
+        a = array(1)
+        b = array(2)
+        res = vstack([a, b])
+        desired = array([[1], [2]])
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_1D_array(self):
+        a = array([1])
+        b = array([2])
+        res = vstack([a, b])
+        desired = array([[1], [2]])
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_2D_array(self):
+        a = array([[1], [2]])
+        b = array([[1], [2]])
+        res = vstack([a, b])
+        desired = array([[1], [2], [1], [2]])
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_2D_array2(self):
+        a = array([1, 2])
+        b = array([1, 2])
+        res = vstack([a, b])
+        desired = array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(res, desired)
+
+    def test_generator(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="arrays to stack must be"):
+            vstack((np.arange(3) for _ in range(2)))
+
+    def test_casting_and_dtype(self):
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        b = np.array([2.5, 3.5, 4.5])
+        res = np.vstack((a, b), casting="unsafe", dtype=np.int64)
+        expected_res = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4]])
+        assert_array_equal(res, expected_res)
+    
+    def test_casting_and_dtype_type_error(self):
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        b = np.array([2.5, 3.5, 4.5])
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            vstack((a, b), casting="safe", dtype=np.int64)
+        
+
+
+class TestConcatenate:
+    def test_returns_copy(self):
+        a = np.eye(3)
+        b = np.concatenate([a])
+        b[0, 0] = 2
+        assert b[0, 0] != a[0, 0]
+
+    def test_exceptions(self):
+        # test axis must be in bounds
+        for ndim in [1, 2, 3]:
+            a = np.ones((1,)*ndim)
+            np.concatenate((a, a), axis=0)  # OK
+            assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.concatenate, (a, a), axis=ndim)
+            assert_raises(np.AxisError, np.concatenate, (a, a), axis=-(ndim + 1))
+
+        # Scalars cannot be concatenated
+        assert_raises(ValueError, concatenate, (0,))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, concatenate, (np.array(0),))
+
+        # dimensionality must match
+        assert_raises_regex(
+            ValueError,
+            r"all the input arrays must have same number of dimensions, but "
+            r"the array at index 0 has 1 dimension\(s\) and the array at "
+            r"index 1 has 2 dimension\(s\)",
+            np.concatenate, (np.zeros(1), np.zeros((1, 1))))
+
+        # test shapes must match except for concatenation axis
+        a = np.ones((1, 2, 3))
+        b = np.ones((2, 2, 3))
+        axis = list(range(3))
+        for i in range(3):
+            np.concatenate((a, b), axis=axis[0])  # OK
+            assert_raises_regex(
+                ValueError,
+                "all the input array dimensions except for the concatenation axis "
+                "must match exactly, but along dimension {}, the array at "
+                "index 0 has size 1 and the array at index 1 has size 2"
+                .format(i),
+                np.concatenate, (a, b), axis=axis[1])
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.concatenate, (a, b), axis=axis[2])
+            a = np.moveaxis(a, -1, 0)
+            b = np.moveaxis(b, -1, 0)
+            axis.append(axis.pop(0))
+
+        # No arrays to concatenate raises ValueError
+        assert_raises(ValueError, concatenate, ())
+
+    def test_concatenate_axis_None(self):
+        a = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float64).reshape((2, 2))
+        b = list(range(3))
+        c = ['x']
+        r = np.concatenate((a, a), axis=None)
+        assert_equal(r.dtype, a.dtype)
+        assert_equal(r.ndim, 1)
+        r = np.concatenate((a, b), axis=None)
+        assert_equal(r.size, a.size + len(b))
+        assert_equal(r.dtype, a.dtype)
+        r = np.concatenate((a, b, c), axis=None, dtype="U")
+        d = array(['0.0', '1.0', '2.0', '3.0',
+                   '0', '1', '2', 'x'])
+        assert_array_equal(r, d)
+
+        out = np.zeros(a.size + len(b))
+        r = np.concatenate((a, b), axis=None)
+        rout = np.concatenate((a, b), axis=None, out=out)
+        assert_(out is rout)
+        assert_equal(r, rout)
+
+    def test_large_concatenate_axis_None(self):
+        # When no axis is given, concatenate uses flattened versions.
+        # This also had a bug with many arrays (see gh-5979).
+        x = np.arange(1, 100)
+        r = np.concatenate(x, None)
+        assert_array_equal(x, r)
+
+        # This should probably be deprecated:
+        r = np.concatenate(x, 100)  # axis is >= MAXDIMS
+        assert_array_equal(x, r)
+
+    def test_concatenate(self):
+        # Test concatenate function
+        # One sequence returns unmodified (but as array)
+        r4 = list(range(4))
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((r4,)), r4)
+        # Any sequence
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((tuple(r4),)), r4)
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((array(r4),)), r4)
+        # 1D default concatenation
+        r3 = list(range(3))
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((r4, r3)), r4 + r3)
+        # Mixed sequence types
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((tuple(r4), r3)), r4 + r3)
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((array(r4), r3)), r4 + r3)
+        # Explicit axis specification
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((r4, r3), 0), r4 + r3)
+        # Including negative
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((r4, r3), -1), r4 + r3)
+        # 2D
+        a23 = array([[10, 11, 12], [13, 14, 15]])
+        a13 = array([[0, 1, 2]])
+        res = array([[10, 11, 12], [13, 14, 15], [0, 1, 2]])
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((a23, a13)), res)
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((a23, a13), 0), res)
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((a23.T, a13.T), 1), res.T)
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((a23.T, a13.T), -1), res.T)
+        # Arrays much match shape
+        assert_raises(ValueError, concatenate, (a23.T, a13.T), 0)
+        # 3D
+        res = arange(2 * 3 * 7).reshape((2, 3, 7))
+        a0 = res[..., :4]
+        a1 = res[..., 4:6]
+        a2 = res[..., 6:]
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((a0, a1, a2), 2), res)
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((a0, a1, a2), -1), res)
+        assert_array_equal(concatenate((a0.T, a1.T, a2.T), 0), res.T)
+
+        out = res.copy()
+        rout = concatenate((a0, a1, a2), 2, out=out)
+        assert_(out is rout)
+        assert_equal(res, rout)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY, reason="PYPY handles sq_concat, nb_add differently than cpython")
+    def test_operator_concat(self):
+        import operator
+        a = array([1, 2])
+        b = array([3, 4])
+        n = [1,2]
+        res = array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.concat, a, b)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.concat, a, n)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.concat, n, a)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.concat, a, 1)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, operator.concat, 1, a)
+
+    def test_bad_out_shape(self):
+        a = array([1, 2])
+        b = array([3, 4])
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, concatenate, (a, b), out=np.empty(5))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, concatenate, (a, b), out=np.empty((4,1)))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, concatenate, (a, b), out=np.empty((1,4)))
+        concatenate((a, b), out=np.empty(4))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("axis", [None, 0])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("out_dtype", ["c8", "f4", "f8", ">f8", "i8", "S4"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("casting",
+            ['no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'])
+    def test_out_and_dtype(self, axis, out_dtype, casting):
+        # Compare usage of `out=out` with `dtype=out.dtype`
+        out = np.empty(4, dtype=out_dtype)
+        to_concat = (array([1.1, 2.2]), array([3.3, 4.4]))
+
+        if not np.can_cast(to_concat[0], out_dtype, casting=casting):
+            with assert_raises(TypeError):
+                concatenate(to_concat, out=out, axis=axis, casting=casting)
+            with assert_raises(TypeError):
+                concatenate(to_concat, dtype=out.dtype,
+                            axis=axis, casting=casting)
+        else:
+            res_out = concatenate(to_concat, out=out,
+                                  axis=axis, casting=casting)
+            res_dtype = concatenate(to_concat, dtype=out.dtype,
+                                    axis=axis, casting=casting)
+            assert res_out is out
+            assert_array_equal(out, res_dtype)
+            assert res_dtype.dtype == out_dtype
+
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            concatenate(to_concat, out=out, dtype=out_dtype, axis=axis)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("axis", [None, 0])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("string_dt", ["S", "U", "S0", "U0"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arrs",
+            [([0.],), ([0.], [1]), ([0], ["string"], [1.])])
+    def test_dtype_with_promotion(self, arrs, string_dt, axis):
+        # Note that U0 and S0 should be deprecated eventually and changed to
+        # actually give the empty string result (together with `np.array`)
+        res = np.concatenate(arrs, axis=axis, dtype=string_dt, casting="unsafe")
+        # The actual dtype should be identical to a cast (of a double array):
+        assert res.dtype == np.array(1.).astype(string_dt).dtype
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("axis", [None, 0])
+    def test_string_dtype_does_not_inspect(self, axis):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.concatenate(([None], [1]), dtype="S", axis=axis)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.concatenate(([None], [1]), dtype="U", axis=axis)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("axis", [None, 0])
+    def test_subarray_error(self, axis):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=".*subarray dtype"):
+            np.concatenate(([1], [1]), dtype="(2,)i", axis=axis)
+
+
+def test_stack():
+    # non-iterable input
+    assert_raises(TypeError, stack, 1)
+
+    # 0d input
+    for input_ in [(1, 2, 3),
+                   [np.int32(1), np.int32(2), np.int32(3)],
+                   [np.array(1), np.array(2), np.array(3)]]:
+        assert_array_equal(stack(input_), [1, 2, 3])
+    # 1d input examples
+    a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
+    r1 = array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
+    assert_array_equal(np.stack((a, b)), r1)
+    assert_array_equal(np.stack((a, b), axis=1), r1.T)
+    # all input types
+    assert_array_equal(np.stack(list([a, b])), r1)
+    assert_array_equal(np.stack(array([a, b])), r1)
+    # all shapes for 1d input
+    arrays = [np.random.randn(3) for _ in range(10)]
+    axes = [0, 1, -1, -2]
+    expected_shapes = [(10, 3), (3, 10), (3, 10), (10, 3)]
+    for axis, expected_shape in zip(axes, expected_shapes):
+        assert_equal(np.stack(arrays, axis).shape, expected_shape)
+    assert_raises_regex(np.AxisError, 'out of bounds', stack, arrays, axis=2)
+    assert_raises_regex(np.AxisError, 'out of bounds', stack, arrays, axis=-3)
+    # all shapes for 2d input
+    arrays = [np.random.randn(3, 4) for _ in range(10)]
+    axes = [0, 1, 2, -1, -2, -3]
+    expected_shapes = [(10, 3, 4), (3, 10, 4), (3, 4, 10),
+                       (3, 4, 10), (3, 10, 4), (10, 3, 4)]
+    for axis, expected_shape in zip(axes, expected_shapes):
+        assert_equal(np.stack(arrays, axis).shape, expected_shape)
+    # empty arrays
+    assert_(stack([[], [], []]).shape == (3, 0))
+    assert_(stack([[], [], []], axis=1).shape == (0, 3))
+    # out
+    out = np.zeros_like(r1)
+    np.stack((a, b), out=out)
+    assert_array_equal(out, r1)
+    # edge cases
+    assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'need at least one array', stack, [])
+    assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'must have the same shape',
+                        stack, [1, np.arange(3)])
+    assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'must have the same shape',
+                        stack, [np.arange(3), 1])
+    assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'must have the same shape',
+                        stack, [np.arange(3), 1], axis=1)
+    assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'must have the same shape',
+                        stack, [np.zeros((3, 3)), np.zeros(3)], axis=1)
+    assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'must have the same shape',
+                        stack, [np.arange(2), np.arange(3)])
+
+    # do not accept generators
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="arrays to stack must be"):
+        stack((x for x in range(3)))
+
+    #casting and dtype test
+    a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    b = np.array([2.5, 3.5, 4.5])
+    res = np.stack((a, b), axis=1, casting="unsafe", dtype=np.int64)
+    expected_res = np.array([[1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4]])
+    assert_array_equal(res, expected_res)
+    #casting and dtype with TypeError
+    with assert_raises(TypeError):
+        stack((a, b), dtype=np.int64, axis=1, casting="safe")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("axis", [0])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("out_dtype", ["c8", "f4", "f8", ">f8", "i8"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("casting",
+                         ['no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'])
+def test_stack_out_and_dtype(axis, out_dtype, casting):
+    to_concat = (array([1, 2]), array([3, 4]))
+    res = array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    out = np.zeros_like(res)
+
+    if not np.can_cast(to_concat[0], out_dtype, casting=casting):
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            stack(to_concat, dtype=out_dtype,
+                  axis=axis, casting=casting)
+    else:
+        res_out = stack(to_concat, out=out,
+                        axis=axis, casting=casting)
+        res_dtype = stack(to_concat, dtype=out_dtype,
+                          axis=axis, casting=casting)
+        assert res_out is out
+        assert_array_equal(out, res_dtype)
+        assert res_dtype.dtype == out_dtype
+
+    with assert_raises(TypeError):
+        stack(to_concat, out=out, dtype=out_dtype, axis=axis)
+
+
+class TestBlock:
+    @pytest.fixture(params=['block', 'force_concatenate', 'force_slicing'])
+    def block(self, request):
+        # blocking small arrays and large arrays go through different paths.
+        # the algorithm is triggered depending on the number of element
+        # copies required.
+        # We define a test fixture that forces most tests to go through
+        # both code paths.
+        # Ultimately, this should be removed if a single algorithm is found
+        # to be faster for both small and large arrays.
+        def _block_force_concatenate(arrays):
+            arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim, _ = _block_setup(arrays)
+            return _block_concatenate(arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim)
+
+        def _block_force_slicing(arrays):
+            arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim, _ = _block_setup(arrays)
+            return _block_slicing(arrays, list_ndim, result_ndim)
+
+        if request.param == 'force_concatenate':
+            return _block_force_concatenate
+        elif request.param == 'force_slicing':
+            return _block_force_slicing
+        elif request.param == 'block':
+            return block
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Unknown blocking request. There is a typo in the tests.')
+
+    def test_returns_copy(self, block):
+        a = np.eye(3)
+        b = block(a)
+        b[0, 0] = 2
+        assert b[0, 0] != a[0, 0]
+
+    def test_block_total_size_estimate(self, block):
+        _, _, _, total_size = _block_setup([1])
+        assert total_size == 1
+
+        _, _, _, total_size = _block_setup([[1]])
+        assert total_size == 1
+
+        _, _, _, total_size = _block_setup([[1, 1]])
+        assert total_size == 2
+
+        _, _, _, total_size = _block_setup([[1], [1]])
+        assert total_size == 2
+
+        _, _, _, total_size = _block_setup([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+        assert total_size == 4
+
+    def test_block_simple_row_wise(self, block):
+        a_2d = np.ones((2, 2))
+        b_2d = 2 * a_2d
+        desired = np.array([[1, 1, 2, 2],
+                            [1, 1, 2, 2]])
+        result = block([a_2d, b_2d])
+        assert_equal(desired, result)
+
+    def test_block_simple_column_wise(self, block):
+        a_2d = np.ones((2, 2))
+        b_2d = 2 * a_2d
+        expected = np.array([[1, 1],
+                             [1, 1],
+                             [2, 2],
+                             [2, 2]])
+        result = block([[a_2d], [b_2d]])
+        assert_equal(expected, result)
+
+    def test_block_with_1d_arrays_row_wise(self, block):
+        # # # 1-D vectors are treated as row arrays
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        b = np.array([2, 3, 4])
+        expected = np.array([1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4])
+        result = block([a, b])
+        assert_equal(expected, result)
+
+    def test_block_with_1d_arrays_multiple_rows(self, block):
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        b = np.array([2, 3, 4])
+        expected = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4],
+                             [1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4]])
+        result = block([[a, b], [a, b]])
+        assert_equal(expected, result)
+
+    def test_block_with_1d_arrays_column_wise(self, block):
+        # # # 1-D vectors are treated as row arrays
+        a_1d = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        b_1d = np.array([2, 3, 4])
+        expected = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
+                             [2, 3, 4]])
+        result = block([[a_1d], [b_1d]])
+        assert_equal(expected, result)
+
+    def test_block_mixed_1d_and_2d(self, block):
+        a_2d = np.ones((2, 2))
+        b_1d = np.array([2, 2])
+        result = block([[a_2d], [b_1d]])
+        expected = np.array([[1, 1],
+                             [1, 1],
+                             [2, 2]])
+        assert_equal(expected, result)
+
+    def test_block_complicated(self, block):
+        # a bit more complicated
+        one_2d = np.array([[1, 1, 1]])
+        two_2d = np.array([[2, 2, 2]])
+        three_2d = np.array([[3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3]])
+        four_1d = np.array([4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4])
+        five_0d = np.array(5)
+        six_1d = np.array([6, 6, 6, 6, 6])
+        zero_2d = np.zeros((2, 6))
+
+        expected = np.array([[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
+                             [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3],
+                             [4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
+                             [5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6],
+                             [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+                             [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
+
+        result = block([[one_2d, two_2d],
+                        [three_2d],
+                        [four_1d],
+                        [five_0d, six_1d],
+                        [zero_2d]])
+        assert_equal(result, expected)
+
+    def test_nested(self, block):
+        one = np.array([1, 1, 1])
+        two = np.array([[2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2]])
+        three = np.array([3, 3, 3])
+        four = np.array([4, 4, 4])
+        five = np.array(5)
+        six = np.array([6, 6, 6, 6, 6])
+        zero = np.zeros((2, 6))
+
+        result = block([
+            [
+                block([
+                   [one],
+                   [three],
+                   [four]
+                ]),
+                two
+            ],
+            [five, six],
+            [zero]
+        ])
+        expected = np.array([[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
+                             [3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2],
+                             [4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2],
+                             [5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6],
+                             [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+                             [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
+
+        assert_equal(result, expected)
+
+    def test_3d(self, block):
+        a000 = np.ones((2, 2, 2), int) * 1
+
+        a100 = np.ones((3, 2, 2), int) * 2
+        a010 = np.ones((2, 3, 2), int) * 3
+        a001 = np.ones((2, 2, 3), int) * 4
+
+        a011 = np.ones((2, 3, 3), int) * 5
+        a101 = np.ones((3, 2, 3), int) * 6
+        a110 = np.ones((3, 3, 2), int) * 7
+
+        a111 = np.ones((3, 3, 3), int) * 8
+
+        result = block([
+            [
+                [a000, a001],
+                [a010, a011],
+            ],
+            [
+                [a100, a101],
+                [a110, a111],
+            ]
+        ])
+        expected = array([[[1, 1, 4, 4, 4],
+                           [1, 1, 4, 4, 4],
+                           [3, 3, 5, 5, 5],
+                           [3, 3, 5, 5, 5],
+                           [3, 3, 5, 5, 5]],
+
+                          [[1, 1, 4, 4, 4],
+                           [1, 1, 4, 4, 4],
+                           [3, 3, 5, 5, 5],
+                           [3, 3, 5, 5, 5],
+                           [3, 3, 5, 5, 5]],
+
+                          [[2, 2, 6, 6, 6],
+                           [2, 2, 6, 6, 6],
+                           [7, 7, 8, 8, 8],
+                           [7, 7, 8, 8, 8],
+                           [7, 7, 8, 8, 8]],
+
+                          [[2, 2, 6, 6, 6],
+                           [2, 2, 6, 6, 6],
+                           [7, 7, 8, 8, 8],
+                           [7, 7, 8, 8, 8],
+                           [7, 7, 8, 8, 8]],
+
+                          [[2, 2, 6, 6, 6],
+                           [2, 2, 6, 6, 6],
+                           [7, 7, 8, 8, 8],
+                           [7, 7, 8, 8, 8],
+                           [7, 7, 8, 8, 8]]])
+
+        assert_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+    def test_block_with_mismatched_shape(self, block):
+        a = np.array([0, 0])
+        b = np.eye(2)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, block, [a, b])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, block, [b, a])
+
+        to_block = [[np.ones((2,3)), np.ones((2,2))],
+                    [np.ones((2,2)), np.ones((2,2))]]
+        assert_raises(ValueError, block, to_block)
+    def test_no_lists(self, block):
+        assert_equal(block(1),         np.array(1))
+        assert_equal(block(np.eye(3)), np.eye(3))
+
+    def test_invalid_nesting(self, block):
+        msg = 'depths are mismatched'
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, msg, block, [1, [2]])
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, msg, block, [1, []])
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, msg, block, [[1], 2])
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, msg, block, [[], 2])
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, msg, block, [
+            [[1], [2]],
+            [[3, 4]],
+            [5]  # missing brackets
+        ])
+
+    def test_empty_lists(self, block):
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'empty', block, [])
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'empty', block, [[]])
+        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'empty', block, [[1], []])
+
+    def test_tuple(self, block):
+        assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'tuple', block, ([1, 2], [3, 4]))
+        assert_raises_regex(TypeError, 'tuple', block, [(1, 2), (3, 4)])
+
+    def test_different_ndims(self, block):
+        a = 1.
+        b = 2 * np.ones((1, 2))
+        c = 3 * np.ones((1, 1, 3))
+
+        result = block([a, b, c])
+        expected = np.array([[[1., 2., 2., 3., 3., 3.]]])
+
+        assert_equal(result, expected)
+
+    def test_different_ndims_depths(self, block):
+        a = 1.
+        b = 2 * np.ones((1, 2))
+        c = 3 * np.ones((1, 2, 3))
+
+        result = block([[a, b], [c]])
+        expected = np.array([[[1., 2., 2.],
+                              [3., 3., 3.],
+                              [3., 3., 3.]]])
+
+        assert_equal(result, expected)
+
+    def test_block_memory_order(self, block):
+        # 3D
+        arr_c = np.zeros((3,)*3, order='C')
+        arr_f = np.zeros((3,)*3, order='F')
+
+        b_c = [[[arr_c, arr_c],
+                [arr_c, arr_c]],
+               [[arr_c, arr_c],
+                [arr_c, arr_c]]]
+
+        b_f = [[[arr_f, arr_f],
+                [arr_f, arr_f]],
+               [[arr_f, arr_f],
+                [arr_f, arr_f]]]
+
+        assert block(b_c).flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']
+        assert block(b_f).flags['F_CONTIGUOUS']
+
+        arr_c = np.zeros((3, 3), order='C')
+        arr_f = np.zeros((3, 3), order='F')
+        # 2D
+        b_c = [[arr_c, arr_c],
+               [arr_c, arr_c]]
+
+        b_f = [[arr_f, arr_f],
+               [arr_f, arr_f]]
+
+        assert block(b_c).flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']
+        assert block(b_f).flags['F_CONTIGUOUS']
+
+
+def test_block_dispatcher():
+    class ArrayLike:
+        pass
+    a = ArrayLike()
+    b = ArrayLike()
+    c = ArrayLike()
+    assert_equal(list(_block_dispatcher(a)), [a])
+    assert_equal(list(_block_dispatcher([a])), [a])
+    assert_equal(list(_block_dispatcher([a, b])), [a, b])
+    assert_equal(list(_block_dispatcher([[a], [b, [c]]])), [a, b, c])
+    # don't recurse into non-lists
+    assert_equal(list(_block_dispatcher((a, b))), [(a, b)])
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_simd.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_simd.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92b56744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_simd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1333 @@
+# NOTE: Please avoid the use of numpy.testing since NPYV intrinsics
+# may be involved in their functionality.
+import pytest, math, re
+import itertools
+import operator
+from numpy.core._simd import targets, clear_floatstatus, get_floatstatus
+from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import __cpu_baseline__
+
+def check_floatstatus(divbyzero=False, overflow=False,
+                      underflow=False, invalid=False,
+                      all=False):
+    #define NPY_FPE_DIVIDEBYZERO  1
+    #define NPY_FPE_OVERFLOW      2
+    #define NPY_FPE_UNDERFLOW     4
+    #define NPY_FPE_INVALID       8
+    err = get_floatstatus()
+    ret = (all or divbyzero) and (err & 1) != 0
+    ret |= (all or overflow) and (err & 2) != 0
+    ret |= (all or underflow) and (err & 4) != 0
+    ret |= (all or invalid) and (err & 8) != 0
+    return ret
+
+class _Test_Utility:
+    # submodule of the desired SIMD extension, e.g. targets["AVX512F"]
+    npyv = None
+    # the current data type suffix e.g. 's8'
+    sfx  = None
+    # target name can be 'baseline' or one or more of CPU features
+    target_name = None
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """
+        To call NPV intrinsics without the attribute 'npyv' and
+        auto suffixing intrinsics according to class attribute 'sfx'
+        """
+        return getattr(self.npyv, attr + "_" + self.sfx)
+
+    def _x2(self, intrin_name):
+        return getattr(self.npyv, f"{intrin_name}_{self.sfx}x2")
+
+    def _data(self, start=None, count=None, reverse=False):
+        """
+        Create list of consecutive numbers according to number of vector's lanes.
+        """
+        if start is None:
+            start = 1
+        if count is None:
+            count = self.nlanes
+        rng = range(start, start + count)
+        if reverse:
+            rng = reversed(rng)
+        if self._is_fp():
+            return [x / 1.0 for x in rng]
+        return list(rng)
+
+    def _is_unsigned(self):
+        return self.sfx[0] == 'u'
+
+    def _is_signed(self):
+        return self.sfx[0] == 's'
+
+    def _is_fp(self):
+        return self.sfx[0] == 'f'
+
+    def _scalar_size(self):
+        return int(self.sfx[1:])
+
+    def _int_clip(self, seq):
+        if self._is_fp():
+            return seq
+        max_int = self._int_max()
+        min_int = self._int_min()
+        return [min(max(v, min_int), max_int) for v in seq]
+
+    def _int_max(self):
+        if self._is_fp():
+            return None
+        max_u = self._to_unsigned(self.setall(-1))[0]
+        if self._is_signed():
+            return max_u // 2
+        return max_u
+
+    def _int_min(self):
+        if self._is_fp():
+            return None
+        if self._is_unsigned():
+            return 0
+        return -(self._int_max() + 1)
+
+    def _true_mask(self):
+        max_unsig = getattr(self.npyv, "setall_u" + self.sfx[1:])(-1)
+        return max_unsig[0]
+
+    def _to_unsigned(self, vector):
+        if isinstance(vector, (list, tuple)):
+            return getattr(self.npyv, "load_u" + self.sfx[1:])(vector)
+        else:
+            sfx = vector.__name__.replace("npyv_", "")
+            if sfx[0] == "b":
+                cvt_intrin = "cvt_u{0}_b{0}"
+            else:
+                cvt_intrin = "reinterpret_u{0}_{1}"
+            return getattr(self.npyv, cvt_intrin.format(sfx[1:], sfx))(vector)
+
+    def _pinfinity(self):
+        return float("inf")
+
+    def _ninfinity(self):
+        return -float("inf")
+
+    def _nan(self):
+        return float("nan")
+
+    def _cpu_features(self):
+        target = self.target_name
+        if target == "baseline":
+            target = __cpu_baseline__
+        else:
+            target = target.split('__') # multi-target separator
+        return ' '.join(target)
+
+class _SIMD_BOOL(_Test_Utility):
+    """
+    To test all boolean vector types at once
+    """
+    def _nlanes(self):
+        return getattr(self.npyv, "nlanes_u" + self.sfx[1:])
+
+    def _data(self, start=None, count=None, reverse=False):
+        true_mask = self._true_mask()
+        rng = range(self._nlanes())
+        if reverse:
+            rng = reversed(rng)
+        return [true_mask if x % 2 else 0 for x in rng]
+
+    def _load_b(self, data):
+        len_str = self.sfx[1:]
+        load = getattr(self.npyv, "load_u" + len_str)
+        cvt = getattr(self.npyv, f"cvt_b{len_str}_u{len_str}")
+        return cvt(load(data))
+
+    def test_operators_logical(self):
+        """
+        Logical operations for boolean types.
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_xor_##SFX, npyv_and_##SFX, npyv_or_##SFX, npyv_not_##SFX,
+            npyv_andc_b8, npvy_orc_b8, nvpy_xnor_b8
+        """
+        data_a = self._data()
+        data_b = self._data(reverse=True)
+        vdata_a = self._load_b(data_a)
+        vdata_b = self._load_b(data_b)
+
+        data_and = [a & b for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+        vand = getattr(self, "and")(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert vand == data_and
+
+        data_or = [a | b for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+        vor = getattr(self, "or")(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert vor == data_or
+
+        data_xor = [a ^ b for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+        vxor = getattr(self, "xor")(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert vxor == data_xor
+
+        vnot = getattr(self, "not")(vdata_a)
+        assert vnot == data_b
+
+        # among the boolean types, andc, orc and xnor only support b8
+        if self.sfx not in ("b8"):
+            return
+
+        data_andc = [(a & ~b) & 0xFF for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+        vandc = getattr(self, "andc")(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert data_andc == vandc
+
+        data_orc = [(a | ~b) & 0xFF for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+        vorc = getattr(self, "orc")(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert data_orc == vorc
+
+        data_xnor = [~(a ^ b) & 0xFF for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+        vxnor = getattr(self, "xnor")(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert data_xnor == vxnor
+
+    def test_tobits(self):
+        data2bits = lambda data: sum([int(x != 0) << i for i, x in enumerate(data, 0)])
+        for data in (self._data(), self._data(reverse=True)):
+            vdata = self._load_b(data)
+            data_bits = data2bits(data)
+            tobits = self.tobits(vdata)
+            bin_tobits = bin(tobits)
+            assert bin_tobits == bin(data_bits)
+
+    def test_pack(self):
+        """
+        Pack multiple vectors into one
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_pack_b8_b16
+            npyv_pack_b8_b32
+            npyv_pack_b8_b64
+        """
+        if self.sfx not in ("b16", "b32", "b64"):
+            return
+        # create the vectors
+        data = self._data()
+        rdata = self._data(reverse=True)
+        vdata = self._load_b(data)
+        vrdata = self._load_b(rdata)
+        pack_simd = getattr(self.npyv, f"pack_b8_{self.sfx}")
+        # for scalar execution, concatenate the elements of the multiple lists
+        # into a single list (spack) and then iterate over the elements of
+        # the created list applying a mask to capture the first byte of them.
+        if self.sfx == "b16":
+            spack = [(i & 0xFF) for i in (list(rdata) + list(data))]
+            vpack = pack_simd(vrdata, vdata)
+        elif self.sfx == "b32":
+            spack = [(i & 0xFF) for i in (2*list(rdata) + 2*list(data))]
+            vpack = pack_simd(vrdata, vrdata, vdata, vdata)
+        elif self.sfx == "b64":
+            spack = [(i & 0xFF) for i in (4*list(rdata) + 4*list(data))]
+            vpack = pack_simd(vrdata, vrdata, vrdata, vrdata,
+                               vdata,  vdata,  vdata,  vdata)
+        assert vpack == spack
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin", ["any", "all"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("data", (
+        [-1, 0],
+        [0, -1],
+        [-1],
+        [0]
+    ))
+    def test_operators_crosstest(self, intrin, data):
+        """
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_any_##SFX
+            npyv_all_##SFX
+        """
+        data_a = self._load_b(data * self._nlanes())
+        func = eval(intrin)
+        intrin = getattr(self, intrin)
+        desired = func(data_a)
+        simd = intrin(data_a)
+        assert not not simd == desired
+
+class _SIMD_INT(_Test_Utility):
+    """
+    To test all integer vector types at once
+    """
+    def test_operators_shift(self):
+        if self.sfx in ("u8", "s8"):
+            return
+
+        data_a = self._data(self._int_max() - self.nlanes)
+        data_b = self._data(self._int_min(), reverse=True)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+
+        for count in range(self._scalar_size()):
+            # load to cast
+            data_shl_a = self.load([a << count for a in data_a])
+            # left shift
+            shl = self.shl(vdata_a, count)
+            assert shl == data_shl_a
+            # load to cast
+            data_shr_a = self.load([a >> count for a in data_a])
+            # right shift
+            shr = self.shr(vdata_a, count)
+            assert shr == data_shr_a
+
+        # shift by zero or max or out-range immediate constant is not applicable and illogical
+        for count in range(1, self._scalar_size()):
+            # load to cast
+            data_shl_a = self.load([a << count for a in data_a])
+            # left shift by an immediate constant
+            shli = self.shli(vdata_a, count)
+            assert shli == data_shl_a
+            # load to cast
+            data_shr_a = self.load([a >> count for a in data_a])
+            # right shift by an immediate constant
+            shri = self.shri(vdata_a, count)
+            assert shri == data_shr_a
+
+    def test_arithmetic_subadd_saturated(self):
+        if self.sfx in ("u32", "s32", "u64", "s64"):
+            return
+
+        data_a = self._data(self._int_max() - self.nlanes)
+        data_b = self._data(self._int_min(), reverse=True)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+
+        data_adds = self._int_clip([a + b for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)])
+        adds = self.adds(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert adds == data_adds
+
+        data_subs = self._int_clip([a - b for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)])
+        subs = self.subs(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert subs == data_subs
+
+    def test_math_max_min(self):
+        data_a = self._data()
+        data_b = self._data(self.nlanes)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+
+        data_max = [max(a, b) for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+        simd_max = self.max(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert simd_max == data_max
+
+        data_min = [min(a, b) for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+        simd_min = self.min(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert simd_min == data_min
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("start", [-100, -10000, 0, 100, 10000])
+    def test_reduce_max_min(self, start):
+        """
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_reduce_max_##sfx
+            npyv_reduce_min_##sfx
+        """
+        vdata_a = self.load(self._data(start))
+        assert self.reduce_max(vdata_a) == max(vdata_a)
+        assert self.reduce_min(vdata_a) == min(vdata_a)
+
+
+class _SIMD_FP32(_Test_Utility):
+    """
+    To only test single precision
+    """
+    def test_conversions(self):
+        """
+        Round to nearest even integer, assume CPU control register is set to rounding.
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_round_s32_##SFX
+        """
+        features = self._cpu_features()
+        if not self.npyv.simd_f64 and re.match(r".*(NEON|ASIMD)", features):
+            # very costly to emulate nearest even on Armv7
+            # instead we round halves to up. e.g. 0.5 -> 1, -0.5 -> -1
+            _round = lambda v: int(v + (0.5 if v >= 0 else -0.5))
+        else:
+            _round = round
+        vdata_a = self.load(self._data())
+        vdata_a = self.sub(vdata_a, self.setall(0.5))
+        data_round = [_round(x) for x in vdata_a]
+        vround = self.round_s32(vdata_a)
+        assert vround == data_round
+
+class _SIMD_FP64(_Test_Utility):
+    """
+    To only test double precision
+    """
+    def test_conversions(self):
+        """
+        Round to nearest even integer, assume CPU control register is set to rounding.
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_round_s32_##SFX
+        """
+        vdata_a = self.load(self._data())
+        vdata_a = self.sub(vdata_a, self.setall(0.5))
+        vdata_b = self.mul(vdata_a, self.setall(-1.5))
+        data_round = [round(x) for x in list(vdata_a) + list(vdata_b)]
+        vround = self.round_s32(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert vround == data_round
+
+class _SIMD_FP(_Test_Utility):
+    """
+    To test all float vector types at once
+    """
+    def test_arithmetic_fused(self):
+        vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_c = [self.load(self._data())]*3
+        vdata_cx2 = self.add(vdata_c, vdata_c)
+        # multiply and add, a*b + c
+        data_fma = self.load([a * b + c for a, b, c in zip(vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_c)])
+        fma = self.muladd(vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_c)
+        assert fma == data_fma
+        # multiply and subtract, a*b - c
+        fms = self.mulsub(vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_c)
+        data_fms = self.sub(data_fma, vdata_cx2)
+        assert fms == data_fms
+        # negate multiply and add, -(a*b) + c
+        nfma = self.nmuladd(vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_c)
+        data_nfma = self.sub(vdata_cx2, data_fma)
+        assert nfma == data_nfma
+        # negate multiply and subtract, -(a*b) - c
+        nfms = self.nmulsub(vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_c)
+        data_nfms = self.mul(data_fma, self.setall(-1))
+        assert nfms == data_nfms
+        # multiply, add for odd elements and subtract even elements.
+        # (a * b) -+ c
+        fmas = list(self.muladdsub(vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_c))
+        assert fmas[0::2] == list(data_fms)[0::2]
+        assert fmas[1::2] == list(data_fma)[1::2]
+
+    def test_abs(self):
+        pinf, ninf, nan = self._pinfinity(), self._ninfinity(), self._nan()
+        data = self._data()
+        vdata = self.load(self._data())
+
+        abs_cases = ((-0, 0), (ninf, pinf), (pinf, pinf), (nan, nan))
+        for case, desired in abs_cases:
+            data_abs = [desired]*self.nlanes
+            vabs = self.abs(self.setall(case))
+            assert vabs == pytest.approx(data_abs, nan_ok=True)
+
+        vabs = self.abs(self.mul(vdata, self.setall(-1)))
+        assert vabs == data
+
+    def test_sqrt(self):
+        pinf, ninf, nan = self._pinfinity(), self._ninfinity(), self._nan()
+        data = self._data()
+        vdata = self.load(self._data())
+
+        sqrt_cases = ((-0.0, -0.0), (0.0, 0.0), (-1.0, nan), (ninf, nan), (pinf, pinf))
+        for case, desired in sqrt_cases:
+            data_sqrt = [desired]*self.nlanes
+            sqrt  = self.sqrt(self.setall(case))
+            assert sqrt == pytest.approx(data_sqrt, nan_ok=True)
+
+        data_sqrt = self.load([math.sqrt(x) for x in data]) # load to truncate precision
+        sqrt = self.sqrt(vdata)
+        assert sqrt == data_sqrt
+
+    def test_square(self):
+        pinf, ninf, nan = self._pinfinity(), self._ninfinity(), self._nan()
+        data = self._data()
+        vdata = self.load(self._data())
+        # square
+        square_cases = ((nan, nan), (pinf, pinf), (ninf, pinf))
+        for case, desired in square_cases:
+            data_square = [desired]*self.nlanes
+            square  = self.square(self.setall(case))
+            assert square == pytest.approx(data_square, nan_ok=True)
+
+        data_square = [x*x for x in data]
+        square = self.square(vdata)
+        assert square == data_square
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin, func", [("ceil", math.ceil),
+    ("trunc", math.trunc), ("floor", math.floor), ("rint", round)])
+    def test_rounding(self, intrin, func):
+        """
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_rint_##SFX
+            npyv_ceil_##SFX
+            npyv_trunc_##SFX
+            npyv_floor##SFX
+        """
+        intrin_name = intrin
+        intrin = getattr(self, intrin)
+        pinf, ninf, nan = self._pinfinity(), self._ninfinity(), self._nan()
+        # special cases
+        round_cases = ((nan, nan), (pinf, pinf), (ninf, ninf))
+        for case, desired in round_cases:
+            data_round = [desired]*self.nlanes
+            _round = intrin(self.setall(case))
+            assert _round == pytest.approx(data_round, nan_ok=True)
+
+        for x in range(0, 2**20, 256**2):
+            for w in (-1.05, -1.10, -1.15, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15):
+                data = self.load([(x+a)*w for a in range(self.nlanes)])
+                data_round = [func(x) for x in data]
+                _round = intrin(data)
+                assert _round == data_round
+
+        # test large numbers
+        for i in (
+            1.1529215045988576e+18, 4.6116860183954304e+18,
+            5.902958103546122e+20, 2.3611832414184488e+21
+        ):
+            x = self.setall(i)
+            y = intrin(x)
+            data_round = [func(n) for n in x]
+            assert y == data_round
+
+        # signed zero
+        if intrin_name == "floor":
+            data_szero = (-0.0,)
+        else:
+            data_szero = (-0.0, -0.25, -0.30, -0.45, -0.5)
+
+        for w in data_szero:
+            _round = self._to_unsigned(intrin(self.setall(w)))
+            data_round = self._to_unsigned(self.setall(-0.0))
+            assert _round == data_round
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin", [
+        "max", "maxp", "maxn", "min", "minp", "minn"
+    ])
+    def test_max_min(self, intrin):
+        """
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_max_##sfx
+            npyv_maxp_##sfx
+            npyv_maxn_##sfx
+            npyv_min_##sfx
+            npyv_minp_##sfx
+            npyv_minn_##sfx
+            npyv_reduce_max_##sfx
+            npyv_reduce_maxp_##sfx
+            npyv_reduce_maxn_##sfx
+            npyv_reduce_min_##sfx
+            npyv_reduce_minp_##sfx
+            npyv_reduce_minn_##sfx
+        """
+        pinf, ninf, nan = self._pinfinity(), self._ninfinity(), self._nan()
+        chk_nan = {"xp": 1, "np": 1, "nn": 2, "xn": 2}.get(intrin[-2:], 0)
+        func = eval(intrin[:3])
+        reduce_intrin = getattr(self, "reduce_" + intrin)
+        intrin = getattr(self, intrin)
+        hf_nlanes = self.nlanes//2
+
+        cases = (
+            ([0.0, -0.0], [-0.0, 0.0]),
+            ([10, -10],  [10, -10]),
+            ([pinf, 10], [10, ninf]),
+            ([10, pinf], [ninf, 10]),
+            ([10, -10], [10, -10]),
+            ([-10, 10], [-10, 10])
+        )
+        for op1, op2 in cases:
+            vdata_a = self.load(op1*hf_nlanes)
+            vdata_b = self.load(op2*hf_nlanes)
+            data = func(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+            simd = intrin(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+            assert simd == data
+            data = func(vdata_a)
+            simd = reduce_intrin(vdata_a)
+            assert simd == data
+
+        if not chk_nan:
+            return
+        if chk_nan == 1:
+            test_nan = lambda a, b: (
+                b if math.isnan(a) else a if math.isnan(b) else b
+            )
+        else:
+            test_nan = lambda a, b: (
+                nan if math.isnan(a) or math.isnan(b) else b
+            )
+        cases = (
+            (nan, 10),
+            (10, nan),
+            (nan, pinf),
+            (pinf, nan),
+            (nan, nan)
+        )
+        for op1, op2 in cases:
+            vdata_ab = self.load([op1, op2]*hf_nlanes)
+            data = test_nan(op1, op2)
+            simd = reduce_intrin(vdata_ab)
+            assert simd == pytest.approx(data, nan_ok=True)
+            vdata_a = self.setall(op1)
+            vdata_b = self.setall(op2)
+            data = [data] * self.nlanes
+            simd = intrin(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+            assert simd == pytest.approx(data, nan_ok=True)
+
+    def test_reciprocal(self):
+        pinf, ninf, nan = self._pinfinity(), self._ninfinity(), self._nan()
+        data = self._data()
+        vdata = self.load(self._data())
+
+        recip_cases = ((nan, nan), (pinf, 0.0), (ninf, -0.0), (0.0, pinf), (-0.0, ninf))
+        for case, desired in recip_cases:
+            data_recip = [desired]*self.nlanes
+            recip = self.recip(self.setall(case))
+            assert recip == pytest.approx(data_recip, nan_ok=True)
+
+        data_recip = self.load([1/x for x in data]) # load to truncate precision
+        recip = self.recip(vdata)
+        assert recip == data_recip
+
+    def test_special_cases(self):
+        """
+        Compare Not NaN. Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_notnan_##SFX
+        """
+        nnan = self.notnan(self.setall(self._nan()))
+        assert nnan == [0]*self.nlanes
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin_name", [
+        "rint", "trunc", "ceil", "floor"
+    ])
+    def test_unary_invalid_fpexception(self, intrin_name):
+        intrin = getattr(self, intrin_name)
+        for d in [float("nan"), float("inf"), -float("inf")]:
+            v = self.setall(d)
+            clear_floatstatus()
+            intrin(v)
+            assert check_floatstatus(invalid=True) == False
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('py_comp,np_comp', [
+        (operator.lt, "cmplt"),
+        (operator.le, "cmple"),
+        (operator.gt, "cmpgt"),
+        (operator.ge, "cmpge"),
+        (operator.eq, "cmpeq"),
+        (operator.ne, "cmpneq")
+    ])
+    def test_comparison_with_nan(self, py_comp, np_comp):
+        pinf, ninf, nan = self._pinfinity(), self._ninfinity(), self._nan()
+        mask_true = self._true_mask()
+
+        def to_bool(vector):
+            return [lane == mask_true for lane in vector]
+
+        intrin = getattr(self, np_comp)
+        cmp_cases = ((0, nan), (nan, 0), (nan, nan), (pinf, nan),
+                     (ninf, nan), (-0.0, +0.0))
+        for case_operand1, case_operand2 in cmp_cases:
+            data_a = [case_operand1]*self.nlanes
+            data_b = [case_operand2]*self.nlanes
+            vdata_a = self.setall(case_operand1)
+            vdata_b = self.setall(case_operand2)
+            vcmp = to_bool(intrin(vdata_a, vdata_b))
+            data_cmp = [py_comp(a, b) for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+            assert vcmp == data_cmp
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin", ["any", "all"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("data", (
+        [float("nan"), 0],
+        [0, float("nan")],
+        [float("nan"), 1],
+        [1, float("nan")],
+        [float("nan"), float("nan")],
+        [0.0, -0.0],
+        [-0.0, 0.0],
+        [1.0, -0.0]
+    ))
+    def test_operators_crosstest(self, intrin, data):
+        """
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_any_##SFX
+            npyv_all_##SFX
+        """
+        data_a = self.load(data * self.nlanes)
+        func = eval(intrin)
+        intrin = getattr(self, intrin)
+        desired = func(data_a)
+        simd = intrin(data_a)
+        assert not not simd == desired
+
+class _SIMD_ALL(_Test_Utility):
+    """
+    To test all vector types at once
+    """
+    def test_memory_load(self):
+        data = self._data()
+        # unaligned load
+        load_data = self.load(data)
+        assert load_data == data
+        # aligned load
+        loada_data = self.loada(data)
+        assert loada_data == data
+        # stream load
+        loads_data = self.loads(data)
+        assert loads_data == data
+        # load lower part
+        loadl = self.loadl(data)
+        loadl_half = list(loadl)[:self.nlanes//2]
+        data_half = data[:self.nlanes//2]
+        assert loadl_half == data_half
+        assert loadl != data # detect overflow
+
+    def test_memory_store(self):
+        data = self._data()
+        vdata = self.load(data)
+        # unaligned store
+        store = [0] * self.nlanes
+        self.store(store, vdata)
+        assert store == data
+        # aligned store
+        store_a = [0] * self.nlanes
+        self.storea(store_a, vdata)
+        assert store_a == data
+        # stream store
+        store_s = [0] * self.nlanes
+        self.stores(store_s, vdata)
+        assert store_s == data
+        # store lower part
+        store_l = [0] * self.nlanes
+        self.storel(store_l, vdata)
+        assert store_l[:self.nlanes//2] == data[:self.nlanes//2]
+        assert store_l != vdata # detect overflow
+        # store higher part
+        store_h = [0] * self.nlanes
+        self.storeh(store_h, vdata)
+        assert store_h[:self.nlanes//2] == data[self.nlanes//2:]
+        assert store_h != vdata  # detect overflow
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin, elsizes, scale, fill", [
+        ("self.load_tillz, self.load_till", (32, 64), 1, [0xffff]),
+        ("self.load2_tillz, self.load2_till", (32, 64), 2, [0xffff, 0x7fff]),
+    ])
+    def test_memory_partial_load(self, intrin, elsizes, scale, fill):
+        if self._scalar_size() not in elsizes:
+            return
+        npyv_load_tillz, npyv_load_till = eval(intrin)
+        data = self._data()
+        lanes = list(range(1, self.nlanes + 1))
+        lanes += [self.nlanes**2, self.nlanes**4] # test out of range
+        for n in lanes:
+            load_till = npyv_load_till(data, n, *fill)
+            load_tillz = npyv_load_tillz(data, n)
+            n *= scale
+            data_till = data[:n] + fill * ((self.nlanes-n) // scale)
+            assert load_till == data_till
+            data_tillz = data[:n] + [0] * (self.nlanes-n)
+            assert load_tillz == data_tillz
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin, elsizes, scale", [
+        ("self.store_till", (32, 64), 1),
+        ("self.store2_till", (32, 64), 2),
+    ])
+    def test_memory_partial_store(self, intrin, elsizes, scale):
+        if self._scalar_size() not in elsizes:
+            return
+        npyv_store_till = eval(intrin)
+        data = self._data()
+        data_rev = self._data(reverse=True)
+        vdata = self.load(data)
+        lanes = list(range(1, self.nlanes + 1))
+        lanes += [self.nlanes**2, self.nlanes**4]
+        for n in lanes:
+            data_till = data_rev.copy()
+            data_till[:n*scale] = data[:n*scale]
+            store_till = self._data(reverse=True)
+            npyv_store_till(store_till, n, vdata)
+            assert store_till == data_till
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin, elsizes, scale", [
+        ("self.loadn", (32, 64), 1),
+        ("self.loadn2", (32, 64), 2),
+    ])
+    def test_memory_noncont_load(self, intrin, elsizes, scale):
+        if self._scalar_size() not in elsizes:
+            return
+        npyv_loadn = eval(intrin)
+        for stride in range(-64, 64):
+            if stride < 0:
+                data = self._data(stride, -stride*self.nlanes)
+                data_stride = list(itertools.chain(
+                    *zip(*[data[-i::stride] for i in range(scale, 0, -1)])
+                ))
+            elif stride == 0:
+                data = self._data()
+                data_stride = data[0:scale] * (self.nlanes//scale)
+            else:
+                data = self._data(count=stride*self.nlanes)
+                data_stride = list(itertools.chain(
+                    *zip(*[data[i::stride] for i in range(scale)]))
+                )
+            data_stride = self.load(data_stride)  # cast unsigned
+            loadn = npyv_loadn(data, stride)
+            assert loadn == data_stride
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin, elsizes, scale, fill", [
+        ("self.loadn_tillz, self.loadn_till", (32, 64), 1, [0xffff]),
+        ("self.loadn2_tillz, self.loadn2_till", (32, 64), 2, [0xffff, 0x7fff]),
+    ])
+    def test_memory_noncont_partial_load(self, intrin, elsizes, scale, fill):
+        if self._scalar_size() not in elsizes:
+            return
+        npyv_loadn_tillz, npyv_loadn_till = eval(intrin)
+        lanes = list(range(1, self.nlanes + 1))
+        lanes += [self.nlanes**2, self.nlanes**4]
+        for stride in range(-64, 64):
+            if stride < 0:
+                data = self._data(stride, -stride*self.nlanes)
+                data_stride = list(itertools.chain(
+                    *zip(*[data[-i::stride] for i in range(scale, 0, -1)])
+                ))
+            elif stride == 0:
+                data = self._data()
+                data_stride = data[0:scale] * (self.nlanes//scale)
+            else:
+                data = self._data(count=stride*self.nlanes)
+                data_stride = list(itertools.chain(
+                    *zip(*[data[i::stride] for i in range(scale)])
+                ))
+            data_stride = list(self.load(data_stride))  # cast unsigned
+            for n in lanes:
+                nscale = n * scale
+                llanes = self.nlanes - nscale
+                data_stride_till = (
+                    data_stride[:nscale] + fill * (llanes//scale)
+                )
+                loadn_till = npyv_loadn_till(data, stride, n, *fill)
+                assert loadn_till == data_stride_till
+                data_stride_tillz = data_stride[:nscale] + [0] * llanes
+                loadn_tillz = npyv_loadn_tillz(data, stride, n)
+                assert loadn_tillz == data_stride_tillz
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin, elsizes, scale", [
+        ("self.storen", (32, 64), 1),
+        ("self.storen2", (32, 64), 2),
+    ])
+    def test_memory_noncont_store(self, intrin, elsizes, scale):
+        if self._scalar_size() not in elsizes:
+            return
+        npyv_storen = eval(intrin)
+        data = self._data()
+        vdata = self.load(data)
+        hlanes = self.nlanes // scale
+        for stride in range(1, 64):
+            data_storen = [0xff] * stride * self.nlanes
+            for s in range(0, hlanes*stride, stride):
+                i = (s//stride)*scale
+                data_storen[s:s+scale] = data[i:i+scale]
+            storen = [0xff] * stride * self.nlanes
+            storen += [0x7f]*64
+            npyv_storen(storen, stride, vdata)
+            assert storen[:-64] == data_storen
+            assert storen[-64:] == [0x7f]*64  # detect overflow
+
+        for stride in range(-64, 0):
+            data_storen = [0xff] * -stride * self.nlanes
+            for s in range(0, hlanes*stride, stride):
+                i = (s//stride)*scale
+                data_storen[s-scale:s or None] = data[i:i+scale]
+            storen = [0x7f]*64
+            storen += [0xff] * -stride * self.nlanes
+            npyv_storen(storen, stride, vdata)
+            assert storen[64:] == data_storen
+            assert storen[:64] == [0x7f]*64  # detect overflow
+        # stride 0
+        data_storen = [0x7f] * self.nlanes
+        storen = data_storen.copy()
+        data_storen[0:scale] = data[-scale:]
+        npyv_storen(storen, 0, vdata)
+        assert storen == data_storen
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin, elsizes, scale", [
+        ("self.storen_till", (32, 64), 1),
+        ("self.storen2_till", (32, 64), 2),
+    ])
+    def test_memory_noncont_partial_store(self, intrin, elsizes, scale):
+        if self._scalar_size() not in elsizes:
+            return
+        npyv_storen_till = eval(intrin)
+        data = self._data()
+        vdata = self.load(data)
+        lanes = list(range(1, self.nlanes + 1))
+        lanes += [self.nlanes**2, self.nlanes**4]
+        hlanes = self.nlanes // scale
+        for stride in range(1, 64):
+            for n in lanes:
+                data_till = [0xff] * stride * self.nlanes
+                tdata = data[:n*scale] + [0xff] * (self.nlanes-n*scale)
+                for s in range(0, hlanes*stride, stride)[:n]:
+                    i = (s//stride)*scale
+                    data_till[s:s+scale] = tdata[i:i+scale]
+                storen_till = [0xff] * stride * self.nlanes
+                storen_till += [0x7f]*64
+                npyv_storen_till(storen_till, stride, n, vdata)
+                assert storen_till[:-64] == data_till
+                assert storen_till[-64:] == [0x7f]*64  # detect overflow
+
+        for stride in range(-64, 0):
+            for n in lanes:
+                data_till = [0xff] * -stride * self.nlanes
+                tdata = data[:n*scale] + [0xff] * (self.nlanes-n*scale)
+                for s in range(0, hlanes*stride, stride)[:n]:
+                    i = (s//stride)*scale
+                    data_till[s-scale:s or None] = tdata[i:i+scale]
+                storen_till = [0x7f]*64
+                storen_till += [0xff] * -stride * self.nlanes
+                npyv_storen_till(storen_till, stride, n, vdata)
+                assert storen_till[64:] == data_till
+                assert storen_till[:64] == [0x7f]*64  # detect overflow
+
+        # stride 0
+        for n in lanes:
+            data_till = [0x7f] * self.nlanes
+            storen_till = data_till.copy()
+            data_till[0:scale] = data[:n*scale][-scale:]
+            npyv_storen_till(storen_till, 0, n, vdata)
+            assert storen_till == data_till
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin, table_size, elsize", [
+        ("self.lut32", 32, 32),
+        ("self.lut16", 16, 64)
+    ])
+    def test_lut(self, intrin, table_size, elsize):
+        """
+        Test lookup table intrinsics:
+            npyv_lut32_##sfx
+            npyv_lut16_##sfx
+        """
+        if elsize != self._scalar_size():
+            return
+        intrin = eval(intrin)
+        idx_itrin = getattr(self.npyv, f"setall_u{elsize}")
+        table = range(0, table_size)
+        for i in table:
+            broadi = self.setall(i)
+            idx = idx_itrin(i)
+            lut = intrin(table, idx)
+            assert lut == broadi
+
+    def test_misc(self):
+        broadcast_zero = self.zero()
+        assert broadcast_zero == [0] * self.nlanes
+        for i in range(1, 10):
+            broadcasti = self.setall(i)
+            assert broadcasti == [i] * self.nlanes
+
+        data_a, data_b = self._data(), self._data(reverse=True)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+
+        # py level of npyv_set_* don't support ignoring the extra specified lanes or
+        # fill non-specified lanes with zero.
+        vset = self.set(*data_a)
+        assert vset == data_a
+        # py level of npyv_setf_* don't support ignoring the extra specified lanes or
+        # fill non-specified lanes with the specified scalar.
+        vsetf = self.setf(10, *data_a)
+        assert vsetf == data_a
+
+        # We're testing the sanity of _simd's type-vector,
+        # reinterpret* intrinsics itself are tested via compiler
+        # during the build of _simd module
+        sfxes = ["u8", "s8", "u16", "s16", "u32", "s32", "u64", "s64"]
+        if self.npyv.simd_f64:
+            sfxes.append("f64")
+        if self.npyv.simd_f32:
+            sfxes.append("f32")
+        for sfx in sfxes:
+            vec_name = getattr(self, "reinterpret_" + sfx)(vdata_a).__name__
+            assert vec_name == "npyv_" + sfx
+
+        # select & mask operations
+        select_a = self.select(self.cmpeq(self.zero(), self.zero()), vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert select_a == data_a
+        select_b = self.select(self.cmpneq(self.zero(), self.zero()), vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert select_b == data_b
+
+        # test extract elements
+        assert self.extract0(vdata_b) == vdata_b[0]
+
+        # cleanup intrinsic is only used with AVX for
+        # zeroing registers to avoid the AVX-SSE transition penalty,
+        # so nothing to test here
+        self.npyv.cleanup()
+
+    def test_reorder(self):
+        data_a, data_b  = self._data(), self._data(reverse=True)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+        # lower half part
+        data_a_lo = data_a[:self.nlanes//2]
+        data_b_lo = data_b[:self.nlanes//2]
+        # higher half part
+        data_a_hi = data_a[self.nlanes//2:]
+        data_b_hi = data_b[self.nlanes//2:]
+        # combine two lower parts
+        combinel = self.combinel(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert combinel == data_a_lo + data_b_lo
+        # combine two higher parts
+        combineh = self.combineh(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert combineh == data_a_hi + data_b_hi
+        # combine x2
+        combine = self.combine(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert combine == (data_a_lo + data_b_lo, data_a_hi + data_b_hi)
+
+        # zip(interleave)
+        data_zipl = self.load([
+            v for p in zip(data_a_lo, data_b_lo) for v in p
+        ])
+        data_ziph = self.load([
+            v for p in zip(data_a_hi, data_b_hi) for v in p
+        ])
+        vzip = self.zip(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert vzip == (data_zipl, data_ziph)
+        vzip = [0]*self.nlanes*2
+        self._x2("store")(vzip, (vdata_a, vdata_b))
+        assert vzip == list(data_zipl) + list(data_ziph)
+
+        # unzip(deinterleave)
+        unzip = self.unzip(data_zipl, data_ziph)
+        assert unzip == (data_a, data_b)
+        unzip = self._x2("load")(list(data_zipl) + list(data_ziph))
+        assert unzip == (data_a, data_b)
+
+    def test_reorder_rev64(self):
+        # Reverse elements of each 64-bit lane
+        ssize = self._scalar_size()
+        if ssize == 64:
+            return
+        data_rev64 = [
+            y for x in range(0, self.nlanes, 64//ssize)
+              for y in reversed(range(x, x + 64//ssize))
+        ]
+        rev64 = self.rev64(self.load(range(self.nlanes)))
+        assert rev64 == data_rev64
+
+    def test_reorder_permi128(self):
+        """
+        Test permuting elements for each 128-bit lane.
+        npyv_permi128_##sfx
+        """
+        ssize = self._scalar_size()
+        if ssize < 32:
+            return
+        data = self.load(self._data())
+        permn = 128//ssize
+        permd = permn-1
+        nlane128 = self.nlanes//permn
+        shfl = [0, 1] if ssize == 64 else [0, 2, 4, 6]
+        for i in range(permn):
+            indices = [(i >> shf) & permd for shf in shfl]
+            vperm = self.permi128(data, *indices)
+            data_vperm = [
+                data[j + (e & -permn)]
+                for e, j in enumerate(indices*nlane128)
+            ]
+            assert vperm == data_vperm
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('func, intrin', [
+        (operator.lt, "cmplt"),
+        (operator.le, "cmple"),
+        (operator.gt, "cmpgt"),
+        (operator.ge, "cmpge"),
+        (operator.eq, "cmpeq")
+    ])
+    def test_operators_comparison(self, func, intrin):
+        if self._is_fp():
+            data_a = self._data()
+        else:
+            data_a = self._data(self._int_max() - self.nlanes)
+        data_b = self._data(self._int_min(), reverse=True)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+        intrin = getattr(self, intrin)
+
+        mask_true = self._true_mask()
+        def to_bool(vector):
+            return [lane == mask_true for lane in vector]
+
+        data_cmp = [func(a, b) for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]
+        cmp = to_bool(intrin(vdata_a, vdata_b))
+        assert cmp == data_cmp
+
+    def test_operators_logical(self):
+        if self._is_fp():
+            data_a = self._data()
+        else:
+            data_a = self._data(self._int_max() - self.nlanes)
+        data_b = self._data(self._int_min(), reverse=True)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+
+        if self._is_fp():
+            data_cast_a = self._to_unsigned(vdata_a)
+            data_cast_b = self._to_unsigned(vdata_b)
+            cast, cast_data = self._to_unsigned, self._to_unsigned
+        else:
+            data_cast_a, data_cast_b = data_a, data_b
+            cast, cast_data = lambda a: a, self.load
+
+        data_xor = cast_data([a ^ b for a, b in zip(data_cast_a, data_cast_b)])
+        vxor = cast(self.xor(vdata_a, vdata_b))
+        assert vxor == data_xor
+
+        data_or  = cast_data([a | b for a, b in zip(data_cast_a, data_cast_b)])
+        vor  = cast(getattr(self, "or")(vdata_a, vdata_b))
+        assert vor == data_or
+
+        data_and = cast_data([a & b for a, b in zip(data_cast_a, data_cast_b)])
+        vand = cast(getattr(self, "and")(vdata_a, vdata_b))
+        assert vand == data_and
+
+        data_not = cast_data([~a for a in data_cast_a])
+        vnot = cast(getattr(self, "not")(vdata_a))
+        assert vnot == data_not
+
+        if self.sfx not in ("u8"):
+            return
+        data_andc = [a & ~b for a, b in zip(data_cast_a, data_cast_b)]
+        vandc = cast(getattr(self, "andc")(vdata_a, vdata_b))
+        assert vandc == data_andc
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("intrin", ["any", "all"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("data", (
+        [1, 2, 3, 4],
+        [-1, -2, -3, -4],
+        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+        [0x7f, 0x7fff, 0x7fffffff, 0x7fffffffffffffff],
+        [0, -1, -2, -3, 4],
+        [0],
+        [1],
+        [-1]
+    ))
+    def test_operators_crosstest(self, intrin, data):
+        """
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_any_##SFX
+            npyv_all_##SFX
+        """
+        data_a = self.load(data * self.nlanes)
+        func = eval(intrin)
+        intrin = getattr(self, intrin)
+        desired = func(data_a)
+        simd = intrin(data_a)
+        assert not not simd == desired
+
+    def test_conversion_boolean(self):
+        bsfx = "b" + self.sfx[1:]
+        to_boolean = getattr(self.npyv, "cvt_%s_%s" % (bsfx, self.sfx))
+        from_boolean = getattr(self.npyv, "cvt_%s_%s" % (self.sfx, bsfx))
+
+        false_vb = to_boolean(self.setall(0))
+        true_vb  = self.cmpeq(self.setall(0), self.setall(0))
+        assert false_vb != true_vb
+
+        false_vsfx = from_boolean(false_vb)
+        true_vsfx = from_boolean(true_vb)
+        assert false_vsfx != true_vsfx
+
+    def test_conversion_expand(self):
+        """
+        Test expand intrinsics:
+            npyv_expand_u16_u8
+            npyv_expand_u32_u16
+        """
+        if self.sfx not in ("u8", "u16"):
+            return
+        totype = self.sfx[0]+str(int(self.sfx[1:])*2)
+        expand = getattr(self.npyv, f"expand_{totype}_{self.sfx}")
+        # close enough from the edge to detect any deviation
+        data  = self._data(self._int_max() - self.nlanes)
+        vdata = self.load(data)
+        edata = expand(vdata)
+        # lower half part
+        data_lo = data[:self.nlanes//2]
+        # higher half part
+        data_hi = data[self.nlanes//2:]
+        assert edata == (data_lo, data_hi)
+
+    def test_arithmetic_subadd(self):
+        if self._is_fp():
+            data_a = self._data()
+        else:
+            data_a = self._data(self._int_max() - self.nlanes)
+        data_b = self._data(self._int_min(), reverse=True)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+
+        # non-saturated
+        data_add = self.load([a + b for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)]) # load to cast
+        add  = self.add(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert add == data_add
+        data_sub  = self.load([a - b for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)])
+        sub  = self.sub(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert sub == data_sub
+
+    def test_arithmetic_mul(self):
+        if self.sfx in ("u64", "s64"):
+            return
+
+        if self._is_fp():
+            data_a = self._data()
+        else:
+            data_a = self._data(self._int_max() - self.nlanes)
+        data_b = self._data(self._int_min(), reverse=True)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+
+        data_mul = self.load([a * b for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)])
+        mul = self.mul(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert mul == data_mul
+
+    def test_arithmetic_div(self):
+        if not self._is_fp():
+            return
+
+        data_a, data_b = self._data(), self._data(reverse=True)
+        vdata_a, vdata_b = self.load(data_a), self.load(data_b)
+
+        # load to truncate f64 to precision of f32
+        data_div = self.load([a / b for a, b in zip(data_a, data_b)])
+        div = self.div(vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert div == data_div
+
+    def test_arithmetic_intdiv(self):
+        """
+        Test integer division intrinsics:
+            npyv_divisor_##sfx
+            npyv_divc_##sfx
+        """
+        if self._is_fp():
+            return
+
+        int_min = self._int_min()
+        def trunc_div(a, d):
+            """
+            Divide towards zero works with large integers > 2^53,
+            and wrap around overflow similar to what C does.
+            """
+            if d == -1 and a == int_min:
+                return a
+            sign_a, sign_d = a < 0, d < 0
+            if a == 0 or sign_a == sign_d:
+                return a // d
+            return (a + sign_d - sign_a) // d + 1
+
+        data = [1, -int_min]  # to test overflow
+        data += range(0, 2**8, 2**5)
+        data += range(0, 2**8, 2**5-1)
+        bsize = self._scalar_size()
+        if bsize > 8:
+            data += range(2**8, 2**16, 2**13)
+            data += range(2**8, 2**16, 2**13-1)
+        if bsize > 16:
+            data += range(2**16, 2**32, 2**29)
+            data += range(2**16, 2**32, 2**29-1)
+        if bsize > 32:
+            data += range(2**32, 2**64, 2**61)
+            data += range(2**32, 2**64, 2**61-1)
+        # negate
+        data += [-x for x in data]
+        for dividend, divisor in itertools.product(data, data):
+            divisor = self.setall(divisor)[0]  # cast
+            if divisor == 0:
+                continue
+            dividend = self.load(self._data(dividend))
+            data_divc = [trunc_div(a, divisor) for a in dividend]
+            divisor_parms = self.divisor(divisor)
+            divc = self.divc(dividend, divisor_parms)
+            assert divc == data_divc
+
+    def test_arithmetic_reduce_sum(self):
+        """
+        Test reduce sum intrinsics:
+            npyv_sum_##sfx
+        """
+        if self.sfx not in ("u32", "u64", "f32", "f64"):
+            return
+        # reduce sum
+        data = self._data()
+        vdata = self.load(data)
+
+        data_sum = sum(data)
+        vsum = self.sum(vdata)
+        assert vsum == data_sum
+
+    def test_arithmetic_reduce_sumup(self):
+        """
+        Test extend reduce sum intrinsics:
+            npyv_sumup_##sfx
+        """
+        if self.sfx not in ("u8", "u16"):
+            return
+        rdata = (0, self.nlanes, self._int_min(), self._int_max()-self.nlanes)
+        for r in rdata:
+            data = self._data(r)
+            vdata = self.load(data)
+            data_sum = sum(data)
+            vsum = self.sumup(vdata)
+            assert vsum == data_sum
+
+    def test_mask_conditional(self):
+        """
+        Conditional addition and subtraction for all supported data types.
+        Test intrinsics:
+            npyv_ifadd_##SFX, npyv_ifsub_##SFX
+        """
+        vdata_a = self.load(self._data())
+        vdata_b = self.load(self._data(reverse=True))
+        true_mask  = self.cmpeq(self.zero(), self.zero())
+        false_mask = self.cmpneq(self.zero(), self.zero())
+
+        data_sub = self.sub(vdata_b, vdata_a)
+        ifsub = self.ifsub(true_mask, vdata_b, vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert ifsub == data_sub
+        ifsub = self.ifsub(false_mask, vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_b)
+        assert ifsub == vdata_b
+
+        data_add = self.add(vdata_b, vdata_a)
+        ifadd = self.ifadd(true_mask, vdata_b, vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert ifadd == data_add
+        ifadd = self.ifadd(false_mask, vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_b)
+        assert ifadd == vdata_b
+
+        if not self._is_fp():
+            return
+        data_div = self.div(vdata_b, vdata_a)
+        ifdiv = self.ifdiv(true_mask, vdata_b, vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert ifdiv == data_div
+        ifdivz = self.ifdivz(true_mask, vdata_b, vdata_a)
+        assert ifdivz == data_div
+        ifdiv = self.ifdiv(false_mask, vdata_a, vdata_b, vdata_b)
+        assert ifdiv == vdata_b
+        ifdivz = self.ifdivz(false_mask, vdata_a, vdata_b)
+        assert ifdivz == self.zero()
+
+bool_sfx = ("b8", "b16", "b32", "b64")
+int_sfx = ("u8", "s8", "u16", "s16", "u32", "s32", "u64", "s64")
+fp_sfx  = ("f32", "f64")
+all_sfx = int_sfx + fp_sfx
+tests_registry = {
+    bool_sfx: _SIMD_BOOL,
+    int_sfx : _SIMD_INT,
+    fp_sfx  : _SIMD_FP,
+    ("f32",): _SIMD_FP32,
+    ("f64",): _SIMD_FP64,
+    all_sfx : _SIMD_ALL
+}
+for target_name, npyv in targets.items():
+    simd_width = npyv.simd if npyv else ''
+    pretty_name = target_name.split('__') # multi-target separator
+    if len(pretty_name) > 1:
+        # multi-target
+        pretty_name = f"({' '.join(pretty_name)})"
+    else:
+        pretty_name = pretty_name[0]
+
+    skip = ""
+    skip_sfx = dict()
+    if not npyv:
+        skip = f"target '{pretty_name}' isn't supported by current machine"
+    elif not npyv.simd:
+        skip = f"target '{pretty_name}' isn't supported by NPYV"
+    else:
+        if not npyv.simd_f32:
+            skip_sfx["f32"] = f"target '{pretty_name}' "\
+                               "doesn't support single-precision"
+        if not npyv.simd_f64:
+            skip_sfx["f64"] = f"target '{pretty_name}' doesn't"\
+                               "support double-precision"
+
+    for sfxes, cls in tests_registry.items():
+        for sfx in sfxes:
+            skip_m = skip_sfx.get(sfx, skip)
+            inhr = (cls,)
+            attr = dict(npyv=targets[target_name], sfx=sfx, target_name=target_name)
+            tcls = type(f"Test{cls.__name__}_{simd_width}_{target_name}_{sfx}", inhr, attr)
+            if skip_m:
+                pytest.mark.skip(reason=skip_m)(tcls)
+            globals()[tcls.__name__] = tcls
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_simd_module.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_simd_module.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fbaa9f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_simd_module.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import pytest
+from numpy.core._simd import targets
+"""
+This testing unit only for checking the sanity of common functionality,
+therefore all we need is just to take one submodule that represents any
+of enabled SIMD extensions to run the test on it and the second submodule
+required to run only one check related to the possibility of mixing
+the data types among each submodule.
+"""
+npyvs = [npyv_mod for npyv_mod in targets.values() if npyv_mod and npyv_mod.simd]
+npyv, npyv2 = (npyvs + [None, None])[:2]
+
+unsigned_sfx = ["u8", "u16", "u32", "u64"]
+signed_sfx = ["s8", "s16", "s32", "s64"]
+fp_sfx = []
+if npyv and npyv.simd_f32:
+    fp_sfx.append("f32")
+if npyv and npyv.simd_f64:
+    fp_sfx.append("f64")
+
+int_sfx = unsigned_sfx + signed_sfx
+all_sfx = unsigned_sfx + int_sfx
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not npyv, reason="could not find any SIMD extension with NPYV support")
+class Test_SIMD_MODULE:
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('sfx', all_sfx)
+    def test_num_lanes(self, sfx):
+        nlanes = getattr(npyv, "nlanes_" + sfx)
+        vector = getattr(npyv, "setall_" + sfx)(1)
+        assert len(vector) == nlanes
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('sfx', all_sfx)
+    def test_type_name(self, sfx):
+        vector = getattr(npyv, "setall_" + sfx)(1)
+        assert vector.__name__ == "npyv_" + sfx
+
+    def test_raises(self):
+        a, b = [npyv.setall_u32(1)]*2
+        for sfx in all_sfx:
+            vcb = lambda intrin: getattr(npyv, f"{intrin}_{sfx}")
+            pytest.raises(TypeError, vcb("add"), a)
+            pytest.raises(TypeError, vcb("add"), a, b, a)
+            pytest.raises(TypeError, vcb("setall"))
+            pytest.raises(TypeError, vcb("setall"), [1])
+            pytest.raises(TypeError, vcb("load"), 1)
+            pytest.raises(ValueError, vcb("load"), [1])
+            pytest.raises(ValueError, vcb("store"), [1], getattr(npyv, f"reinterpret_{sfx}_u32")(a))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not npyv2, reason=(
+        "could not find a second SIMD extension with NPYV support"
+    ))
+    def test_nomix(self):
+        # mix among submodules isn't allowed
+        a = npyv.setall_u32(1)
+        a2 = npyv2.setall_u32(1)
+        pytest.raises(TypeError, npyv.add_u32, a2, a2)
+        pytest.raises(TypeError, npyv2.add_u32, a, a)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('sfx', unsigned_sfx)
+    def test_unsigned_overflow(self, sfx):
+        nlanes = getattr(npyv, "nlanes_" + sfx)
+        maxu = (1 << int(sfx[1:])) - 1
+        maxu_72 = (1 << 72) - 1
+        lane = getattr(npyv, "setall_" + sfx)(maxu_72)[0]
+        assert lane == maxu
+        lanes = getattr(npyv, "load_" + sfx)([maxu_72] * nlanes)
+        assert lanes == [maxu] * nlanes
+        lane = getattr(npyv, "setall_" + sfx)(-1)[0]
+        assert lane == maxu
+        lanes = getattr(npyv, "load_" + sfx)([-1] * nlanes)
+        assert lanes == [maxu] * nlanes
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('sfx', signed_sfx)
+    def test_signed_overflow(self, sfx):
+        nlanes = getattr(npyv, "nlanes_" + sfx)
+        maxs_72 = (1 << 71) - 1
+        lane = getattr(npyv, "setall_" + sfx)(maxs_72)[0]
+        assert lane == -1
+        lanes = getattr(npyv, "load_" + sfx)([maxs_72] * nlanes)
+        assert lanes == [-1] * nlanes
+        mins_72 = -1 << 71
+        lane = getattr(npyv, "setall_" + sfx)(mins_72)[0]
+        assert lane == 0
+        lanes = getattr(npyv, "load_" + sfx)([mins_72] * nlanes)
+        assert lanes == [0] * nlanes
+
+    def test_truncate_f32(self):
+        if not npyv.simd_f32:
+            pytest.skip("F32 isn't support by the SIMD extension")
+        f32 = npyv.setall_f32(0.1)[0]
+        assert f32 != 0.1
+        assert round(f32, 1) == 0.1
+
+    def test_compare(self):
+        data_range = range(0, npyv.nlanes_u32)
+        vdata = npyv.load_u32(data_range)
+        assert vdata == list(data_range)
+        assert vdata == tuple(data_range)
+        for i in data_range:
+            assert vdata[i] == data_range[i]
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_strings.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_strings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42f775e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_strings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import pytest
+
+import operator
+import numpy as np
+
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
+
+
+COMPARISONS = [
+    (operator.eq, np.equal, "=="),
+    (operator.ne, np.not_equal, "!="),
+    (operator.lt, np.less, "<"),
+    (operator.le, np.less_equal, "<="),
+    (operator.gt, np.greater, ">"),
+    (operator.ge, np.greater_equal, ">="),
+]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["op", "ufunc", "sym"], COMPARISONS)
+def test_mixed_string_comparison_ufuncs_fail(op, ufunc, sym):
+    arr_string = np.array(["a", "b"], dtype="S")
+    arr_unicode = np.array(["a", "c"], dtype="U")
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="did not contain a loop"):
+        ufunc(arr_string, arr_unicode)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="did not contain a loop"):
+        ufunc(arr_unicode, arr_string)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["op", "ufunc", "sym"], COMPARISONS)
+def test_mixed_string_comparisons_ufuncs_with_cast(op, ufunc, sym):
+    arr_string = np.array(["a", "b"], dtype="S")
+    arr_unicode = np.array(["a", "c"], dtype="U")
+
+    # While there is no loop, manual casting is acceptable:
+    res1 = ufunc(arr_string, arr_unicode, signature="UU->?", casting="unsafe")
+    res2 = ufunc(arr_string, arr_unicode, signature="SS->?", casting="unsafe")
+
+    expected = op(arr_string.astype('U'), arr_unicode)
+    assert_array_equal(res1, expected)
+    assert_array_equal(res2, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["op", "ufunc", "sym"], COMPARISONS)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtypes", [
+        ("S2", "S2"), ("S2", "S10"),
+        ("<U1", "<U1"), ("<U1", ">U1"), (">U1", ">U1"),
+        ("<U1", "<U10"), ("<U1", ">U10")])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("aligned", [True, False])
+def test_string_comparisons(op, ufunc, sym, dtypes, aligned):
+    # ensure native byte-order for the first view to stay within unicode range
+    native_dt = np.dtype(dtypes[0]).newbyteorder("=")
+    arr = np.arange(2**15).view(native_dt).astype(dtypes[0])
+    if not aligned:
+        # Make `arr` unaligned:
+        new = np.zeros(arr.nbytes + 1, dtype=np.uint8)[1:].view(dtypes[0])
+        new[...] = arr
+        arr = new
+
+    arr2 = arr.astype(dtypes[1], copy=True)
+    np.random.shuffle(arr2)
+    arr[0] = arr2[0]  # make sure one matches
+
+    expected = [op(d1, d2) for d1, d2 in zip(arr.tolist(), arr2.tolist())]
+    assert_array_equal(op(arr, arr2), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(ufunc(arr, arr2), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(np.compare_chararrays(arr, arr2, sym, False), expected)
+
+    expected = [op(d2, d1) for d1, d2 in zip(arr.tolist(), arr2.tolist())]
+    assert_array_equal(op(arr2, arr), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(ufunc(arr2, arr), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(np.compare_chararrays(arr2, arr, sym, False), expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(["op", "ufunc", "sym"], COMPARISONS)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtypes", [
+        ("S2", "S2"), ("S2", "S10"), ("<U1", "<U1"), ("<U1", ">U10")])
+def test_string_comparisons_empty(op, ufunc, sym, dtypes):
+    arr = np.empty((1, 0, 1, 5), dtype=dtypes[0])
+    arr2 = np.empty((100, 1, 0, 1), dtype=dtypes[1])
+
+    expected = np.empty(np.broadcast_shapes(arr.shape, arr2.shape), dtype=bool)
+    assert_array_equal(op(arr, arr2), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(ufunc(arr, arr2), expected)
+    assert_array_equal(np.compare_chararrays(arr, arr2, sym, False), expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("str_dt", ["S", "U"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("float_dt", np.typecodes["AllFloat"])
+def test_float_to_string_cast(str_dt, float_dt):
+    float_dt = np.dtype(float_dt)
+    fi = np.finfo(float_dt)
+    arr = np.array([np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, fi.max, fi.min], dtype=float_dt)
+    expected = ["nan", "inf", "-inf", repr(fi.max), repr(fi.min)]
+    if float_dt.kind == 'c':
+        expected = [f"({r}+0j)" for r in expected]
+
+    res = arr.astype(str_dt)
+    assert_array_equal(res, np.array(expected, dtype=str_dt))
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_ufunc.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_ufunc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fbc4b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_ufunc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2996 @@
+import warnings
+import itertools
+import sys
+import ctypes as ct
+
+import pytest
+from pytest import param
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.core._umath_tests as umt
+import numpy.linalg._umath_linalg as uml
+import numpy.core._operand_flag_tests as opflag_tests
+import numpy.core._rational_tests as _rational_tests
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_array_equal,
+    assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal, assert_no_warnings,
+    assert_allclose, HAS_REFCOUNT, suppress_warnings, IS_WASM, IS_PYPY,
+    )
+from numpy.testing._private.utils import requires_memory
+from numpy.compat import pickle
+
+
+UNARY_UFUNCS = [obj for obj in np.core.umath.__dict__.values()
+                    if isinstance(obj, np.ufunc)]
+UNARY_OBJECT_UFUNCS = [uf for uf in UNARY_UFUNCS if "O->O" in uf.types]
+
+
+class TestUfuncKwargs:
+    def test_kwarg_exact(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, castingx='safe')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, dtypex=int)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, extobjx=[4096])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, outx=None)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, sigx='ii->i')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, signaturex='ii->i')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, subokx=False)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, wherex=[True])
+
+    def test_sig_signature(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, sig='ii->i',
+                      signature='ii->i')
+
+    def test_sig_dtype(self):
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, sig='ii->i',
+                      dtype=int)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, signature='ii->i',
+                      dtype=int)
+
+    def test_extobj_refcount(self):
+        # Should not segfault with USE_DEBUG.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1, 2, extobj=[4096], parrot=True)
+
+
+class TestUfuncGenericLoops:
+    """Test generic loops.
+
+    The loops to be tested are:
+
+        PyUFunc_ff_f_As_dd_d
+        PyUFunc_ff_f
+        PyUFunc_dd_d
+        PyUFunc_gg_g
+        PyUFunc_FF_F_As_DD_D
+        PyUFunc_DD_D
+        PyUFunc_FF_F
+        PyUFunc_GG_G
+        PyUFunc_OO_O
+        PyUFunc_OO_O_method
+        PyUFunc_f_f_As_d_d
+        PyUFunc_d_d
+        PyUFunc_f_f
+        PyUFunc_g_g
+        PyUFunc_F_F_As_D_D
+        PyUFunc_F_F
+        PyUFunc_D_D
+        PyUFunc_G_G
+        PyUFunc_O_O
+        PyUFunc_O_O_method
+        PyUFunc_On_Om
+
+    Where:
+
+        f -- float
+        d -- double
+        g -- long double
+        F -- complex float
+        D -- complex double
+        G -- complex long double
+        O -- python object
+
+    It is difficult to assure that each of these loops is entered from the
+    Python level as the special cased loops are a moving target and the
+    corresponding types are architecture dependent. We probably need to
+    define C level testing ufuncs to get at them. For the time being, I've
+    just looked at the signatures registered in the build directory to find
+    relevant functions.
+
+    """
+    np_dtypes = [
+        (np.single, np.single), (np.single, np.double),
+        (np.csingle, np.csingle), (np.csingle, np.cdouble),
+        (np.double, np.double), (np.longdouble, np.longdouble),
+        (np.cdouble, np.cdouble), (np.clongdouble, np.clongdouble)]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('input_dtype,output_dtype', np_dtypes)
+    def test_unary_PyUFunc(self, input_dtype, output_dtype, f=np.exp, x=0, y=1):
+        xs = np.full(10, input_dtype(x), dtype=output_dtype)
+        ys = f(xs)[::2]
+        assert_allclose(ys, y)
+        assert_equal(ys.dtype, output_dtype)
+
+    def f2(x, y):
+        return x**y
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('input_dtype,output_dtype', np_dtypes)
+    def test_binary_PyUFunc(self, input_dtype, output_dtype, f=f2, x=0, y=1):
+        xs = np.full(10, input_dtype(x), dtype=output_dtype)
+        ys = f(xs, xs)[::2]
+        assert_allclose(ys, y)
+        assert_equal(ys.dtype, output_dtype)
+
+    # class to use in testing object method loops
+    class foo:
+        def conjugate(self):
+            return np.bool_(1)
+
+        def logical_xor(self, obj):
+            return np.bool_(1)
+
+    def test_unary_PyUFunc_O_O(self):
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=object)
+        assert_(np.all(np.abs(x) == 1))
+
+    def test_unary_PyUFunc_O_O_method_simple(self, foo=foo):
+        x = np.full(10, foo(), dtype=object)
+        assert_(np.all(np.conjugate(x) == True))
+
+    def test_binary_PyUFunc_OO_O(self):
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=object)
+        assert_(np.all(np.add(x, x) == 2))
+
+    def test_binary_PyUFunc_OO_O_method(self, foo=foo):
+        x = np.full(10, foo(), dtype=object)
+        assert_(np.all(np.logical_xor(x, x)))
+
+    def test_binary_PyUFunc_On_Om_method(self, foo=foo):
+        x = np.full((10, 2, 3), foo(), dtype=object)
+        assert_(np.all(np.logical_xor(x, x)))
+
+    def test_python_complex_conjugate(self):
+        # The conjugate ufunc should fall back to calling the method:
+        arr = np.array([1+2j, 3-4j], dtype="O")
+        assert isinstance(arr[0], complex)
+        res = np.conjugate(arr)
+        assert res.dtype == np.dtype("O")
+        assert_array_equal(res, np.array([1-2j, 3+4j], dtype="O"))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc", UNARY_OBJECT_UFUNCS)
+    def test_unary_PyUFunc_O_O_method_full(self, ufunc):
+        """Compare the result of the object loop with non-object one"""
+        val = np.float64(np.pi/4)
+
+        class MyFloat(np.float64):
+            def __getattr__(self, attr):
+                try:
+                    return super().__getattr__(attr)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return lambda: getattr(np.core.umath, attr)(val)
+
+        # Use 0-D arrays, to ensure the same element call
+        num_arr = np.array(val, dtype=np.float64)
+        obj_arr = np.array(MyFloat(val), dtype="O")
+
+        with np.errstate(all="raise"):
+            try:
+                res_num = ufunc(num_arr)
+            except Exception as exc:
+                with assert_raises(type(exc)):
+                    ufunc(obj_arr)
+            else:
+                res_obj = ufunc(obj_arr)
+                assert_array_almost_equal(res_num.astype("O"), res_obj)
+
+
+def _pickleable_module_global():
+    pass
+
+
+class TestUfunc:
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            assert_(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(np.sin,
+                                              protocol=proto)) is np.sin)
+
+            # Check that ufunc not defined in the top level numpy namespace
+            # such as numpy.core._rational_tests.test_add can also be pickled
+            res = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(_rational_tests.test_add,
+                                            protocol=proto))
+            assert_(res is _rational_tests.test_add)
+
+    def test_pickle_withstring(self):
+        astring = (b"cnumpy.core\n_ufunc_reconstruct\np0\n"
+                   b"(S'numpy.core.umath'\np1\nS'cos'\np2\ntp3\nRp4\n.")
+        assert_(pickle.loads(astring) is np.cos)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_PYPY, reason="'is' check does not work on PyPy")
+    def test_pickle_name_is_qualname(self):
+        # This tests that a simplification of our ufunc pickle code will
+        # lead to allowing qualnames as names.  Future ufuncs should
+        # possible add a specific qualname, or a hook into pickling instead
+        # (dask+numba may benefit).
+        _pickleable_module_global.ufunc = umt._pickleable_module_global_ufunc
+        obj = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(_pickleable_module_global.ufunc))
+        assert obj is umt._pickleable_module_global_ufunc
+
+    def test_reduceat_shifting_sum(self):
+        L = 6
+        x = np.arange(L)
+        idx = np.array(list(zip(np.arange(L - 2), np.arange(L - 2) + 2))).ravel()
+        assert_array_equal(np.add.reduceat(x, idx)[::2], [1, 3, 5, 7])
+
+    def test_all_ufunc(self):
+        """Try to check presence and results of all ufuncs.
+
+        The list of ufuncs comes from generate_umath.py and is as follows:
+
+        =====  ====  =============  ===============  ========================
+        done   args   function        types                notes
+        =====  ====  =============  ===============  ========================
+        n      1     conjugate      nums + O
+        n      1     absolute       nums + O         complex -> real
+        n      1     negative       nums + O
+        n      1     sign           nums + O         -> int
+        n      1     invert         bool + ints + O  flts raise an error
+        n      1     degrees        real + M         cmplx raise an error
+        n      1     radians        real + M         cmplx raise an error
+        n      1     arccos         flts + M
+        n      1     arccosh        flts + M
+        n      1     arcsin         flts + M
+        n      1     arcsinh        flts + M
+        n      1     arctan         flts + M
+        n      1     arctanh        flts + M
+        n      1     cos            flts + M
+        n      1     sin            flts + M
+        n      1     tan            flts + M
+        n      1     cosh           flts + M
+        n      1     sinh           flts + M
+        n      1     tanh           flts + M
+        n      1     exp            flts + M
+        n      1     expm1          flts + M
+        n      1     log            flts + M
+        n      1     log10          flts + M
+        n      1     log1p          flts + M
+        n      1     sqrt           flts + M         real x < 0 raises error
+        n      1     ceil           real + M
+        n      1     trunc          real + M
+        n      1     floor          real + M
+        n      1     fabs           real + M
+        n      1     rint           flts + M
+        n      1     isnan          flts             -> bool
+        n      1     isinf          flts             -> bool
+        n      1     isfinite       flts             -> bool
+        n      1     signbit        real             -> bool
+        n      1     modf           real             -> (frac, int)
+        n      1     logical_not    bool + nums + M  -> bool
+        n      2     left_shift     ints + O         flts raise an error
+        n      2     right_shift    ints + O         flts raise an error
+        n      2     add            bool + nums + O  boolean + is ||
+        n      2     subtract       bool + nums + O  boolean - is ^
+        n      2     multiply       bool + nums + O  boolean * is &
+        n      2     divide         nums + O
+        n      2     floor_divide   nums + O
+        n      2     true_divide    nums + O         bBhH -> f, iIlLqQ -> d
+        n      2     fmod           nums + M
+        n      2     power          nums + O
+        n      2     greater        bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     greater_equal  bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     less           bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     less_equal     bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     equal          bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     not_equal      bool + nums + O  -> bool
+        n      2     logical_and    bool + nums + M  -> bool
+        n      2     logical_or     bool + nums + M  -> bool
+        n      2     logical_xor    bool + nums + M  -> bool
+        n      2     maximum        bool + nums + O
+        n      2     minimum        bool + nums + O
+        n      2     bitwise_and    bool + ints + O  flts raise an error
+        n      2     bitwise_or     bool + ints + O  flts raise an error
+        n      2     bitwise_xor    bool + ints + O  flts raise an error
+        n      2     arctan2        real + M
+        n      2     remainder      ints + real + O
+        n      2     hypot          real + M
+        =====  ====  =============  ===============  ========================
+
+        Types other than those listed will be accepted, but they are cast to
+        the smallest compatible type for which the function is defined. The
+        casting rules are:
+
+        bool -> int8 -> float32
+        ints -> double
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+    # from include/numpy/ufuncobject.h
+    size_inferred = 2
+    can_ignore = 4
+    def test_signature0(self):
+        # the arguments to test_signature are: nin, nout, core_signature
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            2, 1, "(i),(i)->()")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (1,  1,  0))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0, 0))
+        assert_equal(flags, (self.size_inferred,))
+        assert_equal(sizes, (-1,))
+
+    def test_signature1(self):
+        # empty core signature; treat as plain ufunc (with trivial core)
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            2, 1, "(),()->()")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 0)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (0,  0,  0))
+        assert_equal(ixs, ())
+        assert_equal(flags, ())
+        assert_equal(sizes, ())
+
+    def test_signature2(self):
+        # more complicated names for variables
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            2, 1, "(i1,i2),(J_1)->(_kAB)")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (2, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0, 1, 2, 3))
+        assert_equal(flags, (self.size_inferred,)*4)
+        assert_equal(sizes, (-1, -1, -1, -1))
+
+    def test_signature3(self):
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            2, 1, "(i1, i12),   (J_1)->(i12, i2)")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (2, 1, 2))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0, 1, 2, 1, 3))
+        assert_equal(flags, (self.size_inferred,)*4)
+        assert_equal(sizes, (-1, -1, -1, -1))
+
+    def test_signature4(self):
+        # matrix_multiply signature from _umath_tests
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            2, 1, "(n,k),(k,m)->(n,m)")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (2, 2, 2))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 2))
+        assert_equal(flags, (self.size_inferred,)*3)
+        assert_equal(sizes, (-1, -1, -1))
+
+    def test_signature5(self):
+        # matmul signature from _umath_tests
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            2, 1, "(n?,k),(k,m?)->(n?,m?)")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (2, 2, 2))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 2))
+        assert_equal(flags, (self.size_inferred | self.can_ignore,
+                             self.size_inferred,
+                             self.size_inferred | self.can_ignore))
+        assert_equal(sizes, (-1, -1, -1))
+
+    def test_signature6(self):
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            1, 1, "(3)->()")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (1, 0))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0,))
+        assert_equal(flags, (0,))
+        assert_equal(sizes, (3,))
+
+    def test_signature7(self):
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            3, 1, "(3),(03,3),(n)->(9)")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (1, 2, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0, 0, 0, 1, 2))
+        assert_equal(flags, (0, self.size_inferred, 0))
+        assert_equal(sizes, (3, -1, 9))
+
+    def test_signature8(self):
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            3, 1, "(3?),(3?,3?),(n)->(9)")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (1, 2, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0, 0, 0, 1, 2))
+        assert_equal(flags, (self.can_ignore, self.size_inferred, 0))
+        assert_equal(sizes, (3, -1, 9))
+
+    def test_signature9(self):
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            1, 1, "(  3)  -> ( )")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (1, 0))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0,))
+        assert_equal(flags, (0,))
+        assert_equal(sizes, (3,))
+
+    def test_signature10(self):
+        enabled, num_dims, ixs, flags, sizes = umt.test_signature(
+            3, 1, "( 3? ) , (3? ,  3?) ,(n )-> ( 9)")
+        assert_equal(enabled, 1)
+        assert_equal(num_dims, (1, 2, 1, 1))
+        assert_equal(ixs, (0, 0, 0, 1, 2))
+        assert_equal(flags, (self.can_ignore, self.size_inferred, 0))
+        assert_equal(sizes, (3, -1, 9))
+
+    def test_signature_failure_extra_parenthesis(self):
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            umt.test_signature(2, 1, "((i)),(i)->()")
+
+    def test_signature_failure_mismatching_parenthesis(self):
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            umt.test_signature(2, 1, "(i),)i(->()")
+
+    def test_signature_failure_signature_missing_input_arg(self):
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            umt.test_signature(2, 1, "(i),->()")
+
+    def test_signature_failure_signature_missing_output_arg(self):
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            umt.test_signature(2, 2, "(i),(i)->()")
+
+    def test_get_signature(self):
+        assert_equal(umt.inner1d.signature, "(i),(i)->()")
+
+    def test_forced_sig(self):
+        a = 0.5*np.arange(3, dtype='f8')
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5), [0.5, 1, 1.5])
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5, sig='i', casting='unsafe'), [0, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5, sig='ii->i', casting='unsafe'), [0, 0, 1])
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5, sig=('i4',), casting='unsafe'),
+                         [0, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.add(a, 0.5, sig=('i4', 'i4', 'i4'),
+                                            casting='unsafe'), [0, 0, 1])
+
+        b = np.zeros((3,), dtype='f8')
+        np.add(a, 0.5, out=b)
+        assert_equal(b, [0.5, 1, 1.5])
+        b[:] = 0
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            np.add(a, 0.5, sig='i', out=b, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 1])
+        b[:] = 0
+        np.add(a, 0.5, sig='ii->i', out=b, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 1])
+        b[:] = 0
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+            np.add(a, 0.5, sig=('i4',), out=b, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 1])
+        b[:] = 0
+        np.add(a, 0.5, sig=('i4', 'i4', 'i4'), out=b, casting='unsafe')
+        assert_equal(b, [0, 0, 1])
+
+    def test_signature_all_None(self):
+        # signature all None, is an acceptable alternative (since 1.21)
+        # to not providing a signature.
+        res1 = np.add([3], [4], sig=(None, None, None))
+        res2 = np.add([3], [4])
+        assert_array_equal(res1, res2)
+        res1 = np.maximum([3], [4], sig=(None, None, None))
+        res2 = np.maximum([3], [4])
+        assert_array_equal(res1, res2)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            # special case, that would be deprecated anyway, so errors:
+            np.add(3, 4, signature=(None,))
+
+    def test_signature_dtype_type(self):
+        # Since that will be the normal behaviour (past NumPy 1.21)
+        # we do support the types already:
+        float_dtype = type(np.dtype(np.float64))
+        np.add(3, 4, signature=(float_dtype, float_dtype, None))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("get_kwarg", [
+            lambda dt: dict(dtype=x),
+            lambda dt: dict(signature=(x, None, None))])
+    def test_signature_dtype_instances_allowed(self, get_kwarg):
+        # We allow certain dtype instances when there is a clear singleton
+        # and the given one is equivalent; mainly for backcompat.
+        int64 = np.dtype("int64")
+        int64_2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(int64))
+        # Relies on pickling behavior, if assert fails just remove test...
+        assert int64 is not int64_2
+
+        assert np.add(1, 2, **get_kwarg(int64_2)).dtype == int64
+        td = np.timedelta(2, "s")
+        assert np.add(td, td, **get_kwarg("m8")).dtype == "m8[s]"
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("get_kwarg", [
+            param(lambda x: dict(dtype=x), id="dtype"),
+            param(lambda x: dict(signature=(x, None, None)), id="signature")])
+    def test_signature_dtype_instances_allowed(self, get_kwarg):
+        msg = "The `dtype` and `signature` arguments to ufuncs"
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            np.add(3, 5, **get_kwarg(np.dtype("int64").newbyteorder()))
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            np.add(3, 5, **get_kwarg(np.dtype("m8[ns]")))
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+            np.add(3, 5, **get_kwarg("m8[ns]"))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("casting", ["unsafe", "same_kind", "safe"])
+    def test_partial_signature_mismatch(self, casting):
+        # If the second argument matches already, no need to specify it:
+        res = np.ldexp(np.float32(1.), np.int_(2), dtype="d")
+        assert res.dtype == "d"
+        res = np.ldexp(np.float32(1.), np.int_(2), signature=(None, None, "d"))
+        assert res.dtype == "d"
+
+        # ldexp only has a loop for long input as second argument, overriding
+        # the output cannot help with that (no matter the casting)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.ldexp(1., np.uint64(3), dtype="d")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.ldexp(1., np.uint64(3), signature=(None, None, "d"))
+
+    def test_partial_signature_mismatch_with_cache(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add(np.float16(1), np.uint64(2), sig=("e", "d", None))
+        # Ensure e,d->None is in the dispatching cache (double loop)
+        np.add(np.float16(1), np.float64(2))
+        # The error must still be raised:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add(np.float16(1), np.uint64(2), sig=("e", "d", None))
+
+    def test_use_output_signature_for_all_arguments(self):
+        # Test that providing only `dtype=` or `signature=(None, None, dtype)`
+        # is sufficient if falling back to a homogeneous signature works.
+        # In this case, the `intp, intp -> intp` loop is chosen.
+        res = np.power(1.5, 2.8, dtype=np.intp, casting="unsafe")
+        assert res == 1  # the cast happens first.
+        res = np.power(1.5, 2.8, signature=(None, None, np.intp),
+                       casting="unsafe")
+        assert res == 1
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            # the unsafe casting would normally cause errors though:
+            np.power(1.5, 2.8, dtype=np.intp)
+
+    def test_signature_errors(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+                    match="the signature object to ufunc must be a string or"):
+            np.add(3, 4, signature=123.)  # neither a string nor a tuple
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            # bad symbols that do not translate to dtypes
+            np.add(3, 4, signature="%^->#")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.add(3, 4, signature=b"ii-i")  # incomplete and byte string
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.add(3, 4, signature="ii>i")  # incomplete string
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.add(3, 4, signature=(None, "f8"))  # bad length
+
+        with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError):
+            np.add(3, 4, signature=b"\xff\xff->i")
+
+    def test_forced_dtype_times(self):
+        # Signatures only set the type numbers (not the actual loop dtypes)
+        # so using `M` in a signature/dtype should generally work:
+        a = np.array(['2010-01-02', '1999-03-14', '1833-03'], dtype='>M8[D]')
+        np.maximum(a, a, dtype="M")
+        np.maximum.reduce(a, dtype="M")
+
+        arr = np.arange(10, dtype="m8[s]")
+        np.add(arr, arr, dtype="m")
+        np.maximum(arr, arr, dtype="m")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc", [np.add, np.sqrt])
+    def test_cast_safety(self, ufunc):
+        """Basic test for the safest casts, because ufuncs inner loops can
+        indicate a cast-safety as well (which is normally always "no").
+        """
+        def call_ufunc(arr, **kwargs):
+            return ufunc(*(arr,) * ufunc.nin, **kwargs)
+
+        arr = np.array([1., 2., 3.], dtype=np.float32)
+        arr_bs = arr.astype(arr.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        expected = call_ufunc(arr)
+        # Normally, a "no" cast:
+        res = call_ufunc(arr, casting="no")
+        assert_array_equal(expected, res)
+        # Byte-swapping is not allowed with "no" though:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            call_ufunc(arr_bs, casting="no")
+
+        # But is allowed with "equiv":
+        res = call_ufunc(arr_bs, casting="equiv")
+        assert_array_equal(expected, res)
+
+        # Casting to float64 is safe, but not equiv:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            call_ufunc(arr_bs, dtype=np.float64, casting="equiv")
+
+        # but it is safe cast:
+        res = call_ufunc(arr_bs, dtype=np.float64, casting="safe")
+        expected = call_ufunc(arr.astype(np.float64))  # upcast
+        assert_array_equal(expected, res)
+
+    def test_true_divide(self):
+        a = np.array(10)
+        b = np.array(20)
+        tgt = np.array(0.5)
+
+        for tc in 'bhilqBHILQefdgFDG':
+            dt = np.dtype(tc)
+            aa = a.astype(dt)
+            bb = b.astype(dt)
+
+            # Check result value and dtype.
+            for x, y in itertools.product([aa, -aa], [bb, -bb]):
+
+                # Check with no output type specified
+                if tc in 'FDG':
+                    tgt = complex(x)/complex(y)
+                else:
+                    tgt = float(x)/float(y)
+
+                res = np.true_divide(x, y)
+                rtol = max(np.finfo(res).resolution, 1e-15)
+                assert_allclose(res, tgt, rtol=rtol)
+
+                if tc in 'bhilqBHILQ':
+                    assert_(res.dtype.name == 'float64')
+                else:
+                    assert_(res.dtype.name == dt.name )
+
+                # Check with output type specified.  This also checks for the
+                # incorrect casts in issue gh-3484 because the unary '-' does
+                # not change types, even for unsigned types, Hence casts in the
+                # ufunc from signed to unsigned and vice versa will lead to
+                # errors in the values.
+                for tcout in 'bhilqBHILQ':
+                    dtout = np.dtype(tcout)
+                    assert_raises(TypeError, np.true_divide, x, y, dtype=dtout)
+
+                for tcout in 'efdg':
+                    dtout = np.dtype(tcout)
+                    if tc in 'FDG':
+                        # Casting complex to float is not allowed
+                        assert_raises(TypeError, np.true_divide, x, y, dtype=dtout)
+                    else:
+                        tgt = float(x)/float(y)
+                        rtol = max(np.finfo(dtout).resolution, 1e-15)
+                        # The value of tiny for double double is NaN
+                        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                            sup.filter(UserWarning)
+                            if not np.isnan(np.finfo(dtout).tiny):
+                                atol = max(np.finfo(dtout).tiny, 3e-308)
+                            else:
+                                atol = 3e-308
+                        # Some test values result in invalid for float16
+                        # and the cast to it may overflow to inf.
+                        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore', over='ignore'):
+                            res = np.true_divide(x, y, dtype=dtout)
+                        if not np.isfinite(res) and tcout == 'e':
+                            continue
+                        assert_allclose(res, tgt, rtol=rtol, atol=atol)
+                        assert_(res.dtype.name == dtout.name)
+
+                for tcout in 'FDG':
+                    dtout = np.dtype(tcout)
+                    tgt = complex(x)/complex(y)
+                    rtol = max(np.finfo(dtout).resolution, 1e-15)
+                    # The value of tiny for double double is NaN
+                    with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                        sup.filter(UserWarning)
+                        if not np.isnan(np.finfo(dtout).tiny):
+                            atol = max(np.finfo(dtout).tiny, 3e-308)
+                        else:
+                            atol = 3e-308
+                    res = np.true_divide(x, y, dtype=dtout)
+                    if not np.isfinite(res):
+                        continue
+                    assert_allclose(res, tgt, rtol=rtol, atol=atol)
+                    assert_(res.dtype.name == dtout.name)
+
+        # Check booleans
+        a = np.ones((), dtype=np.bool_)
+        res = np.true_divide(a, a)
+        assert_(res == 1.0)
+        assert_(res.dtype.name == 'float64')
+        res = np.true_divide(~a, a)
+        assert_(res == 0.0)
+        assert_(res.dtype.name == 'float64')
+
+    def test_sum_stability(self):
+        a = np.ones(500, dtype=np.float32)
+        assert_almost_equal((a / 10.).sum() - a.size / 10., 0, 4)
+
+        a = np.ones(500, dtype=np.float64)
+        assert_almost_equal((a / 10.).sum() - a.size / 10., 0, 13)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_sum(self):
+        for dt in (int, np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble):
+            for v in (0, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 19, 127,
+                      128, 1024, 1235):
+                # warning if sum overflows, which it does in float16
+                with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+                    warnings.simplefilter("always", RuntimeWarning)
+
+                    tgt = dt(v * (v + 1) / 2)
+                    overflow = not np.isfinite(tgt)
+                    assert_equal(len(w), 1 * overflow)
+
+                    d = np.arange(1, v + 1, dtype=dt)
+
+                    assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d), tgt)
+                    assert_equal(len(w), 2 * overflow)
+
+                    assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-1]), tgt)
+                    assert_equal(len(w), 3 * overflow)
+
+            d = np.ones(500, dtype=dt)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::2]), 250.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[1::2]), 250.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::3]), 167.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[1::3]), 167.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-2]), 250.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[-1::-2]), 250.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-3]), 167.)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[-1::-3]), 167.)
+            # sum with first reduction entry != 0
+            d = np.ones((1,), dtype=dt)
+            d += d
+            assert_almost_equal(d, 2.)
+
+    def test_sum_complex(self):
+        for dt in (np.complex64, np.complex128, np.clongdouble):
+            for v in (0, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 19, 127,
+                      128, 1024, 1235):
+                tgt = dt(v * (v + 1) / 2) - dt((v * (v + 1) / 2) * 1j)
+                d = np.empty(v, dtype=dt)
+                d.real = np.arange(1, v + 1)
+                d.imag = -np.arange(1, v + 1)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d), tgt)
+                assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-1]), tgt)
+
+            d = np.ones(500, dtype=dt) + 1j
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::2]), 250. + 250j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[1::2]), 250. + 250j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::3]), 167. + 167j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[1::3]), 167. + 167j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-2]), 250. + 250j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[-1::-2]), 250. + 250j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[::-3]), 167. + 167j)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.sum(d[-1::-3]), 167. + 167j)
+            # sum with first reduction entry != 0
+            d = np.ones((1,), dtype=dt) + 1j
+            d += d
+            assert_almost_equal(d, 2. + 2j)
+
+    def test_sum_initial(self):
+        # Integer, single axis
+        assert_equal(np.sum([3], initial=2), 5)
+
+        # Floating point
+        assert_almost_equal(np.sum([0.2], initial=0.1), 0.3)
+
+        # Multiple non-adjacent axes
+        assert_equal(np.sum(np.ones((2, 3, 5), dtype=np.int64), axis=(0, 2), initial=2),
+                     [12, 12, 12])
+
+    def test_sum_where(self):
+        # More extensive tests done in test_reduction_with_where.
+        assert_equal(np.sum([[1., 2.], [3., 4.]], where=[True, False]), 4.)
+        assert_equal(np.sum([[1., 2.], [3., 4.]], axis=0, initial=5.,
+                            where=[True, False]), [9., 5.])
+
+    def test_inner1d(self):
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a, axis=-1))
+        a = np.arange(6)
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a))
+
+    def test_broadcast(self):
+        msg = "broadcast"
+        a = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 1, 2))
+        b = np.arange(4).reshape((1, 2, 2))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        msg = "extend & broadcast loop dimensions"
+        b = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 2))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        # Broadcast in core dimensions should fail
+        a = np.arange(8).reshape((4, 2))
+        b = np.arange(4).reshape((4, 1))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.inner1d, a, b)
+        # Extend core dimensions should fail
+        a = np.arange(8).reshape((4, 2))
+        b = np.array(7)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.inner1d, a, b)
+        # Broadcast should fail
+        a = np.arange(2).reshape((2, 1, 1))
+        b = np.arange(3).reshape((3, 1, 1))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.inner1d, a, b)
+
+        # Writing to a broadcasted array with overlap should warn, gh-2705
+        a = np.arange(2)
+        b = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 2))
+        u, v = np.broadcast_arrays(a, b)
+        assert_equal(u.strides[0], 0)
+        x = u + v
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
+            u += v
+            assert_equal(len(w), 1)
+            assert_(x[0, 0] != u[0, 0])
+
+        # Output reduction should not be allowed.
+        # See gh-15139
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape(3, 2)
+        b = np.ones(2)
+        out = np.empty(())
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.inner1d, a, b, out)
+        out2 = np.empty(3)
+        c = umt.inner1d(a, b, out2)
+        assert_(c is out2)
+
+    def test_out_broadcasts(self):
+        # For ufuncs and gufuncs (not for reductions), we currently allow
+        # the output to cause broadcasting of the input arrays.
+        # both along dimensions with shape 1 and dimensions which do not
+        # exist at all in the inputs.
+        arr = np.arange(3).reshape(1, 3)
+        out = np.empty((5, 4, 3))
+        np.add(arr, arr, out=out)
+        assert (out == np.arange(3) * 2).all()
+
+        # The same holds for gufuncs (gh-16484)
+        umt.inner1d(arr, arr, out=out)
+        # the result would be just a scalar `5`, but is broadcast fully:
+        assert (out == 5).all()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(["arr", "out"], [
+                ([2], np.empty(())),
+                ([1, 2], np.empty(1)),
+                (np.ones((4, 3)), np.empty((4, 1)))],
+            ids=["(1,)->()", "(2,)->(1,)", "(4, 3)->(4, 1)"])
+    def test_out_broadcast_errors(self, arr, out):
+        # Output is (currently) allowed to broadcast inputs, but it cannot be
+        # smaller than the actual result.
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="non-broadcastable"):
+            np.positive(arr, out=out)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="non-broadcastable"):
+            np.add(np.ones(()), arr, out=out)
+
+    def test_type_cast(self):
+        msg = "type cast"
+        a = np.arange(6, dtype='short').reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a, axis=-1),
+                           err_msg=msg)
+        msg = "type cast on one argument"
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
+        b = a + 0.1
+        assert_array_almost_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1),
+                                  err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_endian(self):
+        msg = "big endian"
+        a = np.arange(6, dtype='>i4').reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a, axis=-1),
+                           err_msg=msg)
+        msg = "little endian"
+        a = np.arange(6, dtype='<i4').reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, a), np.sum(a*a, axis=-1),
+                           err_msg=msg)
+
+        # Output should always be native-endian
+        Ba = np.arange(1, dtype='>f8')
+        La = np.arange(1, dtype='<f8')
+        assert_equal((Ba+Ba).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal((Ba+La).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal((La+Ba).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal((La+La).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+
+        assert_equal(np.absolute(La).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal(np.absolute(Ba).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal(np.negative(La).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+        assert_equal(np.negative(Ba).dtype, np.dtype('f8'))
+
+    def test_incontiguous_array(self):
+        msg = "incontiguous memory layout of array"
+        x = np.arange(64).reshape((2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2))
+        a = x[:, 0,:, 0,:, 0]
+        b = x[:, 1,:, 1,:, 1]
+        a[0, 0, 0] = -1
+        msg2 = "make sure it references to the original array"
+        assert_equal(x[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], -1, err_msg=msg2)
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        x = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4)
+        a = x.T
+        b = x.T
+        a[0, 0, 0] = -1
+        assert_equal(x[0, 0, 0], -1, err_msg=msg2)
+        assert_array_equal(umt.inner1d(a, b), np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_output_argument(self):
+        msg = "output argument"
+        a = np.arange(12).reshape((2, 3, 2))
+        b = np.arange(4).reshape((2, 1, 2)) + 1
+        c = np.zeros((2, 3), dtype='int')
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, c)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        c[:] = -1
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, out=c)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+
+        msg = "output argument with type cast"
+        c = np.zeros((2, 3), dtype='int16')
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, c)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        c[:] = -1
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, out=c)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+
+        msg = "output argument with incontiguous layout"
+        c = np.zeros((2, 3, 4), dtype='int16')
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, c[..., 0])
+        assert_array_equal(c[..., 0], np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+        c[:] = -1
+        umt.inner1d(a, b, out=c[..., 0])
+        assert_array_equal(c[..., 0], np.sum(a*b, axis=-1), err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_axes_argument(self):
+        # inner1d signature: '(i),(i)->()'
+        inner1d = umt.inner1d
+        a = np.arange(27.).reshape((3, 3, 3))
+        b = np.arange(10., 19.).reshape((3, 1, 3))
+        # basic tests on inputs (outputs tested below with matrix_multiply).
+        c = inner1d(a, b)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        # default
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[(-1,), (-1,), ()])
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        # integers ok for single axis.
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[-1, -1, ()])
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        # mix fine
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[(-1,), -1, ()])
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        # can omit last axis.
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[-1, -1])
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        # can pass in other types of integer (with __index__ protocol)
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[np.int8(-1), np.array(-1, dtype=np.int32)])
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        # swap some axes
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[0, 0])
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(0))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[0, 2])
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a.transpose(1, 2, 0) * b).sum(-1))
+        # Check errors for improperly constructed axes arguments.
+        # should have list.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, b, axes=-1)
+        # needs enough elements
+        assert_raises(ValueError, inner1d, a, b, axes=[-1])
+        # should pass in indices.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, b, axes=[-1.0, -1.0])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, b, axes=[(-1.0,), -1])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, b, axes=[None, 1])
+        # cannot pass an index unless there is only one dimension
+        # (output is wrong in this case)
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, inner1d, a, b, axes=[-1, -1, -1])
+        # or pass in generally the wrong number of axes
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, inner1d, a, b, axes=[-1, -1, (-1,)])
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, inner1d, a, b, axes=[-1, (-2, -1), ()])
+        # axes need to have same length.
+        assert_raises(ValueError, inner1d, a, b, axes=[0, 1])
+
+        # matrix_multiply signature: '(m,n),(n,p)->(m,p)'
+        mm = umt.matrix_multiply
+        a = np.arange(12).reshape((2, 3, 2))
+        b = np.arange(8).reshape((2, 2, 2, 1)) + 1
+        # Sanity check.
+        c = mm(a, b)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.matmul(a, b))
+        # Default axes.
+        c = mm(a, b, axes=[(-2, -1), (-2, -1), (-2, -1)])
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.matmul(a, b))
+        # Default with explicit axes.
+        c = mm(a, b, axes=[(1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 3)])
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.matmul(a, b))
+        # swap some axes.
+        c = mm(a, b, axes=[(0, -1), (1, 2), (-2, -1)])
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.matmul(a.transpose(1, 0, 2),
+                                        b.transpose(0, 3, 1, 2)))
+        # Default with output array.
+        c = np.empty((2, 2, 3, 1))
+        d = mm(a, b, out=c, axes=[(1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 3)])
+        assert_(c is d)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.matmul(a, b))
+        # Transposed output array
+        c = np.empty((1, 2, 2, 3))
+        d = mm(a, b, out=c, axes=[(-2, -1), (-2, -1), (3, 0)])
+        assert_(c is d)
+        assert_array_equal(c, np.matmul(a, b).transpose(3, 0, 1, 2))
+        # Check errors for improperly constructed axes arguments.
+        # wrong argument
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mm, a, b, axis=1)
+        # axes should be list
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mm, a, b, axes=1)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mm, a, b, axes=((-2, -1), (-2, -1), (-2, -1)))
+        # list needs to have right length
+        assert_raises(ValueError, mm, a, b, axes=[])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, mm, a, b, axes=[(-2, -1)])
+        # list should not contain None, or lists
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mm, a, b, axes=[None, None, None])
+        assert_raises(TypeError,
+                      mm, a, b, axes=[[-2, -1], [-2, -1], [-2, -1]])
+        assert_raises(TypeError,
+                      mm, a, b, axes=[(-2, -1), (-2, -1), [-2, -1]])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mm, a, b, axes=[(-2, -1), (-2, -1), None])
+        # single integers are AxisErrors if more are required
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, mm, a, b, axes=[-1, -1, -1])
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, mm, a, b, axes=[(-2, -1), (-2, -1), -1])
+        # tuples should not have duplicated values
+        assert_raises(ValueError, mm, a, b, axes=[(-2, -1), (-2, -1), (-2, -2)])
+        # arrays should have enough axes.
+        z = np.zeros((2, 2))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, mm, z, z[0])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, mm, z, z, out=z[:, 0])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, mm, z[1], z, axes=[0, 1])
+        assert_raises(ValueError, mm, z, z, out=z[0], axes=[0, 1])
+        # Regular ufuncs should not accept axes.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1., 1., axes=[0])
+        # should be able to deal with bad unrelated kwargs.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mm, z, z, axes=[0, 1], parrot=True)
+
+    def test_axis_argument(self):
+        # inner1d signature: '(i),(i)->()'
+        inner1d = umt.inner1d
+        a = np.arange(27.).reshape((3, 3, 3))
+        b = np.arange(10., 19.).reshape((3, 1, 3))
+        c = inner1d(a, b)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axis=-1)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        out = np.zeros_like(c)
+        d = inner1d(a, b, axis=-1, out=out)
+        assert_(d is out)
+        assert_array_equal(d, c)
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axis=0)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(0))
+        # Sanity checks on innerwt and cumsum.
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
+        b = np.arange(10, 16).reshape((2, 3))
+        w = np.arange(20, 26).reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.innerwt(a, b, w, axis=0),
+                           np.sum(a * b * w, axis=0))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.cumsum(a, axis=0), np.cumsum(a, axis=0))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.cumsum(a, axis=-1), np.cumsum(a, axis=-1))
+        out = np.empty_like(a)
+        b = umt.cumsum(a, out=out, axis=0)
+        assert_(out is b)
+        assert_array_equal(b, np.cumsum(a, axis=0))
+        b = umt.cumsum(a, out=out, axis=1)
+        assert_(out is b)
+        assert_array_equal(b, np.cumsum(a, axis=-1))
+        # Check errors.
+        # Cannot pass in both axis and axes.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, b, axis=0, axes=[0, 0])
+        # Not an integer.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, b, axis=[0])
+        # more than 1 core dimensions.
+        mm = umt.matrix_multiply
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mm, a, b, axis=1)
+        # Output wrong size in axis.
+        out = np.empty((1, 2, 3), dtype=a.dtype)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.cumsum, a, out=out, axis=0)
+        # Regular ufuncs should not accept axis.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1., 1., axis=0)
+
+    def test_keepdims_argument(self):
+        # inner1d signature: '(i),(i)->()'
+        inner1d = umt.inner1d
+        a = np.arange(27.).reshape((3, 3, 3))
+        b = np.arange(10., 19.).reshape((3, 1, 3))
+        c = inner1d(a, b)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, keepdims=False)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1, keepdims=True))
+        out = np.zeros_like(c)
+        d = inner1d(a, b, keepdims=True, out=out)
+        assert_(d is out)
+        assert_array_equal(d, c)
+        # Now combined with axis and axes.
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axis=-1, keepdims=False)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1, keepdims=False))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1, keepdims=True))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axis=0, keepdims=False)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(0, keepdims=False))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axis=0, keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(0, keepdims=True))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[(-1,), (-1,), ()], keepdims=False)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[(-1,), (-1,), (-1,)], keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(-1, keepdims=True))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[0, 0], keepdims=False)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(0))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[0, 0, 0], keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b).sum(0, keepdims=True))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[0, 2], keepdims=False)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a.transpose(1, 2, 0) * b).sum(-1))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[0, 2], keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a.transpose(1, 2, 0) * b).sum(-1,
+                                                             keepdims=True))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[0, 2, 2], keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a.transpose(1, 2, 0) * b).sum(-1,
+                                                             keepdims=True))
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[0, 2, 0], keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a * b.transpose(2, 0, 1)).sum(0, keepdims=True))
+        # Hardly useful, but should work.
+        c = inner1d(a, b, axes=[0, 2, 1], keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, (a.transpose(1, 0, 2) * b.transpose(0, 2, 1))
+                           .sum(1, keepdims=True))
+        # Check with two core dimensions.
+        a = np.eye(3) * np.arange(4.)[:, np.newaxis, np.newaxis]
+        expected = uml.det(a)
+        c = uml.det(a, keepdims=False)
+        assert_array_equal(c, expected)
+        c = uml.det(a, keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(c, expected[:, np.newaxis, np.newaxis])
+        a = np.eye(3) * np.arange(4.)[:, np.newaxis, np.newaxis]
+        expected_s, expected_l = uml.slogdet(a)
+        cs, cl = uml.slogdet(a, keepdims=False)
+        assert_array_equal(cs, expected_s)
+        assert_array_equal(cl, expected_l)
+        cs, cl = uml.slogdet(a, keepdims=True)
+        assert_array_equal(cs, expected_s[:, np.newaxis, np.newaxis])
+        assert_array_equal(cl, expected_l[:, np.newaxis, np.newaxis])
+        # Sanity check on innerwt.
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
+        b = np.arange(10, 16).reshape((2, 3))
+        w = np.arange(20, 26).reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.innerwt(a, b, w, keepdims=True),
+                           np.sum(a * b * w, axis=-1, keepdims=True))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.innerwt(a, b, w, axis=0, keepdims=True),
+                           np.sum(a * b * w, axis=0, keepdims=True))
+        # Check errors.
+        # Not a boolean
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, b, keepdims='true')
+        # More than 1 core dimension, and core output dimensions.
+        mm = umt.matrix_multiply
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mm, a, b, keepdims=True)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, mm, a, b, keepdims=False)
+        # Regular ufuncs should not accept keepdims.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, 1., 1., keepdims=False)
+
+    def test_innerwt(self):
+        a = np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
+        b = np.arange(10, 16).reshape((2, 3))
+        w = np.arange(20, 26).reshape((2, 3))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.innerwt(a, b, w), np.sum(a*b*w, axis=-1))
+        a = np.arange(100, 124).reshape((2, 3, 4))
+        b = np.arange(200, 224).reshape((2, 3, 4))
+        w = np.arange(300, 324).reshape((2, 3, 4))
+        assert_array_equal(umt.innerwt(a, b, w), np.sum(a*b*w, axis=-1))
+
+    def test_innerwt_empty(self):
+        """Test generalized ufunc with zero-sized operands"""
+        a = np.array([], dtype='f8')
+        b = np.array([], dtype='f8')
+        w = np.array([], dtype='f8')
+        assert_array_equal(umt.innerwt(a, b, w), np.sum(a*b*w, axis=-1))
+
+    def test_cross1d(self):
+        """Test with fixed-sized signature."""
+        a = np.eye(3)
+        assert_array_equal(umt.cross1d(a, a), np.zeros((3, 3)))
+        out = np.zeros((3, 3))
+        result = umt.cross1d(a[0], a, out)
+        assert_(result is out)
+        assert_array_equal(result, np.vstack((np.zeros(3), a[2], -a[1])))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.cross1d, np.eye(4), np.eye(4))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.cross1d, a, np.arange(4.))
+        # Wrong output core dimension.
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.cross1d, a, np.arange(3.), np.zeros((3, 4)))
+        # Wrong output broadcast dimension (see gh-15139).
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.cross1d, a, np.arange(3.), np.zeros(3))
+
+    def test_can_ignore_signature(self):
+        # Comparing the effects of ? in signature:
+        # matrix_multiply: (m,n),(n,p)->(m,p)    # all must be there.
+        # matmul:        (m?,n),(n,p?)->(m?,p?)  # allow missing m, p.
+        mat = np.arange(12).reshape((2, 3, 2))
+        single_vec = np.arange(2)
+        col_vec = single_vec[:, np.newaxis]
+        col_vec_array = np.arange(8).reshape((2, 2, 2, 1)) + 1
+        # matrix @ single column vector with proper dimension
+        mm_col_vec = umt.matrix_multiply(mat, col_vec)
+        # matmul does the same thing
+        matmul_col_vec = umt.matmul(mat, col_vec)
+        assert_array_equal(matmul_col_vec, mm_col_vec)
+        # matrix @ vector without dimension making it a column vector.
+        # matrix multiply fails -> missing core dim.
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.matrix_multiply, mat, single_vec)
+        # matmul mimicker passes, and returns a vector.
+        matmul_col = umt.matmul(mat, single_vec)
+        assert_array_equal(matmul_col, mm_col_vec.squeeze())
+        # Now with a column array: same as for column vector,
+        # broadcasting sensibly.
+        mm_col_vec = umt.matrix_multiply(mat, col_vec_array)
+        matmul_col_vec = umt.matmul(mat, col_vec_array)
+        assert_array_equal(matmul_col_vec, mm_col_vec)
+        # As above, but for row vector
+        single_vec = np.arange(3)
+        row_vec = single_vec[np.newaxis, :]
+        row_vec_array = np.arange(24).reshape((4, 2, 1, 1, 3)) + 1
+        # row vector @ matrix
+        mm_row_vec = umt.matrix_multiply(row_vec, mat)
+        matmul_row_vec = umt.matmul(row_vec, mat)
+        assert_array_equal(matmul_row_vec, mm_row_vec)
+        # single row vector @ matrix
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.matrix_multiply, single_vec, mat)
+        matmul_row = umt.matmul(single_vec, mat)
+        assert_array_equal(matmul_row, mm_row_vec.squeeze())
+        # row vector array @ matrix
+        mm_row_vec = umt.matrix_multiply(row_vec_array, mat)
+        matmul_row_vec = umt.matmul(row_vec_array, mat)
+        assert_array_equal(matmul_row_vec, mm_row_vec)
+        # Now for vector combinations
+        # row vector @ column vector
+        col_vec = row_vec.T
+        col_vec_array = row_vec_array.swapaxes(-2, -1)
+        mm_row_col_vec = umt.matrix_multiply(row_vec, col_vec)
+        matmul_row_col_vec = umt.matmul(row_vec, col_vec)
+        assert_array_equal(matmul_row_col_vec, mm_row_col_vec)
+        # single row vector @ single col vector
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.matrix_multiply, single_vec, single_vec)
+        matmul_row_col = umt.matmul(single_vec, single_vec)
+        assert_array_equal(matmul_row_col, mm_row_col_vec.squeeze())
+        # row vector array @ matrix
+        mm_row_col_array = umt.matrix_multiply(row_vec_array, col_vec_array)
+        matmul_row_col_array = umt.matmul(row_vec_array, col_vec_array)
+        assert_array_equal(matmul_row_col_array, mm_row_col_array)
+        # Finally, check that things are *not* squeezed if one gives an
+        # output.
+        out = np.zeros_like(mm_row_col_array)
+        out = umt.matrix_multiply(row_vec_array, col_vec_array, out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(out, mm_row_col_array)
+        out[:] = 0
+        out = umt.matmul(row_vec_array, col_vec_array, out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(out, mm_row_col_array)
+        # And check one cannot put missing dimensions back.
+        out = np.zeros_like(mm_row_col_vec)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.matrix_multiply, single_vec, single_vec,
+                      out)
+        # But fine for matmul, since it is just a broadcast.
+        out = umt.matmul(single_vec, single_vec, out)
+        assert_array_equal(out, mm_row_col_vec.squeeze())
+
+    def test_matrix_multiply(self):
+        self.compare_matrix_multiply_results(np.int64)
+        self.compare_matrix_multiply_results(np.double)
+
+    def test_matrix_multiply_umath_empty(self):
+        res = umt.matrix_multiply(np.ones((0, 10)), np.ones((10, 0)))
+        assert_array_equal(res, np.zeros((0, 0)))
+        res = umt.matrix_multiply(np.ones((10, 0)), np.ones((0, 10)))
+        assert_array_equal(res, np.zeros((10, 10)))
+
+    def compare_matrix_multiply_results(self, tp):
+        d1 = np.array(np.random.rand(2, 3, 4), dtype=tp)
+        d2 = np.array(np.random.rand(2, 3, 4), dtype=tp)
+        msg = "matrix multiply on type %s" % d1.dtype.name
+
+        def permute_n(n):
+            if n == 1:
+                return ([0],)
+            ret = ()
+            base = permute_n(n-1)
+            for perm in base:
+                for i in range(n):
+                    new = perm + [n-1]
+                    new[n-1] = new[i]
+                    new[i] = n-1
+                    ret += (new,)
+            return ret
+
+        def slice_n(n):
+            if n == 0:
+                return ((),)
+            ret = ()
+            base = slice_n(n-1)
+            for sl in base:
+                ret += (sl+(slice(None),),)
+                ret += (sl+(slice(0, 1),),)
+            return ret
+
+        def broadcastable(s1, s2):
+            return s1 == s2 or s1 == 1 or s2 == 1
+
+        permute_3 = permute_n(3)
+        slice_3 = slice_n(3) + ((slice(None, None, -1),)*3,)
+
+        ref = True
+        for p1 in permute_3:
+            for p2 in permute_3:
+                for s1 in slice_3:
+                    for s2 in slice_3:
+                        a1 = d1.transpose(p1)[s1]
+                        a2 = d2.transpose(p2)[s2]
+                        ref = ref and a1.base is not None
+                        ref = ref and a2.base is not None
+                        if (a1.shape[-1] == a2.shape[-2] and
+                                broadcastable(a1.shape[0], a2.shape[0])):
+                            assert_array_almost_equal(
+                                umt.matrix_multiply(a1, a2),
+                                np.sum(a2[..., np.newaxis].swapaxes(-3, -1) *
+                                       a1[..., np.newaxis,:], axis=-1),
+                                err_msg=msg + ' %s %s' % (str(a1.shape),
+                                                          str(a2.shape)))
+
+        assert_equal(ref, True, err_msg="reference check")
+
+    def test_euclidean_pdist(self):
+        a = np.arange(12, dtype=float).reshape(4, 3)
+        out = np.empty((a.shape[0] * (a.shape[0] - 1) // 2,), dtype=a.dtype)
+        umt.euclidean_pdist(a, out)
+        b = np.sqrt(np.sum((a[:, None] - a)**2, axis=-1))
+        b = b[~np.tri(a.shape[0], dtype=bool)]
+        assert_almost_equal(out, b)
+        # An output array is required to determine p with signature (n,d)->(p)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, umt.euclidean_pdist, a)
+
+    def test_cumsum(self):
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        result = umt.cumsum(a)
+        assert_array_equal(result, a.cumsum())
+
+    def test_object_logical(self):
+        a = np.array([3, None, True, False, "test", ""], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or(a, None),
+                        np.array([x or None for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or(a, True),
+                        np.array([x or True for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or(a, 12),
+                        np.array([x or 12 for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or(a, "blah"),
+                        np.array([x or "blah" for x in a], dtype=object))
+
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and(a, None),
+                        np.array([x and None for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and(a, True),
+                        np.array([x and True for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and(a, 12),
+                        np.array([x and 12 for x in a], dtype=object))
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and(a, "blah"),
+                        np.array([x and "blah" for x in a], dtype=object))
+
+        assert_equal(np.logical_not(a),
+                        np.array([not x for x in a], dtype=object))
+
+        assert_equal(np.logical_or.reduce(a), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.logical_and.reduce(a), None)
+
+    def test_object_comparison(self):
+        class HasComparisons:
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return '=='
+
+        arr0d = np.array(HasComparisons())
+        assert_equal(arr0d == arr0d, True)
+        assert_equal(np.equal(arr0d, arr0d), True)  # normal behavior is a cast
+
+        arr1d = np.array([HasComparisons()])
+        assert_equal(arr1d == arr1d, np.array([True]))
+        assert_equal(np.equal(arr1d, arr1d), np.array([True]))  # normal behavior is a cast
+        assert_equal(np.equal(arr1d, arr1d, dtype=object), np.array(['==']))
+
+    def test_object_array_reduction(self):
+        # Reductions on object arrays
+        a = np.array(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(np.sum(a), 'abc')
+        assert_equal(np.max(a), 'c')
+        assert_equal(np.min(a), 'a')
+        a = np.array([True, False, True], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(np.sum(a), 2)
+        assert_equal(np.prod(a), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.any(a), True)
+        assert_equal(np.all(a), False)
+        assert_equal(np.max(a), True)
+        assert_equal(np.min(a), False)
+        assert_equal(np.array([[1]], dtype=object).sum(), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.array([[[1, 2]]], dtype=object).sum((0, 1)), [1, 2])
+        assert_equal(np.array([1], dtype=object).sum(initial=1), 2)
+        assert_equal(np.array([[1], [2, 3]], dtype=object)
+                     .sum(initial=[0], where=[False, True]), [0, 2, 3])
+
+    def test_object_array_accumulate_inplace(self):
+        # Checks that in-place accumulates work, see also gh-7402
+        arr = np.ones(4, dtype=object)
+        arr[:] = [[1] for i in range(4)]
+        # Twice reproduced also for tuples:
+        np.add.accumulate(arr, out=arr)
+        np.add.accumulate(arr, out=arr)
+        assert_array_equal(arr,
+                           np.array([[1]*i for i in [1, 3, 6, 10]], dtype=object),
+                          )
+
+        # And the same if the axis argument is used
+        arr = np.ones((2, 4), dtype=object)
+        arr[0, :] = [[2] for i in range(4)]
+        np.add.accumulate(arr, out=arr, axis=-1)
+        np.add.accumulate(arr, out=arr, axis=-1)
+        assert_array_equal(arr[0, :],
+                           np.array([[2]*i for i in [1, 3, 6, 10]], dtype=object),
+                          )
+
+    def test_object_array_accumulate_failure(self):
+        # Typical accumulation on object works as expected:
+        res = np.add.accumulate(np.array([1, 0, 2], dtype=object))
+        assert_array_equal(res, np.array([1, 1, 3], dtype=object))
+        # But errors are propagated from the inner-loop if they occur:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add.accumulate([1, None, 2])
+
+    def test_object_array_reduceat_inplace(self):
+        # Checks that in-place reduceats work, see also gh-7465
+        arr = np.empty(4, dtype=object)
+        arr[:] = [[1] for i in range(4)]
+        out = np.empty(4, dtype=object)
+        out[:] = [[1] for i in range(4)]
+        np.add.reduceat(arr, np.arange(4), out=arr)
+        np.add.reduceat(arr, np.arange(4), out=arr)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, out)
+
+        # And the same if the axis argument is used
+        arr = np.ones((2, 4), dtype=object)
+        arr[0, :] = [[2] for i in range(4)]
+        out = np.ones((2, 4), dtype=object)
+        out[0, :] = [[2] for i in range(4)]
+        np.add.reduceat(arr, np.arange(4), out=arr, axis=-1)
+        np.add.reduceat(arr, np.arange(4), out=arr, axis=-1)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, out)
+
+    def test_object_array_reduceat_failure(self):
+        # Reduceat works as expected when no invalid operation occurs (None is
+        # not involved in an operation here)
+        res = np.add.reduceat(np.array([1, None, 2], dtype=object), [1, 2])
+        assert_array_equal(res, np.array([None, 2], dtype=object))
+        # But errors when None would be involved in an operation:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add.reduceat([1, None, 2], [0, 2])
+
+    def test_zerosize_reduction(self):
+        # Test with default dtype and object dtype
+        for a in [[], np.array([], dtype=object)]:
+            assert_equal(np.sum(a), 0)
+            assert_equal(np.prod(a), 1)
+            assert_equal(np.any(a), False)
+            assert_equal(np.all(a), True)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.max, a)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.min, a)
+
+    def test_axis_out_of_bounds(self):
+        a = np.array([False, False])
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.all, axis=1)
+        a = np.array([False, False])
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.all, axis=-2)
+
+        a = np.array([False, False])
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.any, axis=1)
+        a = np.array([False, False])
+        assert_raises(np.AxisError, a.any, axis=-2)
+
+    def test_scalar_reduction(self):
+        # The functions 'sum', 'prod', etc allow specifying axis=0
+        # even for scalars
+        assert_equal(np.sum(3, axis=0), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.prod(3.5, axis=0), 3.5)
+        assert_equal(np.any(True, axis=0), True)
+        assert_equal(np.all(False, axis=0), False)
+        assert_equal(np.max(3, axis=0), 3)
+        assert_equal(np.min(2.5, axis=0), 2.5)
+
+        # Check scalar behaviour for ufuncs without an identity
+        assert_equal(np.power.reduce(3), 3)
+
+        # Make sure that scalars are coming out from this operation
+        assert_(type(np.prod(np.float32(2.5), axis=0)) is np.float32)
+        assert_(type(np.sum(np.float32(2.5), axis=0)) is np.float32)
+        assert_(type(np.max(np.float32(2.5), axis=0)) is np.float32)
+        assert_(type(np.min(np.float32(2.5), axis=0)) is np.float32)
+
+        # check if scalars/0-d arrays get cast
+        assert_(type(np.any(0, axis=0)) is np.bool_)
+
+        # assert that 0-d arrays get wrapped
+        class MyArray(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+        a = np.array(1).view(MyArray)
+        assert_(type(np.any(a)) is MyArray)
+
+    def test_casting_out_param(self):
+        # Test that it's possible to do casts on output
+        a = np.ones((200, 100), np.int64)
+        b = np.ones((200, 100), np.int64)
+        c = np.ones((200, 100), np.float64)
+        np.add(a, b, out=c)
+        assert_equal(c, 2)
+
+        a = np.zeros(65536)
+        b = np.zeros(65536, dtype=np.float32)
+        np.subtract(a, 0, out=b)
+        assert_equal(b, 0)
+
+    def test_where_param(self):
+        # Test that the where= ufunc parameter works with regular arrays
+        a = np.arange(7)
+        b = np.ones(7)
+        c = np.zeros(7)
+        np.add(a, b, out=c, where=(a % 2 == 1))
+        assert_equal(c, [0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 6, 0])
+
+        a = np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2) + 2
+        np.power(a, [2, 3], out=a, where=[[0, 1], [1, 0]])
+        assert_equal(a, [[2, 27], [16, 5]])
+        # Broadcasting the where= parameter
+        np.subtract(a, 2, out=a, where=[True, False])
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 27], [14, 5]])
+
+    def test_where_param_buffer_output(self):
+        # This test is temporarily skipped because it requires
+        # adding masking features to the nditer to work properly
+
+        # With casting on output
+        a = np.ones(10, np.int64)
+        b = np.ones(10, np.int64)
+        c = 1.5 * np.ones(10, np.float64)
+        np.add(a, b, out=c, where=[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0])
+        assert_equal(c, [2, 1.5, 1.5, 2, 1.5, 1.5, 2, 2, 2, 1.5])
+
+    def test_where_param_alloc(self):
+        # With casting and allocated output
+        a = np.array([1], dtype=np.int64)
+        m = np.array([True], dtype=bool)
+        assert_equal(np.sqrt(a, where=m), [1])
+
+        # No casting and allocated output
+        a = np.array([1], dtype=np.float64)
+        m = np.array([True], dtype=bool)
+        assert_equal(np.sqrt(a, where=m), [1])
+
+    def test_where_with_broadcasting(self):
+        # See gh-17198
+        a = np.random.random((5000, 4))
+        b = np.random.random((5000, 1))
+
+        where = a > 0.3
+        out = np.full_like(a, 0)
+        np.less(a, b, where=where, out=out)
+        b_where = np.broadcast_to(b, a.shape)[where]
+        assert_array_equal((a[where] < b_where), out[where].astype(bool))
+        assert not out[~where].any()  # outside mask, out remains all 0
+
+    def check_identityless_reduction(self, a):
+        # np.minimum.reduce is an identityless reduction
+
+        # Verify that it sees the zero at various positions
+        a[...] = 1
+        a[1, 0, 0] = 0
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=None), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 1)), [0, 1, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 2)), [0, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(1, 2)), [1, 0])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=0),
+                                    [[0, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=1),
+                                    [[1, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=2),
+                                    [[1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=()), a)
+
+        a[...] = 1
+        a[0, 1, 0] = 0
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=None), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 1)), [0, 1, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 2)), [1, 0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(1, 2)), [0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=0),
+                                    [[1, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=1),
+                                    [[0, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=2),
+                                    [[1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=()), a)
+
+        a[...] = 1
+        a[0, 0, 1] = 0
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=None), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 1)), [1, 0, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(0, 2)), [0, 1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=(1, 2)), [0, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=0),
+                                    [[1, 0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=1),
+                                    [[1, 0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=2),
+                                    [[0, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce(a, axis=()), a)
+
+    @requires_memory(6 * 1024**3)
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.maxsize < 2**32,
+            reason="test array too large for 32bit platform")
+    def test_identityless_reduction_huge_array(self):
+        # Regression test for gh-20921 (copying identity incorrectly failed)
+        arr = np.zeros((2, 2**31), 'uint8')
+        arr[:, 0] = [1, 3]
+        arr[:, -1] = [4, 1]
+        res = np.maximum.reduce(arr, axis=0)
+        del arr
+        assert res[0] == 3
+        assert res[-1] == 4
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_corder(self):
+        a = np.empty((2, 3, 4), order='C')
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_forder(self):
+        a = np.empty((2, 3, 4), order='F')
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_otherorder(self):
+        a = np.empty((2, 4, 3), order='C').swapaxes(1, 2)
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_noncontig(self):
+        a = np.empty((3, 5, 4), order='C').swapaxes(1, 2)
+        a = a[1:, 1:, 1:]
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_noncontig_unaligned(self):
+        a = np.empty((3*4*5*8 + 1,), dtype='i1')
+        a = a[1:].view(dtype='f8')
+        a.shape = (3, 4, 5)
+        a = a[1:, 1:, 1:]
+        self.check_identityless_reduction(a)
+
+    def test_reduce_identity_depends_on_loop(self):
+        """
+        The type of the result should always depend on the selected loop, not
+        necessarily the output (only relevant for object arrays).
+        """
+        # For an object loop, the default value 0 with type int is used:
+        assert type(np.add.reduce([], dtype=object)) is int
+        out = np.array(None, dtype=object)
+        # When the loop is float64 but `out` is object this does not happen,
+        # the result is float64 cast to object (which gives Python `float`).
+        np.add.reduce([], out=out, dtype=np.float64)
+        assert type(out[()]) is float
+
+    def test_initial_reduction(self):
+        # np.minimum.reduce is an identityless reduction
+
+        # For cases like np.maximum(np.abs(...), initial=0)
+        # More generally, a supremum over non-negative numbers.
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce([], initial=0), 0)
+
+        # For cases like reduction of an empty array over the reals.
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce([], initial=np.inf), np.inf)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce([], initial=-np.inf), -np.inf)
+
+        # Random tests
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce([5], initial=4), 4)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce([4], initial=5), 5)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce([5], initial=4), 5)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce([4], initial=5), 4)
+
+        # Check initial=None raises ValueError for both types of ufunc reductions
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.minimum.reduce, [], initial=None)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.add.reduce, [], initial=None)
+        # Also in the somewhat special object case:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.add.reduce([], initial=None, dtype=object)
+
+        # Check that np._NoValue gives default behavior.
+        assert_equal(np.add.reduce([], initial=np._NoValue), 0)
+
+        # Check that initial kwarg behaves as intended for dtype=object
+        a = np.array([10], dtype=object)
+        res = np.add.reduce(a, initial=5)
+        assert_equal(res, 15)
+
+    def test_empty_reduction_and_idenity(self):
+        arr = np.zeros((0, 5))
+        # OK, since the reduction itself is *not* empty, the result is
+        assert np.true_divide.reduce(arr, axis=1).shape == (0,)
+        # Not OK, the reduction itself is empty and we have no idenity
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.true_divide.reduce(arr, axis=0)
+
+        # Test that an empty reduction fails also if the result is empty
+        arr = np.zeros((0, 0, 5))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.true_divide.reduce(arr, axis=1)
+
+        # Division reduction makes sense with `initial=1` (empty or not):
+        res = np.true_divide.reduce(arr, axis=1, initial=1)
+        assert_array_equal(res, np.ones((0, 5)))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('axis', (0, 1, None))
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('where', (np.array([False, True, True]),
+                                       np.array([[True], [False], [True]]),
+                                       np.array([[True, False, False],
+                                                 [False, True, False],
+                                                 [False, True, True]])))
+    def test_reduction_with_where(self, axis, where):
+        a = np.arange(9.).reshape(3, 3)
+        a_copy = a.copy()
+        a_check = np.zeros_like(a)
+        np.positive(a, out=a_check, where=where)
+
+        res = np.add.reduce(a, axis=axis, where=where)
+        check = a_check.sum(axis)
+        assert_equal(res, check)
+        # Check we do not overwrite elements of a internally.
+        assert_array_equal(a, a_copy)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(('axis', 'where'),
+                             ((0, np.array([True, False, True])),
+                              (1, [True, True, False]),
+                              (None, True)))
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('initial', (-np.inf, 5.))
+    def test_reduction_with_where_and_initial(self, axis, where, initial):
+        a = np.arange(9.).reshape(3, 3)
+        a_copy = a.copy()
+        a_check = np.full(a.shape, -np.inf)
+        np.positive(a, out=a_check, where=where)
+
+        res = np.maximum.reduce(a, axis=axis, where=where, initial=initial)
+        check = a_check.max(axis, initial=initial)
+        assert_equal(res, check)
+
+    def test_reduction_where_initial_needed(self):
+        a = np.arange(9.).reshape(3, 3)
+        m = [False, True, False]
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.maximum.reduce, a, where=m)
+
+    def test_identityless_reduction_nonreorderable(self):
+        a = np.array([[8.0, 2.0, 2.0], [1.0, 0.5, 0.25]])
+
+        res = np.divide.reduce(a, axis=0)
+        assert_equal(res, [8.0, 4.0, 8.0])
+
+        res = np.divide.reduce(a, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(res, [2.0, 8.0])
+
+        res = np.divide.reduce(a, axis=())
+        assert_equal(res, a)
+
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.divide.reduce, a, axis=(0, 1))
+
+    def test_reduce_zero_axis(self):
+        # If we have a n x m array and do a reduction with axis=1, then we are
+        # doing n reductions, and each reduction takes an m-element array. For
+        # a reduction operation without an identity, then:
+        #   n > 0, m > 0: fine
+        #   n = 0, m > 0: fine, doing 0 reductions of m-element arrays
+        #   n > 0, m = 0: can't reduce a 0-element array, ValueError
+        #   n = 0, m = 0: can't reduce a 0-element array, ValueError (for
+        #     consistency with the above case)
+        # This test doesn't actually look at return values, it just checks to
+        # make sure that error we get an error in exactly those cases where we
+        # expect one, and assumes the calculations themselves are done
+        # correctly.
+
+        def ok(f, *args, **kwargs):
+            f(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        def err(f, *args, **kwargs):
+            assert_raises(ValueError, f, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        def t(expect, func, n, m):
+            expect(func, np.zeros((n, m)), axis=1)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((m, n)), axis=0)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((n // 2, n // 2, m)), axis=2)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((n // 2, m, n // 2)), axis=1)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((n, m // 2, m // 2)), axis=(1, 2))
+            expect(func, np.zeros((m // 2, n, m // 2)), axis=(0, 2))
+            expect(func, np.zeros((m // 3, m // 3, m // 3,
+                                  n // 2, n // 2)),
+                                 axis=(0, 1, 2))
+            # Check what happens if the inner (resp. outer) dimensions are a
+            # mix of zero and non-zero:
+            expect(func, np.zeros((10, m, n)), axis=(0, 1))
+            expect(func, np.zeros((10, n, m)), axis=(0, 2))
+            expect(func, np.zeros((m, 10, n)), axis=0)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((10, m, n)), axis=1)
+            expect(func, np.zeros((10, n, m)), axis=2)
+
+        # np.maximum is just an arbitrary ufunc with no reduction identity
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.identity, None)
+        t(ok, np.maximum.reduce, 30, 30)
+        t(ok, np.maximum.reduce, 0, 30)
+        t(err, np.maximum.reduce, 30, 0)
+        t(err, np.maximum.reduce, 0, 0)
+        err(np.maximum.reduce, [])
+        np.maximum.reduce(np.zeros((0, 0)), axis=())
+
+        # all of the combinations are fine for a reduction that has an
+        # identity
+        t(ok, np.add.reduce, 30, 30)
+        t(ok, np.add.reduce, 0, 30)
+        t(ok, np.add.reduce, 30, 0)
+        t(ok, np.add.reduce, 0, 0)
+        np.add.reduce([])
+        np.add.reduce(np.zeros((0, 0)), axis=())
+
+        # OTOH, accumulate always makes sense for any combination of n and m,
+        # because it maps an m-element array to an m-element array. These
+        # tests are simpler because accumulate doesn't accept multiple axes.
+        for uf in (np.maximum, np.add):
+            uf.accumulate(np.zeros((30, 0)), axis=0)
+            uf.accumulate(np.zeros((0, 30)), axis=0)
+            uf.accumulate(np.zeros((30, 30)), axis=0)
+            uf.accumulate(np.zeros((0, 0)), axis=0)
+
+    def test_safe_casting(self):
+        # In old versions of numpy, in-place operations used the 'unsafe'
+        # casting rules. In versions >= 1.10, 'same_kind' is the
+        # default and an exception is raised instead of a warning.
+        # when 'same_kind' is not satisfied.
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int)
+        # Non-in-place addition is fine
+        assert_array_equal(assert_no_warnings(np.add, a, 1.1),
+                           [2.1, 3.1, 4.1])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, a, 1.1, out=a)
+
+        def add_inplace(a, b):
+            a += b
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, add_inplace, a, 1.1)
+        # Make sure that explicitly overriding the exception is allowed:
+        assert_no_warnings(np.add, a, 1.1, out=a, casting="unsafe")
+        assert_array_equal(a, [2, 3, 4])
+
+    def test_ufunc_custom_out(self):
+        # Test ufunc with built in input types and custom output type
+
+        a = np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype='i8')
+        b = np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype='i8')
+        c = np.empty(3, dtype=_rational_tests.rational)
+
+        # Output must be specified so numpy knows what
+        # ufunc signature to look for
+        result = _rational_tests.test_add(a, b, c)
+        target = np.array([0, 2, 4], dtype=_rational_tests.rational)
+        assert_equal(result, target)
+
+        # The new resolution means that we can (usually) find custom loops
+        # as long as they match exactly:
+        result = _rational_tests.test_add(a, b)
+        assert_equal(result, target)
+
+        # This works even more generally, so long the default common-dtype
+        # promoter works out:
+        result = _rational_tests.test_add(a, b.astype(np.uint16), out=c)
+        assert_equal(result, target)
+
+        # But, it can be fooled, e.g. (use scalars, which forces legacy
+        # type resolution to kick in, which then fails):
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            _rational_tests.test_add(a, np.uint16(2))
+
+    def test_operand_flags(self):
+        a = np.arange(16, dtype='l').reshape(4, 4)
+        b = np.arange(9, dtype='l').reshape(3, 3)
+        opflag_tests.inplace_add(a[:-1, :-1], b)
+        assert_equal(a, np.array([[0, 2, 4, 3], [7, 9, 11, 7],
+            [14, 16, 18, 11], [12, 13, 14, 15]], dtype='l'))
+
+        a = np.array(0)
+        opflag_tests.inplace_add(a, 3)
+        assert_equal(a, 3)
+        opflag_tests.inplace_add(a, [3, 4])
+        assert_equal(a, 10)
+
+    def test_struct_ufunc(self):
+        import numpy.core._struct_ufunc_tests as struct_ufunc
+
+        a = np.array([(1, 2, 3)], dtype='u8,u8,u8')
+        b = np.array([(1, 2, 3)], dtype='u8,u8,u8')
+
+        result = struct_ufunc.add_triplet(a, b)
+        assert_equal(result, np.array([(2, 4, 6)], dtype='u8,u8,u8'))
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, struct_ufunc.register_fail)
+
+    def test_custom_ufunc(self):
+        a = np.array(
+            [_rational_tests.rational(1, 2),
+             _rational_tests.rational(1, 3),
+             _rational_tests.rational(1, 4)],
+            dtype=_rational_tests.rational)
+        b = np.array(
+            [_rational_tests.rational(1, 2),
+             _rational_tests.rational(1, 3),
+             _rational_tests.rational(1, 4)],
+            dtype=_rational_tests.rational)
+
+        result = _rational_tests.test_add_rationals(a, b)
+        expected = np.array(
+            [_rational_tests.rational(1),
+             _rational_tests.rational(2, 3),
+             _rational_tests.rational(1, 2)],
+            dtype=_rational_tests.rational)
+        assert_equal(result, expected)
+
+    def test_custom_ufunc_forced_sig(self):
+        # gh-9351 - looking for a non-first userloop would previously hang
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.multiply(_rational_tests.rational(1), 1,
+                        signature=(_rational_tests.rational, int, None))
+
+    def test_custom_array_like(self):
+
+        class MyThing:
+            __array_priority__ = 1000
+
+            rmul_count = 0
+            getitem_count = 0
+
+            def __init__(self, shape):
+                self.shape = shape
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return self.shape[0]
+
+            def __getitem__(self, i):
+                MyThing.getitem_count += 1
+                if not isinstance(i, tuple):
+                    i = (i,)
+                if len(i) > self.ndim:
+                    raise IndexError("boo")
+
+                return MyThing(self.shape[len(i):])
+
+            def __rmul__(self, other):
+                MyThing.rmul_count += 1
+                return self
+
+        np.float64(5)*MyThing((3, 3))
+        assert_(MyThing.rmul_count == 1, MyThing.rmul_count)
+        assert_(MyThing.getitem_count <= 2, MyThing.getitem_count)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("a", (
+                             np.arange(10, dtype=int),
+                             np.arange(10, dtype=_rational_tests.rational),
+                             ))
+    def test_ufunc_at_basic(self, a):
+
+        aa = a.copy()
+        np.add.at(aa, [2, 5, 2], 1)
+        assert_equal(aa, [0, 1, 4, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            # missing second operand
+            np.add.at(aa, [2, 5, 3])
+
+        aa = a.copy()
+        np.negative.at(aa, [2, 5, 3])
+        assert_equal(aa, [0, 1, -2, -3, 4, -5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+        aa = a.copy()
+        b = np.array([100, 100, 100])
+        np.add.at(aa, [2, 5, 2], b)
+        assert_equal(aa, [0, 1, 202, 3, 4, 105, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            # extraneous second operand
+            np.negative.at(a, [2, 5, 3], [1, 2, 3])
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            # second operand cannot be converted to an array
+            np.add.at(a, [2, 5, 3], [[1, 2], 1])
+
+    # ufuncs with indexed loops for performance in ufunc.at
+    indexed_ufuncs = [np.add, np.subtract, np.multiply, np.floor_divide,
+                      np.maximum, np.minimum, np.fmax, np.fmin]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+                "typecode", np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['Float'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc", indexed_ufuncs)
+    def test_ufunc_at_inner_loops(self, typecode, ufunc):
+        if ufunc is np.divide and typecode in np.typecodes['AllInteger']:
+            # Avoid divide-by-zero and inf for integer divide
+            a = np.ones(100, dtype=typecode)
+            indx = np.random.randint(100, size=30, dtype=np.intp)
+            vals = np.arange(1, 31, dtype=typecode)
+        else:
+            a = np.ones(1000, dtype=typecode)
+            indx = np.random.randint(1000, size=3000, dtype=np.intp)
+            vals = np.arange(3000, dtype=typecode)
+        atag = a.copy()
+        # Do the calculation twice and compare the answers
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w_at:
+            warnings.simplefilter('always')
+            ufunc.at(a, indx, vals)
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w_loop:
+            warnings.simplefilter('always')
+            for i, v in zip(indx, vals):
+                # Make sure all the work happens inside the ufunc
+                # in order to duplicate error/warning handling
+                ufunc(atag[i], v, out=atag[i:i+1], casting="unsafe")
+        assert_equal(atag, a)
+        # If w_loop warned, make sure w_at warned as well
+        if len(w_loop) > 0:
+            #
+            assert len(w_at) > 0
+            assert w_at[0].category == w_loop[0].category
+            assert str(w_at[0].message)[:10] == str(w_loop[0].message)[:10]
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("typecode", np.typecodes['Complex'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc", [np.add, np.subtract, np.multiply])
+    def test_ufunc_at_inner_loops_complex(self, typecode, ufunc):
+        a = np.ones(10, dtype=typecode)
+        indx = np.concatenate([np.ones(6, dtype=np.intp),
+                               np.full(18, 4, dtype=np.intp)])
+        value = a.dtype.type(1j)
+        ufunc.at(a, indx, value)
+        expected = np.ones_like(a)
+        if ufunc is np.multiply:
+            expected[1] = expected[4] = -1
+        else:
+            expected[1] += 6 * (value if ufunc is np.add else -value)
+            expected[4] += 18 * (value if ufunc is np.add else -value)
+
+        assert_array_equal(a, expected)
+
+    def test_ufunc_at_ellipsis(self):
+        # Make sure the indexed loop check does not choke on iters
+        # with subspaces
+        arr = np.zeros(5)
+        np.add.at(arr, slice(None), np.ones(5))
+        assert_array_equal(arr, np.ones(5))
+
+    def test_ufunc_at_negative(self):
+        arr = np.ones(5, dtype=np.int32)
+        indx = np.arange(5)
+        umt.indexed_negative.at(arr, indx)
+        # If it is [-1, -1, -1, -100, 0] then the regular strided loop was used
+        assert np.all(arr == [-1, -1, -1, -200, -1])
+
+    def test_ufunc_at_large(self):
+        # issue gh-23457
+        indices = np.zeros(8195, dtype=np.int16)
+        b = np.zeros(8195, dtype=float)
+        b[0] = 10
+        b[1] = 5
+        b[8192:] = 100
+        a = np.zeros(1, dtype=float)
+        np.add.at(a, indices, b)
+        assert a[0] == b.sum()
+
+    def test_cast_index_fastpath(self):
+        arr = np.zeros(10)
+        values = np.ones(100000)
+        # index must be cast, which may be buffered in chunks:
+        index = np.zeros(len(values), dtype=np.uint8)
+        np.add.at(arr, index, values)
+        assert arr[0] == len(values)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("value", [
+        np.ones(1), np.ones(()), np.float64(1.), 1.])
+    def test_ufunc_at_scalar_value_fastpath(self, value):
+        arr = np.zeros(1000)
+        # index must be cast, which may be buffered in chunks:
+        index = np.repeat(np.arange(1000), 2)
+        np.add.at(arr, index, value)
+        assert_array_equal(arr, np.full_like(arr, 2 * value))
+
+    def test_ufunc_at_multiD(self):
+        a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
+        b = np.array([[100, 100, 100], [200, 200, 200], [300, 300, 300]])
+        np.add.at(a, (slice(None), [1, 2, 1]), b)
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 201, 102], [3, 404, 205], [6, 607, 308]])
+
+        a = np.arange(27).reshape(3, 3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, (slice(None), slice(None), [1, 2, 1]), b)
+        assert_equal(a,
+            [[[0, 401, 202],
+              [3, 404, 205],
+              [6, 407, 208]],
+
+             [[9, 410, 211],
+              [12, 413, 214],
+              [15, 416, 217]],
+
+             [[18, 419, 220],
+              [21, 422, 223],
+              [24, 425, 226]]])
+
+        a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
+        b = np.array([[100, 100, 100], [200, 200, 200], [300, 300, 300]])
+        np.add.at(a, ([1, 2, 1], slice(None)), b)
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 1, 2], [403, 404, 405], [206, 207, 208]])
+
+        a = np.arange(27).reshape(3, 3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, (slice(None), [1, 2, 1], slice(None)), b)
+        assert_equal(a,
+            [[[0,  1,  2],
+              [203, 404, 605],
+              [106, 207, 308]],
+
+             [[9,  10, 11],
+              [212, 413, 614],
+              [115, 216, 317]],
+
+             [[18, 19, 20],
+              [221, 422, 623],
+              [124, 225, 326]]])
+
+        a = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, (0, [1, 2, 1]), b)
+        assert_equal(a, [[0, 401, 202], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]])
+
+        a = np.arange(27).reshape(3, 3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, ([1, 2, 1], 0, slice(None)), b)
+        assert_equal(a,
+            [[[0,  1,  2],
+              [3,  4,  5],
+              [6,  7,  8]],
+
+             [[209, 410, 611],
+              [12,  13, 14],
+              [15,  16, 17]],
+
+             [[118, 219, 320],
+              [21,  22, 23],
+              [24,  25, 26]]])
+
+        a = np.arange(27).reshape(3, 3, 3)
+        b = np.array([100, 200, 300])
+        np.add.at(a, (slice(None), slice(None), slice(None)), b)
+        assert_equal(a,
+            [[[100, 201, 302],
+              [103, 204, 305],
+              [106, 207, 308]],
+
+             [[109, 210, 311],
+              [112, 213, 314],
+              [115, 216, 317]],
+
+             [[118, 219, 320],
+              [121, 222, 323],
+              [124, 225, 326]]])
+
+    def test_ufunc_at_0D(self):
+        a = np.array(0)
+        np.add.at(a, (), 1)
+        assert_equal(a, 1)
+
+        assert_raises(IndexError, np.add.at, a, 0, 1)
+        assert_raises(IndexError, np.add.at, a, [], 1)
+
+    def test_ufunc_at_dtypes(self):
+        # Test mixed dtypes
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        np.power.at(a, [1, 2, 3, 2], 3.5)
+        assert_equal(a, np.array([0, 1, 4414, 46, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]))
+
+    def test_ufunc_at_boolean(self):
+        # Test boolean indexing and boolean ufuncs
+        a = np.arange(10)
+        index = a % 2 == 0
+        np.equal.at(a, index, [0, 2, 4, 6, 8])
+        assert_equal(a, [1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 5, 1, 7, 1, 9])
+
+        # Test unary operator
+        a = np.arange(10, dtype='u4')
+        np.invert.at(a, [2, 5, 2])
+        assert_equal(a, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ^ 0xffffffff, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+    def test_ufunc_at_advanced(self):
+        # Test empty subspace
+        orig = np.arange(4)
+        a = orig[:, None][:, 0:0]
+        np.add.at(a, [0, 1], 3)
+        assert_array_equal(orig, np.arange(4))
+
+        # Test with swapped byte order
+        index = np.array([1, 2, 1], np.dtype('i').newbyteorder())
+        values = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], np.dtype('f').newbyteorder())
+        np.add.at(values, index, 3)
+        assert_array_equal(values, [1, 8, 6, 4])
+
+        # Test exception thrown
+        values = np.array(['a', 1], dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add.at, values, [0, 1], 1)
+        assert_array_equal(values, np.array(['a', 1], dtype=object))
+
+        # Test multiple output ufuncs raise error, gh-5665
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.modf.at, np.arange(10), [1])
+
+        # Test maximum
+        a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        np.maximum.at(a, [0], 0)
+        assert_equal(a, np.array([1, 2, 3]))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype",
+            np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['Float'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc",
+            [np.add, np.subtract, np.divide, np.minimum, np.maximum])
+    def test_at_negative_indexes(self, dtype, ufunc):
+        a = np.arange(0, 10).astype(dtype)
+        indxs = np.array([-1, 1, -1, 2]).astype(np.intp)
+        vals = np.array([1, 5, 2, 10], dtype=a.dtype)
+
+        expected = a.copy()
+        for i, v in zip(indxs, vals):
+            expected[i] = ufunc(expected[i], v)
+
+        ufunc.at(a, indxs, vals)
+        assert_array_equal(a, expected)
+        assert np.all(indxs == [-1, 1, -1, 2])
+
+    def test_at_not_none_signature(self):
+        # Test ufuncs with non-trivial signature raise a TypeError
+        a = np.ones((2, 2, 2))
+        b = np.ones((1, 2, 2))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.matmul.at, a, [0], b)
+
+        a = np.array([[[1, 2], [3, 4]]])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.linalg._umath_linalg.det.at, a, [0])
+
+    def test_at_no_loop_for_op(self):
+        # str dtype does not have a ufunc loop for np.add
+        arr = np.ones(10, dtype=str)
+        with pytest.raises(np.core._exceptions._UFuncNoLoopError):
+            np.add.at(arr, [0, 1], [0, 1])
+
+    def test_at_output_casting(self):
+        arr = np.array([-1])
+        np.equal.at(arr, [0], [0])
+        assert arr[0] == 0
+
+    def test_at_broadcast_failure(self):
+        arr = np.arange(5)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            np.add.at(arr, [0, 1], [1, 2, 3])
+
+
+    def test_reduce_arguments(self):
+        f = np.add.reduce
+        d = np.ones((5,2), dtype=int)
+        o = np.ones((2,), dtype=d.dtype)
+        r = o * 5
+        assert_equal(f(d), r)
+        # a, axis=0, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False
+        assert_equal(f(d, axis=0), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, dtype=None), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, dtype='i'), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, 'i'), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, out=None), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, out=o), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, o), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None, keepdims=False), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None, True), r.reshape((1,) + r.shape))
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None, False, 0), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None, False, initial=0), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None, False, 0, True), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, None, False, 0, where=True), r)
+        # multiple keywords
+        assert_equal(f(d, axis=0, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, out=None, keepdims=False), r)
+        assert_equal(f(d, 0, None, out=None, keepdims=False, initial=0,
+                       where=True), r)
+
+        # too little
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f)
+        # too much
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, None, None, False, 0, True, 1)
+        # invalid axis
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, "invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis="invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis="invalid", dtype=None,
+                      keepdims=True)
+        # invalid dtype
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, "invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, dtype="invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, dtype="invalid", out=None)
+        # invalid out
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, None, "invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, out="invalid")
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, out="invalid", dtype=None)
+        # keepdims boolean, no invalid value
+        # assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, None, None, "invalid")
+        # assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, keepdims="invalid", axis=0, dtype=None)
+        # invalid mix
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, keepdims="invalid", dtype="invalid",
+                     out=None)
+
+        # invalid keyword
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis=0, dtype=None, invalid=0)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, invalid=0)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, 0, keepdims=True, invalid="invalid",
+                      out=None)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis=0, dtype=None, keepdims=True,
+                      out=None, invalid=0)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, f, d, axis=0, dtype=None,
+                      out=None, invalid=0)
+
+    def test_structured_equal(self):
+        # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/4855
+
+        class MyA(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return getattr(ufunc, method)(*(input.view(np.ndarray)
+                                              for input in inputs), **kwargs)
+        a = np.arange(12.).reshape(4,3)
+        ra = a.view(dtype=('f8,f8,f8')).squeeze()
+        mra = ra.view(MyA)
+
+        target = np.array([ True, False, False, False], dtype=bool)
+        assert_equal(np.all(target == (mra == ra[0])), True)
+
+    def test_scalar_equal(self):
+        # Scalar comparisons should always work, without deprecation warnings.
+        # even when the ufunc fails.
+        a = np.array(0.)
+        b = np.array('a')
+        assert_(a != b)
+        assert_(b != a)
+        assert_(not (a == b))
+        assert_(not (b == a))
+
+    def test_NotImplemented_not_returned(self):
+        # See gh-5964 and gh-2091. Some of these functions are not operator
+        # related and were fixed for other reasons in the past.
+        binary_funcs = [
+            np.power, np.add, np.subtract, np.multiply, np.divide,
+            np.true_divide, np.floor_divide, np.bitwise_and, np.bitwise_or,
+            np.bitwise_xor, np.left_shift, np.right_shift, np.fmax,
+            np.fmin, np.fmod, np.hypot, np.logaddexp, np.logaddexp2,
+            np.maximum, np.minimum, np.mod,
+            np.greater, np.greater_equal, np.less, np.less_equal,
+            np.equal, np.not_equal]
+
+        a = np.array('1')
+        b = 1
+        c = np.array([1., 2.])
+        for f in binary_funcs:
+            assert_raises(TypeError, f, a, b)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, f, c, a)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc",
+             [np.logical_and, np.logical_or])  # logical_xor object loop is bad
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("signature",
+             [(None, None, object), (object, None, None),
+              (None, object, None)])
+    def test_logical_ufuncs_object_signatures(self, ufunc, signature):
+        a = np.array([True, None, False], dtype=object)
+        res = ufunc(a, a, signature=signature)
+        assert res.dtype == object
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc",
+            [np.logical_and, np.logical_or, np.logical_xor])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("signature",
+                 [(bool, None, object), (object, None, bool),
+                  (None, object, bool)])
+    def test_logical_ufuncs_mixed_object_signatures(self, ufunc, signature):
+        # Most mixed signatures fail (except those with bool out, e.g. `OO->?`)
+        a = np.array([True, None, False])
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            ufunc(a, a, signature=signature)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc",
+            [np.logical_and, np.logical_or, np.logical_xor])
+    def test_logical_ufuncs_support_anything(self, ufunc):
+        # The logical ufuncs support even input that can't be promoted:
+        a = np.array(b'1', dtype="V3")
+        c = np.array([1., 2.])
+        assert_array_equal(ufunc(a, c), ufunc([True, True], True))
+        assert ufunc.reduce(a) == True
+        # check that the output has no effect:
+        out = np.zeros(2, dtype=np.int32)
+        expected = ufunc([True, True], True).astype(out.dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(ufunc(a, c, out=out), expected)
+        out = np.zeros((), dtype=np.int32)
+        assert ufunc.reduce(a, out=out) == True
+        # Last check, test reduction when out and a match (the complexity here
+        # is that the "i,i->?" may seem right, but should not match.
+        a = np.array([3], dtype="i")
+        out = np.zeros((), dtype=a.dtype)
+        assert ufunc.reduce(a, out=out) == 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc",
+            [np.logical_and, np.logical_or, np.logical_xor])
+    def test_logical_ufuncs_reject_string(self, ufunc):
+        """
+        Logical ufuncs are normally well defined by working with the boolean
+        equivalent, i.e. casting all inputs to bools should work.
+
+        However, casting strings to bools is *currently* weird, because it
+        actually uses `bool(int(str))`.  Thus we explicitly reject strings.
+        This test should succeed (and can probably just be removed) as soon as
+        string to bool casts are well defined in NumPy.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="contain a loop with signature"):
+            ufunc(["1"], ["3"])
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="contain a loop with signature"):
+            ufunc.reduce(["1", "2", "0"])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc",
+             [np.logical_and, np.logical_or, np.logical_xor])
+    def test_logical_ufuncs_out_cast_check(self, ufunc):
+        a = np.array('1')
+        c = np.array([1., 2.])
+        out = a.copy()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            # It would be safe, but not equiv casting:
+            ufunc(a, c, out=out, casting="equiv")
+
+    def test_reducelike_byteorder_resolution(self):
+        # See gh-20699, byte-order changes need some extra care in the type
+        # resolution to make the following succeed:
+        arr_be = np.arange(10, dtype=">i8")
+        arr_le = np.arange(10, dtype="<i8")
+
+        assert np.add.reduce(arr_be) == np.add.reduce(arr_le)
+        assert_array_equal(np.add.accumulate(arr_be), np.add.accumulate(arr_le))
+        assert_array_equal(
+            np.add.reduceat(arr_be, [1]), np.add.reduceat(arr_le, [1]))
+
+    def test_reducelike_out_promotes(self):
+        # Check that the out argument to reductions is considered for
+        # promotion.  See also gh-20455.
+        # Note that these paths could prefer `initial=` in the future and
+        # do not up-cast to the default integer for add and prod
+        arr = np.ones(1000, dtype=np.uint8)
+        out = np.zeros((), dtype=np.uint16)
+        assert np.add.reduce(arr, out=out) == 1000
+        arr[:10] = 2
+        assert np.multiply.reduce(arr, out=out) == 2**10
+
+        # For legacy dtypes, the signature currently has to be forced if `out=`
+        # is passed.  The two paths below should differ, without `dtype=` the
+        # expected result should be: `np.prod(arr.astype("f8")).astype("f4")`!
+        arr = np.full(5, 2**25-1, dtype=np.int64)
+
+        # float32 and int64 promote to float64:
+        res = np.zeros((), dtype=np.float32)
+        # If `dtype=` is passed, the calculation is forced to float32:
+        single_res = np.zeros((), dtype=np.float32)
+        np.multiply.reduce(arr, out=single_res, dtype=np.float32)
+        assert single_res != res
+
+    def test_reducelike_output_needs_identical_cast(self):
+        # Checks the case where the we have a simple byte-swap works, maily
+        # tests that this is not rejected directly.
+        # (interesting because we require descriptor identity in reducelikes).
+        arr = np.ones(20, dtype="f8")
+        out = np.empty((), dtype=arr.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        expected = np.add.reduce(arr)
+        np.add.reduce(arr, out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(expected, out)
+        # Check reduceat:
+        out = np.empty(2, dtype=arr.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        expected = np.add.reduceat(arr, [0, 1])
+        np.add.reduceat(arr, [0, 1], out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(expected, out)
+        # And accumulate:
+        out = np.empty(arr.shape, dtype=arr.dtype.newbyteorder())
+        expected = np.add.accumulate(arr)
+        np.add.accumulate(arr, out=out)
+        assert_array_equal(expected, out)
+
+    def test_reduce_noncontig_output(self):
+        # Check that reduction deals with non-contiguous output arrays
+        # appropriately.
+        #
+        # gh-8036
+
+        x = np.arange(7*13*8, dtype=np.int16).reshape(7, 13, 8)
+        x = x[4:6,1:11:6,1:5].transpose(1, 2, 0)
+        y_base = np.arange(4*4, dtype=np.int16).reshape(4, 4)
+        y = y_base[::2,:]
+
+        y_base_copy = y_base.copy()
+
+        r0 = np.add.reduce(x, out=y.copy(), axis=2)
+        r1 = np.add.reduce(x, out=y, axis=2)
+
+        # The results should match, and y_base shouldn't get clobbered
+        assert_equal(r0, r1)
+        assert_equal(y_base[1,:], y_base_copy[1,:])
+        assert_equal(y_base[3,:], y_base_copy[3,:])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("with_cast", [True, False])
+    def test_reduceat_and_accumulate_out_shape_mismatch(self, with_cast):
+        # Should raise an error mentioning "shape" or "size"
+        arr = np.arange(5)
+        out = np.arange(3)  # definitely wrong shape
+        if with_cast:
+            # If a cast is necessary on the output, we can be sure to use
+            # the generic NpyIter (non-fast) path.
+            out = out.astype(np.float64)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="(shape|size)"):
+            np.add.reduceat(arr, [0, 3], out=out)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="(shape|size)"):
+            np.add.accumulate(arr, out=out)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('out_shape',
+                             [(), (1,), (3,), (1, 1), (1, 3), (4, 3)])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('keepdims', [True, False])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('f_reduce', [np.add.reduce, np.minimum.reduce])
+    def test_reduce_wrong_dimension_output(self, f_reduce, keepdims, out_shape):
+        # Test that we're not incorrectly broadcasting dimensions.
+        # See gh-15144 (failed for np.add.reduce previously).
+        a = np.arange(12.).reshape(4, 3)
+        out = np.empty(out_shape, a.dtype)
+
+        correct_out = f_reduce(a, axis=0, keepdims=keepdims)
+        if out_shape != correct_out.shape:
+            with assert_raises(ValueError):
+                f_reduce(a, axis=0, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
+        else:
+            check = f_reduce(a, axis=0, out=out, keepdims=keepdims)
+            assert_(check is out)
+            assert_array_equal(check, correct_out)
+
+    def test_reduce_output_does_not_broadcast_input(self):
+        # Test that the output shape cannot broadcast an input dimension
+        # (it never can add dimensions, but it might expand an existing one)
+        a = np.ones((1, 10))
+        out_correct = (np.empty((1, 1)))
+        out_incorrect = np.empty((3, 1))
+        np.add.reduce(a, axis=-1, out=out_correct, keepdims=True)
+        np.add.reduce(a, axis=-1, out=out_correct[:, 0], keepdims=False)
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            np.add.reduce(a, axis=-1, out=out_incorrect, keepdims=True)
+        with assert_raises(ValueError):
+            np.add.reduce(a, axis=-1, out=out_incorrect[:, 0], keepdims=False)
+
+    def test_reduce_output_subclass_ok(self):
+        class MyArr(np.ndarray):
+            pass
+
+        out = np.empty(())
+        np.add.reduce(np.ones(5), out=out)  # no subclass, all fine
+        out = out.view(MyArr)
+        assert np.add.reduce(np.ones(5), out=out) is out
+        assert type(np.add.reduce(out)) is MyArr
+
+    def test_no_doc_string(self):
+        # gh-9337
+        assert_('\n' not in umt.inner1d_no_doc.__doc__)
+
+    def test_invalid_args(self):
+        # gh-7961
+        exc = pytest.raises(TypeError, np.sqrt, None)
+        # minimally check the exception text
+        assert exc.match('loop of ufunc does not support')
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('nat', [np.datetime64('nat'), np.timedelta64('nat')])
+    def test_nat_is_not_finite(self, nat):
+        try:
+            assert not np.isfinite(nat)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass  # ok, just not implemented
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('nat', [np.datetime64('nat'), np.timedelta64('nat')])
+    def test_nat_is_nan(self, nat):
+        try:
+            assert np.isnan(nat)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass  # ok, just not implemented
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('nat', [np.datetime64('nat'), np.timedelta64('nat')])
+    def test_nat_is_not_inf(self, nat):
+        try:
+            assert not np.isinf(nat)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass  # ok, just not implemented
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ufunc', [getattr(np, x) for x in dir(np)
+                                if isinstance(getattr(np, x), np.ufunc)])
+def test_ufunc_types(ufunc):
+    '''
+    Check all ufuncs that the correct type is returned. Avoid
+    object and boolean types since many operations are not defined for
+    for them.
+
+    Choose the shape so even dot and matmul will succeed
+    '''
+    for typ in ufunc.types:
+        # types is a list of strings like ii->i
+        if 'O' in typ or '?' in typ:
+            continue
+        inp, out = typ.split('->')
+        args = [np.ones((3, 3), t) for t in inp]
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True):
+            warnings.filterwarnings("always")
+            res = ufunc(*args)
+        if isinstance(res, tuple):
+            outs = tuple(out)
+            assert len(res) == len(outs)
+            for r, t in zip(res, outs):
+                assert r.dtype == np.dtype(t)
+        else:
+            assert res.dtype == np.dtype(out)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ufunc', [getattr(np, x) for x in dir(np)
+                                if isinstance(getattr(np, x), np.ufunc)])
+@np._no_nep50_warning()
+def test_ufunc_noncontiguous(ufunc):
+    '''
+    Check that contiguous and non-contiguous calls to ufuncs
+    have the same results for values in range(9)
+    '''
+    for typ in ufunc.types:
+        # types is a list of strings like ii->i
+        if any(set('O?mM') & set(typ)):
+            # bool, object, datetime are too irregular for this simple test
+            continue
+        inp, out = typ.split('->')
+        args_c = [np.empty(6, t) for t in inp]
+        args_n = [np.empty(18, t)[::3] for t in inp]
+        for a in args_c:
+            a.flat = range(1,7)
+        for a in args_n:
+            a.flat = range(1,7)
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True):
+            warnings.filterwarnings("always")
+            res_c = ufunc(*args_c)
+            res_n = ufunc(*args_n)
+        if len(out) == 1:
+            res_c = (res_c,)
+            res_n = (res_n,)
+        for c_ar, n_ar in zip(res_c, res_n):
+            dt = c_ar.dtype
+            if np.issubdtype(dt, np.floating):
+                # for floating point results allow a small fuss in comparisons
+                # since different algorithms (libm vs. intrinsics) can be used
+                # for different input strides
+                res_eps = np.finfo(dt).eps
+                tol = 2*res_eps
+                assert_allclose(res_c, res_n, atol=tol, rtol=tol)
+            else:
+                assert_equal(c_ar, n_ar)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ufunc', [np.sign, np.equal])
+def test_ufunc_warn_with_nan(ufunc):
+    # issue gh-15127
+    # test that calling certain ufuncs with a non-standard `nan` value does not
+    # emit a warning
+    # `b` holds a 64 bit signaling nan: the most significant bit of the
+    # significand is zero.
+    b = np.array([0x7ff0000000000001], 'i8').view('f8')
+    assert np.isnan(b)
+    if ufunc.nin == 1:
+        ufunc(b)
+    elif ufunc.nin == 2:
+        ufunc(b, b.copy())
+    else:
+        raise ValueError('ufunc with more than 2 inputs')
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+def test_ufunc_out_casterrors():
+    # Tests that casting errors are correctly reported and buffers are
+    # cleared.
+    # The following array can be added to itself as an object array, but
+    # the result cannot be cast to an integer output:
+    value = 123  # relies on python cache (leak-check will still find it)
+    arr = np.array([value] * int(np.BUFSIZE * 1.5) +
+                   ["string"] +
+                   [value] * int(1.5 * np.BUFSIZE), dtype=object)
+    out = np.ones(len(arr), dtype=np.intp)
+
+    count = sys.getrefcount(value)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        # Output casting failure:
+        np.add(arr, arr, out=out, casting="unsafe")
+
+    assert count == sys.getrefcount(value)
+    # output is unchanged after the error, this shows that the iteration
+    # was aborted (this is not necessarily defined behaviour)
+    assert out[-1] == 1
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        # Input casting failure:
+        np.add(arr, arr, out=out, dtype=np.intp, casting="unsafe")
+
+    assert count == sys.getrefcount(value)
+    # output is unchanged after the error, this shows that the iteration
+    # was aborted (this is not necessarily defined behaviour)
+    assert out[-1] == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bad_offset", [0, int(np.BUFSIZE * 1.5)])
+def test_ufunc_input_casterrors(bad_offset):
+    value = 123
+    arr = np.array([value] * bad_offset +
+                   ["string"] +
+                   [value] * int(1.5 * np.BUFSIZE), dtype=object)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        # Force cast inputs, but the buffered cast of `arr` to intp fails:
+        np.add(arr, arr, dtype=np.intp, casting="unsafe")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bad_offset", [0, int(np.BUFSIZE * 1.5)])
+def test_ufunc_input_floatingpoint_error(bad_offset):
+    value = 123
+    arr = np.array([value] * bad_offset +
+                   [np.nan] +
+                   [value] * int(1.5 * np.BUFSIZE))
+    with np.errstate(invalid="raise"), pytest.raises(FloatingPointError):
+        # Force cast inputs, but the buffered cast of `arr` to intp fails:
+        np.add(arr, arr, dtype=np.intp, casting="unsafe")
+
+
+def test_trivial_loop_invalid_cast():
+    # This tests the fast-path "invalid cast", see gh-19904.
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError,
+            match="cast ufunc 'add' input 0"):
+        # the void dtype definitely cannot cast to double:
+        np.add(np.array(1, "i,i"), 3, signature="dd->d")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_REFCOUNT, reason="Python lacks refcounts")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("offset",
+        [0, np.BUFSIZE//2, int(1.5*np.BUFSIZE)])
+def test_reduce_casterrors(offset):
+    # Test reporting of casting errors in reductions, we test various
+    # offsets to where the casting error will occur, since these may occur
+    # at different places during the reduction procedure. For example
+    # the first item may be special.
+    value = 123  # relies on python cache (leak-check will still find it)
+    arr = np.array([value] * offset +
+                   ["string"] +
+                   [value] * int(1.5 * np.BUFSIZE), dtype=object)
+    out = np.array(-1, dtype=np.intp)
+
+    count = sys.getrefcount(value)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid literal"):
+        # This is an unsafe cast, but we currently always allow that.
+        # Note that the double loop is picked, but the cast fails.
+        # `initial=None` disables the use of an identity here to test failures
+        # while copying the first values path (not used when identity exists).
+        np.add.reduce(arr, dtype=np.intp, out=out, initial=None)
+    assert count == sys.getrefcount(value)
+    # If an error occurred during casting, the operation is done at most until
+    # the error occurs (the result of which would be `value * offset`) and -1
+    # if the error happened immediately.
+    # This does not define behaviour, the output is invalid and thus undefined
+    assert out[()] < value * offset
+
+
+def test_object_reduce_cleanup_on_failure():
+    # Test cleanup, including of the initial value (manually provided or not)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        np.add.reduce([1, 2, None], initial=4)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        np.add.reduce([1, 2, None])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("method",
+        [np.add.accumulate, np.add.reduce,
+         pytest.param(lambda x: np.add.reduceat(x, [0]), id="reduceat"),
+         pytest.param(lambda x: np.log.at(x, [2]), id="at")])
+def test_ufunc_methods_floaterrors(method):
+    # adding inf and -inf (or log(-inf) creates an invalid float and warns
+    arr = np.array([np.inf, 0, -np.inf])
+    with np.errstate(all="warn"):
+        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="invalid value"):
+            method(arr)
+
+    arr = np.array([np.inf, 0, -np.inf])
+    with np.errstate(all="raise"):
+        with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError):
+            method(arr)
+
+
+def _check_neg_zero(value):
+    if value != 0.0:
+        return False
+    if not np.signbit(value.real):
+        return False
+    if value.dtype.kind == "c":
+        return np.signbit(value.imag)
+    return True
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllFloat"])
+def test_addition_negative_zero(dtype):
+    dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+    if dtype.kind == "c":
+        neg_zero = dtype.type(complex(-0.0, -0.0))
+    else:
+        neg_zero = dtype.type(-0.0)
+
+    arr = np.array(neg_zero)
+    arr2 = np.array(neg_zero)
+
+    assert _check_neg_zero(arr + arr2)
+    # In-place ops may end up on a different path (reduce path) see gh-21211
+    arr += arr2
+    assert _check_neg_zero(arr)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllFloat"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_initial", [True, False])
+def test_addition_reduce_negative_zero(dtype, use_initial):
+    dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
+    if dtype.kind == "c":
+        neg_zero = dtype.type(complex(-0.0, -0.0))
+    else:
+        neg_zero = dtype.type(-0.0)
+
+    kwargs = {}
+    if use_initial:
+        kwargs["initial"] = neg_zero
+    else:
+        pytest.xfail("-0. propagation in sum currently requires initial")
+
+    # Test various length, in case SIMD paths or chunking play a role.
+    # 150 extends beyond the pairwise blocksize; probably not important.
+    for i in range(0, 150):
+        arr = np.array([neg_zero] * i, dtype=dtype)
+        res = np.sum(arr, **kwargs)
+        if i > 0 or use_initial:
+            assert _check_neg_zero(res)
+        else:
+            # `sum([])` should probably be 0.0 and not -0.0 like `sum([-0.0])`
+            assert not np.signbit(res.real)
+            assert not np.signbit(res.imag)
+
+class TestLowlevelAPIAccess:
+    def test_resolve_dtypes_basic(self):
+        # Basic test for dtype resolution:
+        i4 = np.dtype("i4")
+        f4 = np.dtype("f4")
+        f8 = np.dtype("f8")
+
+        r = np.add.resolve_dtypes((i4, f4, None))
+        assert r == (f8, f8, f8)
+
+        # Signature uses the same logic to parse as ufunc (less strict)
+        # the following is "same-kind" casting so works:
+        r = np.add.resolve_dtypes((
+                i4, i4, None), signature=(None, None, "f4"))
+        assert r == (f4, f4, f4)
+
+        # Check NEP 50 "weak" promotion also:
+        r = np.add.resolve_dtypes((f4, int, None))
+        assert r == (f4, f4, f4)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add.resolve_dtypes((i4, f4, None), casting="no")
+
+    def test_weird_dtypes(self):
+        S0 = np.dtype("S0")
+        # S0 is often converted by NumPy to S1, but not here:
+        r = np.equal.resolve_dtypes((S0, S0, None))
+        assert r == (S0, S0, np.dtype(bool))
+
+        # Subarray dtypes are weird and may not work fully, we preserve them
+        # leading to a TypeError (currently no equal loop for void/structured)
+        dts = np.dtype("10i")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.equal.resolve_dtypes((dts, dts, None))
+
+    def test_resolve_dtypes_reduction(self):
+        i4 = np.dtype("i4")
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            np.add.resolve_dtypes((i4, i4, i4), reduction=True)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtypes", [
+            (np.dtype("i"), np.dtype("i")),
+            (None, np.dtype("i"), np.dtype("f")),
+            (np.dtype("i"), None, np.dtype("f")),
+            ("i4", "i4", None)])
+    def test_resolve_dtypes_errors(self, dtypes):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add.resolve_dtypes(dtypes)
+
+    def test_resolve_dtypes_reduction(self):
+        i2 = np.dtype("i2")
+        long_ = np.dtype("long")
+        # Check special addition resolution:
+        res = np.add.resolve_dtypes((None, i2, None), reduction=True)
+        assert res == (long_, long_, long_)
+
+    def test_resolve_dtypes_reduction_errors(self):
+        i2 = np.dtype("i2")
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add.resolve_dtypes((None, i2, i2))
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.add.signature((None, None, "i4"))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not hasattr(ct, "pythonapi"),
+            reason="`ctypes.pythonapi` required for capsule unpacking.")
+    def test_loop_access(self):
+        # This is a basic test for the full strided loop access
+        data_t = ct.ARRAY(ct.c_char_p, 2)
+        dim_t = ct.ARRAY(ct.c_ssize_t, 1)
+        strides_t = ct.ARRAY(ct.c_ssize_t, 2)
+        strided_loop_t = ct.CFUNCTYPE(
+                ct.c_int, ct.c_void_p, data_t, dim_t, strides_t, ct.c_void_p)
+
+        class call_info_t(ct.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ("strided_loop", strided_loop_t),
+                ("context", ct.c_void_p),
+                ("auxdata", ct.c_void_p),
+                ("requires_pyapi", ct.c_byte),
+                ("no_floatingpoint_errors", ct.c_byte),
+            ]
+
+        i4 = np.dtype("i4")
+        dt, call_info_obj = np.negative._resolve_dtypes_and_context((i4, i4))
+        assert dt == (i4, i4)  # can be used without casting
+
+        # Fill in the rest of the information:
+        np.negative._get_strided_loop(call_info_obj)
+
+        ct.pythonapi.PyCapsule_GetPointer.restype = ct.c_void_p
+        call_info = ct.pythonapi.PyCapsule_GetPointer(
+                ct.py_object(call_info_obj),
+                ct.c_char_p(b"numpy_1.24_ufunc_call_info"))
+
+        call_info = ct.cast(call_info, ct.POINTER(call_info_t)).contents
+
+        arr = np.arange(10, dtype=i4)
+        call_info.strided_loop(
+                call_info.context,
+                data_t(arr.ctypes.data, arr.ctypes.data),
+                arr.ctypes.shape,  # is a C-array with 10 here
+                strides_t(arr.ctypes.strides[0], arr.ctypes.strides[0]),
+                call_info.auxdata)
+
+        # We just directly called the negative inner-loop in-place:
+        assert_array_equal(arr, -np.arange(10, dtype=i4))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("strides", [1, (1, 2, 3), (1, "2")])
+    def test__get_strided_loop_errors_bad_strides(self, strides):
+        i4 = np.dtype("i4")
+        dt, call_info = np.negative._resolve_dtypes_and_context((i4, i4))
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="fixed_strides.*tuple.*or None"):
+            np.negative._get_strided_loop(call_info, fixed_strides=strides)
+
+    def test__get_strided_loop_errors_bad_call_info(self):
+        i4 = np.dtype("i4")
+        dt, call_info = np.negative._resolve_dtypes_and_context((i4, i4))
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="PyCapsule"):
+            np.negative._get_strided_loop("not the capsule!")
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=".*incompatible context"):
+            np.add._get_strided_loop(call_info)
+
+        np.negative._get_strided_loop(call_info)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            # cannot call it a second time:
+            np.negative._get_strided_loop(call_info)
+
+    def test_long_arrays(self):
+        t = np.zeros((1029, 917), dtype=np.single)
+        t[0][0] = 1
+        t[28][414] = 1
+        tc = np.cos(t)
+        assert_equal(tc[0][0], tc[28][414])
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_umath.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_umath.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..963e740d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_umath.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4743 @@
+import platform
+import warnings
+import fnmatch
+import itertools
+import pytest
+import sys
+import os
+import operator
+from fractions import Fraction
+from functools import reduce
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+import numpy.core.umath as ncu
+from numpy.core import _umath_tests as ncu_tests
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_, assert_equal, assert_raises, assert_raises_regex,
+    assert_array_equal, assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal,
+    assert_array_max_ulp, assert_allclose, assert_no_warnings, suppress_warnings,
+    _gen_alignment_data, assert_array_almost_equal_nulp, IS_WASM, IS_MUSL,
+    IS_PYPY
+    )
+from numpy.testing._private.utils import _glibc_older_than
+
+UFUNCS = [obj for obj in np.core.umath.__dict__.values()
+         if isinstance(obj, np.ufunc)]
+
+UFUNCS_UNARY = [
+    uf for uf in UFUNCS if uf.nin == 1
+]
+UFUNCS_UNARY_FP = [
+    uf for uf in UFUNCS_UNARY if 'f->f' in uf.types
+]
+
+UFUNCS_BINARY = [
+    uf for uf in UFUNCS if uf.nin == 2
+]
+UFUNCS_BINARY_ACC = [
+    uf for uf in UFUNCS_BINARY if hasattr(uf, "accumulate") and uf.nout == 1
+]
+
+def interesting_binop_operands(val1, val2, dtype):
+    """
+    Helper to create "interesting" operands to cover common code paths:
+    * scalar inputs
+    * only first "values" is an array (e.g. scalar division fast-paths)
+    * Longer array (SIMD) placing the value of interest at different positions
+    * Oddly strided arrays which may not be SIMD compatible
+
+    It does not attempt to cover unaligned access or mixed dtypes.
+    These are normally handled by the casting/buffering machinery.
+
+    This is not a fixture (currently), since I believe a fixture normally
+    only yields once?
+    """
+    fill_value = 1  # could be a parameter, but maybe not an optional one?
+
+    arr1 = np.full(10003, dtype=dtype, fill_value=fill_value)
+    arr2 = np.full(10003, dtype=dtype, fill_value=fill_value)
+
+    arr1[0] = val1
+    arr2[0] = val2
+
+    extractor = lambda res: res
+    yield arr1[0], arr2[0], extractor, "scalars"
+
+    extractor = lambda res: res
+    yield arr1[0, ...], arr2[0, ...], extractor, "scalar-arrays"
+
+    # reset array values to fill_value:
+    arr1[0] = fill_value
+    arr2[0] = fill_value
+
+    for pos in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -1, -2, -3, -4]:
+        arr1[pos] = val1
+        arr2[pos] = val2
+
+        extractor = lambda res: res[pos]
+        yield arr1, arr2, extractor, f"off-{pos}"
+        yield arr1, arr2[pos], extractor, f"off-{pos}-with-scalar"
+
+        arr1[pos] = fill_value
+        arr2[pos] = fill_value
+
+    for stride in [-1, 113]:
+        op1 = arr1[::stride]
+        op2 = arr2[::stride]
+        op1[10] = val1
+        op2[10] = val2
+
+        extractor = lambda res: res[10]
+        yield op1, op2, extractor, f"stride-{stride}"
+
+        op1[10] = fill_value
+        op2[10] = fill_value
+
+
+def on_powerpc():
+    """ True if we are running on a Power PC platform."""
+    return platform.processor() == 'powerpc' or \
+           platform.machine().startswith('ppc')
+
+
+def bad_arcsinh():
+    """The blocklisted trig functions are not accurate on aarch64/PPC for
+    complex256. Rather than dig through the actual problem skip the
+    test. This should be fixed when we can move past glibc2.17
+    which is the version in manylinux2014
+    """
+    if platform.machine() == 'aarch64':
+        x = 1.78e-10
+    elif on_powerpc():
+        x = 2.16e-10
+    else:
+        return False
+    v1 = np.arcsinh(np.float128(x))
+    v2 = np.arcsinh(np.complex256(x)).real
+    # The eps for float128 is 1-e33, so this is way bigger
+    return abs((v1 / v2) - 1.0) > 1e-23
+
+
+class _FilterInvalids:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.olderr = np.seterr(invalid='ignore')
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        np.seterr(**self.olderr)
+
+
+class TestConstants:
+    def test_pi(self):
+        assert_allclose(ncu.pi, 3.141592653589793, 1e-15)
+
+    def test_e(self):
+        assert_allclose(ncu.e, 2.718281828459045, 1e-15)
+
+    def test_euler_gamma(self):
+        assert_allclose(ncu.euler_gamma, 0.5772156649015329, 1e-15)
+
+
+class TestOut:
+    def test_out_subok(self):
+        for subok in (True, False):
+            a = np.array(0.5)
+            o = np.empty(())
+
+            r = np.add(a, 2, o, subok=subok)
+            assert_(r is o)
+            r = np.add(a, 2, out=o, subok=subok)
+            assert_(r is o)
+            r = np.add(a, 2, out=(o,), subok=subok)
+            assert_(r is o)
+
+            d = np.array(5.7)
+            o1 = np.empty(())
+            o2 = np.empty((), dtype=np.int32)
+
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, o1, None, subok=subok)
+            assert_(r1 is o1)
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, None, o2, subok=subok)
+            assert_(r2 is o2)
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, o1, o2, subok=subok)
+            assert_(r1 is o1)
+            assert_(r2 is o2)
+
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, out=(o1, None), subok=subok)
+            assert_(r1 is o1)
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, out=(None, o2), subok=subok)
+            assert_(r2 is o2)
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, out=(o1, o2), subok=subok)
+            assert_(r1 is o1)
+            assert_(r2 is o2)
+
+            with assert_raises(TypeError):
+                # Out argument must be tuple, since there are multiple outputs.
+                r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, out=o1, subok=subok)
+
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, a, 2, o, o, subok=subok)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, a, 2, o, out=o, subok=subok)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, a, 2, None, out=o, subok=subok)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.add, a, 2, out=(o, o), subok=subok)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.add, a, 2, out=(), subok=subok)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, a, 2, [], subok=subok)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, a, 2, out=[], subok=subok)
+            assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, a, 2, out=([],), subok=subok)
+            o.flags.writeable = False
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.add, a, 2, o, subok=subok)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.add, a, 2, out=o, subok=subok)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.add, a, 2, out=(o,), subok=subok)
+
+    def test_out_wrap_subok(self):
+        class ArrayWrap(np.ndarray):
+            __array_priority__ = 10
+
+            def __new__(cls, arr):
+                return np.asarray(arr).view(cls).copy()
+
+            def __array_wrap__(self, arr, context):
+                return arr.view(type(self))
+
+        for subok in (True, False):
+            a = ArrayWrap([0.5])
+
+            r = np.add(a, 2, subok=subok)
+            if subok:
+                assert_(isinstance(r, ArrayWrap))
+            else:
+                assert_(type(r) == np.ndarray)
+
+            r = np.add(a, 2, None, subok=subok)
+            if subok:
+                assert_(isinstance(r, ArrayWrap))
+            else:
+                assert_(type(r) == np.ndarray)
+
+            r = np.add(a, 2, out=None, subok=subok)
+            if subok:
+                assert_(isinstance(r, ArrayWrap))
+            else:
+                assert_(type(r) == np.ndarray)
+
+            r = np.add(a, 2, out=(None,), subok=subok)
+            if subok:
+                assert_(isinstance(r, ArrayWrap))
+            else:
+                assert_(type(r) == np.ndarray)
+
+            d = ArrayWrap([5.7])
+            o1 = np.empty((1,))
+            o2 = np.empty((1,), dtype=np.int32)
+
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, o1, subok=subok)
+            if subok:
+                assert_(isinstance(r2, ArrayWrap))
+            else:
+                assert_(type(r2) == np.ndarray)
+
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, o1, None, subok=subok)
+            if subok:
+                assert_(isinstance(r2, ArrayWrap))
+            else:
+                assert_(type(r2) == np.ndarray)
+
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, None, o2, subok=subok)
+            if subok:
+                assert_(isinstance(r1, ArrayWrap))
+            else:
+                assert_(type(r1) == np.ndarray)
+
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, out=(o1, None), subok=subok)
+            if subok:
+                assert_(isinstance(r2, ArrayWrap))
+            else:
+                assert_(type(r2) == np.ndarray)
+
+            r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, out=(None, o2), subok=subok)
+            if subok:
+                assert_(isinstance(r1, ArrayWrap))
+            else:
+                assert_(type(r1) == np.ndarray)
+
+            with assert_raises(TypeError):
+                # Out argument must be tuple, since there are multiple outputs.
+                r1, r2 = np.frexp(d, out=o1, subok=subok)
+
+
+class TestComparisons:
+    import operator
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', np.sctypes['uint'] + np.sctypes['int'] +
+                             np.sctypes['float'] + [np.bool_])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('py_comp,np_comp', [
+        (operator.lt, np.less),
+        (operator.le, np.less_equal),
+        (operator.gt, np.greater),
+        (operator.ge, np.greater_equal),
+        (operator.eq, np.equal),
+        (operator.ne, np.not_equal)
+    ])
+    def test_comparison_functions(self, dtype, py_comp, np_comp):
+        # Initialize input arrays
+        if dtype == np.bool_:
+            a = np.random.choice(a=[False, True], size=1000)
+            b = np.random.choice(a=[False, True], size=1000)
+            scalar = True
+        else:
+            a = np.random.randint(low=1, high=10, size=1000).astype(dtype)
+            b = np.random.randint(low=1, high=10, size=1000).astype(dtype)
+            scalar = 5
+        np_scalar = np.dtype(dtype).type(scalar)
+        a_lst = a.tolist()
+        b_lst = b.tolist()
+
+        # (Binary) Comparison (x1=array, x2=array)
+        comp_b = np_comp(a, b).view(np.uint8)
+        comp_b_list = [int(py_comp(x, y)) for x, y in zip(a_lst, b_lst)]
+
+        # (Scalar1) Comparison (x1=scalar, x2=array)
+        comp_s1 = np_comp(np_scalar, b).view(np.uint8)
+        comp_s1_list = [int(py_comp(scalar, x)) for x in b_lst]
+
+        # (Scalar2) Comparison (x1=array, x2=scalar)
+        comp_s2 = np_comp(a, np_scalar).view(np.uint8)
+        comp_s2_list = [int(py_comp(x, scalar)) for x in a_lst]
+
+        # Sequence: Binary, Scalar1 and Scalar2
+        assert_(comp_b.tolist() == comp_b_list,
+            f"Failed comparison ({py_comp.__name__})")
+        assert_(comp_s1.tolist() == comp_s1_list,
+            f"Failed comparison ({py_comp.__name__})")
+        assert_(comp_s2.tolist() == comp_s2_list,
+            f"Failed comparison ({py_comp.__name__})")
+
+    def test_ignore_object_identity_in_equal(self):
+        # Check comparing identical objects whose comparison
+        # is not a simple boolean, e.g., arrays that are compared elementwise.
+        a = np.array([np.array([1, 2, 3]), None], dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.equal, a, a)
+
+        # Check error raised when comparing identical non-comparable objects.
+        class FunkyType:
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                raise TypeError("I won't compare")
+
+        a = np.array([FunkyType()])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.equal, a, a)
+
+        # Check identity doesn't override comparison mismatch.
+        a = np.array([np.nan], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(np.equal(a, a), [False])
+
+    def test_ignore_object_identity_in_not_equal(self):
+        # Check comparing identical objects whose comparison
+        # is not a simple boolean, e.g., arrays that are compared elementwise.
+        a = np.array([np.array([1, 2, 3]), None], dtype=object)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.not_equal, a, a)
+
+        # Check error raised when comparing identical non-comparable objects.
+        class FunkyType:
+            def __ne__(self, other):
+                raise TypeError("I won't compare")
+
+        a = np.array([FunkyType()])
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.not_equal, a, a)
+
+        # Check identity doesn't override comparison mismatch.
+        a = np.array([np.nan], dtype=object)
+        assert_equal(np.not_equal(a, a), [True])
+
+    def test_error_in_equal_reduce(self):
+        # gh-20929
+        # make sure np.equal.reduce raises a TypeError if an array is passed
+        # without specifying the dtype
+        a = np.array([0, 0])
+        assert_equal(np.equal.reduce(a, dtype=bool), True)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.equal.reduce, a)
+
+    def test_object_dtype(self):
+        assert np.equal(1, [1], dtype=object).dtype == object
+        assert np.equal(1, [1], signature=(None, None, "O")).dtype == object
+
+    def test_object_nonbool_dtype_error(self):
+        # bool output dtype is fine of course:
+        assert np.equal(1, [1], dtype=bool).dtype == bool
+
+        # but the following are examples do not have a loop:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="No loop matching"):
+            np.equal(1, 1, dtype=np.int64)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="No loop matching"):
+            np.equal(1, 1, sig=(None, None, "l"))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtypes", ["qQ", "Qq"])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('py_comp, np_comp', [
+        (operator.lt, np.less),
+        (operator.le, np.less_equal),
+        (operator.gt, np.greater),
+        (operator.ge, np.greater_equal),
+        (operator.eq, np.equal),
+        (operator.ne, np.not_equal)
+    ])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("vals", [(2**60, 2**60+1), (2**60+1, 2**60)])
+    def test_large_integer_direct_comparison(
+            self, dtypes, py_comp, np_comp, vals):
+        # Note that float(2**60) + 1 == float(2**60).
+        a1 = np.array([2**60], dtype=dtypes[0])
+        a2 = np.array([2**60 + 1], dtype=dtypes[1])
+        expected = py_comp(2**60, 2**60+1)
+
+        assert py_comp(a1, a2) == expected
+        assert np_comp(a1, a2) == expected
+        # Also check the scalars:
+        s1 = a1[0]
+        s2 = a2[0]
+        assert isinstance(s1, np.integer)
+        assert isinstance(s2, np.integer)
+        # The Python operator here is mainly interesting:
+        assert py_comp(s1, s2) == expected
+        assert np_comp(s1, s2) == expected
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes['UnsignedInteger'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('py_comp_func, np_comp_func', [
+        (operator.lt, np.less),
+        (operator.le, np.less_equal),
+        (operator.gt, np.greater),
+        (operator.ge, np.greater_equal),
+        (operator.eq, np.equal),
+        (operator.ne, np.not_equal)
+    ])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("flip", [True, False])
+    def test_unsigned_signed_direct_comparison(
+            self, dtype, py_comp_func, np_comp_func, flip):
+        if flip:
+            py_comp = lambda x, y: py_comp_func(y, x)
+            np_comp = lambda x, y: np_comp_func(y, x)
+        else:
+            py_comp = py_comp_func
+            np_comp = np_comp_func
+
+        arr = np.array([np.iinfo(dtype).max], dtype=dtype)
+        expected = py_comp(int(arr[0]), -1)
+
+        assert py_comp(arr, -1) == expected
+        assert np_comp(arr, -1) == expected
+        scalar = arr[0]
+        assert isinstance(scalar, np.integer)
+        # The Python operator here is mainly interesting:
+        assert py_comp(scalar, -1) == expected
+        assert np_comp(scalar, -1) == expected
+
+
+class TestAdd:
+    def test_reduce_alignment(self):
+        # gh-9876
+        # make sure arrays with weird strides work with the optimizations in
+        # pairwise_sum_@TYPE@. On x86, the 'b' field will count as aligned at a
+        # 4 byte offset, even though its itemsize is 8.
+        a = np.zeros(2, dtype=[('a', np.int32), ('b', np.float64)])
+        a['a'] = -1
+        assert_equal(a['b'].sum(), 0)
+
+
+class TestDivision:
+    def test_division_int(self):
+        # int division should follow Python
+        x = np.array([5, 10, 90, 100, -5, -10, -90, -100, -120])
+        if 5 / 10 == 0.5:
+            assert_equal(x / 100, [0.05, 0.1, 0.9, 1,
+                                   -0.05, -0.1, -0.9, -1, -1.2])
+        else:
+            assert_equal(x / 100, [0, 0, 0, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -2])
+        assert_equal(x // 100, [0, 0, 0, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -2])
+        assert_equal(x % 100, [5, 10, 90, 0, 95, 90, 10, 0, 80])
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype,ex_val", itertools.product(
+        np.sctypes['int'] + np.sctypes['uint'], (
+            (
+                # dividend
+                "np.array(range(fo.max-lsize, fo.max)).astype(dtype),"
+                # divisors
+                "np.arange(lsize).astype(dtype),"
+                # scalar divisors
+                "range(15)"
+            ),
+            (
+                # dividend
+                "np.arange(fo.min, fo.min+lsize).astype(dtype),"
+                # divisors
+                "np.arange(lsize//-2, lsize//2).astype(dtype),"
+                # scalar divisors
+                "range(fo.min, fo.min + 15)"
+            ), (
+                # dividend
+                "np.array(range(fo.max-lsize, fo.max)).astype(dtype),"
+                # divisors
+                "np.arange(lsize).astype(dtype),"
+                # scalar divisors
+                "[1,3,9,13,neg, fo.min+1, fo.min//2, fo.max//3, fo.max//4]"
+            )
+        )
+    ))
+    def test_division_int_boundary(self, dtype, ex_val):
+        fo = np.iinfo(dtype)
+        neg = -1 if fo.min < 0 else 1
+        # Large enough to test SIMD loops and remainder elements
+        lsize = 512 + 7
+        a, b, divisors = eval(ex_val)
+        a_lst, b_lst = a.tolist(), b.tolist()
+
+        c_div = lambda n, d: (
+            0 if d == 0 else (
+                fo.min if (n and n == fo.min and d == -1) else n//d
+            )
+        )
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            ac = a.copy()
+            ac //= b
+            div_ab = a // b
+        div_lst = [c_div(x, y) for x, y in zip(a_lst, b_lst)]
+
+        msg = "Integer arrays floor division check (//)"
+        assert all(div_ab == div_lst), msg
+        msg_eq = "Integer arrays floor division check (//=)"
+        assert all(ac == div_lst), msg_eq
+
+        for divisor in divisors:
+            ac = a.copy()
+            with np.errstate(divide='ignore', over='ignore'):
+                div_a = a // divisor
+                ac //= divisor
+            div_lst = [c_div(i, divisor) for i in a_lst]
+
+            assert all(div_a == div_lst), msg
+            assert all(ac == div_lst), msg_eq
+
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise', over='raise'):
+            if 0 in b:
+                # Verify overflow case
+                with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError,
+                        match="divide by zero encountered in floor_divide"):
+                    a // b
+            else:
+                a // b
+            if fo.min and fo.min in a:
+                with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError,
+                        match='overflow encountered in floor_divide'):
+                    a // -1
+            elif fo.min:
+                a // -1
+            with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError,
+                    match="divide by zero encountered in floor_divide"):
+                a // 0
+            with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError,
+                    match="divide by zero encountered in floor_divide"):
+                ac = a.copy()
+                ac //= 0
+
+            np.array([], dtype=dtype) // 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype,ex_val", itertools.product(
+        np.sctypes['int'] + np.sctypes['uint'], (
+            "np.array([fo.max, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3], dtype=dtype)",
+            "np.array([fo.min, 1, -2, 1, 1, 2, -3]).astype(dtype)",
+            "np.arange(fo.min, fo.min+(100*10), 10, dtype=dtype)",
+            "np.array(range(fo.max-(100*7), fo.max, 7)).astype(dtype)",
+        )
+    ))
+    def test_division_int_reduce(self, dtype, ex_val):
+        fo = np.iinfo(dtype)
+        a = eval(ex_val)
+        lst = a.tolist()
+        c_div = lambda n, d: (
+            0 if d == 0 or (n and n == fo.min and d == -1) else n//d
+        )
+
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            div_a = np.floor_divide.reduce(a)
+        div_lst = reduce(c_div, lst)
+        msg = "Reduce floor integer division check"
+        assert div_a == div_lst, msg
+
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise', over='raise'):
+            with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError,
+                    match="divide by zero encountered in reduce"):
+                np.floor_divide.reduce(np.arange(-100, 100).astype(dtype))
+            if fo.min:
+                with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError,
+                        match='overflow encountered in reduce'):
+                    np.floor_divide.reduce(
+                        np.array([fo.min, 1, -1], dtype=dtype)
+                    )
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+            "dividend,divisor,quotient",
+            [(np.timedelta64(2,'Y'), np.timedelta64(2,'M'), 12),
+             (np.timedelta64(2,'Y'), np.timedelta64(-2,'M'), -12),
+             (np.timedelta64(-2,'Y'), np.timedelta64(2,'M'), -12),
+             (np.timedelta64(-2,'Y'), np.timedelta64(-2,'M'), 12),
+             (np.timedelta64(2,'M'), np.timedelta64(-2,'Y'), -1),
+             (np.timedelta64(2,'Y'), np.timedelta64(0,'M'), 0),
+             (np.timedelta64(2,'Y'), 2, np.timedelta64(1,'Y')),
+             (np.timedelta64(2,'Y'), -2, np.timedelta64(-1,'Y')),
+             (np.timedelta64(-2,'Y'), 2, np.timedelta64(-1,'Y')),
+             (np.timedelta64(-2,'Y'), -2, np.timedelta64(1,'Y')),
+             (np.timedelta64(-2,'Y'), -2, np.timedelta64(1,'Y')),
+             (np.timedelta64(-2,'Y'), -3, np.timedelta64(0,'Y')),
+             (np.timedelta64(-2,'Y'), 0, np.timedelta64('Nat','Y')),
+            ])
+    def test_division_int_timedelta(self, dividend, divisor, quotient):
+        # If either divisor is 0 or quotient is Nat, check for division by 0
+        if divisor and (isinstance(quotient, int) or not np.isnat(quotient)):
+            msg = "Timedelta floor division check"
+            assert dividend // divisor == quotient, msg
+
+            # Test for arrays as well
+            msg = "Timedelta arrays floor division check"
+            dividend_array = np.array([dividend]*5)
+            quotient_array = np.array([quotient]*5)
+            assert all(dividend_array // divisor == quotient_array), msg
+        else:
+            if IS_WASM:
+                pytest.skip("fp errors don't work in wasm")
+            with np.errstate(divide='raise', invalid='raise'):
+                with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError):
+                    dividend // divisor
+
+    def test_division_complex(self):
+        # check that implementation is correct
+        msg = "Complex division implementation check"
+        x = np.array([1. + 1.*1j, 1. + .5*1j, 1. + 2.*1j], dtype=np.complex128)
+        assert_almost_equal(x**2/x, x, err_msg=msg)
+        # check overflow, underflow
+        msg = "Complex division overflow/underflow check"
+        x = np.array([1.e+110, 1.e-110], dtype=np.complex128)
+        y = x**2/x
+        assert_almost_equal(y/x, [1, 1], err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_zero_division_complex(self):
+        with np.errstate(invalid="ignore", divide="ignore"):
+            x = np.array([0.0], dtype=np.complex128)
+            y = 1.0/x
+            assert_(np.isinf(y)[0])
+            y = complex(np.inf, np.nan)/x
+            assert_(np.isinf(y)[0])
+            y = complex(np.nan, np.inf)/x
+            assert_(np.isinf(y)[0])
+            y = complex(np.inf, np.inf)/x
+            assert_(np.isinf(y)[0])
+            y = 0.0/x
+            assert_(np.isnan(y)[0])
+
+    def test_floor_division_complex(self):
+        # check that floor division, divmod and remainder raises type errors
+        x = np.array([.9 + 1j, -.1 + 1j, .9 + .5*1j, .9 + 2.*1j], dtype=np.complex128)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            x // 7
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.divmod(x, 7)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.remainder(x, 7)
+
+    def test_floor_division_signed_zero(self):
+        # Check that the sign bit is correctly set when dividing positive and
+        # negative zero by one.
+        x = np.zeros(10)
+        assert_equal(np.signbit(x//1), 0)
+        assert_equal(np.signbit((-x)//1), 1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(hasattr(np.__config__, "blas_ssl2_info"),
+            reason="gh-22982")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', np.typecodes['Float'])
+    def test_floor_division_errors(self, dtype):
+        fnan = np.array(np.nan, dtype=dtype)
+        fone = np.array(1.0, dtype=dtype)
+        fzer = np.array(0.0, dtype=dtype)
+        finf = np.array(np.inf, dtype=dtype)
+        # divide by zero error check
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise', invalid='ignore'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.floor_divide, fone, fzer)
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore', invalid='raise'):
+            np.floor_divide(fone, fzer)
+
+        # The following already contain a NaN and should not warn
+        with np.errstate(all='raise'):
+            np.floor_divide(fnan, fone)
+            np.floor_divide(fone, fnan)
+            np.floor_divide(fnan, fzer)
+            np.floor_divide(fzer, fnan)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', np.typecodes['Float'])
+    def test_floor_division_corner_cases(self, dtype):
+        # test corner cases like 1.0//0.0 for errors and return vals
+        x = np.zeros(10, dtype=dtype)
+        y = np.ones(10, dtype=dtype)
+        fnan = np.array(np.nan, dtype=dtype)
+        fone = np.array(1.0, dtype=dtype)
+        fzer = np.array(0.0, dtype=dtype)
+        finf = np.array(np.inf, dtype=dtype)
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered in floor_divide")
+            div = np.floor_divide(fnan, fone)
+            assert(np.isnan(div)), "dt: %s, div: %s" % (dt, div)
+            div = np.floor_divide(fone, fnan)
+            assert(np.isnan(div)), "dt: %s, div: %s" % (dt, div)
+            div = np.floor_divide(fnan, fzer)
+            assert(np.isnan(div)), "dt: %s, div: %s" % (dt, div)
+        # verify 1.0//0.0 computations return inf
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            z = np.floor_divide(y, x)
+            assert_(np.isinf(z).all())
+
+def floor_divide_and_remainder(x, y):
+    return (np.floor_divide(x, y), np.remainder(x, y))
+
+
+def _signs(dt):
+    if dt in np.typecodes['UnsignedInteger']:
+        return (+1,)
+    else:
+        return (+1, -1)
+
+
+class TestRemainder:
+
+    def test_remainder_basic(self):
+        dt = np.typecodes['AllInteger'] + np.typecodes['Float']
+        for op in [floor_divide_and_remainder, np.divmod]:
+            for dt1, dt2 in itertools.product(dt, dt):
+                for sg1, sg2 in itertools.product(_signs(dt1), _signs(dt2)):
+                    fmt = 'op: %s, dt1: %s, dt2: %s, sg1: %s, sg2: %s'
+                    msg = fmt % (op.__name__, dt1, dt2, sg1, sg2)
+                    a = np.array(sg1*71, dtype=dt1)
+                    b = np.array(sg2*19, dtype=dt2)
+                    div, rem = op(a, b)
+                    assert_equal(div*b + rem, a, err_msg=msg)
+                    if sg2 == -1:
+                        assert_(b < rem <= 0, msg)
+                    else:
+                        assert_(b > rem >= 0, msg)
+
+    def test_float_remainder_exact(self):
+        # test that float results are exact for small integers. This also
+        # holds for the same integers scaled by powers of two.
+        nlst = list(range(-127, 0))
+        plst = list(range(1, 128))
+        dividend = nlst + [0] + plst
+        divisor = nlst + plst
+        arg = list(itertools.product(dividend, divisor))
+        tgt = list(divmod(*t) for t in arg)
+
+        a, b = np.array(arg, dtype=int).T
+        # convert exact integer results from Python to float so that
+        # signed zero can be used, it is checked.
+        tgtdiv, tgtrem = np.array(tgt, dtype=float).T
+        tgtdiv = np.where((tgtdiv == 0.0) & ((b < 0) ^ (a < 0)), -0.0, tgtdiv)
+        tgtrem = np.where((tgtrem == 0.0) & (b < 0), -0.0, tgtrem)
+
+        for op in [floor_divide_and_remainder, np.divmod]:
+            for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+                msg = 'op: %s, dtype: %s' % (op.__name__, dt)
+                fa = a.astype(dt)
+                fb = b.astype(dt)
+                div, rem = op(fa, fb)
+                assert_equal(div, tgtdiv, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_equal(rem, tgtrem, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_float_remainder_roundoff(self):
+        # gh-6127
+        dt = np.typecodes['Float']
+        for op in [floor_divide_and_remainder, np.divmod]:
+            for dt1, dt2 in itertools.product(dt, dt):
+                for sg1, sg2 in itertools.product((+1, -1), (+1, -1)):
+                    fmt = 'op: %s, dt1: %s, dt2: %s, sg1: %s, sg2: %s'
+                    msg = fmt % (op.__name__, dt1, dt2, sg1, sg2)
+                    a = np.array(sg1*78*6e-8, dtype=dt1)
+                    b = np.array(sg2*6e-8, dtype=dt2)
+                    div, rem = op(a, b)
+                    # Equal assertion should hold when fmod is used
+                    assert_equal(div*b + rem, a, err_msg=msg)
+                    if sg2 == -1:
+                        assert_(b < rem <= 0, msg)
+                    else:
+                        assert_(b > rem >= 0, msg)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(sys.platform.startswith("darwin"),
+            reason="MacOS seems to not give the correct 'invalid' warning for "
+                   "`fmod`.  Hopefully, others always do.")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', np.typecodes['Float'])
+    def test_float_divmod_errors(self, dtype):
+        # Check valid errors raised for divmod and remainder
+        fzero = np.array(0.0, dtype=dtype)
+        fone = np.array(1.0, dtype=dtype)
+        finf = np.array(np.inf, dtype=dtype)
+        fnan = np.array(np.nan, dtype=dtype)
+        # since divmod is combination of both remainder and divide
+        # ops it will set both dividebyzero and invalid flags
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise', invalid='ignore'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.divmod, fone, fzero)
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore', invalid='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.divmod, fone, fzero)
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.divmod, fzero, fzero)
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.divmod, finf, finf)
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore', invalid='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.divmod, finf, fzero)
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise', invalid='ignore'):
+            # inf / 0 does not set any flags, only the modulo creates a NaN
+            np.divmod(finf, fzero)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(hasattr(np.__config__, "blas_ssl2_info"),
+            reason="gh-22982")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(sys.platform.startswith("darwin"),
+           reason="MacOS seems to not give the correct 'invalid' warning for "
+                  "`fmod`.  Hopefully, others always do.")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', np.typecodes['Float'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('fn', [np.fmod, np.remainder])
+    def test_float_remainder_errors(self, dtype, fn):
+        fzero = np.array(0.0, dtype=dtype)
+        fone = np.array(1.0, dtype=dtype)
+        finf = np.array(np.inf, dtype=dtype)
+        fnan = np.array(np.nan, dtype=dtype)
+
+        # The following already contain a NaN and should not warn.
+        with np.errstate(all='raise'):
+            with pytest.raises(FloatingPointError,
+                    match="invalid value"):
+                fn(fone, fzero)
+            fn(fnan, fzero)
+            fn(fzero, fnan)
+            fn(fone, fnan)
+            fn(fnan, fone)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_float_remainder_overflow(self):
+        a = np.finfo(np.float64).tiny
+        with np.errstate(over='ignore', invalid='ignore'):
+            div, mod = np.divmod(4, a)
+            np.isinf(div)
+            assert_(mod == 0)
+        with np.errstate(over='raise', invalid='ignore'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.divmod, 4, a)
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise', over='ignore'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.divmod, 4, a)
+
+    def test_float_divmod_corner_cases(self):
+        # check nan cases
+        for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+            fnan = np.array(np.nan, dtype=dt)
+            fone = np.array(1.0, dtype=dt)
+            fzer = np.array(0.0, dtype=dt)
+            finf = np.array(np.inf, dtype=dt)
+            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered in divmod")
+                sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "divide by zero encountered in divmod")
+                div, rem = np.divmod(fone, fzer)
+                assert(np.isinf(div)), 'dt: %s, div: %s' % (dt, rem)
+                assert(np.isnan(rem)), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem)
+                div, rem = np.divmod(fzer, fzer)
+                assert(np.isnan(rem)), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem)
+                assert_(np.isnan(div)), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem)
+                div, rem = np.divmod(finf, finf)
+                assert(np.isnan(div)), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem)
+                assert(np.isnan(rem)), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem)
+                div, rem = np.divmod(finf, fzer)
+                assert(np.isinf(div)), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem)
+                assert(np.isnan(rem)), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem)
+                div, rem = np.divmod(fnan, fone)
+                assert(np.isnan(rem)), "dt: %s, rem: %s" % (dt, rem)
+                assert(np.isnan(div)), "dt: %s, rem: %s" % (dt, rem)
+                div, rem = np.divmod(fone, fnan)
+                assert(np.isnan(rem)), "dt: %s, rem: %s" % (dt, rem)
+                assert(np.isnan(div)), "dt: %s, rem: %s" % (dt, rem)
+                div, rem = np.divmod(fnan, fzer)
+                assert(np.isnan(rem)), "dt: %s, rem: %s" % (dt, rem)
+                assert(np.isnan(div)), "dt: %s, rem: %s" % (dt, rem)
+
+    def test_float_remainder_corner_cases(self):
+        # Check remainder magnitude.
+        for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+            fone = np.array(1.0, dtype=dt)
+            fzer = np.array(0.0, dtype=dt)
+            fnan = np.array(np.nan, dtype=dt)
+            b = np.array(1.0, dtype=dt)
+            a = np.nextafter(np.array(0.0, dtype=dt), -b)
+            rem = np.remainder(a, b)
+            assert_(rem <= b, 'dt: %s' % dt)
+            rem = np.remainder(-a, -b)
+            assert_(rem >= -b, 'dt: %s' % dt)
+
+        # Check nans, inf
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered in remainder")
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered in fmod")
+            for dt in np.typecodes['Float']:
+                fone = np.array(1.0, dtype=dt)
+                fzer = np.array(0.0, dtype=dt)
+                finf = np.array(np.inf, dtype=dt)
+                fnan = np.array(np.nan, dtype=dt)
+                rem = np.remainder(fone, fzer)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem))
+                # MSVC 2008 returns NaN here, so disable the check.
+                #rem = np.remainder(fone, finf)
+                #assert_(rem == fone, 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem))
+                rem = np.remainder(finf, fone)
+                fmod = np.fmod(finf, fone)
+                assert_(np.isnan(fmod), 'dt: %s, fmod: %s' % (dt, fmod))
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem))
+                rem = np.remainder(finf, finf)
+                fmod = np.fmod(finf, fone)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem))
+                assert_(np.isnan(fmod), 'dt: %s, fmod: %s' % (dt, fmod))
+                rem = np.remainder(finf, fzer)
+                fmod = np.fmod(finf, fzer)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem))
+                assert_(np.isnan(fmod), 'dt: %s, fmod: %s' % (dt, fmod))
+                rem = np.remainder(fone, fnan)
+                fmod = np.fmod(fone, fnan)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem))
+                assert_(np.isnan(fmod), 'dt: %s, fmod: %s' % (dt, fmod))
+                rem = np.remainder(fnan, fzer)
+                fmod = np.fmod(fnan, fzer)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem))
+                assert_(np.isnan(fmod), 'dt: %s, fmod: %s' % (dt, rem))
+                rem = np.remainder(fnan, fone)
+                fmod = np.fmod(fnan, fone)
+                assert_(np.isnan(rem), 'dt: %s, rem: %s' % (dt, rem))
+                assert_(np.isnan(fmod), 'dt: %s, fmod: %s' % (dt, rem))
+
+
+class TestDivisionIntegerOverflowsAndDivideByZero:
+    result_type = namedtuple('result_type',
+            ['nocast', 'casted'])
+    helper_lambdas = {
+        'zero': lambda dtype: 0,
+        'min': lambda dtype: np.iinfo(dtype).min,
+        'neg_min': lambda dtype: -np.iinfo(dtype).min,
+        'min-zero': lambda dtype: (np.iinfo(dtype).min, 0),
+        'neg_min-zero': lambda dtype: (-np.iinfo(dtype).min, 0),
+    }
+    overflow_results = {
+        np.remainder: result_type(
+            helper_lambdas['zero'], helper_lambdas['zero']),
+        np.fmod: result_type(
+            helper_lambdas['zero'], helper_lambdas['zero']),
+        operator.mod: result_type(
+            helper_lambdas['zero'], helper_lambdas['zero']),
+        operator.floordiv: result_type(
+            helper_lambdas['min'], helper_lambdas['neg_min']),
+        np.floor_divide: result_type(
+            helper_lambdas['min'], helper_lambdas['neg_min']),
+        np.divmod: result_type(
+            helper_lambdas['min-zero'], helper_lambdas['neg_min-zero'])
+    }
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["Integer"])
+    def test_signed_division_overflow(self, dtype):
+        to_check = interesting_binop_operands(np.iinfo(dtype).min, -1, dtype)
+        for op1, op2, extractor, operand_identifier in to_check:
+            with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="overflow encountered"):
+                res = op1 // op2
+
+            assert res.dtype == op1.dtype
+            assert extractor(res) == np.iinfo(op1.dtype).min
+
+            # Remainder is well defined though, and does not warn:
+            res = op1 % op2
+            assert res.dtype == op1.dtype
+            assert extractor(res) == 0
+            # Check fmod as well:
+            res = np.fmod(op1, op2)
+            assert extractor(res) == 0
+
+            # Divmod warns for the division part:
+            with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="overflow encountered"):
+                res1, res2 = np.divmod(op1, op2)
+
+            assert res1.dtype == res2.dtype == op1.dtype
+            assert extractor(res1) == np.iinfo(op1.dtype).min
+            assert extractor(res2) == 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", np.typecodes["AllInteger"])
+    def test_divide_by_zero(self, dtype):
+        # Note that the return value cannot be well defined here, but NumPy
+        # currently uses 0 consistently.  This could be changed.
+        to_check = interesting_binop_operands(1, 0, dtype)
+        for op1, op2, extractor, operand_identifier in to_check:
+            with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="divide by zero"):
+                res = op1 // op2
+
+            assert res.dtype == op1.dtype
+            assert extractor(res) == 0
+
+            with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="divide by zero"):
+                res1, res2 = np.divmod(op1, op2)
+
+            assert res1.dtype == res2.dtype == op1.dtype
+            assert extractor(res1) == 0
+            assert extractor(res2) == 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dividend_dtype",
+            np.sctypes['int'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("divisor_dtype",
+            np.sctypes['int'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("operation",
+            [np.remainder, np.fmod, np.divmod, np.floor_divide,
+             operator.mod, operator.floordiv])
+    @np.errstate(divide='warn', over='warn')
+    def test_overflows(self, dividend_dtype, divisor_dtype, operation):
+        # SIMD tries to perform the operation on as many elements as possible
+        # that is a multiple of the register's size. We resort to the
+        # default implementation for the leftover elements.
+        # We try to cover all paths here.
+        arrays = [np.array([np.iinfo(dividend_dtype).min]*i,
+                           dtype=dividend_dtype) for i in range(1, 129)]
+        divisor = np.array([-1], dtype=divisor_dtype)
+        # If dividend is a larger type than the divisor (`else` case),
+        # then, result will be a larger type than dividend and will not
+        # result in an overflow for `divmod` and `floor_divide`.
+        if np.dtype(dividend_dtype).itemsize >= np.dtype(
+                divisor_dtype).itemsize and operation in (
+                        np.divmod, np.floor_divide, operator.floordiv):
+            with pytest.warns(
+                    RuntimeWarning,
+                    match="overflow encountered in"):
+                result = operation(
+                            dividend_dtype(np.iinfo(dividend_dtype).min),
+                            divisor_dtype(-1)
+                        )
+                assert result == self.overflow_results[operation].nocast(
+                        dividend_dtype)
+
+            # Arrays
+            for a in arrays:
+                # In case of divmod, we need to flatten the result
+                # column first as we get a column vector of quotient and
+                # remainder and a normal flatten of the expected result.
+                with pytest.warns(
+                        RuntimeWarning,
+                        match="overflow encountered in"):
+                    result = np.array(operation(a, divisor)).flatten('f')
+                    expected_array = np.array(
+                            [self.overflow_results[operation].nocast(
+                                dividend_dtype)]*len(a)).flatten()
+                    assert_array_equal(result, expected_array)
+        else:
+            # Scalars
+            result = operation(
+                        dividend_dtype(np.iinfo(dividend_dtype).min),
+                        divisor_dtype(-1)
+                    )
+            assert result == self.overflow_results[operation].casted(
+                    dividend_dtype)
+
+            # Arrays
+            for a in arrays:
+                # See above comment on flatten
+                result = np.array(operation(a, divisor)).flatten('f')
+                expected_array = np.array(
+                        [self.overflow_results[operation].casted(
+                            dividend_dtype)]*len(a)).flatten()
+                assert_array_equal(result, expected_array)
+
+
+class TestCbrt:
+    def test_cbrt_scalar(self):
+        assert_almost_equal((np.cbrt(np.float32(-2.5)**3)), -2.5)
+
+    def test_cbrt(self):
+        x = np.array([1., 2., -3., np.inf, -np.inf])
+        assert_almost_equal(np.cbrt(x**3), x)
+
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.cbrt(np.nan)))
+        assert_equal(np.cbrt(np.inf), np.inf)
+        assert_equal(np.cbrt(-np.inf), -np.inf)
+
+
+class TestPower:
+    def test_power_float(self):
+        x = np.array([1., 2., 3.])
+        assert_equal(x**0, [1., 1., 1.])
+        assert_equal(x**1, x)
+        assert_equal(x**2, [1., 4., 9.])
+        y = x.copy()
+        y **= 2
+        assert_equal(y, [1., 4., 9.])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**(-1), [1., 0.5, 1./3])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**(0.5), [1., ncu.sqrt(2), ncu.sqrt(3)])
+
+        for out, inp, msg in _gen_alignment_data(dtype=np.float32,
+                                                 type='unary',
+                                                 max_size=11):
+            exp = [ncu.sqrt(i) for i in inp]
+            assert_almost_equal(inp**(0.5), exp, err_msg=msg)
+            np.sqrt(inp, out=out)
+            assert_equal(out, exp, err_msg=msg)
+
+        for out, inp, msg in _gen_alignment_data(dtype=np.float64,
+                                                 type='unary',
+                                                 max_size=7):
+            exp = [ncu.sqrt(i) for i in inp]
+            assert_almost_equal(inp**(0.5), exp, err_msg=msg)
+            np.sqrt(inp, out=out)
+            assert_equal(out, exp, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_power_complex(self):
+        x = np.array([1+2j, 2+3j, 3+4j])
+        assert_equal(x**0, [1., 1., 1.])
+        assert_equal(x**1, x)
+        assert_almost_equal(x**2, [-3+4j, -5+12j, -7+24j])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**3, [(1+2j)**3, (2+3j)**3, (3+4j)**3])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**4, [(1+2j)**4, (2+3j)**4, (3+4j)**4])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**(-1), [1/(1+2j), 1/(2+3j), 1/(3+4j)])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**(-2), [1/(1+2j)**2, 1/(2+3j)**2, 1/(3+4j)**2])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**(-3), [(-11+2j)/125, (-46-9j)/2197,
+                                      (-117-44j)/15625])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**(0.5), [ncu.sqrt(1+2j), ncu.sqrt(2+3j),
+                                       ncu.sqrt(3+4j)])
+        norm = 1./((x**14)[0])
+        assert_almost_equal(x**14 * norm,
+                [i * norm for i in [-76443+16124j, 23161315+58317492j,
+                                    5583548873 + 2465133864j]])
+
+        # Ticket #836
+        def assert_complex_equal(x, y):
+            assert_array_equal(x.real, y.real)
+            assert_array_equal(x.imag, y.imag)
+
+        for z in [complex(0, np.inf), complex(1, np.inf)]:
+            z = np.array([z], dtype=np.complex_)
+            with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
+                assert_complex_equal(z**1, z)
+                assert_complex_equal(z**2, z*z)
+                assert_complex_equal(z**3, z*z*z)
+
+    def test_power_zero(self):
+        # ticket #1271
+        zero = np.array([0j])
+        one = np.array([1+0j])
+        cnan = np.array([complex(np.nan, np.nan)])
+        # FIXME cinf not tested.
+        #cinf = np.array([complex(np.inf, 0)])
+
+        def assert_complex_equal(x, y):
+            x, y = np.asarray(x), np.asarray(y)
+            assert_array_equal(x.real, y.real)
+            assert_array_equal(x.imag, y.imag)
+
+        # positive powers
+        for p in [0.33, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.6]:
+            assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, p), zero)
+
+        # zero power
+        assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, 0), one)
+        with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
+            assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, 0+1j), cnan)
+
+            # negative power
+            for p in [0.33, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.6]:
+                assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, -p), cnan)
+            assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, -1+0.2j), cnan)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_zero_power_nonzero(self):
+        # Testing 0^{Non-zero} issue 18378
+        zero = np.array([0.0+0.0j])
+        cnan = np.array([complex(np.nan, np.nan)])
+
+        def assert_complex_equal(x, y):
+            assert_array_equal(x.real, y.real)
+            assert_array_equal(x.imag, y.imag)
+
+        #Complex powers with positive real part will not generate a warning
+        assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, 1+4j), zero)
+        assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, 2-3j), zero)
+        #Testing zero values when real part is greater than zero
+        assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, 1+1j), zero)
+        assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, 1+0j), zero)
+        assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, 1-1j), zero)
+        #Complex powers will negative real part or 0 (provided imaginary
+        # part is not zero) will generate a NAN and hence a RUNTIME warning
+        with pytest.warns(expected_warning=RuntimeWarning) as r:
+            assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, -1+1j), cnan)
+            assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, -2-3j), cnan)
+            assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, -7+0j), cnan)
+            assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, 0+1j), cnan)
+            assert_complex_equal(np.power(zero, 0-1j), cnan)
+        assert len(r) == 5
+
+    def test_fast_power(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, 3], np.int16)
+        res = x**2.0
+        assert_((x**2.00001).dtype is res.dtype)
+        assert_array_equal(res, [1, 4, 9])
+        # check the inplace operation on the casted copy doesn't mess with x
+        assert_(not np.may_share_memory(res, x))
+        assert_array_equal(x, [1, 2, 3])
+
+        # Check that the fast path ignores 1-element not 0-d arrays
+        res = x ** np.array([[[2]]])
+        assert_equal(res.shape, (1, 1, 3))
+
+    def test_integer_power(self):
+        a = np.array([15, 15], 'i8')
+        b = np.power(a, a)
+        assert_equal(b, [437893890380859375, 437893890380859375])
+
+    def test_integer_power_with_integer_zero_exponent(self):
+        dtypes = np.typecodes['Integer']
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            arr = np.arange(-10, 10, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.power(arr, 0), np.ones_like(arr))
+
+        dtypes = np.typecodes['UnsignedInteger']
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            arr = np.arange(10, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.power(arr, 0), np.ones_like(arr))
+
+    def test_integer_power_of_1(self):
+        dtypes = np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            arr = np.arange(10, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.power(1, arr), np.ones_like(arr))
+
+    def test_integer_power_of_zero(self):
+        dtypes = np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            arr = np.arange(1, 10, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.power(0, arr), np.zeros_like(arr))
+
+    def test_integer_to_negative_power(self):
+        dtypes = np.typecodes['Integer']
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            a = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype=dt)
+            b = np.array([0, 1, 2, -3], dtype=dt)
+            one = np.array(1, dtype=dt)
+            minusone = np.array(-1, dtype=dt)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.power, a, b)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.power, a, minusone)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.power, one, b)
+            assert_raises(ValueError, np.power, one, minusone)
+
+    def test_float_to_inf_power(self):
+        for dt in [np.float32, np.float64]:
+            a = np.array([1, 1, 2, 2, -2, -2, np.inf, -np.inf], dt)
+            b = np.array([np.inf, -np.inf, np.inf, -np.inf,
+                                np.inf, -np.inf, np.inf, -np.inf], dt)
+            r = np.array([1, 1, np.inf, 0, np.inf, 0, np.inf, 0], dt)
+            assert_equal(np.power(a, b), r)
+
+
+class TestFloat_power:
+    def test_type_conversion(self):
+        arg_type = '?bhilBHILefdgFDG'
+        res_type = 'ddddddddddddgDDG'
+        for dtin, dtout in zip(arg_type, res_type):
+            msg = "dtin: %s, dtout: %s" % (dtin, dtout)
+            arg = np.ones(1, dtype=dtin)
+            res = np.float_power(arg, arg)
+            assert_(res.dtype.name == np.dtype(dtout).name, msg)
+
+
+class TestLog2:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dt', ['f', 'd', 'g'])
+    def test_log2_values(self, dt):
+        x = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024]
+        y = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+        xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+        yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log2(xf), yf)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("i", range(1, 65))
+    def test_log2_ints(self, i):
+        # a good log2 implementation should provide this,
+        # might fail on OS with bad libm
+        v = np.log2(2.**i)
+        assert_equal(v, float(i), err_msg='at exponent %d' % i)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_log2_special(self):
+        assert_equal(np.log2(1.), 0.)
+        assert_equal(np.log2(np.inf), np.inf)
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.log2(np.nan)))
+
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', RuntimeWarning)
+            assert_(np.isnan(np.log2(-1.)))
+            assert_(np.isnan(np.log2(-np.inf)))
+            assert_equal(np.log2(0.), -np.inf)
+            assert_(w[0].category is RuntimeWarning)
+            assert_(w[1].category is RuntimeWarning)
+            assert_(w[2].category is RuntimeWarning)
+
+
+class TestExp2:
+    def test_exp2_values(self):
+        x = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024]
+        y = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+        for dt in ['f', 'd', 'g']:
+            xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+            yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.exp2(yf), xf)
+
+
+class TestLogAddExp2(_FilterInvalids):
+    # Need test for intermediate precisions
+    def test_logaddexp2_values(self):
+        x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        y = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+        z = [6, 6, 6, 6, 6]
+        for dt, dec_ in zip(['f', 'd', 'g'], [6, 15, 15]):
+            xf = np.log2(np.array(x, dtype=dt))
+            yf = np.log2(np.array(y, dtype=dt))
+            zf = np.log2(np.array(z, dtype=dt))
+            assert_almost_equal(np.logaddexp2(xf, yf), zf, decimal=dec_)
+
+    def test_logaddexp2_range(self):
+        x = [1000000, -1000000, 1000200, -1000200]
+        y = [1000200, -1000200, 1000000, -1000000]
+        z = [1000200, -1000000, 1000200, -1000000]
+        for dt in ['f', 'd', 'g']:
+            logxf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+            logyf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+            logzf = np.array(z, dtype=dt)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.logaddexp2(logxf, logyf), logzf)
+
+    def test_inf(self):
+        inf = np.inf
+        x = [inf, -inf,  inf, -inf, inf, 1,  -inf,  1]
+        y = [inf,  inf, -inf, -inf, 1,   inf, 1,   -inf]
+        z = [inf,  inf,  inf, -inf, inf, inf, 1,    1]
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+            for dt in ['f', 'd', 'g']:
+                logxf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+                logyf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+                logzf = np.array(z, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.logaddexp2(logxf, logyf), logzf)
+
+    def test_nan(self):
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp2(np.nan, np.inf)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp2(np.inf, np.nan)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp2(np.nan, 0)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp2(0, np.nan)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp2(np.nan, np.nan)))
+
+    def test_reduce(self):
+        assert_equal(np.logaddexp2.identity, -np.inf)
+        assert_equal(np.logaddexp2.reduce([]), -np.inf)
+        assert_equal(np.logaddexp2.reduce([-np.inf]), -np.inf)
+        assert_equal(np.logaddexp2.reduce([-np.inf, 0]), 0)
+
+
+class TestLog:
+    def test_log_values(self):
+        x = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024]
+        y = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+        for dt in ['f', 'd', 'g']:
+            log2_ = 0.69314718055994530943
+            xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+            yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)*log2_
+            assert_almost_equal(np.log(xf), yf)
+
+        # test aliasing(issue #17761)
+        x = np.array([2, 0.937500, 3, 0.947500, 1.054697])
+        xf = np.log(x)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x, out=x), xf)
+
+        # test log() of max for dtype does not raise
+        for dt in ['f', 'd', 'g']:
+            try:
+                with np.errstate(all='raise'):
+                    x = np.finfo(dt).max
+                    np.log(x)
+            except FloatingPointError as exc:
+                if dt == 'g' and IS_MUSL:
+                    # FloatingPointError is known to occur on longdouble
+                    # for musllinux_x86_64 x is very large
+                    pytest.skip(
+                        "Overflow has occurred for"
+                        " np.log(np.finfo(np.longdouble).max)"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise exc
+
+    def test_log_strides(self):
+        np.random.seed(42)
+        strides = np.array([-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4])
+        sizes = np.arange(2,100)
+        for ii in sizes:
+            x_f64 = np.float64(np.random.uniform(low=0.01, high=100.0,size=ii))
+            x_special = x_f64.copy()
+            x_special[3:-1:4] = 1.0
+            y_true = np.log(x_f64)
+            y_special = np.log(x_special)
+            for jj in strides:
+                assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(np.log(x_f64[::jj]), y_true[::jj], nulp=2)
+                assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(np.log(x_special[::jj]), y_special[::jj], nulp=2)
+
+class TestExp:
+    def test_exp_values(self):
+        x = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024]
+        y = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+        for dt in ['f', 'd', 'g']:
+            log2_ = 0.69314718055994530943
+            xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+            yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)*log2_
+            assert_almost_equal(np.exp(yf), xf)
+
+    def test_exp_strides(self):
+        np.random.seed(42)
+        strides = np.array([-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4])
+        sizes = np.arange(2,100)
+        for ii in sizes:
+            x_f64 = np.float64(np.random.uniform(low=0.01, high=709.1,size=ii))
+            y_true = np.exp(x_f64)
+            for jj in strides:
+                assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(np.exp(x_f64[::jj]), y_true[::jj], nulp=2)
+
+class TestSpecialFloats:
+    def test_exp_values(self):
+        with np.errstate(under='raise', over='raise'):
+            x = [np.nan,  np.nan, np.inf, 0.]
+            y = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd', 'g']:
+                xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+                yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.exp(yf), xf)
+
+    # See: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/19192
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(
+        _glibc_older_than("2.17"),
+        reason="Older glibc versions may not raise appropriate FP exceptions"
+    )
+    def test_exp_exceptions(self):
+        with np.errstate(over='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float16(11.0899))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float32(100.))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float32(1E19))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float64(800.))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float64(1E19))
+
+        with np.errstate(under='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float16(-17.5))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float32(-1000.))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float32(-1E19))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float64(-1000.))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp, np.float64(-1E19))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_log_values(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            x = [np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, np.nan, -np.inf, np.nan]
+            y = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, 0.0, -1.0]
+            y1p = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, -1.0, -2.0]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd', 'g']:
+                xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+                yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+                yf1p = np.array(y1p, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.log(yf), xf)
+                assert_equal(np.log2(yf), xf)
+                assert_equal(np.log10(yf), xf)
+                assert_equal(np.log1p(yf1p), xf)
+
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise'):
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log,
+                              np.array(0.0, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log2,
+                              np.array(0.0, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log10,
+                              np.array(0.0, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log1p,
+                              np.array(-1.0, dtype=dt))
+
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log,
+                              np.array(-np.inf, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log,
+                              np.array(-1.0, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log2,
+                              np.array(-np.inf, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log2,
+                              np.array(-1.0, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log10,
+                              np.array(-np.inf, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log10,
+                              np.array(-1.0, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log1p,
+                              np.array(-np.inf, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log1p,
+                              np.array(-2.0, dtype=dt))
+
+        # See https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/18005
+        with assert_no_warnings():
+            a = np.array(1e9, dtype='float32')
+            np.log(a)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ['e', 'f', 'd', 'g'])
+    def test_sincos_values(self, dtype):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            x = [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]
+            y = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+            xf = np.array(x, dtype=dtype)
+            yf = np.array(y, dtype=dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.sin(yf), xf)
+            assert_equal(np.cos(yf), xf)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(
+        sys.platform.startswith("darwin"),
+        reason="underflow is triggered for scalar 'sin'"
+    )
+    def test_sincos_underflow(self):
+        with np.errstate(under='raise'):
+            underflow_trigger = np.array(
+                float.fromhex("0x1.f37f47a03f82ap-511"),
+                dtype=np.float64
+            )
+            np.sin(underflow_trigger)
+            np.cos(underflow_trigger)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('callable', [np.sin, np.cos])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ['e', 'f', 'd'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('value', [np.inf, -np.inf])
+    def test_sincos_errors(self, callable, dtype, value):
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, callable,
+                np.array([value], dtype=dtype))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('callable', [np.sin, np.cos])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ['f', 'd'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('stride', [-1, 1, 2, 4, 5])
+    def test_sincos_overlaps(self, callable, dtype, stride):
+        N = 100
+        M = N // abs(stride)
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(42)
+        x = rng.standard_normal(N, dtype)
+        y = callable(x[::stride])
+        callable(x[::stride], out=x[:M])
+        assert_equal(x[:M], y)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dt', ['e', 'f', 'd', 'g'])
+    def test_sqrt_values(self, dt):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            x = [np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, np.nan, 0.]
+            y = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, 0.]
+            xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+            yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.sqrt(yf), xf)
+
+        # with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+        #     assert_raises(
+        #         FloatingPointError, np.sqrt, np.array(-100., dtype=dt)
+        #     )
+
+    def test_abs_values(self):
+        x = [np.nan,  np.nan, np.inf, np.inf, 0., 0., 1.0, 1.0]
+        y = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, 0., -0., -1.0, 1.0]
+        for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd', 'g']:
+            xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+            yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.abs(yf), xf)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_square_values(self):
+        x = [np.nan,  np.nan, np.inf, np.inf]
+        y = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd', 'g']:
+                xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+                yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.square(yf), xf)
+
+        with np.errstate(over='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.square,
+                          np.array(1E3, dtype='e'))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.square,
+                          np.array(1E32, dtype='f'))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.square,
+                          np.array(1E200, dtype='d'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_reciprocal_values(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            x = [np.nan,  np.nan, 0.0, -0.0, np.inf, -np.inf]
+            y = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, 0., -0.]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd', 'g']:
+                xf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+                yf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.reciprocal(yf), xf)
+
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise'):
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd', 'g']:
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.reciprocal,
+                              np.array(-0.0, dtype=dt))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_tan(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, 0.0, -0.0, np.inf, -np.inf]
+            out = [np.nan, np.nan, 0.0, -0.0, np.nan, np.nan]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+                out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.tan(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.tan,
+                              np.array(np.inf, dtype=dt))
+                assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.tan,
+                              np.array(-np.inf, dtype=dt))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_arcsincos(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+            out = [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+                out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.arcsin(in_arr), out_arr)
+                assert_equal(np.arccos(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+        for callable in [np.arcsin, np.arccos]:
+            for value in [np.inf, -np.inf, 2.0, -2.0]:
+                for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                    with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+                        assert_raises(FloatingPointError, callable,
+                                      np.array(value, dtype=dt))
+
+    def test_arctan(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan]
+            out = [np.nan, np.nan]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+                out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.arctan(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_sinh(self):
+        in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+        out = [np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+        for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+            in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+            out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.sinh(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+        with np.errstate(over='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.sinh,
+                          np.array(12.0, dtype='e'))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.sinh,
+                          np.array(120.0, dtype='f'))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.sinh,
+                          np.array(1200.0, dtype='d'))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif('bsd' in sys.platform,
+            reason="fallback implementation may not raise, see gh-2487")
+    def test_cosh(self):
+        in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+        out = [np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, np.inf]
+        for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+            in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+            out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.cosh(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+        with np.errstate(over='raise'):
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.cosh,
+                          np.array(12.0, dtype='e'))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.cosh,
+                          np.array(120.0, dtype='f'))
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.cosh,
+                          np.array(1200.0, dtype='d'))
+
+    def test_tanh(self):
+        in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+        out = [np.nan, np.nan, 1.0, -1.0]
+        for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+            in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+            out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.tanh(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+    def test_arcsinh(self):
+        in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+        out = [np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+        for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+            in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+            out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+            assert_equal(np.arcsinh(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_arccosh(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, 1.0, 0.0]
+            out = [np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, np.nan, 0.0, np.nan]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+                out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.arccosh(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+        for value in [0.0, -np.inf]:
+            with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+                for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                    assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.arccosh,
+                                  np.array(value, dtype=dt))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_arctanh(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, 1.0, -1.0, 2.0]
+            out = [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+                out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.arctanh(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+        for value in [1.01, np.inf, -np.inf, 1.0, -1.0]:
+            with np.errstate(invalid='raise', divide='raise'):
+                for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                    assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.arctanh,
+                                  np.array(value, dtype=dt))
+
+        # Make sure glibc < 2.18 atanh is not used, issue 25087
+        assert np.signbit(np.arctanh(-1j).real)
+
+    # See: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/20448
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(
+        _glibc_older_than("2.17"),
+        reason="Older glibc versions may not raise appropriate FP exceptions"
+    )
+    def test_exp2(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+            out = [np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, 0.0]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+                out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.exp2(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+        for value in [2000.0, -2000.0]:
+            with np.errstate(over='raise', under='raise'):
+                for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                    assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.exp2,
+                                  np.array(value, dtype=dt))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_WASM, reason="fp errors don't work in wasm")
+    def test_expm1(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            in_ = [np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]
+            out = [np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, -1.0]
+            for dt in ['e', 'f', 'd']:
+                in_arr = np.array(in_, dtype=dt)
+                out_arr = np.array(out, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.expm1(in_arr), out_arr)
+
+        for value in [200.0, 2000.0]:
+            with np.errstate(over='raise'):
+                for dt in ['e', 'f']:
+                    assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.expm1,
+                                  np.array(value, dtype=dt))
+
+    # test to ensure no spurious FP exceptions are raised due to SIMD
+    INF_INVALID_ERR = [
+        np.cos, np.sin, np.tan, np.arccos, np.arcsin, np.spacing, np.arctanh
+    ]
+    NEG_INVALID_ERR = [
+        np.log, np.log2, np.log10, np.log1p, np.sqrt, np.arccosh,
+        np.arctanh
+    ]
+    ONE_INVALID_ERR = [
+        np.arctanh,
+    ]
+    LTONE_INVALID_ERR = [
+        np.arccosh,
+    ]
+    BYZERO_ERR = [
+        np.log, np.log2, np.log10, np.reciprocal, np.arccosh
+    ]
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32" and sys.maxsize < 2**31 + 1,
+                        reason='failures on 32-bit Python, see FIXME below')
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc", UFUNCS_UNARY_FP)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ('e', 'f', 'd'))
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("data, escape", (
+        ([0.03], LTONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([0.03]*32, LTONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        # neg
+        ([-1.0], NEG_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([-1.0]*32, NEG_INVALID_ERR),
+        # flat
+        ([1.0], ONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([1.0]*32, ONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        # zero
+        ([0.0], BYZERO_ERR),
+        ([0.0]*32, BYZERO_ERR),
+        ([-0.0], BYZERO_ERR),
+        ([-0.0]*32, BYZERO_ERR),
+        # nan
+        ([0.5, 0.5, 0.5, np.nan], LTONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([0.5, 0.5, 0.5, np.nan]*32, LTONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([np.nan, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], ONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([np.nan, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]*32, ONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([np.nan], []),
+        ([np.nan]*32, []),
+        # inf
+        ([0.5, 0.5, 0.5, np.inf], INF_INVALID_ERR + LTONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([0.5, 0.5, 0.5, np.inf]*32, INF_INVALID_ERR + LTONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([np.inf, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], INF_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([np.inf, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]*32, INF_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([np.inf], INF_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([np.inf]*32, INF_INVALID_ERR),
+        # ninf
+        ([0.5, 0.5, 0.5, -np.inf],
+         NEG_INVALID_ERR + INF_INVALID_ERR + LTONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([0.5, 0.5, 0.5, -np.inf]*32,
+         NEG_INVALID_ERR + INF_INVALID_ERR + LTONE_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([-np.inf, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], NEG_INVALID_ERR + INF_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([-np.inf, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]*32, NEG_INVALID_ERR + INF_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([-np.inf], NEG_INVALID_ERR + INF_INVALID_ERR),
+        ([-np.inf]*32, NEG_INVALID_ERR + INF_INVALID_ERR),
+    ))
+    def test_unary_spurious_fpexception(self, ufunc, dtype, data, escape):
+        if escape and ufunc in escape:
+            return
+        # FIXME: NAN raises FP invalid exception:
+        #  - ceil/float16 on MSVC:32-bit
+        #  - spacing/float16 on almost all platforms
+        # FIXME: skipped on MSVC:32-bit during switch to Meson, 10 cases fail
+        #        when SIMD support not present / disabled
+        if ufunc in (np.spacing, np.ceil) and dtype == 'e':
+            return
+        array = np.array(data, dtype=dtype)
+        with assert_no_warnings():
+            ufunc(array)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ('e', 'f', 'd'))
+    def test_divide_spurious_fpexception(self, dtype):
+        dt = np.dtype(dtype)
+        dt_info = np.finfo(dt)
+        subnorm = dt_info.smallest_subnormal
+        # Verify a bug fix caused due to filling the remaining lanes of the
+        # partially loaded dividend SIMD vector with ones, which leads to
+        # raising an overflow warning when the divisor is denormal.
+        # see https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/25097
+        with assert_no_warnings():
+            np.zeros(128 + 1, dtype=dt) / subnorm
+
+class TestFPClass:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("stride", [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 1,
+                                2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
+    def test_fpclass(self, stride):
+        arr_f64 = np.array([np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, -1.0, 1.0, -0.0, 0.0, 2.2251e-308, -2.2251e-308], dtype='d')
+        arr_f32 = np.array([np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, -1.0, 1.0, -0.0, 0.0, 1.4013e-045, -1.4013e-045], dtype='f')
+        nan     = np.array([True, True, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False])
+        inf     = np.array([False, False, True, True, False, False, False, False, False, False])
+        sign    = np.array([False, True, False, True, True, False, True, False, False, True])
+        finite  = np.array([False, False, False, False, True, True, True, True, True, True])
+        assert_equal(np.isnan(arr_f32[::stride]), nan[::stride])
+        assert_equal(np.isnan(arr_f64[::stride]), nan[::stride])
+        assert_equal(np.isinf(arr_f32[::stride]), inf[::stride])
+        assert_equal(np.isinf(arr_f64[::stride]), inf[::stride])
+        assert_equal(np.signbit(arr_f32[::stride]), sign[::stride])
+        assert_equal(np.signbit(arr_f64[::stride]), sign[::stride])
+        assert_equal(np.isfinite(arr_f32[::stride]), finite[::stride])
+        assert_equal(np.isfinite(arr_f64[::stride]), finite[::stride])
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ['d', 'f'])
+    def test_fp_noncontiguous(self, dtype):
+        data = np.array([np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, -1.0,
+                            1.0, -0.0, 0.0, 2.2251e-308,
+                            -2.2251e-308], dtype=dtype)
+        nan = np.array([True, True, False, False, False, False,
+                            False, False, False, False])
+        inf = np.array([False, False, True, True, False, False,
+                            False, False, False, False])
+        sign = np.array([False, True, False, True, True, False,
+                            True, False, False, True])
+        finite = np.array([False, False, False, False, True, True,
+                            True, True, True, True])
+        out = np.ndarray(data.shape, dtype='bool')
+        ncontig_in = data[1::3]
+        ncontig_out = out[1::3]
+        contig_in = np.array(ncontig_in)
+        assert_equal(ncontig_in.flags.c_contiguous, False)
+        assert_equal(ncontig_out.flags.c_contiguous, False)
+        assert_equal(contig_in.flags.c_contiguous, True)
+        # ncontig in, ncontig out
+        assert_equal(np.isnan(ncontig_in, out=ncontig_out), nan[1::3])
+        assert_equal(np.isinf(ncontig_in, out=ncontig_out), inf[1::3])
+        assert_equal(np.signbit(ncontig_in, out=ncontig_out), sign[1::3])
+        assert_equal(np.isfinite(ncontig_in, out=ncontig_out), finite[1::3])
+        # contig in, ncontig out
+        assert_equal(np.isnan(contig_in, out=ncontig_out), nan[1::3])
+        assert_equal(np.isinf(contig_in, out=ncontig_out), inf[1::3])
+        assert_equal(np.signbit(contig_in, out=ncontig_out), sign[1::3])
+        assert_equal(np.isfinite(contig_in, out=ncontig_out), finite[1::3])
+        # ncontig in, contig out
+        assert_equal(np.isnan(ncontig_in), nan[1::3])
+        assert_equal(np.isinf(ncontig_in), inf[1::3])
+        assert_equal(np.signbit(ncontig_in), sign[1::3])
+        assert_equal(np.isfinite(ncontig_in), finite[1::3])
+        # contig in, contig out, nd stride
+        data_split = np.array(np.array_split(data, 2))
+        nan_split = np.array(np.array_split(nan, 2))
+        inf_split = np.array(np.array_split(inf, 2))
+        sign_split = np.array(np.array_split(sign, 2))
+        finite_split = np.array(np.array_split(finite, 2))
+        assert_equal(np.isnan(data_split), nan_split)
+        assert_equal(np.isinf(data_split), inf_split)
+        assert_equal(np.signbit(data_split), sign_split)
+        assert_equal(np.isfinite(data_split), finite_split)
+
+class TestLDExp:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("stride", [-4,-2,-1,1,2,4])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ['f', 'd'])
+    def test_ldexp(self, dtype, stride):
+        mant = np.array([0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1., 1., 2., 4., 8.], dtype=dtype)
+        exp  = np.array([3, 2, 1, 0, 0, -1, -2, -3], dtype='i')
+        out  = np.zeros(8, dtype=dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.ldexp(mant[::stride], exp[::stride], out=out[::stride]), np.ones(8, dtype=dtype)[::stride])
+        assert_equal(out[::stride], np.ones(8, dtype=dtype)[::stride])
+
+class TestFRExp:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("stride", [-4,-2,-1,1,2,4])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ['f', 'd'])
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_MUSL, reason="gh23048")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not sys.platform.startswith('linux'),
+                        reason="np.frexp gives different answers for NAN/INF on windows and linux")
+    def test_frexp(self, dtype, stride):
+        arr = np.array([np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0, -1.0], dtype=dtype)
+        mant_true = np.array([np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf, 0.0, -0.0, 0.5, -0.5], dtype=dtype)
+        exp_true  = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1], dtype='i')
+        out_mant  = np.ones(8, dtype=dtype)
+        out_exp   = 2*np.ones(8, dtype='i')
+        mant, exp = np.frexp(arr[::stride], out=(out_mant[::stride], out_exp[::stride]))
+        assert_equal(mant_true[::stride], mant)
+        assert_equal(exp_true[::stride], exp)
+        assert_equal(out_mant[::stride], mant_true[::stride])
+        assert_equal(out_exp[::stride], exp_true[::stride])
+
+# func : [maxulperror, low, high]
+avx_ufuncs = {'sqrt'        :[1,  0.,   100.],
+              'absolute'    :[0, -100., 100.],
+              'reciprocal'  :[1,  1.,   100.],
+              'square'      :[1, -100., 100.],
+              'rint'        :[0, -100., 100.],
+              'floor'       :[0, -100., 100.],
+              'ceil'        :[0, -100., 100.],
+              'trunc'       :[0, -100., 100.]}
+
+class TestAVXUfuncs:
+    def test_avx_based_ufunc(self):
+        strides = np.array([-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4])
+        np.random.seed(42)
+        for func, prop in avx_ufuncs.items():
+            maxulperr = prop[0]
+            minval = prop[1]
+            maxval = prop[2]
+            # various array sizes to ensure masking in AVX is tested
+            for size in range(1,32):
+                myfunc = getattr(np, func)
+                x_f32 = np.float32(np.random.uniform(low=minval, high=maxval,
+                    size=size))
+                x_f64 = np.float64(x_f32)
+                x_f128 = np.longdouble(x_f32)
+                y_true128 = myfunc(x_f128)
+                if maxulperr == 0:
+                    assert_equal(myfunc(x_f32), np.float32(y_true128))
+                    assert_equal(myfunc(x_f64), np.float64(y_true128))
+                else:
+                    assert_array_max_ulp(myfunc(x_f32), np.float32(y_true128),
+                            maxulp=maxulperr)
+                    assert_array_max_ulp(myfunc(x_f64), np.float64(y_true128),
+                            maxulp=maxulperr)
+                # various strides to test gather instruction
+                if size > 1:
+                    y_true32 = myfunc(x_f32)
+                    y_true64 = myfunc(x_f64)
+                    for jj in strides:
+                        assert_equal(myfunc(x_f64[::jj]), y_true64[::jj])
+                        assert_equal(myfunc(x_f32[::jj]), y_true32[::jj])
+
+class TestAVXFloat32Transcendental:
+    def test_exp_float32(self):
+        np.random.seed(42)
+        x_f32 = np.float32(np.random.uniform(low=0.0,high=88.1,size=1000000))
+        x_f64 = np.float64(x_f32)
+        assert_array_max_ulp(np.exp(x_f32), np.float32(np.exp(x_f64)), maxulp=3)
+
+    def test_log_float32(self):
+        np.random.seed(42)
+        x_f32 = np.float32(np.random.uniform(low=0.0,high=1000,size=1000000))
+        x_f64 = np.float64(x_f32)
+        assert_array_max_ulp(np.log(x_f32), np.float32(np.log(x_f64)), maxulp=4)
+
+    def test_sincos_float32(self):
+        np.random.seed(42)
+        N = 1000000
+        M = np.int_(N/20)
+        index = np.random.randint(low=0, high=N, size=M)
+        x_f32 = np.float32(np.random.uniform(low=-100.,high=100.,size=N))
+        if not _glibc_older_than("2.17"):
+            # test coverage for elements > 117435.992f for which glibc is used
+            # this is known to be problematic on old glibc, so skip it there
+            x_f32[index] = np.float32(10E+10*np.random.rand(M))
+        x_f64 = np.float64(x_f32)
+        assert_array_max_ulp(np.sin(x_f32), np.float32(np.sin(x_f64)), maxulp=2)
+        assert_array_max_ulp(np.cos(x_f32), np.float32(np.cos(x_f64)), maxulp=2)
+        # test aliasing(issue #17761)
+        tx_f32 = x_f32.copy()
+        assert_array_max_ulp(np.sin(x_f32, out=x_f32), np.float32(np.sin(x_f64)), maxulp=2)
+        assert_array_max_ulp(np.cos(tx_f32, out=tx_f32), np.float32(np.cos(x_f64)), maxulp=2)
+
+    def test_strided_float32(self):
+        np.random.seed(42)
+        strides = np.array([-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4])
+        sizes = np.arange(2,100)
+        for ii in sizes:
+            x_f32 = np.float32(np.random.uniform(low=0.01,high=88.1,size=ii))
+            x_f32_large = x_f32.copy()
+            x_f32_large[3:-1:4] = 120000.0
+            exp_true = np.exp(x_f32)
+            log_true = np.log(x_f32)
+            sin_true = np.sin(x_f32_large)
+            cos_true = np.cos(x_f32_large)
+            for jj in strides:
+                assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(np.exp(x_f32[::jj]), exp_true[::jj], nulp=2)
+                assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(np.log(x_f32[::jj]), log_true[::jj], nulp=2)
+                assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(np.sin(x_f32_large[::jj]), sin_true[::jj], nulp=2)
+                assert_array_almost_equal_nulp(np.cos(x_f32_large[::jj]), cos_true[::jj], nulp=2)
+
+class TestLogAddExp(_FilterInvalids):
+    def test_logaddexp_values(self):
+        x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        y = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+        z = [6, 6, 6, 6, 6]
+        for dt, dec_ in zip(['f', 'd', 'g'], [6, 15, 15]):
+            xf = np.log(np.array(x, dtype=dt))
+            yf = np.log(np.array(y, dtype=dt))
+            zf = np.log(np.array(z, dtype=dt))
+            assert_almost_equal(np.logaddexp(xf, yf), zf, decimal=dec_)
+
+    def test_logaddexp_range(self):
+        x = [1000000, -1000000, 1000200, -1000200]
+        y = [1000200, -1000200, 1000000, -1000000]
+        z = [1000200, -1000000, 1000200, -1000000]
+        for dt in ['f', 'd', 'g']:
+            logxf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+            logyf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+            logzf = np.array(z, dtype=dt)
+            assert_almost_equal(np.logaddexp(logxf, logyf), logzf)
+
+    def test_inf(self):
+        inf = np.inf
+        x = [inf, -inf,  inf, -inf, inf, 1,  -inf,  1]
+        y = [inf,  inf, -inf, -inf, 1,   inf, 1,   -inf]
+        z = [inf,  inf,  inf, -inf, inf, inf, 1,    1]
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+            for dt in ['f', 'd', 'g']:
+                logxf = np.array(x, dtype=dt)
+                logyf = np.array(y, dtype=dt)
+                logzf = np.array(z, dtype=dt)
+                assert_equal(np.logaddexp(logxf, logyf), logzf)
+
+    def test_nan(self):
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp(np.nan, np.inf)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp(np.inf, np.nan)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp(np.nan, 0)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp(0, np.nan)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.logaddexp(np.nan, np.nan)))
+
+    def test_reduce(self):
+        assert_equal(np.logaddexp.identity, -np.inf)
+        assert_equal(np.logaddexp.reduce([]), -np.inf)
+
+
+class TestLog1p:
+    def test_log1p(self):
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.log1p(0.2), ncu.log(1.2))
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.log1p(1e-6), ncu.log(1+1e-6))
+
+    def test_special(self):
+        with np.errstate(invalid="ignore", divide="ignore"):
+            assert_equal(ncu.log1p(np.nan), np.nan)
+            assert_equal(ncu.log1p(np.inf), np.inf)
+            assert_equal(ncu.log1p(-1.), -np.inf)
+            assert_equal(ncu.log1p(-2.), np.nan)
+            assert_equal(ncu.log1p(-np.inf), np.nan)
+
+
+class TestExpm1:
+    def test_expm1(self):
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.expm1(0.2), ncu.exp(0.2)-1)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.expm1(1e-6), ncu.exp(1e-6)-1)
+
+    def test_special(self):
+        assert_equal(ncu.expm1(np.inf), np.inf)
+        assert_equal(ncu.expm1(0.), 0.)
+        assert_equal(ncu.expm1(-0.), -0.)
+        assert_equal(ncu.expm1(np.inf), np.inf)
+        assert_equal(ncu.expm1(-np.inf), -1.)
+
+    def test_complex(self):
+        x = np.asarray(1e-12)
+        assert_allclose(x, ncu.expm1(x))
+        x = x.astype(np.complex128)
+        assert_allclose(x, ncu.expm1(x))
+
+
+class TestHypot:
+    def test_simple(self):
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.hypot(1, 1), ncu.sqrt(2))
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.hypot(0, 0), 0)
+
+    def test_reduce(self):
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.hypot.reduce([3.0, 4.0]), 5.0)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.hypot.reduce([3.0, 4.0, 0]), 5.0)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.hypot.reduce([9.0, 12.0, 20.0]), 25.0)
+        assert_equal(ncu.hypot.reduce([]), 0.0)
+
+
+def assert_hypot_isnan(x, y):
+    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+        assert_(np.isnan(ncu.hypot(x, y)),
+                "hypot(%s, %s) is %s, not nan" % (x, y, ncu.hypot(x, y)))
+
+
+def assert_hypot_isinf(x, y):
+    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+        assert_(np.isinf(ncu.hypot(x, y)),
+                "hypot(%s, %s) is %s, not inf" % (x, y, ncu.hypot(x, y)))
+
+
+class TestHypotSpecialValues:
+    def test_nan_outputs(self):
+        assert_hypot_isnan(np.nan, np.nan)
+        assert_hypot_isnan(np.nan, 1)
+
+    def test_nan_outputs2(self):
+        assert_hypot_isinf(np.nan, np.inf)
+        assert_hypot_isinf(np.inf, np.nan)
+        assert_hypot_isinf(np.inf, 0)
+        assert_hypot_isinf(0, np.inf)
+        assert_hypot_isinf(np.inf, np.inf)
+        assert_hypot_isinf(np.inf, 23.0)
+
+    def test_no_fpe(self):
+        assert_no_warnings(ncu.hypot, np.inf, 0)
+
+
+def assert_arctan2_isnan(x, y):
+    assert_(np.isnan(ncu.arctan2(x, y)), "arctan(%s, %s) is %s, not nan" % (x, y, ncu.arctan2(x, y)))
+
+
+def assert_arctan2_ispinf(x, y):
+    assert_((np.isinf(ncu.arctan2(x, y)) and ncu.arctan2(x, y) > 0), "arctan(%s, %s) is %s, not +inf" % (x, y, ncu.arctan2(x, y)))
+
+
+def assert_arctan2_isninf(x, y):
+    assert_((np.isinf(ncu.arctan2(x, y)) and ncu.arctan2(x, y) < 0), "arctan(%s, %s) is %s, not -inf" % (x, y, ncu.arctan2(x, y)))
+
+
+def assert_arctan2_ispzero(x, y):
+    assert_((ncu.arctan2(x, y) == 0 and not np.signbit(ncu.arctan2(x, y))), "arctan(%s, %s) is %s, not +0" % (x, y, ncu.arctan2(x, y)))
+
+
+def assert_arctan2_isnzero(x, y):
+    assert_((ncu.arctan2(x, y) == 0 and np.signbit(ncu.arctan2(x, y))), "arctan(%s, %s) is %s, not -0" % (x, y, ncu.arctan2(x, y)))
+
+
+class TestArctan2SpecialValues:
+    def test_one_one(self):
+        # atan2(1, 1) returns pi/4.
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(1, 1), 0.25 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(-1, 1), -0.25 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(1, -1), 0.75 * np.pi)
+
+    def test_zero_nzero(self):
+        # atan2(+-0, -0) returns +-pi.
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(np.PZERO, np.NZERO), np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(np.NZERO, np.NZERO), -np.pi)
+
+    def test_zero_pzero(self):
+        # atan2(+-0, +0) returns +-0.
+        assert_arctan2_ispzero(np.PZERO, np.PZERO)
+        assert_arctan2_isnzero(np.NZERO, np.PZERO)
+
+    def test_zero_negative(self):
+        # atan2(+-0, x) returns +-pi for x < 0.
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(np.PZERO, -1), np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(np.NZERO, -1), -np.pi)
+
+    def test_zero_positive(self):
+        # atan2(+-0, x) returns +-0 for x > 0.
+        assert_arctan2_ispzero(np.PZERO, 1)
+        assert_arctan2_isnzero(np.NZERO, 1)
+
+    def test_positive_zero(self):
+        # atan2(y, +-0) returns +pi/2 for y > 0.
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(1, np.PZERO), 0.5 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(1, np.NZERO), 0.5 * np.pi)
+
+    def test_negative_zero(self):
+        # atan2(y, +-0) returns -pi/2 for y < 0.
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(-1, np.PZERO), -0.5 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(-1, np.NZERO), -0.5 * np.pi)
+
+    def test_any_ninf(self):
+        # atan2(+-y, -infinity) returns +-pi for finite y > 0.
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(1, np.NINF),  np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(-1, np.NINF), -np.pi)
+
+    def test_any_pinf(self):
+        # atan2(+-y, +infinity) returns +-0 for finite y > 0.
+        assert_arctan2_ispzero(1, np.inf)
+        assert_arctan2_isnzero(-1, np.inf)
+
+    def test_inf_any(self):
+        # atan2(+-infinity, x) returns +-pi/2 for finite x.
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2( np.inf, 1),  0.5 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(-np.inf, 1), -0.5 * np.pi)
+
+    def test_inf_ninf(self):
+        # atan2(+-infinity, -infinity) returns +-3*pi/4.
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2( np.inf, -np.inf),  0.75 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(-np.inf, -np.inf), -0.75 * np.pi)
+
+    def test_inf_pinf(self):
+        # atan2(+-infinity, +infinity) returns +-pi/4.
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2( np.inf, np.inf),  0.25 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.arctan2(-np.inf, np.inf), -0.25 * np.pi)
+
+    def test_nan_any(self):
+        # atan2(nan, x) returns nan for any x, including inf
+        assert_arctan2_isnan(np.nan, np.inf)
+        assert_arctan2_isnan(np.inf, np.nan)
+        assert_arctan2_isnan(np.nan, np.nan)
+
+
+class TestLdexp:
+    def _check_ldexp(self, tp):
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.ldexp(np.array(2., np.float32),
+                                      np.array(3, tp)), 16.)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.ldexp(np.array(2., np.float64),
+                                      np.array(3, tp)), 16.)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.ldexp(np.array(2., np.longdouble),
+                                      np.array(3, tp)), 16.)
+
+    def test_ldexp(self):
+        # The default Python int type should work
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.ldexp(2., 3),  16.)
+        # The following int types should all be accepted
+        self._check_ldexp(np.int8)
+        self._check_ldexp(np.int16)
+        self._check_ldexp(np.int32)
+        self._check_ldexp('i')
+        self._check_ldexp('l')
+
+    def test_ldexp_overflow(self):
+        # silence warning emitted on overflow
+        with np.errstate(over="ignore"):
+            imax = np.iinfo(np.dtype('l')).max
+            imin = np.iinfo(np.dtype('l')).min
+            assert_equal(ncu.ldexp(2., imax), np.inf)
+            assert_equal(ncu.ldexp(2., imin), 0)
+
+
+class TestMaximum(_FilterInvalids):
+    def test_reduce(self):
+        dflt = np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        dint = np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+        seq1 = np.arange(11)
+        seq2 = seq1[::-1]
+        func = np.maximum.reduce
+        for dt in dint:
+            tmp1 = seq1.astype(dt)
+            tmp2 = seq2.astype(dt)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 10)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 10)
+        for dt in dflt:
+            tmp1 = seq1.astype(dt)
+            tmp2 = seq2.astype(dt)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 10)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 10)
+            tmp1[::2] = np.nan
+            tmp2[::2] = np.nan
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), np.nan)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), np.nan)
+
+    def test_reduce_complex(self):
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce([1, 2j]), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce([1+3j, 2j]), 1+3j)
+
+    def test_float_nans(self):
+        nan = np.nan
+        arg1 = np.array([0,   nan, nan])
+        arg2 = np.array([nan, 0,   nan])
+        out = np.array([nan, nan, nan])
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+    def test_object_nans(self):
+        # Multiple checks to give this a chance to
+        # fail if cmp is used instead of rich compare.
+        # Failure cannot be guaranteed.
+        for i in range(1):
+            x = np.array(float('nan'), object)
+            y = 1.0
+            z = np.array(float('nan'), object)
+            assert_(np.maximum(x, y) == 1.0)
+            assert_(np.maximum(z, y) == 1.0)
+
+    def test_complex_nans(self):
+        nan = np.nan
+        for cnan in [complex(nan, 0), complex(0, nan), complex(nan, nan)]:
+            arg1 = np.array([0, cnan, cnan], dtype=complex)
+            arg2 = np.array([cnan, 0, cnan], dtype=complex)
+            out = np.array([nan, nan, nan], dtype=complex)
+            assert_equal(np.maximum(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+    def test_object_array(self):
+        arg1 = np.arange(5, dtype=object)
+        arg2 = arg1 + 1
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(arg1, arg2), arg2)
+
+    def test_strided_array(self):
+        arr1 = np.array([-4.0, 1.0, 10.0,  0.0, np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf])
+        arr2 = np.array([-2.0,-1.0, np.nan, 1.0, 0.0,    np.nan, 1.0,    -3.0])
+        maxtrue  = np.array([-2.0, 1.0, np.nan, 1.0, np.nan, np.nan, np.inf, -3.0])
+        out = np.ones(8)
+        out_maxtrue = np.array([-2.0, 1.0, 1.0, 10.0, 1.0, 1.0, np.nan, 1.0])
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(arr1,arr2), maxtrue)
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(arr1[::2],arr2[::2]), maxtrue[::2])
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(arr1[:4:], arr2[::2]), np.array([-2.0, np.nan, 10.0, 1.0]))
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(arr1[::3], arr2[:3:]), np.array([-2.0, 0.0, np.nan]))
+        assert_equal(np.maximum(arr1[:6:2], arr2[::3], out=out[::3]), np.array([-2.0, 10., np.nan]))
+        assert_equal(out, out_maxtrue)
+
+    def test_precision(self):
+        dtypes = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble]
+
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            dtmin = np.finfo(dt).min
+            dtmax = np.finfo(dt).max
+            d1 = dt(0.1)
+            d1_next = np.nextafter(d1, np.inf)
+
+            test_cases = [
+                # v1    v2          expected
+                (dtmin, -np.inf,    dtmin),
+                (dtmax, -np.inf,    dtmax),
+                (d1,    d1_next,    d1_next),
+                (dtmax, np.nan,     np.nan),
+            ]
+
+            for v1, v2, expected in test_cases:
+                assert_equal(np.maximum([v1], [v2]), [expected])
+                assert_equal(np.maximum.reduce([v1, v2]), expected)
+
+
+class TestMinimum(_FilterInvalids):
+    def test_reduce(self):
+        dflt = np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        dint = np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+        seq1 = np.arange(11)
+        seq2 = seq1[::-1]
+        func = np.minimum.reduce
+        for dt in dint:
+            tmp1 = seq1.astype(dt)
+            tmp2 = seq2.astype(dt)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 0)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 0)
+        for dt in dflt:
+            tmp1 = seq1.astype(dt)
+            tmp2 = seq2.astype(dt)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 0)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 0)
+            tmp1[::2] = np.nan
+            tmp2[::2] = np.nan
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), np.nan)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), np.nan)
+
+    def test_reduce_complex(self):
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce([1, 2j]), 2j)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce([1+3j, 2j]), 2j)
+
+    def test_float_nans(self):
+        nan = np.nan
+        arg1 = np.array([0,   nan, nan])
+        arg2 = np.array([nan, 0,   nan])
+        out = np.array([nan, nan, nan])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+    def test_object_nans(self):
+        # Multiple checks to give this a chance to
+        # fail if cmp is used instead of rich compare.
+        # Failure cannot be guaranteed.
+        for i in range(1):
+            x = np.array(float('nan'), object)
+            y = 1.0
+            z = np.array(float('nan'), object)
+            assert_(np.minimum(x, y) == 1.0)
+            assert_(np.minimum(z, y) == 1.0)
+
+    def test_complex_nans(self):
+        nan = np.nan
+        for cnan in [complex(nan, 0), complex(0, nan), complex(nan, nan)]:
+            arg1 = np.array([0, cnan, cnan], dtype=complex)
+            arg2 = np.array([cnan, 0, cnan], dtype=complex)
+            out = np.array([nan, nan, nan], dtype=complex)
+            assert_equal(np.minimum(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+    def test_object_array(self):
+        arg1 = np.arange(5, dtype=object)
+        arg2 = arg1 + 1
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(arg1, arg2), arg1)
+
+    def test_strided_array(self):
+        arr1 = np.array([-4.0, 1.0, 10.0,  0.0, np.nan, -np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf])
+        arr2 = np.array([-2.0,-1.0, np.nan, 1.0, 0.0,    np.nan, 1.0,    -3.0])
+        mintrue  = np.array([-4.0, -1.0, np.nan, 0.0, np.nan, np.nan, 1.0, -np.inf])
+        out = np.ones(8)
+        out_mintrue = np.array([-4.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, np.nan, 1.0])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(arr1,arr2), mintrue)
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(arr1[::2],arr2[::2]), mintrue[::2])
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(arr1[:4:], arr2[::2]), np.array([-4.0, np.nan, 0.0, 0.0]))
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(arr1[::3], arr2[:3:]), np.array([-4.0, -1.0, np.nan]))
+        assert_equal(np.minimum(arr1[:6:2], arr2[::3], out=out[::3]), np.array([-4.0, 1.0, np.nan]))
+        assert_equal(out, out_mintrue)
+
+    def test_precision(self):
+        dtypes = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble]
+
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            dtmin = np.finfo(dt).min
+            dtmax = np.finfo(dt).max
+            d1 = dt(0.1)
+            d1_next = np.nextafter(d1, np.inf)
+
+            test_cases = [
+                # v1    v2          expected
+                (dtmin, np.inf,     dtmin),
+                (dtmax, np.inf,     dtmax),
+                (d1,    d1_next,    d1),
+                (dtmin, np.nan,     np.nan),
+            ]
+
+            for v1, v2, expected in test_cases:
+                assert_equal(np.minimum([v1], [v2]), [expected])
+                assert_equal(np.minimum.reduce([v1, v2]), expected)
+
+
+class TestFmax(_FilterInvalids):
+    def test_reduce(self):
+        dflt = np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        dint = np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+        seq1 = np.arange(11)
+        seq2 = seq1[::-1]
+        func = np.fmax.reduce
+        for dt in dint:
+            tmp1 = seq1.astype(dt)
+            tmp2 = seq2.astype(dt)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 10)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 10)
+        for dt in dflt:
+            tmp1 = seq1.astype(dt)
+            tmp2 = seq2.astype(dt)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 10)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 10)
+            tmp1[::2] = np.nan
+            tmp2[::2] = np.nan
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 9)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 9)
+
+    def test_reduce_complex(self):
+        assert_equal(np.fmax.reduce([1, 2j]), 1)
+        assert_equal(np.fmax.reduce([1+3j, 2j]), 1+3j)
+
+    def test_float_nans(self):
+        nan = np.nan
+        arg1 = np.array([0,   nan, nan])
+        arg2 = np.array([nan, 0,   nan])
+        out = np.array([0,   0,   nan])
+        assert_equal(np.fmax(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+    def test_complex_nans(self):
+        nan = np.nan
+        for cnan in [complex(nan, 0), complex(0, nan), complex(nan, nan)]:
+            arg1 = np.array([0, cnan, cnan], dtype=complex)
+            arg2 = np.array([cnan, 0, cnan], dtype=complex)
+            out = np.array([0,    0, nan], dtype=complex)
+            assert_equal(np.fmax(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+    def test_precision(self):
+        dtypes = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble]
+
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            dtmin = np.finfo(dt).min
+            dtmax = np.finfo(dt).max
+            d1 = dt(0.1)
+            d1_next = np.nextafter(d1, np.inf)
+
+            test_cases = [
+                # v1    v2          expected
+                (dtmin, -np.inf,    dtmin),
+                (dtmax, -np.inf,    dtmax),
+                (d1,    d1_next,    d1_next),
+                (dtmax, np.nan,     dtmax),
+            ]
+
+            for v1, v2, expected in test_cases:
+                assert_equal(np.fmax([v1], [v2]), [expected])
+                assert_equal(np.fmax.reduce([v1, v2]), expected)
+
+
+class TestFmin(_FilterInvalids):
+    def test_reduce(self):
+        dflt = np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+        dint = np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+        seq1 = np.arange(11)
+        seq2 = seq1[::-1]
+        func = np.fmin.reduce
+        for dt in dint:
+            tmp1 = seq1.astype(dt)
+            tmp2 = seq2.astype(dt)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 0)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 0)
+        for dt in dflt:
+            tmp1 = seq1.astype(dt)
+            tmp2 = seq2.astype(dt)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 0)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 0)
+            tmp1[::2] = np.nan
+            tmp2[::2] = np.nan
+            assert_equal(func(tmp1), 1)
+            assert_equal(func(tmp2), 1)
+
+    def test_reduce_complex(self):
+        assert_equal(np.fmin.reduce([1, 2j]), 2j)
+        assert_equal(np.fmin.reduce([1+3j, 2j]), 2j)
+
+    def test_float_nans(self):
+        nan = np.nan
+        arg1 = np.array([0,   nan, nan])
+        arg2 = np.array([nan, 0,   nan])
+        out = np.array([0,   0,   nan])
+        assert_equal(np.fmin(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+    def test_complex_nans(self):
+        nan = np.nan
+        for cnan in [complex(nan, 0), complex(0, nan), complex(nan, nan)]:
+            arg1 = np.array([0, cnan, cnan], dtype=complex)
+            arg2 = np.array([cnan, 0, cnan], dtype=complex)
+            out = np.array([0,    0, nan], dtype=complex)
+            assert_equal(np.fmin(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+    def test_precision(self):
+        dtypes = [np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.longdouble]
+
+        for dt in dtypes:
+            dtmin = np.finfo(dt).min
+            dtmax = np.finfo(dt).max
+            d1 = dt(0.1)
+            d1_next = np.nextafter(d1, np.inf)
+
+            test_cases = [
+                # v1    v2          expected
+                (dtmin, np.inf,     dtmin),
+                (dtmax, np.inf,     dtmax),
+                (d1,    d1_next,    d1),
+                (dtmin, np.nan,     dtmin),
+            ]
+
+            for v1, v2, expected in test_cases:
+                assert_equal(np.fmin([v1], [v2]), [expected])
+                assert_equal(np.fmin.reduce([v1, v2]), expected)
+
+
+class TestBool:
+    def test_exceptions(self):
+        a = np.ones(1, dtype=np.bool_)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.negative, a)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.positive, a)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.subtract, a, a)
+
+    def test_truth_table_logical(self):
+        # 2, 3 and 4 serves as true values
+        input1 = [0, 0, 3, 2]
+        input2 = [0, 4, 0, 2]
+
+        typecodes = (np.typecodes['AllFloat']
+                     + np.typecodes['AllInteger']
+                     + '?')     # boolean
+        for dtype in map(np.dtype, typecodes):
+            arg1 = np.asarray(input1, dtype=dtype)
+            arg2 = np.asarray(input2, dtype=dtype)
+
+            # OR
+            out = [False, True, True, True]
+            for func in (np.logical_or, np.maximum):
+                assert_equal(func(arg1, arg2).astype(bool), out)
+            # AND
+            out = [False, False, False, True]
+            for func in (np.logical_and, np.minimum):
+                assert_equal(func(arg1, arg2).astype(bool), out)
+            # XOR
+            out = [False, True, True, False]
+            for func in (np.logical_xor, np.not_equal):
+                assert_equal(func(arg1, arg2).astype(bool), out)
+
+    def test_truth_table_bitwise(self):
+        arg1 = [False, False, True, True]
+        arg2 = [False, True, False, True]
+
+        out = [False, True, True, True]
+        assert_equal(np.bitwise_or(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+        out = [False, False, False, True]
+        assert_equal(np.bitwise_and(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+        out = [False, True, True, False]
+        assert_equal(np.bitwise_xor(arg1, arg2), out)
+
+    def test_reduce(self):
+        none = np.array([0, 0, 0, 0], bool)
+        some = np.array([1, 0, 1, 1], bool)
+        every = np.array([1, 1, 1, 1], bool)
+        empty = np.array([], bool)
+
+        arrs = [none, some, every, empty]
+
+        for arr in arrs:
+            assert_equal(np.logical_and.reduce(arr), all(arr))
+
+        for arr in arrs:
+            assert_equal(np.logical_or.reduce(arr), any(arr))
+
+        for arr in arrs:
+            assert_equal(np.logical_xor.reduce(arr), arr.sum() % 2 == 1)
+
+
+class TestBitwiseUFuncs:
+
+    bitwise_types = [np.dtype(c) for c in '?' + 'bBhHiIlLqQ' + 'O']
+
+    def test_values(self):
+        for dt in self.bitwise_types:
+            zeros = np.array([0], dtype=dt)
+            ones = np.array([-1]).astype(dt)
+            msg = "dt = '%s'" % dt.char
+
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_not(zeros), ones, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_not(ones), zeros, err_msg=msg)
+
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_or(zeros, zeros), zeros, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_or(zeros, ones), ones, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_or(ones, zeros), ones, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_or(ones, ones), ones, err_msg=msg)
+
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_xor(zeros, zeros), zeros, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_xor(zeros, ones), ones, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_xor(ones, zeros), ones, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_xor(ones, ones), zeros, err_msg=msg)
+
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_and(zeros, zeros), zeros, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_and(zeros, ones), zeros, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_and(ones, zeros), zeros, err_msg=msg)
+            assert_equal(np.bitwise_and(ones, ones), ones, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_types(self):
+        for dt in self.bitwise_types:
+            zeros = np.array([0], dtype=dt)
+            ones = np.array([-1]).astype(dt)
+            msg = "dt = '%s'" % dt.char
+
+            assert_(np.bitwise_not(zeros).dtype == dt, msg)
+            assert_(np.bitwise_or(zeros, zeros).dtype == dt, msg)
+            assert_(np.bitwise_xor(zeros, zeros).dtype == dt, msg)
+            assert_(np.bitwise_and(zeros, zeros).dtype == dt, msg)
+
+    def test_identity(self):
+        assert_(np.bitwise_or.identity == 0, 'bitwise_or')
+        assert_(np.bitwise_xor.identity == 0, 'bitwise_xor')
+        assert_(np.bitwise_and.identity == -1, 'bitwise_and')
+
+    def test_reduction(self):
+        binary_funcs = (np.bitwise_or, np.bitwise_xor, np.bitwise_and)
+
+        for dt in self.bitwise_types:
+            zeros = np.array([0], dtype=dt)
+            ones = np.array([-1]).astype(dt)
+            for f in binary_funcs:
+                msg = "dt: '%s', f: '%s'" % (dt, f)
+                assert_equal(f.reduce(zeros), zeros, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_equal(f.reduce(ones), ones, err_msg=msg)
+
+        # Test empty reduction, no object dtype
+        for dt in self.bitwise_types[:-1]:
+            # No object array types
+            empty = np.array([], dtype=dt)
+            for f in binary_funcs:
+                msg = "dt: '%s', f: '%s'" % (dt, f)
+                tgt = np.array(f.identity).astype(dt)
+                res = f.reduce(empty)
+                assert_equal(res, tgt, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_(res.dtype == tgt.dtype, msg)
+
+        # Empty object arrays use the identity.  Note that the types may
+        # differ, the actual type used is determined by the assign_identity
+        # function and is not the same as the type returned by the identity
+        # method.
+        for f in binary_funcs:
+            msg = "dt: '%s'" % (f,)
+            empty = np.array([], dtype=object)
+            tgt = f.identity
+            res = f.reduce(empty)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt, err_msg=msg)
+
+        # Non-empty object arrays do not use the identity
+        for f in binary_funcs:
+            msg = "dt: '%s'" % (f,)
+            btype = np.array([True], dtype=object)
+            assert_(type(f.reduce(btype)) is bool, msg)
+
+
+class TestInt:
+    def test_logical_not(self):
+        x = np.ones(10, dtype=np.int16)
+        o = np.ones(10 * 2, dtype=bool)
+        tgt = o.copy()
+        tgt[::2] = False
+        os = o[::2]
+        assert_array_equal(np.logical_not(x, out=os), False)
+        assert_array_equal(o, tgt)
+
+
+class TestFloatingPoint:
+    def test_floating_point(self):
+        assert_equal(ncu.FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORT, 1)
+
+
+class TestDegrees:
+    def test_degrees(self):
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.degrees(np.pi), 180.0)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.degrees(-0.5*np.pi), -90.0)
+
+
+class TestRadians:
+    def test_radians(self):
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.radians(180.0), np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(ncu.radians(-90.0), -0.5*np.pi)
+
+
+class TestHeavside:
+    def test_heaviside(self):
+        x = np.array([[-30.0, -0.1, 0.0, 0.2], [7.5, np.nan, np.inf, -np.inf]])
+        expectedhalf = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0], [1.0, np.nan, 1.0, 0.0]])
+        expected1 = expectedhalf.copy()
+        expected1[0, 2] = 1
+
+        h = ncu.heaviside(x, 0.5)
+        assert_equal(h, expectedhalf)
+
+        h = ncu.heaviside(x, 1.0)
+        assert_equal(h, expected1)
+
+        x = x.astype(np.float32)
+
+        h = ncu.heaviside(x, np.float32(0.5))
+        assert_equal(h, expectedhalf.astype(np.float32))
+
+        h = ncu.heaviside(x, np.float32(1.0))
+        assert_equal(h, expected1.astype(np.float32))
+
+
+class TestSign:
+    def test_sign(self):
+        a = np.array([np.inf, -np.inf, np.nan, 0.0, 3.0, -3.0])
+        out = np.zeros(a.shape)
+        tgt = np.array([1., -1., np.nan, 0.0, 1.0, -1.0])
+
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            res = ncu.sign(a)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt)
+            res = ncu.sign(a, out)
+            assert_equal(res, tgt)
+            assert_equal(out, tgt)
+
+    def test_sign_dtype_object(self):
+        # In reference to github issue #6229
+
+        foo = np.array([-.1, 0, .1])
+        a = np.sign(foo.astype(object))
+        b = np.sign(foo)
+
+        assert_array_equal(a, b)
+
+    def test_sign_dtype_nan_object(self):
+        # In reference to github issue #6229
+        def test_nan():
+            foo = np.array([np.nan])
+            # FIXME: a not used
+            a = np.sign(foo.astype(object))
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, test_nan)
+
+class TestMinMax:
+    def test_minmax_blocked(self):
+        # simd tests on max/min, test all alignments, slow but important
+        # for 2 * vz + 2 * (vs - 1) + 1 (unrolled once)
+        for dt, sz in [(np.float32, 15), (np.float64, 7)]:
+            for out, inp, msg in _gen_alignment_data(dtype=dt, type='unary',
+                                                     max_size=sz):
+                for i in range(inp.size):
+                    inp[:] = np.arange(inp.size, dtype=dt)
+                    inp[i] = np.nan
+                    emsg = lambda: '%r\n%s' % (inp, msg)
+                    with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                        sup.filter(RuntimeWarning,
+                                   "invalid value encountered in reduce")
+                        assert_(np.isnan(inp.max()), msg=emsg)
+                        assert_(np.isnan(inp.min()), msg=emsg)
+
+                    inp[i] = 1e10
+                    assert_equal(inp.max(), 1e10, err_msg=msg)
+                    inp[i] = -1e10
+                    assert_equal(inp.min(), -1e10, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_lower_align(self):
+        # check data that is not aligned to element size
+        # i.e doubles are aligned to 4 bytes on i386
+        d = np.zeros(23 * 8, dtype=np.int8)[4:-4].view(np.float64)
+        assert_equal(d.max(), d[0])
+        assert_equal(d.min(), d[0])
+
+    def test_reduce_reorder(self):
+        # gh 10370, 11029 Some compilers reorder the call to npy_getfloatstatus
+        # and put it before the call to an intrisic function that causes
+        # invalid status to be set. Also make sure warnings are not emitted
+        for n in (2, 4, 8, 16, 32):
+            for dt in (np.float32, np.float16, np.complex64):
+                for r in np.diagflat(np.array([np.nan] * n, dtype=dt)):
+                    assert_equal(np.min(r), np.nan)
+
+    def test_minimize_no_warns(self):
+        a = np.minimum(np.nan, 1)
+        assert_equal(a, np.nan)
+
+
+class TestAbsoluteNegative:
+    def test_abs_neg_blocked(self):
+        # simd tests on abs, test all alignments for vz + 2 * (vs - 1) + 1
+        for dt, sz in [(np.float32, 11), (np.float64, 5)]:
+            for out, inp, msg in _gen_alignment_data(dtype=dt, type='unary',
+                                                     max_size=sz):
+                tgt = [ncu.absolute(i) for i in inp]
+                np.absolute(inp, out=out)
+                assert_equal(out, tgt, err_msg=msg)
+                assert_((out >= 0).all())
+
+                tgt = [-1*(i) for i in inp]
+                np.negative(inp, out=out)
+                assert_equal(out, tgt, err_msg=msg)
+
+                for v in [np.nan, -np.inf, np.inf]:
+                    for i in range(inp.size):
+                        d = np.arange(inp.size, dtype=dt)
+                        inp[:] = -d
+                        inp[i] = v
+                        d[i] = -v if v == -np.inf else v
+                        assert_array_equal(np.abs(inp), d, err_msg=msg)
+                        np.abs(inp, out=out)
+                        assert_array_equal(out, d, err_msg=msg)
+
+                        assert_array_equal(-inp, -1*inp, err_msg=msg)
+                        d = -1 * inp
+                        np.negative(inp, out=out)
+                        assert_array_equal(out, d, err_msg=msg)
+
+    def test_lower_align(self):
+        # check data that is not aligned to element size
+        # i.e doubles are aligned to 4 bytes on i386
+        d = np.zeros(23 * 8, dtype=np.int8)[4:-4].view(np.float64)
+        assert_equal(np.abs(d), d)
+        assert_equal(np.negative(d), -d)
+        np.negative(d, out=d)
+        np.negative(np.ones_like(d), out=d)
+        np.abs(d, out=d)
+        np.abs(np.ones_like(d), out=d)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ['d', 'f', 'int32', 'int64'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("big", [True, False])
+    def test_noncontiguous(self, dtype, big):
+        data = np.array([-1.0, 1.0, -0.0, 0.0, 2.2251e-308, -2.5, 2.5, -6,
+                            6, -2.2251e-308, -8, 10], dtype=dtype)
+        expect = np.array([1.0, -1.0, 0.0, -0.0, -2.2251e-308, 2.5, -2.5, 6,
+                            -6, 2.2251e-308, 8, -10], dtype=dtype)
+        if big:
+            data = np.repeat(data, 10)
+            expect = np.repeat(expect, 10)
+        out = np.ndarray(data.shape, dtype=dtype)
+        ncontig_in = data[1::2]
+        ncontig_out = out[1::2]
+        contig_in = np.array(ncontig_in)
+        # contig in, contig out
+        assert_array_equal(np.negative(contig_in), expect[1::2])
+        # contig in, ncontig out
+        assert_array_equal(np.negative(contig_in, out=ncontig_out),
+                                expect[1::2])
+        # ncontig in, contig out
+        assert_array_equal(np.negative(ncontig_in), expect[1::2])
+        # ncontig in, ncontig out
+        assert_array_equal(np.negative(ncontig_in, out=ncontig_out),
+                                expect[1::2])
+        # contig in, contig out, nd stride
+        data_split = np.array(np.array_split(data, 2))
+        expect_split = np.array(np.array_split(expect, 2))
+        assert_equal(np.negative(data_split), expect_split)
+
+
+class TestPositive:
+    def test_valid(self):
+        valid_dtypes = [int, float, complex, object]
+        for dtype in valid_dtypes:
+            x = np.arange(5, dtype=dtype)
+            result = np.positive(x)
+            assert_equal(x, result, err_msg=str(dtype))
+
+    def test_invalid(self):
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.positive(True)
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.positive(np.datetime64('2000-01-01'))
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.positive(np.array(['foo'], dtype=str))
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.positive(np.array(['bar'], dtype=object))
+
+
+class TestSpecialMethods:
+    def test_wrap(self):
+
+        class with_wrap:
+            def __array__(self):
+                return np.zeros(1)
+
+            def __array_wrap__(self, arr, context):
+                r = with_wrap()
+                r.arr = arr
+                r.context = context
+                return r
+
+        a = with_wrap()
+        x = ncu.minimum(a, a)
+        assert_equal(x.arr, np.zeros(1))
+        func, args, i = x.context
+        assert_(func is ncu.minimum)
+        assert_equal(len(args), 2)
+        assert_equal(args[0], a)
+        assert_equal(args[1], a)
+        assert_equal(i, 0)
+
+    def test_wrap_and_prepare_out(self):
+        # Calling convention for out should not affect how special methods are
+        # called
+
+        class StoreArrayPrepareWrap(np.ndarray):
+            _wrap_args = None
+            _prepare_args = None
+            def __new__(cls):
+                return np.zeros(()).view(cls)
+            def __array_wrap__(self, obj, context):
+                self._wrap_args = context[1]
+                return obj
+            def __array_prepare__(self, obj, context):
+                self._prepare_args = context[1]
+                return obj
+            @property
+            def args(self):
+                # We need to ensure these are fetched at the same time, before
+                # any other ufuncs are called by the assertions
+                return (self._prepare_args, self._wrap_args)
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return "a"  # for short test output
+
+        def do_test(f_call, f_expected):
+            a = StoreArrayPrepareWrap()
+            f_call(a)
+            p, w = a.args
+            expected = f_expected(a)
+            try:
+                assert_equal(p, expected)
+                assert_equal(w, expected)
+            except AssertionError as e:
+                # assert_equal produces truly useless error messages
+                raise AssertionError("\n".join([
+                    "Bad arguments passed in ufunc call",
+                    " expected:              {}".format(expected),
+                    " __array_prepare__ got: {}".format(p),
+                    " __array_wrap__ got:    {}".format(w)
+                ]))
+
+        # method not on the out argument
+        do_test(lambda a: np.add(a, 0),              lambda a: (a, 0))
+        do_test(lambda a: np.add(a, 0, None),        lambda a: (a, 0))
+        do_test(lambda a: np.add(a, 0, out=None),    lambda a: (a, 0))
+        do_test(lambda a: np.add(a, 0, out=(None,)), lambda a: (a, 0))
+
+        # method on the out argument
+        do_test(lambda a: np.add(0, 0, a),           lambda a: (0, 0, a))
+        do_test(lambda a: np.add(0, 0, out=a),       lambda a: (0, 0, a))
+        do_test(lambda a: np.add(0, 0, out=(a,)),    lambda a: (0, 0, a))
+
+        # Also check the where mask handling:
+        do_test(lambda a: np.add(a, 0, where=False), lambda a: (a, 0))
+        do_test(lambda a: np.add(0, 0, a, where=False), lambda a: (0, 0, a))
+
+    def test_wrap_with_iterable(self):
+        # test fix for bug #1026:
+
+        class with_wrap(np.ndarray):
+            __array_priority__ = 10
+
+            def __new__(cls):
+                return np.asarray(1).view(cls).copy()
+
+            def __array_wrap__(self, arr, context):
+                return arr.view(type(self))
+
+        a = with_wrap()
+        x = ncu.multiply(a, (1, 2, 3))
+        assert_(isinstance(x, with_wrap))
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array((1, 2, 3)))
+
+    def test_priority_with_scalar(self):
+        # test fix for bug #826:
+
+        class A(np.ndarray):
+            __array_priority__ = 10
+
+            def __new__(cls):
+                return np.asarray(1.0, 'float64').view(cls).copy()
+
+        a = A()
+        x = np.float64(1)*a
+        assert_(isinstance(x, A))
+        assert_array_equal(x, np.array(1))
+
+    def test_old_wrap(self):
+
+        class with_wrap:
+            def __array__(self):
+                return np.zeros(1)
+
+            def __array_wrap__(self, arr):
+                r = with_wrap()
+                r.arr = arr
+                return r
+
+        a = with_wrap()
+        x = ncu.minimum(a, a)
+        assert_equal(x.arr, np.zeros(1))
+
+    def test_priority(self):
+
+        class A:
+            def __array__(self):
+                return np.zeros(1)
+
+            def __array_wrap__(self, arr, context):
+                r = type(self)()
+                r.arr = arr
+                r.context = context
+                return r
+
+        class B(A):
+            __array_priority__ = 20.
+
+        class C(A):
+            __array_priority__ = 40.
+
+        x = np.zeros(1)
+        a = A()
+        b = B()
+        c = C()
+        f = ncu.minimum
+        assert_(type(f(x, x)) is np.ndarray)
+        assert_(type(f(x, a)) is A)
+        assert_(type(f(x, b)) is B)
+        assert_(type(f(x, c)) is C)
+        assert_(type(f(a, x)) is A)
+        assert_(type(f(b, x)) is B)
+        assert_(type(f(c, x)) is C)
+
+        assert_(type(f(a, a)) is A)
+        assert_(type(f(a, b)) is B)
+        assert_(type(f(b, a)) is B)
+        assert_(type(f(b, b)) is B)
+        assert_(type(f(b, c)) is C)
+        assert_(type(f(c, b)) is C)
+        assert_(type(f(c, c)) is C)
+
+        assert_(type(ncu.exp(a) is A))
+        assert_(type(ncu.exp(b) is B))
+        assert_(type(ncu.exp(c) is C))
+
+    def test_failing_wrap(self):
+
+        class A:
+            def __array__(self):
+                return np.zeros(2)
+
+            def __array_wrap__(self, arr, context):
+                raise RuntimeError
+
+        a = A()
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, ncu.maximum, a, a)
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, ncu.maximum.reduce, a)
+
+    def test_failing_out_wrap(self):
+
+        singleton = np.array([1.0])
+
+        class Ok(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_wrap__(self, obj):
+                return singleton
+
+        class Bad(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_wrap__(self, obj):
+                raise RuntimeError
+
+        ok = np.empty(1).view(Ok)
+        bad = np.empty(1).view(Bad)
+        # double-free (segfault) of "ok" if "bad" raises an exception
+        for i in range(10):
+            assert_raises(RuntimeError, ncu.frexp, 1, ok, bad)
+
+    def test_none_wrap(self):
+        # Tests that issue #8507 is resolved. Previously, this would segfault
+
+        class A:
+            def __array__(self):
+                return np.zeros(1)
+
+            def __array_wrap__(self, arr, context=None):
+                return None
+
+        a = A()
+        assert_equal(ncu.maximum(a, a), None)
+
+    def test_default_prepare(self):
+
+        class with_wrap:
+            __array_priority__ = 10
+
+            def __array__(self):
+                return np.zeros(1)
+
+            def __array_wrap__(self, arr, context):
+                return arr
+
+        a = with_wrap()
+        x = ncu.minimum(a, a)
+        assert_equal(x, np.zeros(1))
+        assert_equal(type(x), np.ndarray)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("use_where", [True, False])
+    def test_prepare(self, use_where):
+
+        class with_prepare(np.ndarray):
+            __array_priority__ = 10
+
+            def __array_prepare__(self, arr, context):
+                # make sure we can return a new
+                return np.array(arr).view(type=with_prepare)
+
+        a = np.array(1).view(type=with_prepare)
+        if use_where:
+            x = np.add(a, a, where=np.array(True))
+        else:
+            x = np.add(a, a)
+        assert_equal(x, np.array(2))
+        assert_equal(type(x), with_prepare)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("use_where", [True, False])
+    def test_prepare_out(self, use_where):
+
+        class with_prepare(np.ndarray):
+            __array_priority__ = 10
+
+            def __array_prepare__(self, arr, context):
+                return np.array(arr).view(type=with_prepare)
+
+        a = np.array([1]).view(type=with_prepare)
+        if use_where:
+            x = np.add(a, a, a, where=[True])
+        else:
+            x = np.add(a, a, a)
+        # Returned array is new, because of the strange
+        # __array_prepare__ above
+        assert_(not np.shares_memory(x, a))
+        assert_equal(x, np.array([2]))
+        assert_equal(type(x), with_prepare)
+
+    def test_failing_prepare(self):
+
+        class A:
+            def __array__(self):
+                return np.zeros(1)
+
+            def __array_prepare__(self, arr, context=None):
+                raise RuntimeError
+
+        a = A()
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, ncu.maximum, a, a)
+        assert_raises(RuntimeError, ncu.maximum, a, a, where=False)
+
+    def test_array_too_many_args(self):
+
+        class A:
+            def __array__(self, dtype, context):
+                return np.zeros(1)
+
+        a = A()
+        assert_raises_regex(TypeError, '2 required positional', np.sum, a)
+
+    def test_ufunc_override(self):
+        # check override works even with instance with high priority.
+        class A:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, func, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return self, func, method, inputs, kwargs
+
+        class MyNDArray(np.ndarray):
+            __array_priority__ = 100
+
+        a = A()
+        b = np.array([1]).view(MyNDArray)
+        res0 = np.multiply(a, b)
+        res1 = np.multiply(b, b, out=a)
+
+        # self
+        assert_equal(res0[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res1[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res0[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res1[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res0[2], '__call__')
+        assert_equal(res1[2], '__call__')
+        assert_equal(res0[3], (a, b))
+        assert_equal(res1[3], (b, b))
+        assert_equal(res0[4], {})
+        assert_equal(res1[4], {'out': (a,)})
+
+    def test_ufunc_override_mro(self):
+
+        # Some multi arg functions for testing.
+        def tres_mul(a, b, c):
+            return a * b * c
+
+        def quatro_mul(a, b, c, d):
+            return a * b * c * d
+
+        # Make these into ufuncs.
+        three_mul_ufunc = np.frompyfunc(tres_mul, 3, 1)
+        four_mul_ufunc = np.frompyfunc(quatro_mul, 4, 1)
+
+        class A:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, func, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return "A"
+
+        class ASub(A):
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, func, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return "ASub"
+
+        class B:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, func, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return "B"
+
+        class C:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.count = 0
+
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, func, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                self.count += 1
+                return NotImplemented
+
+        class CSub(C):
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, func, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                self.count += 1
+                return NotImplemented
+
+        a = A()
+        a_sub = ASub()
+        b = B()
+        c = C()
+
+        # Standard
+        res = np.multiply(a, a_sub)
+        assert_equal(res, "ASub")
+        res = np.multiply(a_sub, b)
+        assert_equal(res, "ASub")
+
+        # With 1 NotImplemented
+        res = np.multiply(c, a)
+        assert_equal(res, "A")
+        assert_equal(c.count, 1)
+        # Check our counter works, so we can trust tests below.
+        res = np.multiply(c, a)
+        assert_equal(c.count, 2)
+
+        # Both NotImplemented.
+        c = C()
+        c_sub = CSub()
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, c, c_sub)
+        assert_equal(c.count, 1)
+        assert_equal(c_sub.count, 1)
+        c.count = c_sub.count = 0
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, c_sub, c)
+        assert_equal(c.count, 1)
+        assert_equal(c_sub.count, 1)
+        c.count = 0
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, c, c)
+        assert_equal(c.count, 1)
+        c.count = 0
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, 2, c)
+        assert_equal(c.count, 1)
+
+        # Ternary testing.
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(a, 1, 2), "A")
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(1, a, 2), "A")
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(1, 2, a), "A")
+
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(a, a, 6), "A")
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(a, 2, a), "A")
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(a, 2, b), "A")
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(a, 2, a_sub), "ASub")
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(a, a_sub, 3), "ASub")
+        c.count = 0
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(c, a_sub, 3), "ASub")
+        assert_equal(c.count, 1)
+        c.count = 0
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(1, a_sub, c), "ASub")
+        assert_equal(c.count, 0)
+
+        c.count = 0
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(a, b, c), "A")
+        assert_equal(c.count, 0)
+        c_sub.count = 0
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(a, b, c_sub), "A")
+        assert_equal(c_sub.count, 0)
+        assert_equal(three_mul_ufunc(1, 2, b), "B")
+
+        assert_raises(TypeError, three_mul_ufunc, 1, 2, c)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, three_mul_ufunc, c_sub, 2, c)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, three_mul_ufunc, c_sub, 2, 3)
+
+        # Quaternary testing.
+        assert_equal(four_mul_ufunc(a, 1, 2, 3), "A")
+        assert_equal(four_mul_ufunc(1, a, 2, 3), "A")
+        assert_equal(four_mul_ufunc(1, 1, a, 3), "A")
+        assert_equal(four_mul_ufunc(1, 1, 2, a), "A")
+
+        assert_equal(four_mul_ufunc(a, b, 2, 3), "A")
+        assert_equal(four_mul_ufunc(1, a, 2, b), "A")
+        assert_equal(four_mul_ufunc(b, 1, a, 3), "B")
+        assert_equal(four_mul_ufunc(a_sub, 1, 2, a), "ASub")
+        assert_equal(four_mul_ufunc(a, 1, 2, a_sub), "ASub")
+
+        c = C()
+        c_sub = CSub()
+        assert_raises(TypeError, four_mul_ufunc, 1, 2, 3, c)
+        assert_equal(c.count, 1)
+        c.count = 0
+        assert_raises(TypeError, four_mul_ufunc, 1, 2, c_sub, c)
+        assert_equal(c_sub.count, 1)
+        assert_equal(c.count, 1)
+        c2 = C()
+        c.count = c_sub.count = 0
+        assert_raises(TypeError, four_mul_ufunc, 1, c, c_sub, c2)
+        assert_equal(c_sub.count, 1)
+        assert_equal(c.count, 1)
+        assert_equal(c2.count, 0)
+        c.count = c2.count = c_sub.count = 0
+        assert_raises(TypeError, four_mul_ufunc, c2, c, c_sub, c)
+        assert_equal(c_sub.count, 1)
+        assert_equal(c.count, 0)
+        assert_equal(c2.count, 1)
+
+    def test_ufunc_override_methods(self):
+
+        class A:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return self, ufunc, method, inputs, kwargs
+
+        # __call__
+        a = A()
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            np.multiply.__call__(1, a, foo='bar', answer=42)
+        res = np.multiply.__call__(1, a, subok='bar', where=42)
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res[2], '__call__')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (1, a))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'subok': 'bar', 'where': 42})
+
+        # __call__, wrong args
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, a)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, a, a, a, a)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, a, a, sig='a', signature='a')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, ncu_tests.inner1d, a, a, axis=0, axes=[0, 0])
+
+        # reduce, positional args
+        res = np.multiply.reduce(a, 'axis0', 'dtype0', 'out0', 'keep0')
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res[2], 'reduce')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (a,))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'dtype':'dtype0',
+                              'out': ('out0',),
+                              'keepdims': 'keep0',
+                              'axis': 'axis0'})
+
+        # reduce, kwargs
+        res = np.multiply.reduce(a, axis='axis0', dtype='dtype0', out='out0',
+                                 keepdims='keep0', initial='init0',
+                                 where='where0')
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res[2], 'reduce')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (a,))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'dtype':'dtype0',
+                              'out': ('out0',),
+                              'keepdims': 'keep0',
+                              'axis': 'axis0',
+                              'initial': 'init0',
+                              'where': 'where0'})
+
+        # reduce, output equal to None removed, but not other explicit ones,
+        # even if they are at their default value.
+        res = np.multiply.reduce(a, 0, None, None, False)
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': 0, 'dtype': None, 'keepdims': False})
+        res = np.multiply.reduce(a, out=None, axis=0, keepdims=True)
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': 0, 'keepdims': True})
+        res = np.multiply.reduce(a, None, out=(None,), dtype=None)
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': None, 'dtype': None})
+        res = np.multiply.reduce(a, 0, None, None, False, 2, True)
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': 0, 'dtype': None, 'keepdims': False,
+                              'initial': 2, 'where': True})
+        # np._NoValue ignored for initial
+        res = np.multiply.reduce(a, 0, None, None, False,
+                                 np._NoValue, True)
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': 0, 'dtype': None, 'keepdims': False,
+                              'where': True})
+        # None kept for initial, True for where.
+        res = np.multiply.reduce(a, 0, None, None, False, None, True)
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': 0, 'dtype': None, 'keepdims': False,
+                              'initial': None, 'where': True})
+
+        # reduce, wrong args
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.multiply.reduce, a, out=())
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.multiply.reduce, a, out=('out0', 'out1'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply.reduce, a, 'axis0', axis='axis0')
+
+        # accumulate, pos args
+        res = np.multiply.accumulate(a, 'axis0', 'dtype0', 'out0')
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res[2], 'accumulate')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (a,))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'dtype':'dtype0',
+                              'out': ('out0',),
+                              'axis': 'axis0'})
+
+        # accumulate, kwargs
+        res = np.multiply.accumulate(a, axis='axis0', dtype='dtype0',
+                                     out='out0')
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res[2], 'accumulate')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (a,))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'dtype':'dtype0',
+                              'out': ('out0',),
+                              'axis': 'axis0'})
+
+        # accumulate, output equal to None removed.
+        res = np.multiply.accumulate(a, 0, None, None)
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': 0, 'dtype': None})
+        res = np.multiply.accumulate(a, out=None, axis=0, dtype='dtype1')
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': 0, 'dtype': 'dtype1'})
+        res = np.multiply.accumulate(a, None, out=(None,), dtype=None)
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': None, 'dtype': None})
+
+        # accumulate, wrong args
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.multiply.accumulate, a, out=())
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.multiply.accumulate, a,
+                      out=('out0', 'out1'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply.accumulate, a,
+                      'axis0', axis='axis0')
+
+        # reduceat, pos args
+        res = np.multiply.reduceat(a, [4, 2], 'axis0', 'dtype0', 'out0')
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res[2], 'reduceat')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (a, [4, 2]))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'dtype':'dtype0',
+                              'out': ('out0',),
+                              'axis': 'axis0'})
+
+        # reduceat, kwargs
+        res = np.multiply.reduceat(a, [4, 2], axis='axis0', dtype='dtype0',
+                                   out='out0')
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res[2], 'reduceat')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (a, [4, 2]))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'dtype':'dtype0',
+                              'out': ('out0',),
+                              'axis': 'axis0'})
+
+        # reduceat, output equal to None removed.
+        res = np.multiply.reduceat(a, [4, 2], 0, None, None)
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': 0, 'dtype': None})
+        res = np.multiply.reduceat(a, [4, 2], axis=None, out=None, dtype='dt')
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': None, 'dtype': 'dt'})
+        res = np.multiply.reduceat(a, [4, 2], None, None, out=(None,))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'axis': None, 'dtype': None})
+
+        # reduceat, wrong args
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.multiply.reduce, a, [4, 2], out=())
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.multiply.reduce, a, [4, 2],
+                      out=('out0', 'out1'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply.reduce, a, [4, 2],
+                      'axis0', axis='axis0')
+
+        # outer
+        res = np.multiply.outer(a, 42)
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res[2], 'outer')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (a, 42))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {})
+
+        # outer, wrong args
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply.outer, a)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply.outer, a, a, a, a)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply.outer, a, a, sig='a', signature='a')
+
+        # at
+        res = np.multiply.at(a, [4, 2], 'b0')
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], np.multiply)
+        assert_equal(res[2], 'at')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (a, [4, 2], 'b0'))
+
+        # at, wrong args
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply.at, a)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply.at, a, a, a, a)
+
+    def test_ufunc_override_out(self):
+
+        class A:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return kwargs
+
+        class B:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return kwargs
+
+        a = A()
+        b = B()
+        res0 = np.multiply(a, b, 'out_arg')
+        res1 = np.multiply(a, b, out='out_arg')
+        res2 = np.multiply(2, b, 'out_arg')
+        res3 = np.multiply(3, b, out='out_arg')
+        res4 = np.multiply(a, 4, 'out_arg')
+        res5 = np.multiply(a, 5, out='out_arg')
+
+        assert_equal(res0['out'][0], 'out_arg')
+        assert_equal(res1['out'][0], 'out_arg')
+        assert_equal(res2['out'][0], 'out_arg')
+        assert_equal(res3['out'][0], 'out_arg')
+        assert_equal(res4['out'][0], 'out_arg')
+        assert_equal(res5['out'][0], 'out_arg')
+
+        # ufuncs with multiple output modf and frexp.
+        res6 = np.modf(a, 'out0', 'out1')
+        res7 = np.frexp(a, 'out0', 'out1')
+        assert_equal(res6['out'][0], 'out0')
+        assert_equal(res6['out'][1], 'out1')
+        assert_equal(res7['out'][0], 'out0')
+        assert_equal(res7['out'][1], 'out1')
+
+        # While we're at it, check that default output is never passed on.
+        assert_(np.sin(a, None) == {})
+        assert_(np.sin(a, out=None) == {})
+        assert_(np.sin(a, out=(None,)) == {})
+        assert_(np.modf(a, None) == {})
+        assert_(np.modf(a, None, None) == {})
+        assert_(np.modf(a, out=(None, None)) == {})
+        with assert_raises(TypeError):
+            # Out argument must be tuple, since there are multiple outputs.
+            np.modf(a, out=None)
+
+        # don't give positional and output argument, or too many arguments.
+        # wrong number of arguments in the tuple is an error too.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, a, b, 'one', out='two')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, a, b, 'one', 'two')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.multiply, a, b, out=('one', 'two'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.multiply, a, out=())
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.modf, a, 'one', out=('two', 'three'))
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.modf, a, 'one', 'two', 'three')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.modf, a, out=('one', 'two', 'three'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.modf, a, out=('one',))
+
+    def test_ufunc_override_where(self):
+
+        class OverriddenArrayOld(np.ndarray):
+
+            def _unwrap(self, objs):
+                cls = type(self)
+                result = []
+                for obj in objs:
+                    if isinstance(obj, cls):
+                        obj = np.array(obj)
+                    elif type(obj) != np.ndarray:
+                        return NotImplemented
+                    result.append(obj)
+                return result
+
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+
+                inputs = self._unwrap(inputs)
+                if inputs is NotImplemented:
+                    return NotImplemented
+
+                kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+                if "out" in kwargs:
+                    kwargs["out"] = self._unwrap(kwargs["out"])
+                    if kwargs["out"] is NotImplemented:
+                        return NotImplemented
+
+                r = super().__array_ufunc__(ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs)
+                if r is not NotImplemented:
+                    r = r.view(type(self))
+
+                return r
+
+        class OverriddenArrayNew(OverriddenArrayOld):
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+
+                kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+                if "where" in kwargs:
+                    kwargs["where"] = self._unwrap((kwargs["where"], ))
+                    if kwargs["where"] is NotImplemented:
+                        return NotImplemented
+                    else:
+                        kwargs["where"] = kwargs["where"][0]
+
+                r = super().__array_ufunc__(ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs)
+                if r is not NotImplemented:
+                    r = r.view(type(self))
+
+                return r
+
+        ufunc = np.negative
+
+        array = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+        where = np.array([True, False, True])
+        expected = ufunc(array, where=where)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            ufunc(array, where=where.view(OverriddenArrayOld))
+
+        result_1 = ufunc(
+            array,
+            where=where.view(OverriddenArrayNew)
+        )
+        assert isinstance(result_1, OverriddenArrayNew)
+        assert np.all(np.array(result_1) == expected, where=where)
+
+        result_2 = ufunc(
+            array.view(OverriddenArrayNew),
+            where=where.view(OverriddenArrayNew)
+        )
+        assert isinstance(result_2, OverriddenArrayNew)
+        assert np.all(np.array(result_2) == expected, where=where)
+
+    def test_ufunc_override_exception(self):
+
+        class A:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, *a, **kwargs):
+                raise ValueError("oops")
+
+        a = A()
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.negative, 1, out=a)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.negative, a)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, np.divide, 1., a)
+
+    def test_ufunc_override_not_implemented(self):
+
+        class A:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                return NotImplemented
+
+        msg = ("operand type(s) all returned NotImplemented from "
+               "__array_ufunc__(<ufunc 'negative'>, '__call__', <*>): 'A'")
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, fnmatch.translate(msg)):
+            np.negative(A())
+
+        msg = ("operand type(s) all returned NotImplemented from "
+               "__array_ufunc__(<ufunc 'add'>, '__call__', <*>, <object *>, "
+               "out=(1,)): 'A', 'object', 'int'")
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, fnmatch.translate(msg)):
+            np.add(A(), object(), out=1)
+
+    def test_ufunc_override_disabled(self):
+
+        class OptOut:
+            __array_ufunc__ = None
+
+        opt_out = OptOut()
+
+        # ufuncs always raise
+        msg = "operand 'OptOut' does not support ufuncs"
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, msg):
+            np.add(opt_out, 1)
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, msg):
+            np.add(1, opt_out)
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, msg):
+            np.negative(opt_out)
+
+        # opt-outs still hold even when other arguments have pathological
+        # __array_ufunc__ implementations
+
+        class GreedyArray:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                return self
+
+        greedy = GreedyArray()
+        assert_(np.negative(greedy) is greedy)
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, msg):
+            np.add(greedy, opt_out)
+        with assert_raises_regex(TypeError, msg):
+            np.add(greedy, 1, out=opt_out)
+
+    def test_gufunc_override(self):
+        # gufunc are just ufunc instances, but follow a different path,
+        # so check __array_ufunc__ overrides them properly.
+        class A:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                return self, ufunc, method, inputs, kwargs
+
+        inner1d = ncu_tests.inner1d
+        a = A()
+        res = inner1d(a, a)
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], inner1d)
+        assert_equal(res[2], '__call__')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (a, a))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {})
+
+        res = inner1d(1, 1, out=a)
+        assert_equal(res[0], a)
+        assert_equal(res[1], inner1d)
+        assert_equal(res[2], '__call__')
+        assert_equal(res[3], (1, 1))
+        assert_equal(res[4], {'out': (a,)})
+
+        # wrong number of arguments in the tuple is an error too.
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, out='two')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, a, 'one', out='two')
+        assert_raises(TypeError, inner1d, a, a, 'one', 'two')
+        assert_raises(ValueError, inner1d, a, a, out=('one', 'two'))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, inner1d, a, a, out=())
+
+    def test_ufunc_override_with_super(self):
+        # NOTE: this class is used in doc/source/user/basics.subclassing.rst
+        # if you make any changes here, do update it there too.
+        class A(np.ndarray):
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, out=None, **kwargs):
+                args = []
+                in_no = []
+                for i, input_ in enumerate(inputs):
+                    if isinstance(input_, A):
+                        in_no.append(i)
+                        args.append(input_.view(np.ndarray))
+                    else:
+                        args.append(input_)
+
+                outputs = out
+                out_no = []
+                if outputs:
+                    out_args = []
+                    for j, output in enumerate(outputs):
+                        if isinstance(output, A):
+                            out_no.append(j)
+                            out_args.append(output.view(np.ndarray))
+                        else:
+                            out_args.append(output)
+                    kwargs['out'] = tuple(out_args)
+                else:
+                    outputs = (None,) * ufunc.nout
+
+                info = {}
+                if in_no:
+                    info['inputs'] = in_no
+                if out_no:
+                    info['outputs'] = out_no
+
+                results = super().__array_ufunc__(ufunc, method,
+                                                  *args, **kwargs)
+                if results is NotImplemented:
+                    return NotImplemented
+
+                if method == 'at':
+                    if isinstance(inputs[0], A):
+                        inputs[0].info = info
+                    return
+
+                if ufunc.nout == 1:
+                    results = (results,)
+
+                results = tuple((np.asarray(result).view(A)
+                                 if output is None else output)
+                                for result, output in zip(results, outputs))
+                if results and isinstance(results[0], A):
+                    results[0].info = info
+
+                return results[0] if len(results) == 1 else results
+
+        class B:
+            def __array_ufunc__(self, ufunc, method, *inputs, **kwargs):
+                if any(isinstance(input_, A) for input_ in inputs):
+                    return "A!"
+                else:
+                    return NotImplemented
+
+        d = np.arange(5.)
+        # 1 input, 1 output
+        a = np.arange(5.).view(A)
+        b = np.sin(a)
+        check = np.sin(d)
+        assert_(np.all(check == b))
+        assert_equal(b.info, {'inputs': [0]})
+        b = np.sin(d, out=(a,))
+        assert_(np.all(check == b))
+        assert_equal(b.info, {'outputs': [0]})
+        assert_(b is a)
+        a = np.arange(5.).view(A)
+        b = np.sin(a, out=a)
+        assert_(np.all(check == b))
+        assert_equal(b.info, {'inputs': [0], 'outputs': [0]})
+
+        # 1 input, 2 outputs
+        a = np.arange(5.).view(A)
+        b1, b2 = np.modf(a)
+        assert_equal(b1.info, {'inputs': [0]})
+        b1, b2 = np.modf(d, out=(None, a))
+        assert_(b2 is a)
+        assert_equal(b1.info, {'outputs': [1]})
+        a = np.arange(5.).view(A)
+        b = np.arange(5.).view(A)
+        c1, c2 = np.modf(a, out=(a, b))
+        assert_(c1 is a)
+        assert_(c2 is b)
+        assert_equal(c1.info, {'inputs': [0], 'outputs': [0, 1]})
+
+        # 2 input, 1 output
+        a = np.arange(5.).view(A)
+        b = np.arange(5.).view(A)
+        c = np.add(a, b, out=a)
+        assert_(c is a)
+        assert_equal(c.info, {'inputs': [0, 1], 'outputs': [0]})
+        # some tests with a non-ndarray subclass
+        a = np.arange(5.)
+        b = B()
+        assert_(a.__array_ufunc__(np.add, '__call__', a, b) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(b.__array_ufunc__(np.add, '__call__', a, b) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.add, a, b)
+        a = a.view(A)
+        assert_(a.__array_ufunc__(np.add, '__call__', a, b) is NotImplemented)
+        assert_(b.__array_ufunc__(np.add, '__call__', a, b) == "A!")
+        assert_(np.add(a, b) == "A!")
+        # regression check for gh-9102 -- tests ufunc.reduce implicitly.
+        d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]])
+        a = d.view(A)
+        c = a.any()
+        check = d.any()
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0]})
+        c = a.max()
+        check = d.max()
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0]})
+        b = np.array(0).view(A)
+        c = a.max(out=b)
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c is b)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0], 'outputs': [0]})
+        check = a.max(axis=0)
+        b = np.zeros_like(check).view(A)
+        c = a.max(axis=0, out=b)
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c is b)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0], 'outputs': [0]})
+        # simple explicit tests of reduce, accumulate, reduceat
+        check = np.add.reduce(d, axis=1)
+        c = np.add.reduce(a, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0]})
+        b = np.zeros_like(c)
+        c = np.add.reduce(a, 1, None, b)
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c is b)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0], 'outputs': [0]})
+        check = np.add.accumulate(d, axis=0)
+        c = np.add.accumulate(a, axis=0)
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0]})
+        b = np.zeros_like(c)
+        c = np.add.accumulate(a, 0, None, b)
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c is b)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0], 'outputs': [0]})
+        indices = [0, 2, 1]
+        check = np.add.reduceat(d, indices, axis=1)
+        c = np.add.reduceat(a, indices, axis=1)
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0]})
+        b = np.zeros_like(c)
+        c = np.add.reduceat(a, indices, 1, None, b)
+        assert_equal(c, check)
+        assert_(c is b)
+        assert_(c.info, {'inputs': [0], 'outputs': [0]})
+        # and a few tests for at
+        d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]])
+        check = d.copy()
+        a = d.copy().view(A)
+        np.add.at(check, ([0, 1], [0, 2]), 1.)
+        np.add.at(a, ([0, 1], [0, 2]), 1.)
+        assert_equal(a, check)
+        assert_(a.info, {'inputs': [0]})
+        b = np.array(1.).view(A)
+        a = d.copy().view(A)
+        np.add.at(a, ([0, 1], [0, 2]), b)
+        assert_equal(a, check)
+        assert_(a.info, {'inputs': [0, 2]})
+
+    def test_array_ufunc_direct_call(self):
+        # This is mainly a regression test for gh-24023 (shouldn't segfault)
+        a = np.array(1)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            a.__array_ufunc__()
+
+        # No kwargs means kwargs may be NULL on the C-level
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            a.__array_ufunc__(1, 2)
+
+        # And the same with a valid call:
+        res = a.__array_ufunc__(np.add, "__call__", a, a)
+        assert_array_equal(res, a + a)
+
+class TestChoose:
+    def test_mixed(self):
+        c = np.array([True, True])
+        a = np.array([True, True])
+        assert_equal(np.choose(c, (a, 1)), np.array([1, 1]))
+
+
+class TestRationalFunctions:
+    def test_lcm(self):
+        self._test_lcm_inner(np.int16)
+        self._test_lcm_inner(np.uint16)
+
+    def test_lcm_object(self):
+        self._test_lcm_inner(np.object_)
+
+    def test_gcd(self):
+        self._test_gcd_inner(np.int16)
+        self._test_lcm_inner(np.uint16)
+
+    def test_gcd_object(self):
+        self._test_gcd_inner(np.object_)
+
+    def _test_lcm_inner(self, dtype):
+        # basic use
+        a = np.array([12, 120], dtype=dtype)
+        b = np.array([20, 200], dtype=dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.lcm(a, b), [60, 600])
+
+        if not issubclass(dtype, np.unsignedinteger):
+            # negatives are ignored
+            a = np.array([12, -12,  12, -12], dtype=dtype)
+            b = np.array([20,  20, -20, -20], dtype=dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.lcm(a, b), [60]*4)
+
+        # reduce
+        a = np.array([3, 12, 20], dtype=dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.lcm.reduce([3, 12, 20]), 60)
+
+        # broadcasting, and a test including 0
+        a = np.arange(6).astype(dtype)
+        b = 20
+        assert_equal(np.lcm(a, b), [0, 20, 20, 60, 20, 20])
+
+    def _test_gcd_inner(self, dtype):
+        # basic use
+        a = np.array([12, 120], dtype=dtype)
+        b = np.array([20, 200], dtype=dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.gcd(a, b), [4, 40])
+
+        if not issubclass(dtype, np.unsignedinteger):
+            # negatives are ignored
+            a = np.array([12, -12,  12, -12], dtype=dtype)
+            b = np.array([20,  20, -20, -20], dtype=dtype)
+            assert_equal(np.gcd(a, b), [4]*4)
+
+        # reduce
+        a = np.array([15, 25, 35], dtype=dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.gcd.reduce(a), 5)
+
+        # broadcasting, and a test including 0
+        a = np.arange(6).astype(dtype)
+        b = 20
+        assert_equal(np.gcd(a, b), [20,  1,  2,  1,  4,  5])
+
+    def test_lcm_overflow(self):
+        # verify that we don't overflow when a*b does overflow
+        big = np.int32(np.iinfo(np.int32).max // 11)
+        a = 2*big
+        b = 5*big
+        assert_equal(np.lcm(a, b), 10*big)
+
+    def test_gcd_overflow(self):
+        for dtype in (np.int32, np.int64):
+            # verify that we don't overflow when taking abs(x)
+            # not relevant for lcm, where the result is unrepresentable anyway
+            a = dtype(np.iinfo(dtype).min)  # negative power of two
+            q = -(a // 4)
+            assert_equal(np.gcd(a,  q*3), q)
+            assert_equal(np.gcd(a, -q*3), q)
+
+    def test_decimal(self):
+        from decimal import Decimal
+        a = np.array([1,  1, -1, -1]) * Decimal('0.20')
+        b = np.array([1, -1,  1, -1]) * Decimal('0.12')
+
+        assert_equal(np.gcd(a, b), 4*[Decimal('0.04')])
+        assert_equal(np.lcm(a, b), 4*[Decimal('0.60')])
+
+    def test_float(self):
+        # not well-defined on float due to rounding errors
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.gcd, 0.3, 0.4)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, np.lcm, 0.3, 0.4)
+
+    def test_builtin_long(self):
+        # sanity check that array coercion is alright for builtin longs
+        assert_equal(np.array(2**200).item(), 2**200)
+
+        # expressed as prime factors
+        a = np.array(2**100 * 3**5)
+        b = np.array([2**100 * 5**7, 2**50 * 3**10])
+        assert_equal(np.gcd(a, b), [2**100,               2**50 * 3**5])
+        assert_equal(np.lcm(a, b), [2**100 * 3**5 * 5**7, 2**100 * 3**10])
+
+        assert_equal(np.gcd(2**100, 3**100), 1)
+
+
+class TestRoundingFunctions:
+
+    def test_object_direct(self):
+        """ test direct implementation of these magic methods """
+        class C:
+            def __floor__(self):
+                return 1
+            def __ceil__(self):
+                return 2
+            def __trunc__(self):
+                return 3
+
+        arr = np.array([C(), C()])
+        assert_equal(np.floor(arr), [1, 1])
+        assert_equal(np.ceil(arr),  [2, 2])
+        assert_equal(np.trunc(arr), [3, 3])
+
+    def test_object_indirect(self):
+        """ test implementations via __float__ """
+        class C:
+            def __float__(self):
+                return -2.5
+
+        arr = np.array([C(), C()])
+        assert_equal(np.floor(arr), [-3, -3])
+        assert_equal(np.ceil(arr),  [-2, -2])
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            np.trunc(arr)  # consistent with math.trunc
+
+    def test_fraction(self):
+        f = Fraction(-4, 3)
+        assert_equal(np.floor(f), -2)
+        assert_equal(np.ceil(f), -1)
+        assert_equal(np.trunc(f), -1)
+
+
+class TestComplexFunctions:
+    funcs = [np.arcsin,  np.arccos,  np.arctan, np.arcsinh, np.arccosh,
+             np.arctanh, np.sin,     np.cos,    np.tan,     np.exp,
+             np.exp2,    np.log,     np.sqrt,   np.log10,   np.log2,
+             np.log1p]
+
+    def test_it(self):
+        for f in self.funcs:
+            if f is np.arccosh:
+                x = 1.5
+            else:
+                x = .5
+            fr = f(x)
+            fz = f(complex(x))
+            assert_almost_equal(fz.real, fr, err_msg='real part %s' % f)
+            assert_almost_equal(fz.imag, 0., err_msg='imag part %s' % f)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_MUSL, reason="gh23049")
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_WASM, reason="doesn't work")
+    def test_precisions_consistent(self):
+        z = 1 + 1j
+        for f in self.funcs:
+            fcf = f(np.csingle(z))
+            fcd = f(np.cdouble(z))
+            fcl = f(np.clongdouble(z))
+            assert_almost_equal(fcf, fcd, decimal=6, err_msg='fch-fcd %s' % f)
+            assert_almost_equal(fcl, fcd, decimal=15, err_msg='fch-fcl %s' % f)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_MUSL, reason="gh23049")
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_WASM, reason="doesn't work")
+    def test_branch_cuts(self):
+        # check branch cuts and continuity on them
+        _check_branch_cut(np.log,   -0.5, 1j, 1, -1, True)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.log2,  -0.5, 1j, 1, -1, True)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.log10, -0.5, 1j, 1, -1, True)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.log1p, -1.5, 1j, 1, -1, True)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.sqrt,  -0.5, 1j, 1, -1, True)
+
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arcsin, [ -2, 2],   [1j, 1j], 1, -1, True)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arccos, [ -2, 2],   [1j, 1j], 1, -1, True)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arctan, [0-2j, 2j],  [1,  1], -1, 1, True)
+
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arcsinh, [0-2j,  2j], [1,   1], -1, 1, True)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arccosh, [ -1, 0.5], [1j,  1j], 1, -1, True)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arctanh, [ -2,   2], [1j, 1j], 1, -1, True)
+
+        # check against bogus branch cuts: assert continuity between quadrants
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arcsin, [0-2j, 2j], [ 1,  1], 1, 1)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arccos, [0-2j, 2j], [ 1,  1], 1, 1)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arctan, [ -2,  2], [1j, 1j], 1, 1)
+
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arcsinh, [ -2,  2, 0], [1j, 1j, 1], 1, 1)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arccosh, [0-2j, 2j, 2], [1,  1,  1j], 1, 1)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arctanh, [0-2j, 2j, 0], [1,  1,  1j], 1, 1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_MUSL, reason="gh23049")
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_WASM, reason="doesn't work")
+    def test_branch_cuts_complex64(self):
+        # check branch cuts and continuity on them
+        _check_branch_cut(np.log,   -0.5, 1j, 1, -1, True, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.log2,  -0.5, 1j, 1, -1, True, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.log10, -0.5, 1j, 1, -1, True, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.log1p, -1.5, 1j, 1, -1, True, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.sqrt,  -0.5, 1j, 1, -1, True, np.complex64)
+
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arcsin, [ -2, 2],   [1j, 1j], 1, -1, True, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arccos, [ -2, 2],   [1j, 1j], 1, -1, True, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arctan, [0-2j, 2j],  [1,  1], -1, 1, True, np.complex64)
+
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arcsinh, [0-2j,  2j], [1,   1], -1, 1, True, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arccosh, [ -1, 0.5], [1j,  1j], 1, -1, True, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arctanh, [ -2,   2], [1j, 1j], 1, -1, True, np.complex64)
+
+        # check against bogus branch cuts: assert continuity between quadrants
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arcsin, [0-2j, 2j], [ 1,  1], 1, 1, False, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arccos, [0-2j, 2j], [ 1,  1], 1, 1, False, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arctan, [ -2,  2], [1j, 1j], 1, 1, False, np.complex64)
+
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arcsinh, [ -2,  2, 0], [1j, 1j, 1], 1, 1, False, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arccosh, [0-2j, 2j, 2], [1,  1,  1j], 1, 1, False, np.complex64)
+        _check_branch_cut(np.arctanh, [0-2j, 2j, 0], [1,  1,  1j], 1, 1, False, np.complex64)
+
+    def test_against_cmath(self):
+        import cmath
+
+        points = [-1-1j, -1+1j, +1-1j, +1+1j]
+        name_map = {'arcsin': 'asin', 'arccos': 'acos', 'arctan': 'atan',
+                    'arcsinh': 'asinh', 'arccosh': 'acosh', 'arctanh': 'atanh'}
+        atol = 4*np.finfo(complex).eps
+        for func in self.funcs:
+            fname = func.__name__.split('.')[-1]
+            cname = name_map.get(fname, fname)
+            try:
+                cfunc = getattr(cmath, cname)
+            except AttributeError:
+                continue
+            for p in points:
+                a = complex(func(np.complex_(p)))
+                b = cfunc(p)
+                assert_(
+                    abs(a - b) < atol,
+                    "%s %s: %s; cmath: %s" % (fname, p, a, b)
+                )
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(
+        # manylinux2014 uses glibc2.17
+        _glibc_older_than("2.18"),
+        reason="Older glibc versions are imprecise (maybe passes with SIMD?)"
+    )
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_MUSL, reason="gh23049")
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(IS_WASM, reason="doesn't work")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [np.complex64, np.complex_, np.longcomplex])
+    def test_loss_of_precision(self, dtype):
+        """Check loss of precision in complex arc* functions"""
+
+        # Check against known-good functions
+
+        info = np.finfo(dtype)
+        real_dtype = dtype(0.).real.dtype
+        eps = info.eps
+
+        def check(x, rtol):
+            x = x.astype(real_dtype)
+
+            z = x.astype(dtype)
+            d = np.absolute(np.arcsinh(x)/np.arcsinh(z).real - 1)
+            assert_(np.all(d < rtol), (np.argmax(d), x[np.argmax(d)], d.max(),
+                                      'arcsinh'))
+
+            z = (1j*x).astype(dtype)
+            d = np.absolute(np.arcsinh(x)/np.arcsin(z).imag - 1)
+            assert_(np.all(d < rtol), (np.argmax(d), x[np.argmax(d)], d.max(),
+                                      'arcsin'))
+
+            z = x.astype(dtype)
+            d = np.absolute(np.arctanh(x)/np.arctanh(z).real - 1)
+            assert_(np.all(d < rtol), (np.argmax(d), x[np.argmax(d)], d.max(),
+                                      'arctanh'))
+
+            z = (1j*x).astype(dtype)
+            d = np.absolute(np.arctanh(x)/np.arctan(z).imag - 1)
+            assert_(np.all(d < rtol), (np.argmax(d), x[np.argmax(d)], d.max(),
+                                      'arctan'))
+
+        # The switchover was chosen as 1e-3; hence there can be up to
+        # ~eps/1e-3 of relative cancellation error before it
+
+        x_series = np.logspace(-20, -3.001, 200)
+        x_basic = np.logspace(-2.999, 0, 10, endpoint=False)
+
+        if dtype is np.longcomplex:
+            if bad_arcsinh():
+                pytest.skip("Trig functions of np.longcomplex values known "
+                            "to be inaccurate on aarch64 and PPC for some "
+                            "compilation configurations.")
+            # It's not guaranteed that the system-provided arc functions
+            # are accurate down to a few epsilons. (Eg. on Linux 64-bit)
+            # So, give more leeway for long complex tests here:
+            check(x_series, 50.0*eps)
+        else:
+            check(x_series, 2.1*eps)
+        check(x_basic, 2.0*eps/1e-3)
+
+        # Check a few points
+
+        z = np.array([1e-5*(1+1j)], dtype=dtype)
+        p = 9.999999999333333333e-6 + 1.000000000066666666e-5j
+        d = np.absolute(1-np.arctanh(z)/p)
+        assert_(np.all(d < 1e-15))
+
+        p = 1.0000000000333333333e-5 + 9.999999999666666667e-6j
+        d = np.absolute(1-np.arcsinh(z)/p)
+        assert_(np.all(d < 1e-15))
+
+        p = 9.999999999333333333e-6j + 1.000000000066666666e-5
+        d = np.absolute(1-np.arctan(z)/p)
+        assert_(np.all(d < 1e-15))
+
+        p = 1.0000000000333333333e-5j + 9.999999999666666667e-6
+        d = np.absolute(1-np.arcsin(z)/p)
+        assert_(np.all(d < 1e-15))
+
+        # Check continuity across switchover points
+
+        def check(func, z0, d=1):
+            z0 = np.asarray(z0, dtype=dtype)
+            zp = z0 + abs(z0) * d * eps * 2
+            zm = z0 - abs(z0) * d * eps * 2
+            assert_(np.all(zp != zm), (zp, zm))
+
+            # NB: the cancellation error at the switchover is at least eps
+            good = (abs(func(zp) - func(zm)) < 2*eps)
+            assert_(np.all(good), (func, z0[~good]))
+
+        for func in (np.arcsinh, np.arcsinh, np.arcsin, np.arctanh, np.arctan):
+            pts = [rp+1j*ip for rp in (-1e-3, 0, 1e-3) for ip in(-1e-3, 0, 1e-3)
+                   if rp != 0 or ip != 0]
+            check(func, pts, 1)
+            check(func, pts, 1j)
+            check(func, pts, 1+1j)
+
+    @np.errstate(all="ignore")
+    def test_promotion_corner_cases(self):
+        for func in self.funcs:
+            assert func(np.float16(1)).dtype == np.float16
+            # Integer to low precision float promotion is a dubious choice:
+            assert func(np.uint8(1)).dtype == np.float16
+            assert func(np.int16(1)).dtype == np.float32
+
+
+class TestAttributes:
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        add = ncu.add
+        assert_equal(add.__name__, 'add')
+        assert_(add.ntypes >= 18)  # don't fail if types added
+        assert_('ii->i' in add.types)
+        assert_equal(add.nin, 2)
+        assert_equal(add.nout, 1)
+        assert_equal(add.identity, 0)
+
+    def test_doc(self):
+        # don't bother checking the long list of kwargs, which are likely to
+        # change
+        assert_(ncu.add.__doc__.startswith(
+            "add(x1, x2, /, out=None, *, where=True"))
+        assert_(ncu.frexp.__doc__.startswith(
+            "frexp(x[, out1, out2], / [, out=(None, None)], *, where=True"))
+
+
+class TestSubclass:
+
+    def test_subclass_op(self):
+
+        class simple(np.ndarray):
+            def __new__(subtype, shape):
+                self = np.ndarray.__new__(subtype, shape, dtype=object)
+                self.fill(0)
+                return self
+
+        a = simple((3, 4))
+        assert_equal(a+a, a)
+
+
+class TestFrompyfunc:
+
+    def test_identity(self):
+        def mul(a, b):
+            return a * b
+
+        # with identity=value
+        mul_ufunc = np.frompyfunc(mul, nin=2, nout=1, identity=1)
+        assert_equal(mul_ufunc.reduce([2, 3, 4]), 24)
+        assert_equal(mul_ufunc.reduce(np.ones((2, 2)), axis=(0, 1)), 1)
+        assert_equal(mul_ufunc.reduce([]), 1)
+
+        # with identity=None (reorderable)
+        mul_ufunc = np.frompyfunc(mul, nin=2, nout=1, identity=None)
+        assert_equal(mul_ufunc.reduce([2, 3, 4]), 24)
+        assert_equal(mul_ufunc.reduce(np.ones((2, 2)), axis=(0, 1)), 1)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: mul_ufunc.reduce([]))
+
+        # with no identity (not reorderable)
+        mul_ufunc = np.frompyfunc(mul, nin=2, nout=1)
+        assert_equal(mul_ufunc.reduce([2, 3, 4]), 24)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: mul_ufunc.reduce(np.ones((2, 2)), axis=(0, 1)))
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: mul_ufunc.reduce([]))
+
+
+def _check_branch_cut(f, x0, dx, re_sign=1, im_sign=-1, sig_zero_ok=False,
+                      dtype=complex):
+    """
+    Check for a branch cut in a function.
+
+    Assert that `x0` lies on a branch cut of function `f` and `f` is
+    continuous from the direction `dx`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    f : func
+        Function to check
+    x0 : array-like
+        Point on branch cut
+    dx : array-like
+        Direction to check continuity in
+    re_sign, im_sign : {1, -1}
+        Change of sign of the real or imaginary part expected
+    sig_zero_ok : bool
+        Whether to check if the branch cut respects signed zero (if applicable)
+    dtype : dtype
+        Dtype to check (should be complex)
+
+    """
+    x0 = np.atleast_1d(x0).astype(dtype)
+    dx = np.atleast_1d(dx).astype(dtype)
+
+    if np.dtype(dtype).char == 'F':
+        scale = np.finfo(dtype).eps * 1e2
+        atol = np.float32(1e-2)
+    else:
+        scale = np.finfo(dtype).eps * 1e3
+        atol = 1e-4
+
+    y0 = f(x0)
+    yp = f(x0 + dx*scale*np.absolute(x0)/np.absolute(dx))
+    ym = f(x0 - dx*scale*np.absolute(x0)/np.absolute(dx))
+
+    assert_(np.all(np.absolute(y0.real - yp.real) < atol), (y0, yp))
+    assert_(np.all(np.absolute(y0.imag - yp.imag) < atol), (y0, yp))
+    assert_(np.all(np.absolute(y0.real - ym.real*re_sign) < atol), (y0, ym))
+    assert_(np.all(np.absolute(y0.imag - ym.imag*im_sign) < atol), (y0, ym))
+
+    if sig_zero_ok:
+        # check that signed zeros also work as a displacement
+        jr = (x0.real == 0) & (dx.real != 0)
+        ji = (x0.imag == 0) & (dx.imag != 0)
+        if np.any(jr):
+            x = x0[jr]
+            x.real = np.NZERO
+            ym = f(x)
+            assert_(np.all(np.absolute(y0[jr].real - ym.real*re_sign) < atol), (y0[jr], ym))
+            assert_(np.all(np.absolute(y0[jr].imag - ym.imag*im_sign) < atol), (y0[jr], ym))
+
+        if np.any(ji):
+            x = x0[ji]
+            x.imag = np.NZERO
+            ym = f(x)
+            assert_(np.all(np.absolute(y0[ji].real - ym.real*re_sign) < atol), (y0[ji], ym))
+            assert_(np.all(np.absolute(y0[ji].imag - ym.imag*im_sign) < atol), (y0[ji], ym))
+
+def test_copysign():
+    assert_(np.copysign(1, -1) == -1)
+    with np.errstate(divide="ignore"):
+        assert_(1 / np.copysign(0, -1) < 0)
+        assert_(1 / np.copysign(0, 1) > 0)
+    assert_(np.signbit(np.copysign(np.nan, -1)))
+    assert_(not np.signbit(np.copysign(np.nan, 1)))
+
+def _test_nextafter(t):
+    one = t(1)
+    two = t(2)
+    zero = t(0)
+    eps = np.finfo(t).eps
+    assert_(np.nextafter(one, two) - one == eps)
+    assert_(np.nextafter(one, zero) - one < 0)
+    assert_(np.isnan(np.nextafter(np.nan, one)))
+    assert_(np.isnan(np.nextafter(one, np.nan)))
+    assert_(np.nextafter(one, one) == one)
+
+def test_nextafter():
+    return _test_nextafter(np.float64)
+
+
+def test_nextafterf():
+    return _test_nextafter(np.float32)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(np.finfo(np.double) == np.finfo(np.longdouble),
+                    reason="long double is same as double")
+@pytest.mark.xfail(condition=platform.machine().startswith("ppc64"),
+                    reason="IBM double double")
+def test_nextafterl():
+    return _test_nextafter(np.longdouble)
+
+
+def test_nextafter_0():
+    for t, direction in itertools.product(np.sctypes['float'], (1, -1)):
+        # The value of tiny for double double is NaN, so we need to pass the
+        # assert
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            sup.filter(UserWarning)
+            if not np.isnan(np.finfo(t).tiny):
+                tiny = np.finfo(t).tiny
+                assert_(
+                    0. < direction * np.nextafter(t(0), t(direction)) < tiny)
+        assert_equal(np.nextafter(t(0), t(direction)) / t(2.1), direction * 0.0)
+
+def _test_spacing(t):
+    one = t(1)
+    eps = np.finfo(t).eps
+    nan = t(np.nan)
+    inf = t(np.inf)
+    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+        assert_equal(np.spacing(one), eps)
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.spacing(nan)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.spacing(inf)))
+        assert_(np.isnan(np.spacing(-inf)))
+        assert_(np.spacing(t(1e30)) != 0)
+
+def test_spacing():
+    return _test_spacing(np.float64)
+
+def test_spacingf():
+    return _test_spacing(np.float32)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(np.finfo(np.double) == np.finfo(np.longdouble),
+                    reason="long double is same as double")
+@pytest.mark.xfail(condition=platform.machine().startswith("ppc64"),
+                    reason="IBM double double")
+def test_spacingl():
+    return _test_spacing(np.longdouble)
+
+def test_spacing_gfortran():
+    # Reference from this fortran file, built with gfortran 4.3.3 on linux
+    # 32bits:
+    #       PROGRAM test_spacing
+    #        INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SGL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=6, r=37)
+    #        INTEGER, PARAMETER :: DBL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=13, r=200)
+    #
+    #        WRITE(*,*) spacing(0.00001_DBL)
+    #        WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_DBL)
+    #        WRITE(*,*) spacing(1000._DBL)
+    #        WRITE(*,*) spacing(10500._DBL)
+    #
+    #        WRITE(*,*) spacing(0.00001_SGL)
+    #        WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_SGL)
+    #        WRITE(*,*) spacing(1000._SGL)
+    #        WRITE(*,*) spacing(10500._SGL)
+    #       END PROGRAM
+    ref = {np.float64: [1.69406589450860068E-021,
+                        2.22044604925031308E-016,
+                        1.13686837721616030E-013,
+                        1.81898940354585648E-012],
+           np.float32: [9.09494702E-13,
+                        1.19209290E-07,
+                        6.10351563E-05,
+                        9.76562500E-04]}
+
+    for dt, dec_ in zip([np.float32, np.float64], (10, 20)):
+        x = np.array([1e-5, 1, 1000, 10500], dtype=dt)
+        assert_array_almost_equal(np.spacing(x), ref[dt], decimal=dec_)
+
+def test_nextafter_vs_spacing():
+    # XXX: spacing does not handle long double yet
+    for t in [np.float32, np.float64]:
+        for _f in [1, 1e-5, 1000]:
+            f = t(_f)
+            f1 = t(_f + 1)
+            assert_(np.nextafter(f, f1) - f == np.spacing(f))
+
+def test_pos_nan():
+    """Check np.nan is a positive nan."""
+    assert_(np.signbit(np.nan) == 0)
+
+def test_reduceat():
+    """Test bug in reduceat when structured arrays are not copied."""
+    db = np.dtype([('name', 'S11'), ('time', np.int64), ('value', np.float32)])
+    a = np.empty([100], dtype=db)
+    a['name'] = 'Simple'
+    a['time'] = 10
+    a['value'] = 100
+    indx = [0, 7, 15, 25]
+
+    h2 = []
+    val1 = indx[0]
+    for val2 in indx[1:]:
+        h2.append(np.add.reduce(a['value'][val1:val2]))
+        val1 = val2
+    h2.append(np.add.reduce(a['value'][val1:]))
+    h2 = np.array(h2)
+
+    # test buffered -- this should work
+    h1 = np.add.reduceat(a['value'], indx)
+    assert_array_almost_equal(h1, h2)
+
+    # This is when the error occurs.
+    # test no buffer
+    np.setbufsize(32)
+    h1 = np.add.reduceat(a['value'], indx)
+    np.setbufsize(np.UFUNC_BUFSIZE_DEFAULT)
+    assert_array_almost_equal(h1, h2)
+
+def test_reduceat_empty():
+    """Reduceat should work with empty arrays"""
+    indices = np.array([], 'i4')
+    x = np.array([], 'f8')
+    result = np.add.reduceat(x, indices)
+    assert_equal(result.dtype, x.dtype)
+    assert_equal(result.shape, (0,))
+    # Another case with a slightly different zero-sized shape
+    x = np.ones((5, 2))
+    result = np.add.reduceat(x, [], axis=0)
+    assert_equal(result.dtype, x.dtype)
+    assert_equal(result.shape, (0, 2))
+    result = np.add.reduceat(x, [], axis=1)
+    assert_equal(result.dtype, x.dtype)
+    assert_equal(result.shape, (5, 0))
+
+def test_complex_nan_comparisons():
+    nans = [complex(np.nan, 0), complex(0, np.nan), complex(np.nan, np.nan)]
+    fins = [complex(1, 0), complex(-1, 0), complex(0, 1), complex(0, -1),
+            complex(1, 1), complex(-1, -1), complex(0, 0)]
+
+    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+        for x in nans + fins:
+            x = np.array([x])
+            for y in nans + fins:
+                y = np.array([y])
+
+                if np.isfinite(x) and np.isfinite(y):
+                    continue
+
+                assert_equal(x < y, False, err_msg="%r < %r" % (x, y))
+                assert_equal(x > y, False, err_msg="%r > %r" % (x, y))
+                assert_equal(x <= y, False, err_msg="%r <= %r" % (x, y))
+                assert_equal(x >= y, False, err_msg="%r >= %r" % (x, y))
+                assert_equal(x == y, False, err_msg="%r == %r" % (x, y))
+
+
+def test_rint_big_int():
+    # np.rint bug for large integer values on Windows 32-bit and MKL
+    # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/6685
+    val = 4607998452777363968
+    # This is exactly representable in floating point
+    assert_equal(val, int(float(val)))
+    # Rint should not change the value
+    assert_equal(val, np.rint(val))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ftype', [np.float32, np.float64])
+def test_memoverlap_accumulate(ftype):
+    # Reproduces bug https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/15597
+    arr = np.array([0.61, 0.60, 0.77, 0.41, 0.19], dtype=ftype)
+    out_max = np.array([0.61, 0.61, 0.77, 0.77, 0.77], dtype=ftype)
+    out_min = np.array([0.61, 0.60, 0.60, 0.41, 0.19], dtype=ftype)
+    assert_equal(np.maximum.accumulate(arr), out_max)
+    assert_equal(np.minimum.accumulate(arr), out_min)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc, dtype", [
+    (ufunc, t[0])
+    for ufunc in UFUNCS_BINARY_ACC
+    for t in ufunc.types
+    if t[-1] == '?' and t[0] not in 'DFGMmO'
+])
+def test_memoverlap_accumulate_cmp(ufunc, dtype):
+    if ufunc.signature:
+        pytest.skip('For generic signatures only')
+    for size in (2, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256):
+        arr = np.array([0, 1, 1]*size, dtype=dtype)
+        acc = ufunc.accumulate(arr, dtype='?')
+        acc_u8 = acc.view(np.uint8)
+        exp = np.array(list(itertools.accumulate(arr, ufunc)), dtype=np.uint8)
+        assert_equal(exp, acc_u8)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc, dtype", [
+    (ufunc, t[0])
+    for ufunc in UFUNCS_BINARY_ACC
+    for t in ufunc.types
+    if t[0] == t[1] and t[0] == t[-1] and t[0] not in 'DFGMmO?'
+])
+def test_memoverlap_accumulate_symmetric(ufunc, dtype):
+    if ufunc.signature:
+        pytest.skip('For generic signatures only')
+    with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+        for size in (2, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256):
+            arr = np.array([0, 1, 2]*size).astype(dtype)
+            acc = ufunc.accumulate(arr, dtype=dtype)
+            exp = np.array(list(itertools.accumulate(arr, ufunc)), dtype=dtype)
+            assert_equal(exp, acc)
+
+def test_signaling_nan_exceptions():
+    with assert_no_warnings():
+        a = np.ndarray(shape=(), dtype='float32', buffer=b'\x00\xe0\xbf\xff')
+        np.isnan(a)
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("arr", [
+    np.arange(2),
+    np.matrix([0, 1]),
+    np.matrix([[0, 1], [2, 5]]),
+    ])
+def test_outer_subclass_preserve(arr):
+    # for gh-8661
+    class foo(np.ndarray): pass
+    actual = np.multiply.outer(arr.view(foo), arr.view(foo))
+    assert actual.__class__.__name__ == 'foo'
+
+def test_outer_bad_subclass():
+    class BadArr1(np.ndarray):
+        def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+            # The outer call reshapes to 3 dims, try to do a bad reshape.
+            if self.ndim == 3:
+                self.shape = self.shape + (1,)
+
+        def __array_prepare__(self, obj, context=None):
+            return obj
+
+    class BadArr2(np.ndarray):
+        def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
+            if isinstance(obj, BadArr2):
+                # outer inserts 1-sized dims. In that case disturb them.
+                if self.shape[-1] == 1:
+                    self.shape = self.shape[::-1]
+
+        def __array_prepare__(self, obj, context=None):
+            return obj
+
+    for cls in [BadArr1, BadArr2]:
+        arr = np.ones((2, 3)).view(cls)
+        with assert_raises(TypeError) as a:
+            # The first array gets reshaped (not the second one)
+            np.add.outer(arr, [1, 2])
+
+        # This actually works, since we only see the reshaping error:
+        arr = np.ones((2, 3)).view(cls)
+        assert type(np.add.outer([1, 2], arr)) is cls
+
+def test_outer_exceeds_maxdims():
+    deep = np.ones((1,) * 17)
+    with assert_raises(ValueError):
+        np.add.outer(deep, deep)
+
+def test_bad_legacy_ufunc_silent_errors():
+    # legacy ufuncs can't report errors and NumPy can't check if the GIL
+    # is released.  So NumPy has to check after the GIL is released just to
+    # cover all bases.  `np.power` uses/used to use this.
+    arr = np.arange(3).astype(np.float64)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=r"How unexpected :\)!"):
+        ncu_tests.always_error(arr, arr)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=r"How unexpected :\)!"):
+        # not contiguous means the fast-path cannot be taken
+        non_contig = arr.repeat(20).reshape(-1, 6)[:, ::2]
+        ncu_tests.always_error(non_contig, arr)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=r"How unexpected :\)!"):
+        ncu_tests.always_error.outer(arr, arr)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=r"How unexpected :\)!"):
+        ncu_tests.always_error.reduce(arr)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=r"How unexpected :\)!"):
+        ncu_tests.always_error.reduceat(arr, [0, 1])
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=r"How unexpected :\)!"):
+        ncu_tests.always_error.accumulate(arr)
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=r"How unexpected :\)!"):
+        ncu_tests.always_error.at(arr, [0, 1, 2], arr)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('x1', [np.arange(3.0), [0.0, 1.0, 2.0]])
+def test_bad_legacy_gufunc_silent_errors(x1):
+    # Verify that an exception raised in a gufunc loop propagates correctly.
+    # The signature of always_error_gufunc is '(i),()->()'.
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=r"How unexpected :\)!"):
+        ncu_tests.always_error_gufunc(x1, 0.0)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_umath_accuracy.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_umath_accuracy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ee4d2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_umath_accuracy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import numpy as np
+import os
+from os import path
+import sys
+import pytest
+from ctypes import c_longlong, c_double, c_float, c_int, cast, pointer, POINTER
+from numpy.testing import assert_array_max_ulp
+from numpy.testing._private.utils import _glibc_older_than
+from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import __cpu_features__
+
+UNARY_UFUNCS = [obj for obj in np.core.umath.__dict__.values() if
+        isinstance(obj, np.ufunc)]
+UNARY_OBJECT_UFUNCS = [uf for uf in UNARY_UFUNCS if "O->O" in uf.types]
+UNARY_OBJECT_UFUNCS.remove(getattr(np, 'invert'))
+
+IS_AVX = __cpu_features__.get('AVX512F', False) or \
+        (__cpu_features__.get('FMA3', False) and __cpu_features__.get('AVX2', False))
+# only run on linux with AVX, also avoid old glibc (numpy/numpy#20448).
+runtest = (sys.platform.startswith('linux')
+           and IS_AVX and not _glibc_older_than("2.17"))
+platform_skip = pytest.mark.skipif(not runtest,
+                                   reason="avoid testing inconsistent platform "
+                                   "library implementations")
+
+# convert string to hex function taken from:
+# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1592158/convert-hex-to-float #
+def convert(s, datatype="np.float32"):
+    i = int(s, 16)                   # convert from hex to a Python int
+    if (datatype == "np.float64"):
+        cp = pointer(c_longlong(i))           # make this into a c long long integer
+        fp = cast(cp, POINTER(c_double))  # cast the int pointer to a double pointer
+    else:
+        cp = pointer(c_int(i))           # make this into a c integer
+        fp = cast(cp, POINTER(c_float))  # cast the int pointer to a float pointer
+
+    return fp.contents.value         # dereference the pointer, get the float
+
+str_to_float = np.vectorize(convert)
+
+class TestAccuracy:
+    @platform_skip
+    def test_validate_transcendentals(self):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            data_dir = path.join(path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
+            files = os.listdir(data_dir)
+            files = list(filter(lambda f: f.endswith('.csv'), files))
+            for filename in files:
+                filepath = path.join(data_dir, filename)
+                with open(filepath) as fid:
+                    file_without_comments = (r for r in fid if not r[0] in ('$', '#'))
+                    data = np.genfromtxt(file_without_comments,
+                                         dtype=('|S39','|S39','|S39',int),
+                                         names=('type','input','output','ulperr'),
+                                         delimiter=',',
+                                         skip_header=1)
+                    npname = path.splitext(filename)[0].split('-')[3]
+                    npfunc = getattr(np, npname)
+                    for datatype in np.unique(data['type']):
+                        data_subset = data[data['type'] == datatype]
+                        inval  = np.array(str_to_float(data_subset['input'].astype(str), data_subset['type'].astype(str)), dtype=eval(datatype))
+                        outval = np.array(str_to_float(data_subset['output'].astype(str), data_subset['type'].astype(str)), dtype=eval(datatype))
+                        perm = np.random.permutation(len(inval))
+                        inval = inval[perm]
+                        outval = outval[perm]
+                        maxulperr = data_subset['ulperr'].max()
+                        assert_array_max_ulp(npfunc(inval), outval, maxulperr)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ufunc", UNARY_OBJECT_UFUNCS)
+    def test_validate_fp16_transcendentals(self, ufunc):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            arr = np.arange(65536, dtype=np.int16)
+            datafp16 = np.frombuffer(arr.tobytes(), dtype=np.float16)
+            datafp32 = datafp16.astype(np.float32)
+            assert_array_max_ulp(ufunc(datafp16), ufunc(datafp32),
+                    maxulp=1, dtype=np.float16)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_umath_complex.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_umath_complex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5430058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_umath_complex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+import sys
+import platform
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+# import the c-extension module directly since _arg is not exported via umath
+import numpy.core._multiarray_umath as ncu
+from numpy.testing import (
+    assert_raises, assert_equal, assert_array_equal, assert_almost_equal, assert_array_max_ulp
+    )
+
+# TODO: branch cuts (use Pauli code)
+# TODO: conj 'symmetry'
+# TODO: FPU exceptions
+
+# At least on Windows the results of many complex functions are not conforming
+# to the C99 standard. See ticket 1574.
+# Ditto for Solaris (ticket 1642) and OS X on PowerPC.
+#FIXME: this will probably change when we require full C99 campatibility
+with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+    functions_seem_flaky = ((np.exp(complex(np.inf, 0)).imag != 0)
+                            or (np.log(complex(np.NZERO, 0)).imag != np.pi))
+# TODO: replace with a check on whether platform-provided C99 funcs are used
+xfail_complex_tests = (not sys.platform.startswith('linux') or functions_seem_flaky)
+
+# TODO This can be xfail when the generator functions are got rid of.
+platform_skip = pytest.mark.skipif(xfail_complex_tests,
+                                   reason="Inadequate C99 complex support")
+
+
+
+class TestCexp:
+    def test_simple(self):
+        check = check_complex_value
+        f = np.exp
+
+        check(f, 1, 0, np.exp(1), 0, False)
+        check(f, 0, 1, np.cos(1), np.sin(1), False)
+
+        ref = np.exp(1) * complex(np.cos(1), np.sin(1))
+        check(f, 1, 1, ref.real, ref.imag, False)
+
+    @platform_skip
+    def test_special_values(self):
+        # C99: Section G 6.3.1
+
+        check = check_complex_value
+        f = np.exp
+
+        # cexp(+-0 + 0i) is 1 + 0i
+        check(f, np.PZERO, 0, 1, 0, False)
+        check(f, np.NZERO, 0, 1, 0, False)
+
+        # cexp(x + infi) is nan + nani for finite x and raises 'invalid' FPU
+        # exception
+        check(f,  1, np.inf, np.nan, np.nan)
+        check(f, -1, np.inf, np.nan, np.nan)
+        check(f,  0, np.inf, np.nan, np.nan)
+
+        # cexp(inf + 0i) is inf + 0i
+        check(f,  np.inf, 0, np.inf, 0)
+
+        # cexp(-inf + yi) is +0 * (cos(y) + i sin(y)) for finite y
+        check(f,  -np.inf, 1, np.PZERO, np.PZERO)
+        check(f,  -np.inf, 0.75 * np.pi, np.NZERO, np.PZERO)
+
+        # cexp(inf + yi) is +inf * (cos(y) + i sin(y)) for finite y
+        check(f,  np.inf, 1, np.inf, np.inf)
+        check(f,  np.inf, 0.75 * np.pi, -np.inf, np.inf)
+
+        # cexp(-inf + inf i) is +-0 +- 0i (signs unspecified)
+        def _check_ninf_inf(dummy):
+            msgform = "cexp(-inf, inf) is (%f, %f), expected (+-0, +-0)"
+            with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                z = f(np.array(complex(-np.inf, np.inf)))
+                if z.real != 0 or z.imag != 0:
+                    raise AssertionError(msgform % (z.real, z.imag))
+
+        _check_ninf_inf(None)
+
+        # cexp(inf + inf i) is +-inf + NaNi and raised invalid FPU ex.
+        def _check_inf_inf(dummy):
+            msgform = "cexp(inf, inf) is (%f, %f), expected (+-inf, nan)"
+            with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                z = f(np.array(complex(np.inf, np.inf)))
+                if not np.isinf(z.real) or not np.isnan(z.imag):
+                    raise AssertionError(msgform % (z.real, z.imag))
+
+        _check_inf_inf(None)
+
+        # cexp(-inf + nan i) is +-0 +- 0i
+        def _check_ninf_nan(dummy):
+            msgform = "cexp(-inf, nan) is (%f, %f), expected (+-0, +-0)"
+            with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                z = f(np.array(complex(-np.inf, np.nan)))
+                if z.real != 0 or z.imag != 0:
+                    raise AssertionError(msgform % (z.real, z.imag))
+
+        _check_ninf_nan(None)
+
+        # cexp(inf + nan i) is +-inf + nan
+        def _check_inf_nan(dummy):
+            msgform = "cexp(-inf, nan) is (%f, %f), expected (+-inf, nan)"
+            with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                z = f(np.array(complex(np.inf, np.nan)))
+                if not np.isinf(z.real) or not np.isnan(z.imag):
+                    raise AssertionError(msgform % (z.real, z.imag))
+
+        _check_inf_nan(None)
+
+        # cexp(nan + yi) is nan + nani for y != 0 (optional: raises invalid FPU
+        # ex)
+        check(f, np.nan, 1, np.nan, np.nan)
+        check(f, np.nan, -1, np.nan, np.nan)
+
+        check(f, np.nan,  np.inf, np.nan, np.nan)
+        check(f, np.nan, -np.inf, np.nan, np.nan)
+
+        # cexp(nan + nani) is nan + nani
+        check(f, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan)
+
+    # TODO This can be xfail when the generator functions are got rid of.
+    @pytest.mark.skip(reason="cexp(nan + 0I) is wrong on most platforms")
+    def test_special_values2(self):
+        # XXX: most implementations get it wrong here (including glibc <= 2.10)
+        # cexp(nan + 0i) is nan + 0i
+        check = check_complex_value
+        f = np.exp
+
+        check(f, np.nan, 0, np.nan, 0)
+
+class TestClog:
+    def test_simple(self):
+        x = np.array([1+0j, 1+2j])
+        y_r = np.log(np.abs(x)) + 1j * np.angle(x)
+        y = np.log(x)
+        assert_almost_equal(y, y_r)
+
+    @platform_skip
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(platform.machine() == "armv5tel", reason="See gh-413.")
+    def test_special_values(self):
+        xl = []
+        yl = []
+
+        # From C99 std (Sec 6.3.2)
+        # XXX: check exceptions raised
+        # --- raise for invalid fails.
+
+        # clog(-0 + i0) returns -inf + i pi and raises the 'divide-by-zero'
+        # floating-point exception.
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise'):
+            x = np.array([np.NZERO], dtype=complex)
+            y = complex(-np.inf, np.pi)
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log, x)
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(+0 + i0) returns -inf + i0 and raises the 'divide-by-zero'
+        # floating-point exception.
+        with np.errstate(divide='raise'):
+            x = np.array([0], dtype=complex)
+            y = complex(-np.inf, 0)
+            assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log, x)
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(x + i inf returns +inf + i pi /2, for finite x.
+        x = np.array([complex(1, np.inf)], dtype=complex)
+        y = complex(np.inf, 0.5 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        x = np.array([complex(-1, np.inf)], dtype=complex)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(x + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN and optionally raises the
+        # 'invalid' floating- point exception, for finite x.
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+            x = np.array([complex(1., np.nan)], dtype=complex)
+            y = complex(np.nan, np.nan)
+            #assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log, x)
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        with np.errstate(invalid='raise'):
+            x = np.array([np.inf + 1j * np.nan], dtype=complex)
+            #assert_raises(FloatingPointError, np.log, x)
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(- inf + iy) returns +inf + ipi , for finite positive-signed y.
+        x = np.array([-np.inf + 1j], dtype=complex)
+        y = complex(np.inf, np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(+ inf + iy) returns +inf + i0, for finite positive-signed y.
+        x = np.array([np.inf + 1j], dtype=complex)
+        y = complex(np.inf, 0)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(- inf + i inf) returns +inf + i3pi /4.
+        x = np.array([complex(-np.inf, np.inf)], dtype=complex)
+        y = complex(np.inf, 0.75 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(+ inf + i inf) returns +inf + ipi /4.
+        x = np.array([complex(np.inf, np.inf)], dtype=complex)
+        y = complex(np.inf, 0.25 * np.pi)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(+/- inf + iNaN) returns +inf + iNaN.
+        x = np.array([complex(np.inf, np.nan)], dtype=complex)
+        y = complex(np.inf, np.nan)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        x = np.array([complex(-np.inf, np.nan)], dtype=complex)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(NaN + iy) returns NaN + iNaN and optionally raises the
+        # 'invalid' floating-point exception, for finite y.
+        x = np.array([complex(np.nan, 1)], dtype=complex)
+        y = complex(np.nan, np.nan)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(NaN + i inf) returns +inf + iNaN.
+        x = np.array([complex(np.nan, np.inf)], dtype=complex)
+        y = complex(np.inf, np.nan)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(NaN + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN.
+        x = np.array([complex(np.nan, np.nan)], dtype=complex)
+        y = complex(np.nan, np.nan)
+        assert_almost_equal(np.log(x), y)
+        xl.append(x)
+        yl.append(y)
+
+        # clog(conj(z)) = conj(clog(z)).
+        xa = np.array(xl, dtype=complex)
+        ya = np.array(yl, dtype=complex)
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            for i in range(len(xa)):
+                assert_almost_equal(np.log(xa[i].conj()), ya[i].conj())
+
+
+class TestCsqrt:
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        # sqrt(1)
+        check_complex_value(np.sqrt, 1, 0, 1, 0)
+
+        # sqrt(1i)
+        rres = 0.5*np.sqrt(2)
+        ires = rres
+        check_complex_value(np.sqrt, 0, 1, rres, ires, False)
+
+        # sqrt(-1)
+        check_complex_value(np.sqrt, -1, 0, 0, 1)
+
+    def test_simple_conjugate(self):
+        ref = np.conj(np.sqrt(complex(1, 1)))
+
+        def f(z):
+            return np.sqrt(np.conj(z))
+
+        check_complex_value(f, 1, 1, ref.real, ref.imag, False)
+
+    #def test_branch_cut(self):
+    #    _check_branch_cut(f, -1, 0, 1, -1)
+
+    @platform_skip
+    def test_special_values(self):
+        # C99: Sec G 6.4.2
+
+        check = check_complex_value
+        f = np.sqrt
+
+        # csqrt(+-0 + 0i) is 0 + 0i
+        check(f, np.PZERO, 0, 0, 0)
+        check(f, np.NZERO, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        # csqrt(x + infi) is inf + infi for any x (including NaN)
+        check(f,  1, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf)
+        check(f, -1, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf)
+
+        check(f, np.PZERO, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf)
+        check(f, np.NZERO, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf)
+        check(f,   np.inf, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf)
+        check(f,  -np.inf, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf)
+        check(f,  -np.nan, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf)
+
+        # csqrt(x + nani) is nan + nani for any finite x
+        check(f,  1, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan)
+        check(f, -1, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan)
+        check(f,  0, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan)
+
+        # csqrt(-inf + yi) is +0 + infi for any finite y > 0
+        check(f, -np.inf, 1, np.PZERO, np.inf)
+
+        # csqrt(inf + yi) is +inf + 0i for any finite y > 0
+        check(f, np.inf, 1, np.inf, np.PZERO)
+
+        # csqrt(-inf + nani) is nan +- infi (both +i infi are valid)
+        def _check_ninf_nan(dummy):
+            msgform = "csqrt(-inf, nan) is (%f, %f), expected (nan, +-inf)"
+            z = np.sqrt(np.array(complex(-np.inf, np.nan)))
+            #Fixme: ugly workaround for isinf bug.
+            with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                if not (np.isnan(z.real) and np.isinf(z.imag)):
+                    raise AssertionError(msgform % (z.real, z.imag))
+
+        _check_ninf_nan(None)
+
+        # csqrt(+inf + nani) is inf + nani
+        check(f, np.inf, np.nan, np.inf, np.nan)
+
+        # csqrt(nan + yi) is nan + nani for any finite y (infinite handled in x
+        # + nani)
+        check(f, np.nan,       0, np.nan, np.nan)
+        check(f, np.nan,       1, np.nan, np.nan)
+        check(f, np.nan,  np.nan, np.nan, np.nan)
+
+        # XXX: check for conj(csqrt(z)) == csqrt(conj(z)) (need to fix branch
+        # cuts first)
+
+class TestCpow:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.olderr = np.seterr(invalid='ignore')
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        np.seterr(**self.olderr)
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        x = np.array([1+1j, 0+2j, 1+2j, np.inf, np.nan])
+        y_r = x ** 2
+        y = np.power(x, 2)
+        assert_almost_equal(y, y_r)
+
+    def test_scalar(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 1j,         2,  2.5+.37j, np.inf, np.nan])
+        y = np.array([1, 1j, -0.5+1.5j, -0.5+1.5j,      2,      3])
+        lx = list(range(len(x)))
+
+        # Hardcode the expected `builtins.complex` values,
+        # as complex exponentiation is broken as of bpo-44698
+        p_r = [
+            1+0j,
+            0.20787957635076193+0j,
+            0.35812203996480685+0.6097119028618724j,
+            0.12659112128185032+0.48847676699581527j,
+            complex(np.inf, np.nan),
+            complex(np.nan, np.nan),
+        ]
+
+        n_r = [x[i] ** y[i] for i in lx]
+        for i in lx:
+            assert_almost_equal(n_r[i], p_r[i], err_msg='Loop %d\n' % i)
+
+    def test_array(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 1j,         2,  2.5+.37j, np.inf, np.nan])
+        y = np.array([1, 1j, -0.5+1.5j, -0.5+1.5j,      2,      3])
+        lx = list(range(len(x)))
+
+        # Hardcode the expected `builtins.complex` values,
+        # as complex exponentiation is broken as of bpo-44698
+        p_r = [
+            1+0j,
+            0.20787957635076193+0j,
+            0.35812203996480685+0.6097119028618724j,
+            0.12659112128185032+0.48847676699581527j,
+            complex(np.inf, np.nan),
+            complex(np.nan, np.nan),
+        ]
+
+        n_r = x ** y
+        for i in lx:
+            assert_almost_equal(n_r[i], p_r[i], err_msg='Loop %d\n' % i)
+
+class TestCabs:
+    def setup_method(self):
+        self.olderr = np.seterr(invalid='ignore')
+
+    def teardown_method(self):
+        np.seterr(**self.olderr)
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        x = np.array([1+1j, 0+2j, 1+2j, np.inf, np.nan])
+        y_r = np.array([np.sqrt(2.), 2, np.sqrt(5), np.inf, np.nan])
+        y = np.abs(x)
+        assert_almost_equal(y, y_r)
+
+    def test_fabs(self):
+        # Test that np.abs(x +- 0j) == np.abs(x) (as mandated by C99 for cabs)
+        x = np.array([1+0j], dtype=complex)
+        assert_array_equal(np.abs(x), np.real(x))
+
+        x = np.array([complex(1, np.NZERO)], dtype=complex)
+        assert_array_equal(np.abs(x), np.real(x))
+
+        x = np.array([complex(np.inf, np.NZERO)], dtype=complex)
+        assert_array_equal(np.abs(x), np.real(x))
+
+        x = np.array([complex(np.nan, np.NZERO)], dtype=complex)
+        assert_array_equal(np.abs(x), np.real(x))
+
+    def test_cabs_inf_nan(self):
+        x, y = [], []
+
+        # cabs(+-nan + nani) returns nan
+        x.append(np.nan)
+        y.append(np.nan)
+        check_real_value(np.abs,  np.nan, np.nan, np.nan)
+
+        x.append(np.nan)
+        y.append(-np.nan)
+        check_real_value(np.abs, -np.nan, np.nan, np.nan)
+
+        # According to C99 standard, if exactly one of the real/part is inf and
+        # the other nan, then cabs should return inf
+        x.append(np.inf)
+        y.append(np.nan)
+        check_real_value(np.abs,  np.inf, np.nan, np.inf)
+
+        x.append(-np.inf)
+        y.append(np.nan)
+        check_real_value(np.abs, -np.inf, np.nan, np.inf)
+
+        # cabs(conj(z)) == conj(cabs(z)) (= cabs(z))
+        def f(a):
+            return np.abs(np.conj(a))
+
+        def g(a, b):
+            return np.abs(complex(a, b))
+
+        xa = np.array(x, dtype=complex)
+        assert len(xa) == len(x) == len(y)
+        for xi, yi in zip(x, y):
+            ref = g(xi, yi)
+            check_real_value(f, xi, yi, ref)
+
+class TestCarg:
+    def test_simple(self):
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, 1, 0, 0, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, 0, 1, 0.5*np.pi, False)
+
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, 1, 1, 0.25*np.pi, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.PZERO, np.PZERO, np.PZERO)
+
+    # TODO This can be xfail when the generator functions are got rid of.
+    @pytest.mark.skip(
+        reason="Complex arithmetic with signed zero fails on most platforms")
+    def test_zero(self):
+        # carg(-0 +- 0i) returns +- pi
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.NZERO, np.PZERO,  np.pi, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.NZERO, np.NZERO, -np.pi, False)
+
+        # carg(+0 +- 0i) returns +- 0
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.PZERO, np.PZERO, np.PZERO)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.PZERO, np.NZERO, np.NZERO)
+
+        # carg(x +- 0i) returns +- 0 for x > 0
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, 1, np.PZERO, np.PZERO, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, 1, np.NZERO, np.NZERO, False)
+
+        # carg(x +- 0i) returns +- pi for x < 0
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, -1, np.PZERO,  np.pi, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, -1, np.NZERO, -np.pi, False)
+
+        # carg(+- 0 + yi) returns pi/2 for y > 0
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.PZERO, 1, 0.5 * np.pi, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.NZERO, 1, 0.5 * np.pi, False)
+
+        # carg(+- 0 + yi) returns -pi/2 for y < 0
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.PZERO, -1, 0.5 * np.pi, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.NZERO, -1, -0.5 * np.pi, False)
+
+    #def test_branch_cuts(self):
+    #    _check_branch_cut(ncu._arg, -1, 1j, -1, 1)
+
+    def test_special_values(self):
+        # carg(-np.inf +- yi) returns +-pi for finite y > 0
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, -np.inf,  1,  np.pi, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, -np.inf, -1, -np.pi, False)
+
+        # carg(np.inf +- yi) returns +-0 for finite y > 0
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.inf,  1, np.PZERO, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.inf, -1, np.NZERO, False)
+
+        # carg(x +- np.infi) returns +-pi/2 for finite x
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, 1,  np.inf,  0.5 * np.pi, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, 1, -np.inf, -0.5 * np.pi, False)
+
+        # carg(-np.inf +- np.infi) returns +-3pi/4
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, -np.inf,  np.inf,  0.75 * np.pi, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, -np.inf, -np.inf, -0.75 * np.pi, False)
+
+        # carg(np.inf +- np.infi) returns +-pi/4
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.inf,  np.inf,  0.25 * np.pi, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.inf, -np.inf, -0.25 * np.pi, False)
+
+        # carg(x + yi) returns np.nan if x or y is nan
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.nan,      0, np.nan, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg,      0, np.nan, np.nan, False)
+
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.nan, np.inf, np.nan, False)
+        check_real_value(ncu._arg, np.inf, np.nan, np.nan, False)
+
+
+def check_real_value(f, x1, y1, x, exact=True):
+    z1 = np.array([complex(x1, y1)])
+    if exact:
+        assert_equal(f(z1), x)
+    else:
+        assert_almost_equal(f(z1), x)
+
+
+def check_complex_value(f, x1, y1, x2, y2, exact=True):
+    z1 = np.array([complex(x1, y1)])
+    z2 = complex(x2, y2)
+    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+        if exact:
+            assert_equal(f(z1), z2)
+        else:
+            assert_almost_equal(f(z1), z2)
+
+class TestSpecialComplexAVX:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("stride", [-4,-2,-1,1,2,4])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("astype", [np.complex64, np.complex128])
+    def test_array(self, stride, astype):
+        arr = np.array([complex(np.nan , np.nan),
+                        complex(np.nan , np.inf),
+                        complex(np.inf , np.nan),
+                        complex(np.inf , np.inf),
+                        complex(0.     , np.inf),
+                        complex(np.inf , 0.),
+                        complex(0.     , 0.),
+                        complex(0.     , np.nan),
+                        complex(np.nan , 0.)], dtype=astype)
+        abs_true = np.array([np.nan, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf, 0., np.nan, np.nan], dtype=arr.real.dtype)
+        sq_true = np.array([complex(np.nan,  np.nan),
+                            complex(np.nan,  np.nan),
+                            complex(np.nan,  np.nan),
+                            complex(np.nan,  np.inf),
+                            complex(-np.inf, np.nan),
+                            complex(np.inf,  np.nan),
+                            complex(0.,     0.),
+                            complex(np.nan, np.nan),
+                            complex(np.nan, np.nan)], dtype=astype)
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            assert_equal(np.abs(arr[::stride]), abs_true[::stride])
+            assert_equal(np.square(arr[::stride]), sq_true[::stride])
+
+class TestComplexAbsoluteAVX:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("arraysize", [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,15,17,18,19])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("stride", [-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("astype", [np.complex64, np.complex128])
+    # test to ensure masking and strides work as intended in the AVX implementation
+    def test_array(self, arraysize, stride, astype):
+        arr = np.ones(arraysize, dtype=astype)
+        abs_true = np.ones(arraysize, dtype=arr.real.dtype)
+        assert_equal(np.abs(arr[::stride]), abs_true[::stride])
+
+# Testcase taken as is from https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/16660
+class TestComplexAbsoluteMixedDTypes:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("stride", [-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("astype", [np.complex64, np.complex128])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func", ['abs', 'square', 'conjugate'])
+
+    def test_array(self, stride, astype, func):
+        dtype = [('template_id', '<i8'), ('bank_chisq','<f4'),
+                 ('bank_chisq_dof','<i8'), ('chisq', '<f4'), ('chisq_dof','<i8'),
+                 ('cont_chisq', '<f4'), ('psd_var_val', '<f4'), ('sg_chisq','<f4'),
+                 ('mycomplex', astype), ('time_index', '<i8')]
+        vec = np.array([
+               (0, 0., 0, -31.666483, 200, 0., 0.,  1.      ,  3.0+4.0j   ,  613090),
+               (1, 0., 0, 260.91525 ,  42, 0., 0.,  1.      ,  5.0+12.0j  ,  787315),
+               (1, 0., 0,  52.15155 ,  42, 0., 0.,  1.      ,  8.0+15.0j  ,  806641),
+               (1, 0., 0,  52.430195,  42, 0., 0.,  1.      ,  7.0+24.0j  , 1363540),
+               (2, 0., 0, 304.43646 ,  58, 0., 0.,  1.      ,  20.0+21.0j ,  787323),
+               (3, 0., 0, 299.42108 ,  52, 0., 0.,  1.      ,  12.0+35.0j ,  787332),
+               (4, 0., 0,  39.4836  ,  28, 0., 0.,  9.182192,  9.0+40.0j  ,  787304),
+               (4, 0., 0,  76.83787 ,  28, 0., 0.,  1.      ,  28.0+45.0j, 1321869),
+               (5, 0., 0, 143.26366 ,  24, 0., 0., 10.996129,  11.0+60.0j ,  787299)], dtype=dtype)
+        myfunc = getattr(np, func)
+        a = vec['mycomplex']
+        g = myfunc(a[::stride])
+
+        b = vec['mycomplex'].copy()
+        h = myfunc(b[::stride])
+
+        assert_array_max_ulp(h.real, g.real, 1)
+        assert_array_max_ulp(h.imag, g.imag, 1)
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_unicode.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_unicode.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5454bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/tests/test_unicode.py
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_, assert_equal, assert_array_equal
+
+def buffer_length(arr):
+    if isinstance(arr, str):
+        if not arr:
+            charmax = 0
+        else:
+            charmax = max([ord(c) for c in arr])
+        if charmax < 256:
+            size = 1
+        elif charmax < 65536:
+            size = 2
+        else:
+            size = 4
+        return size * len(arr)
+    v = memoryview(arr)
+    if v.shape is None:
+        return len(v) * v.itemsize
+    else:
+        return np.prod(v.shape) * v.itemsize
+
+
+# In both cases below we need to make sure that the byte swapped value (as
+# UCS4) is still a valid unicode:
+# Value that can be represented in UCS2 interpreters
+ucs2_value = '\u0900'
+# Value that cannot be represented in UCS2 interpreters (but can in UCS4)
+ucs4_value = '\U00100900'
+
+
+def test_string_cast():
+    str_arr = np.array(["1234", "1234\0\0"], dtype='S')
+    uni_arr1 = str_arr.astype('>U')
+    uni_arr2 = str_arr.astype('<U')
+
+    assert_array_equal(str_arr != uni_arr1, np.ones(2, dtype=bool))
+    assert_array_equal(uni_arr1 != str_arr, np.ones(2, dtype=bool))
+    assert_array_equal(str_arr == uni_arr1, np.zeros(2, dtype=bool))
+    assert_array_equal(uni_arr1 == str_arr, np.zeros(2, dtype=bool))
+
+    assert_array_equal(uni_arr1, uni_arr2)
+
+
+############################################################
+#    Creation tests
+############################################################
+
+class CreateZeros:
+    """Check the creation of zero-valued arrays"""
+
+    def content_check(self, ua, ua_scalar, nbytes):
+
+        # Check the length of the unicode base type
+        assert_(int(ua.dtype.str[2:]) == self.ulen)
+        # Check the length of the data buffer
+        assert_(buffer_length(ua) == nbytes)
+        # Small check that data in array element is ok
+        assert_(ua_scalar == '')
+        # Encode to ascii and double check
+        assert_(ua_scalar.encode('ascii') == b'')
+        # Check buffer lengths for scalars
+        assert_(buffer_length(ua_scalar) == 0)
+
+    def test_zeros0D(self):
+        # Check creation of 0-dimensional objects
+        ua = np.zeros((), dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[()], 4*self.ulen)
+
+    def test_zerosSD(self):
+        # Check creation of single-dimensional objects
+        ua = np.zeros((2,), dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[0], 4*self.ulen*2)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[1], 4*self.ulen*2)
+
+    def test_zerosMD(self):
+        # Check creation of multi-dimensional objects
+        ua = np.zeros((2, 3, 4), dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[0, 0, 0], 4*self.ulen*2*3*4)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[-1, -1, -1], 4*self.ulen*2*3*4)
+
+
+class TestCreateZeros_1(CreateZeros):
+    """Check the creation of zero-valued arrays (size 1)"""
+    ulen = 1
+
+
+class TestCreateZeros_2(CreateZeros):
+    """Check the creation of zero-valued arrays (size 2)"""
+    ulen = 2
+
+
+class TestCreateZeros_1009(CreateZeros):
+    """Check the creation of zero-valued arrays (size 1009)"""
+    ulen = 1009
+
+
+class CreateValues:
+    """Check the creation of unicode arrays with values"""
+
+    def content_check(self, ua, ua_scalar, nbytes):
+
+        # Check the length of the unicode base type
+        assert_(int(ua.dtype.str[2:]) == self.ulen)
+        # Check the length of the data buffer
+        assert_(buffer_length(ua) == nbytes)
+        # Small check that data in array element is ok
+        assert_(ua_scalar == self.ucs_value*self.ulen)
+        # Encode to UTF-8 and double check
+        assert_(ua_scalar.encode('utf-8') ==
+                        (self.ucs_value*self.ulen).encode('utf-8'))
+        # Check buffer lengths for scalars
+        if self.ucs_value == ucs4_value:
+            # In UCS2, the \U0010FFFF will be represented using a
+            # surrogate *pair*
+            assert_(buffer_length(ua_scalar) == 2*2*self.ulen)
+        else:
+            # In UCS2, the \uFFFF will be represented using a
+            # regular 2-byte word
+            assert_(buffer_length(ua_scalar) == 2*self.ulen)
+
+    def test_values0D(self):
+        # Check creation of 0-dimensional objects with values
+        ua = np.array(self.ucs_value*self.ulen, dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[()], 4*self.ulen)
+
+    def test_valuesSD(self):
+        # Check creation of single-dimensional objects with values
+        ua = np.array([self.ucs_value*self.ulen]*2, dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[0], 4*self.ulen*2)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[1], 4*self.ulen*2)
+
+    def test_valuesMD(self):
+        # Check creation of multi-dimensional objects with values
+        ua = np.array([[[self.ucs_value*self.ulen]*2]*3]*4, dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[0, 0, 0], 4*self.ulen*2*3*4)
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[-1, -1, -1], 4*self.ulen*2*3*4)
+
+
+class TestCreateValues_1_UCS2(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of valued arrays (size 1, UCS2 values)"""
+    ulen = 1
+    ucs_value = ucs2_value
+
+
+class TestCreateValues_1_UCS4(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of valued arrays (size 1, UCS4 values)"""
+    ulen = 1
+    ucs_value = ucs4_value
+
+
+class TestCreateValues_2_UCS2(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of valued arrays (size 2, UCS2 values)"""
+    ulen = 2
+    ucs_value = ucs2_value
+
+
+class TestCreateValues_2_UCS4(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of valued arrays (size 2, UCS4 values)"""
+    ulen = 2
+    ucs_value = ucs4_value
+
+
+class TestCreateValues_1009_UCS2(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of valued arrays (size 1009, UCS2 values)"""
+    ulen = 1009
+    ucs_value = ucs2_value
+
+
+class TestCreateValues_1009_UCS4(CreateValues):
+    """Check the creation of valued arrays (size 1009, UCS4 values)"""
+    ulen = 1009
+    ucs_value = ucs4_value
+
+
+############################################################
+#    Assignment tests
+############################################################
+
+class AssignValues:
+    """Check the assignment of unicode arrays with values"""
+
+    def content_check(self, ua, ua_scalar, nbytes):
+
+        # Check the length of the unicode base type
+        assert_(int(ua.dtype.str[2:]) == self.ulen)
+        # Check the length of the data buffer
+        assert_(buffer_length(ua) == nbytes)
+        # Small check that data in array element is ok
+        assert_(ua_scalar == self.ucs_value*self.ulen)
+        # Encode to UTF-8 and double check
+        assert_(ua_scalar.encode('utf-8') ==
+                        (self.ucs_value*self.ulen).encode('utf-8'))
+        # Check buffer lengths for scalars
+        if self.ucs_value == ucs4_value:
+            # In UCS2, the \U0010FFFF will be represented using a
+            # surrogate *pair*
+            assert_(buffer_length(ua_scalar) == 2*2*self.ulen)
+        else:
+            # In UCS2, the \uFFFF will be represented using a
+            # regular 2-byte word
+            assert_(buffer_length(ua_scalar) == 2*self.ulen)
+
+    def test_values0D(self):
+        # Check assignment of 0-dimensional objects with values
+        ua = np.zeros((), dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        ua[()] = self.ucs_value*self.ulen
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[()], 4*self.ulen)
+
+    def test_valuesSD(self):
+        # Check assignment of single-dimensional objects with values
+        ua = np.zeros((2,), dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        ua[0] = self.ucs_value*self.ulen
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[0], 4*self.ulen*2)
+        ua[1] = self.ucs_value*self.ulen
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[1], 4*self.ulen*2)
+
+    def test_valuesMD(self):
+        # Check assignment of multi-dimensional objects with values
+        ua = np.zeros((2, 3, 4), dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        ua[0, 0, 0] = self.ucs_value*self.ulen
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[0, 0, 0], 4*self.ulen*2*3*4)
+        ua[-1, -1, -1] = self.ucs_value*self.ulen
+        self.content_check(ua, ua[-1, -1, -1], 4*self.ulen*2*3*4)
+
+
+class TestAssignValues_1_UCS2(AssignValues):
+    """Check the assignment of valued arrays (size 1, UCS2 values)"""
+    ulen = 1
+    ucs_value = ucs2_value
+
+
+class TestAssignValues_1_UCS4(AssignValues):
+    """Check the assignment of valued arrays (size 1, UCS4 values)"""
+    ulen = 1
+    ucs_value = ucs4_value
+
+
+class TestAssignValues_2_UCS2(AssignValues):
+    """Check the assignment of valued arrays (size 2, UCS2 values)"""
+    ulen = 2
+    ucs_value = ucs2_value
+
+
+class TestAssignValues_2_UCS4(AssignValues):
+    """Check the assignment of valued arrays (size 2, UCS4 values)"""
+    ulen = 2
+    ucs_value = ucs4_value
+
+
+class TestAssignValues_1009_UCS2(AssignValues):
+    """Check the assignment of valued arrays (size 1009, UCS2 values)"""
+    ulen = 1009
+    ucs_value = ucs2_value
+
+
+class TestAssignValues_1009_UCS4(AssignValues):
+    """Check the assignment of valued arrays (size 1009, UCS4 values)"""
+    ulen = 1009
+    ucs_value = ucs4_value
+
+
+############################################################
+#    Byteorder tests
+############################################################
+
+class ByteorderValues:
+    """Check the byteorder of unicode arrays in round-trip conversions"""
+
+    def test_values0D(self):
+        # Check byteorder of 0-dimensional objects
+        ua = np.array(self.ucs_value*self.ulen, dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        ua2 = ua.newbyteorder()
+        # This changes the interpretation of the data region (but not the
+        #  actual data), therefore the returned scalars are not
+        #  the same (they are byte-swapped versions of each other).
+        assert_(ua[()] != ua2[()])
+        ua3 = ua2.newbyteorder()
+        # Arrays must be equal after the round-trip
+        assert_equal(ua, ua3)
+
+    def test_valuesSD(self):
+        # Check byteorder of single-dimensional objects
+        ua = np.array([self.ucs_value*self.ulen]*2, dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        ua2 = ua.newbyteorder()
+        assert_((ua != ua2).all())
+        assert_(ua[-1] != ua2[-1])
+        ua3 = ua2.newbyteorder()
+        # Arrays must be equal after the round-trip
+        assert_equal(ua, ua3)
+
+    def test_valuesMD(self):
+        # Check byteorder of multi-dimensional objects
+        ua = np.array([[[self.ucs_value*self.ulen]*2]*3]*4,
+                      dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        ua2 = ua.newbyteorder()
+        assert_((ua != ua2).all())
+        assert_(ua[-1, -1, -1] != ua2[-1, -1, -1])
+        ua3 = ua2.newbyteorder()
+        # Arrays must be equal after the round-trip
+        assert_equal(ua, ua3)
+
+    def test_values_cast(self):
+        # Check byteorder of when casting the array for a strided and
+        # contiguous array:
+        test1 = np.array([self.ucs_value*self.ulen]*2, dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        test2 = np.repeat(test1, 2)[::2]
+        for ua in (test1, test2):
+            ua2 = ua.astype(dtype=ua.dtype.newbyteorder())
+            assert_((ua == ua2).all())
+            assert_(ua[-1] == ua2[-1])
+            ua3 = ua2.astype(dtype=ua.dtype)
+            # Arrays must be equal after the round-trip
+            assert_equal(ua, ua3)
+
+    def test_values_updowncast(self):
+        # Check byteorder of when casting the array to a longer and shorter
+        # string length for strided and contiguous arrays
+        test1 = np.array([self.ucs_value*self.ulen]*2, dtype='U%s' % self.ulen)
+        test2 = np.repeat(test1, 2)[::2]
+        for ua in (test1, test2):
+            # Cast to a longer type with zero padding
+            longer_type = np.dtype('U%s' % (self.ulen+1)).newbyteorder()
+            ua2 = ua.astype(dtype=longer_type)
+            assert_((ua == ua2).all())
+            assert_(ua[-1] == ua2[-1])
+            # Cast back again with truncating:
+            ua3 = ua2.astype(dtype=ua.dtype)
+            # Arrays must be equal after the round-trip
+            assert_equal(ua, ua3)
+
+
+class TestByteorder_1_UCS2(ByteorderValues):
+    """Check the byteorder in unicode (size 1, UCS2 values)"""
+    ulen = 1
+    ucs_value = ucs2_value
+
+
+class TestByteorder_1_UCS4(ByteorderValues):
+    """Check the byteorder in unicode (size 1, UCS4 values)"""
+    ulen = 1
+    ucs_value = ucs4_value
+
+
+class TestByteorder_2_UCS2(ByteorderValues):
+    """Check the byteorder in unicode (size 2, UCS2 values)"""
+    ulen = 2
+    ucs_value = ucs2_value
+
+
+class TestByteorder_2_UCS4(ByteorderValues):
+    """Check the byteorder in unicode (size 2, UCS4 values)"""
+    ulen = 2
+    ucs_value = ucs4_value
+
+
+class TestByteorder_1009_UCS2(ByteorderValues):
+    """Check the byteorder in unicode (size 1009, UCS2 values)"""
+    ulen = 1009
+    ucs_value = ucs2_value
+
+
+class TestByteorder_1009_UCS4(ByteorderValues):
+    """Check the byteorder in unicode (size 1009, UCS4 values)"""
+    ulen = 1009
+    ucs_value = ucs4_value
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/umath.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/umath.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a5474ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/umath.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+"""
+Create the numpy.core.umath namespace for backward compatibility. In v1.16
+the multiarray and umath c-extension modules were merged into a single
+_multiarray_umath extension module. So we replicate the old namespace
+by importing from the extension module.
+
+"""
+
+from . import _multiarray_umath
+from ._multiarray_umath import *  # noqa: F403
+# These imports are needed for backward compatibility,
+# do not change them. issue gh-11862
+# _ones_like is semi-public, on purpose not added to __all__
+from ._multiarray_umath import _UFUNC_API, _add_newdoc_ufunc, _ones_like
+
+__all__ = [
+    '_UFUNC_API', 'ERR_CALL', 'ERR_DEFAULT', 'ERR_IGNORE', 'ERR_LOG',
+    'ERR_PRINT', 'ERR_RAISE', 'ERR_WARN', 'FLOATING_POINT_SUPPORT',
+    'FPE_DIVIDEBYZERO', 'FPE_INVALID', 'FPE_OVERFLOW', 'FPE_UNDERFLOW', 'NAN',
+    'NINF', 'NZERO', 'PINF', 'PZERO', 'SHIFT_DIVIDEBYZERO', 'SHIFT_INVALID',
+    'SHIFT_OVERFLOW', 'SHIFT_UNDERFLOW', 'UFUNC_BUFSIZE_DEFAULT',
+    'UFUNC_PYVALS_NAME', '_add_newdoc_ufunc', 'absolute', 'add',
+    'arccos', 'arccosh', 'arcsin', 'arcsinh', 'arctan', 'arctan2', 'arctanh',
+    'bitwise_and', 'bitwise_or', 'bitwise_xor', 'cbrt', 'ceil', 'conj',
+    'conjugate', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'deg2rad', 'degrees', 'divide',
+    'divmod', 'e', 'equal', 'euler_gamma', 'exp', 'exp2', 'expm1', 'fabs',
+    'floor', 'floor_divide', 'float_power', 'fmax', 'fmin', 'fmod', 'frexp',
+    'frompyfunc', 'gcd', 'geterrobj', 'greater', 'greater_equal', 'heaviside',
+    'hypot', 'invert', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isnat', 'lcm', 'ldexp',
+    'left_shift', 'less', 'less_equal', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2',
+    'logaddexp', 'logaddexp2', 'logical_and', 'logical_not', 'logical_or',
+    'logical_xor', 'maximum', 'minimum', 'mod', 'modf', 'multiply', 'negative',
+    'nextafter', 'not_equal', 'pi', 'positive', 'power', 'rad2deg', 'radians',
+    'reciprocal', 'remainder', 'right_shift', 'rint', 'seterrobj', 'sign',
+    'signbit', 'sin', 'sinh', 'spacing', 'sqrt', 'square', 'subtract', 'tan',
+    'tanh', 'true_divide', 'trunc']
diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/umath_tests.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/umath_tests.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90ab17e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy/core/umath_tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""
+Shim for _umath_tests to allow a deprecation period for the new name.
+
+"""
+import warnings
+
+# 2018-04-04, numpy 1.15.0
+warnings.warn(("numpy.core.umath_tests is an internal NumPy "
+               "module and should not be imported. It will "
+               "be removed in a future NumPy release."),
+              category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+from ._umath_tests import *