two version of R2R are hereHEADmaster

1 files changed, 1747 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/psutil/tests/test_process.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/psutil/tests/test_process.py
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/psutil/tests/test_process.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1747 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Tests for psutil.Process class."""
+
+import collections
+import errno
+import getpass
+import itertools
+import os
+import signal
+import socket
+import stat
+import string
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import time
+import types
+
+import psutil
+from psutil import AIX
+from psutil import BSD
+from psutil import LINUX
+from psutil import MACOS
+from psutil import NETBSD
+from psutil import OPENBSD
+from psutil import OSX
+from psutil import POSIX
+from psutil import WINDOWS
+from psutil._common import open_text
+from psutil._compat import PY3
+from psutil._compat import FileNotFoundError
+from psutil._compat import long
+from psutil._compat import redirect_stderr
+from psutil._compat import super
+from psutil.tests import APPVEYOR
+from psutil.tests import CI_TESTING
+from psutil.tests import GITHUB_ACTIONS
+from psutil.tests import GLOBAL_TIMEOUT
+from psutil.tests import HAS_CPU_AFFINITY
+from psutil.tests import HAS_ENVIRON
+from psutil.tests import HAS_IONICE
+from psutil.tests import HAS_MEMORY_MAPS
+from psutil.tests import HAS_PROC_CPU_NUM
+from psutil.tests import HAS_PROC_IO_COUNTERS
+from psutil.tests import HAS_RLIMIT
+from psutil.tests import HAS_THREADS
+from psutil.tests import MACOS_11PLUS
+from psutil.tests import PYPY
+from psutil.tests import PYTHON_EXE
+from psutil.tests import PYTHON_EXE_ENV
+from psutil.tests import QEMU_USER
+from psutil.tests import PsutilTestCase
+from psutil.tests import ThreadTask
+from psutil.tests import call_until
+from psutil.tests import copyload_shared_lib
+from psutil.tests import create_c_exe
+from psutil.tests import create_py_exe
+from psutil.tests import mock
+from psutil.tests import process_namespace
+from psutil.tests import pytest
+from psutil.tests import reap_children
+from psutil.tests import retry_on_failure
+from psutil.tests import sh
+from psutil.tests import skip_on_access_denied
+from psutil.tests import skip_on_not_implemented
+from psutil.tests import wait_for_pid
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- psutil.Process class tests
+# ===================================================================
+
+
+class TestProcess(PsutilTestCase):
+    """Tests for psutil.Process class."""
+
+    def spawn_psproc(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        sproc = self.spawn_testproc(*args, **kwargs)
+        try:
+            return psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+            self.assertPidGone(sproc.pid)
+            raise
+
+    # ---
+
+    def test_pid(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        assert p.pid == os.getpid()
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+            p.pid = 33
+
+    def test_kill(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        p.kill()
+        code = p.wait()
+        if WINDOWS:
+            assert code == signal.SIGTERM
+        else:
+            assert code == -signal.SIGKILL
+        self.assertProcessGone(p)
+
+    def test_terminate(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        p.terminate()
+        code = p.wait()
+        if WINDOWS:
+            assert code == signal.SIGTERM
+        else:
+            assert code == -signal.SIGTERM
+        self.assertProcessGone(p)
+
+    def test_send_signal(self):
+        sig = signal.SIGKILL if POSIX else signal.SIGTERM
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        p.send_signal(sig)
+        code = p.wait()
+        if WINDOWS:
+            assert code == sig
+        else:
+            assert code == -sig
+        self.assertProcessGone(p)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not POSIX, reason="not POSIX")
+    def test_send_signal_mocked(self):
+        sig = signal.SIGTERM
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        with mock.patch(
+            'psutil.os.kill', side_effect=OSError(errno.ESRCH, "")
+        ):
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
+                p.send_signal(sig)
+
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        with mock.patch(
+            'psutil.os.kill', side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "")
+        ):
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.AccessDenied):
+                p.send_signal(sig)
+
+    def test_wait_exited(self):
+        # Test waitpid() + WIFEXITED -> WEXITSTATUS.
+        # normal return, same as exit(0)
+        cmd = [PYTHON_EXE, "-c", "pass"]
+        p = self.spawn_psproc(cmd)
+        code = p.wait()
+        assert code == 0
+        self.assertProcessGone(p)
+        # exit(1), implicit in case of error
+        cmd = [PYTHON_EXE, "-c", "1 / 0"]
+        p = self.spawn_psproc(cmd, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        code = p.wait()
+        assert code == 1
+        self.assertProcessGone(p)
+        # via sys.exit()
+        cmd = [PYTHON_EXE, "-c", "import sys; sys.exit(5);"]
+        p = self.spawn_psproc(cmd)
+        code = p.wait()
+        assert code == 5
+        self.assertProcessGone(p)
+        # via os._exit()
+        cmd = [PYTHON_EXE, "-c", "import os; os._exit(5);"]
+        p = self.spawn_psproc(cmd)
+        code = p.wait()
+        assert code == 5
+        self.assertProcessGone(p)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(NETBSD, reason="fails on NETBSD")
+    def test_wait_stopped(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        if POSIX:
+            # Test waitpid() + WIFSTOPPED and WIFCONTINUED.
+            # Note: if a process is stopped it ignores SIGTERM.
+            p.send_signal(signal.SIGSTOP)
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.TimeoutExpired):
+                p.wait(timeout=0.001)
+            p.send_signal(signal.SIGCONT)
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.TimeoutExpired):
+                p.wait(timeout=0.001)
+            p.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM)
+            assert p.wait() == -signal.SIGTERM
+            assert p.wait() == -signal.SIGTERM
+        else:
+            p.suspend()
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.TimeoutExpired):
+                p.wait(timeout=0.001)
+            p.resume()
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.TimeoutExpired):
+                p.wait(timeout=0.001)
+            p.terminate()
+            assert p.wait() == signal.SIGTERM
+            assert p.wait() == signal.SIGTERM
+
+    def test_wait_non_children(self):
+        # Test wait() against a process which is not our direct
+        # child.
+        child, grandchild = self.spawn_children_pair()
+        with pytest.raises(psutil.TimeoutExpired):
+            child.wait(0.01)
+        with pytest.raises(psutil.TimeoutExpired):
+            grandchild.wait(0.01)
+        # We also terminate the direct child otherwise the
+        # grandchild will hang until the parent is gone.
+        child.terminate()
+        grandchild.terminate()
+        child_ret = child.wait()
+        grandchild_ret = grandchild.wait()
+        if POSIX:
+            assert child_ret == -signal.SIGTERM
+            # For processes which are not our children we're supposed
+            # to get None.
+            assert grandchild_ret is None
+        else:
+            assert child_ret == signal.SIGTERM
+            assert child_ret == signal.SIGTERM
+
+    def test_wait_timeout(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        p.name()
+        with pytest.raises(psutil.TimeoutExpired):
+            p.wait(0.01)
+        with pytest.raises(psutil.TimeoutExpired):
+            p.wait(0)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.wait(-1)
+
+    def test_wait_timeout_nonblocking(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        with pytest.raises(psutil.TimeoutExpired):
+            p.wait(0)
+        p.kill()
+        stop_at = time.time() + GLOBAL_TIMEOUT
+        while time.time() < stop_at:
+            try:
+                code = p.wait(0)
+                break
+            except psutil.TimeoutExpired:
+                pass
+        else:
+            raise self.fail('timeout')
+        if POSIX:
+            assert code == -signal.SIGKILL
+        else:
+            assert code == signal.SIGTERM
+        self.assertProcessGone(p)
+
+    def test_cpu_percent(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        p.cpu_percent(interval=0.001)
+        p.cpu_percent(interval=0.001)
+        for _ in range(100):
+            percent = p.cpu_percent(interval=None)
+            assert isinstance(percent, float)
+            assert percent >= 0.0
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.cpu_percent(interval=-1)
+
+    def test_cpu_percent_numcpus_none(self):
+        # See: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1087
+        with mock.patch('psutil.cpu_count', return_value=None) as m:
+            psutil.Process().cpu_percent()
+            assert m.called
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(QEMU_USER, reason="QEMU user not supported")
+    def test_cpu_times(self):
+        times = psutil.Process().cpu_times()
+        assert times.user >= 0.0, times
+        assert times.system >= 0.0, times
+        assert times.children_user >= 0.0, times
+        assert times.children_system >= 0.0, times
+        if LINUX:
+            assert times.iowait >= 0.0, times
+        # make sure returned values can be pretty printed with strftime
+        for name in times._fields:
+            time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.localtime(getattr(times, name)))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(QEMU_USER, reason="QEMU user not supported")
+    def test_cpu_times_2(self):
+        user_time, kernel_time = psutil.Process().cpu_times()[:2]
+        utime, ktime = os.times()[:2]
+
+        # Use os.times()[:2] as base values to compare our results
+        # using a tolerance  of +/- 0.1 seconds.
+        # It will fail if the difference between the values is > 0.1s.
+        if (max([user_time, utime]) - min([user_time, utime])) > 0.1:
+            raise self.fail("expected: %s, found: %s" % (utime, user_time))
+
+        if (max([kernel_time, ktime]) - min([kernel_time, ktime])) > 0.1:
+            raise self.fail("expected: %s, found: %s" % (ktime, kernel_time))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_PROC_CPU_NUM, reason="not supported")
+    def test_cpu_num(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        num = p.cpu_num()
+        assert num >= 0
+        if psutil.cpu_count() == 1:
+            assert num == 0
+        assert p.cpu_num() in range(psutil.cpu_count())
+
+    def test_create_time(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        now = time.time()
+        create_time = p.create_time()
+
+        # Use time.time() as base value to compare our result using a
+        # tolerance of +/- 1 second.
+        # It will fail if the difference between the values is > 2s.
+        difference = abs(create_time - now)
+        if difference > 2:
+            raise self.fail(
+                "expected: %s, found: %s, difference: %s"
+                % (now, create_time, difference)
+            )
+
+        # make sure returned value can be pretty printed with strftime
+        time.strftime("%Y %m %d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(p.create_time()))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not POSIX, reason="POSIX only")
+    def test_terminal(self):
+        terminal = psutil.Process().terminal()
+        if terminal is not None:
+            try:
+                tty = os.path.realpath(sh('tty'))
+            except RuntimeError:
+                # Note: happens if pytest is run without the `-s` opt.
+                raise pytest.skip("can't rely on `tty` CLI")
+            else:
+                assert terminal == tty
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_PROC_IO_COUNTERS, reason="not supported")
+    @skip_on_not_implemented(only_if=LINUX)
+    def test_io_counters(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        # test reads
+        io1 = p.io_counters()
+        with open(PYTHON_EXE, 'rb') as f:
+            f.read()
+        io2 = p.io_counters()
+        if not BSD and not AIX:
+            assert io2.read_count > io1.read_count
+            assert io2.write_count == io1.write_count
+            if LINUX:
+                assert io2.read_chars > io1.read_chars
+                assert io2.write_chars == io1.write_chars
+        else:
+            assert io2.read_bytes >= io1.read_bytes
+            assert io2.write_bytes >= io1.write_bytes
+
+        # test writes
+        io1 = p.io_counters()
+        with open(self.get_testfn(), 'wb') as f:
+            if PY3:
+                f.write(bytes("x" * 1000000, 'ascii'))
+            else:
+                f.write("x" * 1000000)
+        io2 = p.io_counters()
+        assert io2.write_count >= io1.write_count
+        assert io2.write_bytes >= io1.write_bytes
+        assert io2.read_count >= io1.read_count
+        assert io2.read_bytes >= io1.read_bytes
+        if LINUX:
+            assert io2.write_chars > io1.write_chars
+            assert io2.read_chars >= io1.read_chars
+
+        # sanity check
+        for i in range(len(io2)):
+            if BSD and i >= 2:
+                # On BSD read_bytes and write_bytes are always set to -1.
+                continue
+            assert io2[i] >= 0
+            assert io2[i] >= 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_IONICE, reason="not supported")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not LINUX, reason="linux only")
+    def test_ionice_linux(self):
+        def cleanup(init):
+            ioclass, value = init
+            if ioclass == psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE:
+                value = 0
+            p.ionice(ioclass, value)
+
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        if not CI_TESTING:
+            assert p.ionice()[0] == psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE
+        assert psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE == 0
+        assert psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_RT == 1  # high
+        assert psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_BE == 2  # normal
+        assert psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE == 3  # low
+        init = p.ionice()
+        self.addCleanup(cleanup, init)
+
+        # low
+        p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE)
+        assert tuple(p.ionice()) == (psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE, 0)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):  # accepts no value
+            p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE, value=7)
+        # normal
+        p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_BE)
+        assert tuple(p.ionice()) == (psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, 0)
+        p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, value=7)
+        assert tuple(p.ionice()) == (psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, 7)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, value=8)
+        try:
+            p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_RT, value=7)
+        except psutil.AccessDenied:
+            pass
+        # errs
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="ioclass accepts no value"):
+            p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE, 1)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="ioclass accepts no value"):
+            p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE, 1)
+        with pytest.raises(
+            ValueError, match="'ioclass' argument must be specified"
+        ):
+            p.ionice(value=1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_IONICE, reason="not supported")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not WINDOWS, reason="not supported on this win version"
+    )
+    def test_ionice_win(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        if not CI_TESTING:
+            assert p.ionice() == psutil.IOPRIO_NORMAL
+        init = p.ionice()
+        self.addCleanup(p.ionice, init)
+
+        # base
+        p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_VERYLOW)
+        assert p.ionice() == psutil.IOPRIO_VERYLOW
+        p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_LOW)
+        assert p.ionice() == psutil.IOPRIO_LOW
+        try:
+            p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_HIGH)
+        except psutil.AccessDenied:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert p.ionice() == psutil.IOPRIO_HIGH
+        # errs
+        with pytest.raises(
+            TypeError, match="value argument not accepted on Windows"
+        ):
+            p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_NORMAL, value=1)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="is not a valid priority"):
+            p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_HIGH + 1)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_RLIMIT, reason="not supported")
+    def test_rlimit_get(self):
+        import resource
+
+        p = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
+        names = [x for x in dir(psutil) if x.startswith('RLIMIT')]
+        assert names, names
+        for name in names:
+            value = getattr(psutil, name)
+            assert value >= 0
+            if name in dir(resource):
+                assert value == getattr(resource, name)
+                # XXX - On PyPy RLIMIT_INFINITY returned by
+                # resource.getrlimit() is reported as a very big long
+                # number instead of -1. It looks like a bug with PyPy.
+                if PYPY:
+                    continue
+                assert p.rlimit(value) == resource.getrlimit(value)
+            else:
+                ret = p.rlimit(value)
+                assert len(ret) == 2
+                assert ret[0] >= -1
+                assert ret[1] >= -1
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_RLIMIT, reason="not supported")
+    def test_rlimit_set(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5))
+        assert p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE) == (5, 5)
+        # If pid is 0 prlimit() applies to the calling process and
+        # we don't want that.
+        if LINUX:
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="can't use prlimit"):
+                psutil._psplatform.Process(0).rlimit(0)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5, 5))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_RLIMIT, reason="not supported")
+    def test_rlimit(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        testfn = self.get_testfn()
+        soft, hard = p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE)
+        try:
+            p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE, (1024, hard))
+            with open(testfn, "wb") as f:
+                f.write(b"X" * 1024)
+            # write() or flush() doesn't always cause the exception
+            # but close() will.
+            with pytest.raises(IOError) as exc:
+                with open(testfn, "wb") as f:
+                    f.write(b"X" * 1025)
+            assert (exc.value.errno if PY3 else exc.value[0]) == errno.EFBIG
+        finally:
+            p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE, (soft, hard))
+            assert p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE) == (soft, hard)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_RLIMIT, reason="not supported")
+    def test_rlimit_infinity(self):
+        # First set a limit, then re-set it by specifying INFINITY
+        # and assume we overridden the previous limit.
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        soft, hard = p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE)
+        try:
+            p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE, (1024, hard))
+            p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE, (psutil.RLIM_INFINITY, hard))
+            with open(self.get_testfn(), "wb") as f:
+                f.write(b"X" * 2048)
+        finally:
+            p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE, (soft, hard))
+            assert p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE) == (soft, hard)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_RLIMIT, reason="not supported")
+    def test_rlimit_infinity_value(self):
+        # RLIMIT_FSIZE should be RLIM_INFINITY, which will be a really
+        # big number on a platform with large file support.  On these
+        # platforms we need to test that the get/setrlimit functions
+        # properly convert the number to a C long long and that the
+        # conversion doesn't raise an error.
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        soft, hard = p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE)
+        assert hard == psutil.RLIM_INFINITY
+        p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE, (soft, hard))
+
+    def test_num_threads(self):
+        # on certain platforms such as Linux we might test for exact
+        # thread number, since we always have with 1 thread per process,
+        # but this does not apply across all platforms (MACOS, Windows)
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        if OPENBSD:
+            try:
+                step1 = p.num_threads()
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                raise pytest.skip("on OpenBSD this requires root access")
+        else:
+            step1 = p.num_threads()
+
+        with ThreadTask():
+            step2 = p.num_threads()
+            assert step2 == step1 + 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not WINDOWS, reason="WINDOWS only")
+    def test_num_handles(self):
+        # a better test is done later into test/_windows.py
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        assert p.num_handles() > 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_THREADS, reason="not supported")
+    def test_threads(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        if OPENBSD:
+            try:
+                step1 = p.threads()
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                raise pytest.skip("on OpenBSD this requires root access")
+        else:
+            step1 = p.threads()
+
+        with ThreadTask():
+            step2 = p.threads()
+            assert len(step2) == len(step1) + 1
+            athread = step2[0]
+            # test named tuple
+            assert athread.id == athread[0]
+            assert athread.user_time == athread[1]
+            assert athread.system_time == athread[2]
+
+    @retry_on_failure()
+    @skip_on_access_denied(only_if=MACOS)
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_THREADS, reason="not supported")
+    def test_threads_2(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        if OPENBSD:
+            try:
+                p.threads()
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                raise pytest.skip("on OpenBSD this requires root access")
+        assert (
+            abs(p.cpu_times().user - sum([x.user_time for x in p.threads()]))
+            < 0.1
+        )
+        assert (
+            abs(
+                p.cpu_times().system
+                - sum([x.system_time for x in p.threads()])
+            )
+            < 0.1
+        )
+
+    @retry_on_failure()
+    def test_memory_info(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+
+        # step 1 - get a base value to compare our results
+        rss1, vms1 = p.memory_info()[:2]
+        percent1 = p.memory_percent()
+        assert rss1 > 0
+        assert vms1 > 0
+
+        # step 2 - allocate some memory
+        memarr = [None] * 1500000
+
+        rss2, vms2 = p.memory_info()[:2]
+        percent2 = p.memory_percent()
+
+        # step 3 - make sure that the memory usage bumped up
+        assert rss2 > rss1
+        assert vms2 >= vms1  # vms might be equal
+        assert percent2 > percent1
+        del memarr
+
+        if WINDOWS:
+            mem = p.memory_info()
+            assert mem.rss == mem.wset
+            assert mem.vms == mem.pagefile
+
+        mem = p.memory_info()
+        for name in mem._fields:
+            assert getattr(mem, name) >= 0
+
+    def test_memory_full_info(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        total = psutil.virtual_memory().total
+        mem = p.memory_full_info()
+        for name in mem._fields:
+            value = getattr(mem, name)
+            assert value >= 0
+            if name == 'vms' and OSX or LINUX:
+                continue
+            assert value <= total
+        if LINUX or WINDOWS or MACOS:
+            assert mem.uss >= 0
+        if LINUX:
+            assert mem.pss >= 0
+            assert mem.swap >= 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_MEMORY_MAPS, reason="not supported")
+    def test_memory_maps(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        maps = p.memory_maps()
+        assert len(maps) == len(set(maps))
+        ext_maps = p.memory_maps(grouped=False)
+
+        for nt in maps:
+            if not nt.path.startswith('['):
+                if QEMU_USER and "/bin/qemu-" in nt.path:
+                    continue
+                assert os.path.isabs(nt.path), nt.path
+                if POSIX:
+                    try:
+                        assert os.path.exists(nt.path) or os.path.islink(
+                            nt.path
+                        ), nt.path
+                    except AssertionError:
+                        if not LINUX:
+                            raise
+                        else:
+                            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/759
+                            with open_text('/proc/self/smaps') as f:
+                                data = f.read()
+                            if "%s (deleted)" % nt.path not in data:
+                                raise
+                elif '64' not in os.path.basename(nt.path):
+                    # XXX - On Windows we have this strange behavior with
+                    # 64 bit dlls: they are visible via explorer but cannot
+                    # be accessed via os.stat() (wtf?).
+                    try:
+                        st = os.stat(nt.path)
+                    except FileNotFoundError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        assert stat.S_ISREG(st.st_mode), nt.path
+        for nt in ext_maps:
+            for fname in nt._fields:
+                value = getattr(nt, fname)
+                if fname == 'path':
+                    continue
+                if fname in {'addr', 'perms'}:
+                    assert value, value
+                else:
+                    assert isinstance(value, (int, long))
+                    assert value >= 0, value
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_MEMORY_MAPS, reason="not supported")
+    def test_memory_maps_lists_lib(self):
+        # Make sure a newly loaded shared lib is listed.
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        with copyload_shared_lib() as path:
+
+            def normpath(p):
+                return os.path.realpath(os.path.normcase(p))
+
+            libpaths = [normpath(x.path) for x in p.memory_maps()]
+            assert normpath(path) in libpaths
+
+    def test_memory_percent(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        p.memory_percent()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.memory_percent(memtype="?!?")
+        if LINUX or MACOS or WINDOWS:
+            p.memory_percent(memtype='uss')
+
+    def test_is_running(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        assert p.is_running()
+        assert p.is_running()
+        p.kill()
+        p.wait()
+        assert not p.is_running()
+        assert not p.is_running()
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(QEMU_USER, reason="QEMU user not supported")
+    def test_exe(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        exe = p.exe()
+        try:
+            assert exe == PYTHON_EXE
+        except AssertionError:
+            if WINDOWS and len(exe) == len(PYTHON_EXE):
+                # on Windows we don't care about case sensitivity
+                normcase = os.path.normcase
+                assert normcase(exe) == normcase(PYTHON_EXE)
+            else:
+                # certain platforms such as BSD are more accurate returning:
+                # "/usr/local/bin/python2.7"
+                # ...instead of:
+                # "/usr/local/bin/python"
+                # We do not want to consider this difference in accuracy
+                # an error.
+                ver = "%s.%s" % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+                try:
+                    assert exe.replace(ver, '') == PYTHON_EXE.replace(ver, '')
+                except AssertionError:
+                    # Typically MACOS. Really not sure what to do here.
+                    pass
+
+        out = sh([exe, "-c", "import os; print('hey')"])
+        assert out == 'hey'
+
+    def test_cmdline(self):
+        cmdline = [
+            PYTHON_EXE,
+            "-c",
+            "import time; [time.sleep(0.1) for x in range(100)]",
+        ]
+        p = self.spawn_psproc(cmdline)
+
+        if NETBSD and p.cmdline() == []:
+            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/2250
+            raise pytest.skip("OPENBSD: returned EBUSY")
+
+        # XXX - most of the times the underlying sysctl() call on Net
+        # and Open BSD returns a truncated string.
+        # Also /proc/pid/cmdline behaves the same so it looks
+        # like this is a kernel bug.
+        # XXX - AIX truncates long arguments in /proc/pid/cmdline
+        if NETBSD or OPENBSD or AIX:
+            assert p.cmdline()[0] == PYTHON_EXE
+        else:
+            if MACOS and CI_TESTING:
+                pyexe = p.cmdline()[0]
+                if pyexe != PYTHON_EXE:
+                    assert ' '.join(p.cmdline()[1:]) == ' '.join(cmdline[1:])
+                    return
+            if QEMU_USER:
+                assert ' '.join(p.cmdline()[2:]) == ' '.join(cmdline)
+                return
+            assert ' '.join(p.cmdline()) == ' '.join(cmdline)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(PYPY, reason="broken on PYPY")
+    def test_long_cmdline(self):
+        cmdline = [PYTHON_EXE]
+        cmdline.extend(["-v"] * 50)
+        cmdline.extend(
+            ["-c", "import time; [time.sleep(0.1) for x in range(100)]"]
+        )
+        p = self.spawn_psproc(cmdline)
+        if OPENBSD:
+            # XXX: for some reason the test process may turn into a
+            # zombie (don't know why).
+            try:
+                assert p.cmdline() == cmdline
+            except psutil.ZombieProcess:
+                raise pytest.skip("OPENBSD: process turned into zombie")
+        elif QEMU_USER:
+            assert p.cmdline()[2:] == cmdline
+        else:
+            ret = p.cmdline()
+            if NETBSD and ret == []:
+                # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/2250
+                raise pytest.skip("OPENBSD: returned EBUSY")
+            assert ret == cmdline
+
+    def test_name(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        name = p.name().lower()
+        pyexe = os.path.basename(os.path.realpath(sys.executable)).lower()
+        assert pyexe.startswith(name), (pyexe, name)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(PYPY or QEMU_USER, reason="unreliable on PYPY")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(QEMU_USER, reason="unreliable on QEMU user")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(MACOS and not PY3, reason="broken MACOS + PY2")
+    def test_long_name(self):
+        pyexe = create_py_exe(self.get_testfn(suffix=string.digits * 2))
+        cmdline = [
+            pyexe,
+            "-c",
+            "import time; [time.sleep(0.1) for x in range(100)]",
+        ]
+        p = self.spawn_psproc(cmdline)
+        if OPENBSD:
+            # XXX: for some reason the test process may turn into a
+            # zombie (don't know why). Because the name() is long, all
+            # UNIX kernels truncate it to 15 chars, so internally psutil
+            # tries to guess the full name() from the cmdline(). But the
+            # cmdline() of a zombie on OpenBSD fails (internally), so we
+            # just compare the first 15 chars. Full explanation:
+            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/2239
+            try:
+                assert p.name() == os.path.basename(pyexe)
+            except AssertionError:
+                if p.status() == psutil.STATUS_ZOMBIE:
+                    assert os.path.basename(pyexe).startswith(p.name())
+                else:
+                    raise
+        else:
+            assert p.name() == os.path.basename(pyexe)
+
+    # XXX: fails too often
+    # @pytest.mark.skipif(SUNOS, reason="broken on SUNOS")
+    # @pytest.mark.skipif(AIX, reason="broken on AIX")
+    # @pytest.mark.skipif(PYPY, reason="broken on PYPY")
+    # @pytest.mark.skipif(SUNOS, reason="broken on SUNOS")
+    # @pytest.mark.skipif(MACOS and not PY3, reason="broken MACOS + PY2")
+    # @retry_on_failure()
+    # def test_prog_w_funky_name(self):
+    #     # Test that name(), exe() and cmdline() correctly handle programs
+    #     # with funky chars such as spaces and ")", see:
+    #     # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/628
+    #     pyexe = create_py_exe(self.get_testfn(suffix='foo bar )'))
+    #     cmdline = [
+    #         pyexe,
+    #         "-c",
+    #         "import time; [time.sleep(0.1) for x in range(100)]",
+    #     ]
+    #     p = self.spawn_psproc(cmdline)
+    #     assert p.cmdline() == cmdline
+    #     assert p.name() == os.path.basename(pyexe)
+    #     assert os.path.normcase(p.exe()) == os.path.normcase(pyexe)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not POSIX, reason="POSIX only")
+    def test_uids(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        real, effective, _saved = p.uids()
+        # os.getuid() refers to "real" uid
+        assert real == os.getuid()
+        # os.geteuid() refers to "effective" uid
+        assert effective == os.geteuid()
+        # No such thing as os.getsuid() ("saved" uid), but starting
+        # from python 2.7 we have os.getresuid() which returns all
+        # of them.
+        if hasattr(os, "getresuid"):
+            assert os.getresuid() == p.uids()
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not POSIX, reason="POSIX only")
+    def test_gids(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        real, effective, _saved = p.gids()
+        # os.getuid() refers to "real" uid
+        assert real == os.getgid()
+        # os.geteuid() refers to "effective" uid
+        assert effective == os.getegid()
+        # No such thing as os.getsgid() ("saved" gid), but starting
+        # from python 2.7 we have os.getresgid() which returns all
+        # of them.
+        if hasattr(os, "getresuid"):
+            assert os.getresgid() == p.gids()
+
+    def test_nice(self):
+        def cleanup(init):
+            try:
+                p.nice(init)
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                pass
+
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            p.nice("str")
+        init = p.nice()
+        self.addCleanup(cleanup, init)
+
+        if WINDOWS:
+            highest_prio = None
+            for prio in [
+                psutil.IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                psutil.BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                psutil.ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                psutil.HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                psutil.REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+            ]:
+                with self.subTest(prio=prio):
+                    try:
+                        p.nice(prio)
+                    except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        new_prio = p.nice()
+                        # The OS may limit our maximum priority,
+                        # even if the function succeeds. For higher
+                        # priorities, we match either the expected
+                        # value or the highest so far.
+                        if prio in {
+                            psutil.ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                            psutil.HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                            psutil.REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                        }:
+                            if new_prio == prio or highest_prio is None:
+                                highest_prio = prio
+                                assert new_prio == highest_prio
+                        else:
+                            assert new_prio == prio
+        else:
+            try:
+                if hasattr(os, "getpriority"):
+                    assert (
+                        os.getpriority(os.PRIO_PROCESS, os.getpid())
+                        == p.nice()
+                    )
+                p.nice(1)
+                assert p.nice() == 1
+                if hasattr(os, "getpriority"):
+                    assert (
+                        os.getpriority(os.PRIO_PROCESS, os.getpid())
+                        == p.nice()
+                    )
+                # XXX - going back to previous nice value raises
+                # AccessDenied on MACOS
+                if not MACOS:
+                    p.nice(0)
+                    assert p.nice() == 0
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                pass
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(QEMU_USER, reason="QEMU user not supported")
+    def test_status(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        assert p.status() == psutil.STATUS_RUNNING
+
+    def test_username(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        username = p.username()
+        if WINDOWS:
+            domain, username = username.split('\\')
+            getpass_user = getpass.getuser()
+            if getpass_user.endswith('$'):
+                # When running as a service account (most likely to be
+                # NetworkService), these user name calculations don't produce
+                # the same result, causing the test to fail.
+                raise pytest.skip('running as service account')
+            assert username == getpass_user
+            if 'USERDOMAIN' in os.environ:
+                assert domain == os.environ['USERDOMAIN']
+        else:
+            assert username == getpass.getuser()
+
+    def test_cwd(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        assert p.cwd() == os.getcwd()
+
+    def test_cwd_2(self):
+        cmd = [
+            PYTHON_EXE,
+            "-c",
+            (
+                "import os, time; os.chdir('..'); [time.sleep(0.1) for x in"
+                " range(100)]"
+            ),
+        ]
+        p = self.spawn_psproc(cmd)
+        call_until(lambda: p.cwd() == os.path.dirname(os.getcwd()))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_CPU_AFFINITY, reason="not supported")
+    def test_cpu_affinity(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        initial = p.cpu_affinity()
+        assert initial, initial
+        self.addCleanup(p.cpu_affinity, initial)
+
+        if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
+            assert initial == list(os.sched_getaffinity(p.pid))
+        assert len(initial) == len(set(initial))
+
+        all_cpus = list(range(len(psutil.cpu_percent(percpu=True))))
+        for n in all_cpus:
+            p.cpu_affinity([n])
+            assert p.cpu_affinity() == [n]
+            if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
+                assert p.cpu_affinity() == list(os.sched_getaffinity(p.pid))
+            # also test num_cpu()
+            if hasattr(p, "num_cpu"):
+                assert p.cpu_affinity()[0] == p.num_cpu()
+
+        # [] is an alias for "all eligible CPUs"; on Linux this may
+        # not be equal to all available CPUs, see:
+        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/956
+        p.cpu_affinity([])
+        if LINUX:
+            assert p.cpu_affinity() == p._proc._get_eligible_cpus()
+        else:
+            assert p.cpu_affinity() == all_cpus
+        if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
+            assert p.cpu_affinity() == list(os.sched_getaffinity(p.pid))
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            p.cpu_affinity(1)
+        p.cpu_affinity(initial)
+        # it should work with all iterables, not only lists
+        p.cpu_affinity(set(all_cpus))
+        p.cpu_affinity(tuple(all_cpus))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_CPU_AFFINITY, reason="not supported")
+    def test_cpu_affinity_errs(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        invalid_cpu = [len(psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)) + 10]
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.cpu_affinity(invalid_cpu)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.cpu_affinity(range(10000, 11000))
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            p.cpu_affinity([0, "1"])
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.cpu_affinity([0, -1])
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_CPU_AFFINITY, reason="not supported")
+    def test_cpu_affinity_all_combinations(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        initial = p.cpu_affinity()
+        assert initial, initial
+        self.addCleanup(p.cpu_affinity, initial)
+
+        # All possible CPU set combinations.
+        if len(initial) > 12:
+            initial = initial[:12]  # ...otherwise it will take forever
+        combos = []
+        for i in range(len(initial) + 1):
+            for subset in itertools.combinations(initial, i):
+                if subset:
+                    combos.append(list(subset))
+
+        for combo in combos:
+            p.cpu_affinity(combo)
+            assert sorted(p.cpu_affinity()) == sorted(combo)
+
+    # TODO: #595
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(BSD, reason="broken on BSD")
+    # can't find any process file on Appveyor
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(APPVEYOR, reason="unreliable on APPVEYOR")
+    def test_open_files(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        testfn = self.get_testfn()
+        files = p.open_files()
+        assert testfn not in files
+        with open(testfn, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write(b'x' * 1024)
+            f.flush()
+            # give the kernel some time to see the new file
+            call_until(lambda: len(p.open_files()) != len(files))
+            files = p.open_files()
+            filenames = [os.path.normcase(x.path) for x in files]
+            assert os.path.normcase(testfn) in filenames
+            if LINUX:
+                for file in files:
+                    if file.path == testfn:
+                        assert file.position == 1024
+        for file in files:
+            assert os.path.isfile(file.path), file
+
+        # another process
+        cmdline = (
+            "import time; f = open(r'%s', 'r'); [time.sleep(0.1) for x in"
+            " range(100)];" % testfn
+        )
+        p = self.spawn_psproc([PYTHON_EXE, "-c", cmdline])
+
+        for x in range(100):
+            filenames = [os.path.normcase(x.path) for x in p.open_files()]
+            if testfn in filenames:
+                break
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+        else:
+            assert os.path.normcase(testfn) in filenames
+        for file in filenames:
+            assert os.path.isfile(file), file
+
+    # TODO: #595
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(BSD, reason="broken on BSD")
+    # can't find any process file on Appveyor
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(APPVEYOR, reason="unreliable on APPVEYOR")
+    def test_open_files_2(self):
+        # test fd and path fields
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        normcase = os.path.normcase
+        testfn = self.get_testfn()
+        with open(testfn, 'w') as fileobj:
+            for file in p.open_files():
+                if (
+                    normcase(file.path) == normcase(fileobj.name)
+                    or file.fd == fileobj.fileno()
+                ):
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise self.fail(
+                    "no file found; files=%s" % (repr(p.open_files()))
+                )
+            assert normcase(file.path) == normcase(fileobj.name)
+            if WINDOWS:
+                assert file.fd == -1
+            else:
+                assert file.fd == fileobj.fileno()
+            # test positions
+            ntuple = p.open_files()[0]
+            assert ntuple[0] == ntuple.path
+            assert ntuple[1] == ntuple.fd
+            # test file is gone
+            assert fileobj.name not in p.open_files()
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not POSIX, reason="POSIX only")
+    def test_num_fds(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        testfn = self.get_testfn()
+        start = p.num_fds()
+        file = open(testfn, 'w')
+        self.addCleanup(file.close)
+        assert p.num_fds() == start + 1
+        sock = socket.socket()
+        self.addCleanup(sock.close)
+        assert p.num_fds() == start + 2
+        file.close()
+        sock.close()
+        assert p.num_fds() == start
+
+    @skip_on_not_implemented(only_if=LINUX)
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        OPENBSD or NETBSD, reason="not reliable on OPENBSD & NETBSD"
+    )
+    def test_num_ctx_switches(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        before = sum(p.num_ctx_switches())
+        for _ in range(2):
+            time.sleep(0.05)  # this shall ensure a context switch happens
+            after = sum(p.num_ctx_switches())
+            if after > before:
+                return
+        raise self.fail("num ctx switches still the same after 2 iterations")
+
+    def test_ppid(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        if hasattr(os, 'getppid'):
+            assert p.ppid() == os.getppid()
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        assert p.ppid() == os.getpid()
+
+    def test_parent(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        assert p.parent().pid == os.getpid()
+
+        lowest_pid = psutil.pids()[0]
+        assert psutil.Process(lowest_pid).parent() is None
+
+    def test_parent_multi(self):
+        parent = psutil.Process()
+        child, grandchild = self.spawn_children_pair()
+        assert grandchild.parent() == child
+        assert child.parent() == parent
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(QEMU_USER, reason="QEMU user not supported")
+    @retry_on_failure()
+    def test_parents(self):
+        parent = psutil.Process()
+        assert parent.parents()
+        child, grandchild = self.spawn_children_pair()
+        assert child.parents()[0] == parent
+        assert grandchild.parents()[0] == child
+        assert grandchild.parents()[1] == parent
+
+    def test_children(self):
+        parent = psutil.Process()
+        assert parent.children() == []
+        assert parent.children(recursive=True) == []
+        # On Windows we set the flag to 0 in order to cancel out the
+        # CREATE_NO_WINDOW flag (enabled by default) which creates
+        # an extra "conhost.exe" child.
+        child = self.spawn_psproc(creationflags=0)
+        children1 = parent.children()
+        children2 = parent.children(recursive=True)
+        for children in (children1, children2):
+            assert len(children) == 1
+            assert children[0].pid == child.pid
+            assert children[0].ppid() == parent.pid
+
+    def test_children_recursive(self):
+        # Test children() against two sub processes, p1 and p2, where
+        # p1 (our child) spawned p2 (our grandchild).
+        parent = psutil.Process()
+        child, grandchild = self.spawn_children_pair()
+        assert parent.children() == [child]
+        assert parent.children(recursive=True) == [child, grandchild]
+        # If the intermediate process is gone there's no way for
+        # children() to recursively find it.
+        child.terminate()
+        child.wait()
+        assert parent.children(recursive=True) == []
+
+    def test_children_duplicates(self):
+        # find the process which has the highest number of children
+        table = collections.defaultdict(int)
+        for p in psutil.process_iter():
+            try:
+                table[p.ppid()] += 1
+            except psutil.Error:
+                pass
+        # this is the one, now let's make sure there are no duplicates
+        pid = sorted(table.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[-1][0]
+        if LINUX and pid == 0:
+            raise pytest.skip("PID 0")
+        p = psutil.Process(pid)
+        try:
+            c = p.children(recursive=True)
+        except psutil.AccessDenied:  # windows
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert len(c) == len(set(c))
+
+    def test_parents_and_children(self):
+        parent = psutil.Process()
+        child, grandchild = self.spawn_children_pair()
+        # forward
+        children = parent.children(recursive=True)
+        assert len(children) == 2
+        assert children[0] == child
+        assert children[1] == grandchild
+        # backward
+        parents = grandchild.parents()
+        assert parents[0] == child
+        assert parents[1] == parent
+
+    def test_suspend_resume(self):
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        p.suspend()
+        for _ in range(100):
+            if p.status() == psutil.STATUS_STOPPED:
+                break
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+        p.resume()
+        assert p.status() != psutil.STATUS_STOPPED
+
+    def test_invalid_pid(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            psutil.Process("1")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            psutil.Process(-1)
+
+    def test_as_dict(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        d = p.as_dict(attrs=['exe', 'name'])
+        assert sorted(d.keys()) == ['exe', 'name']
+
+        p = psutil.Process(min(psutil.pids()))
+        d = p.as_dict(attrs=['net_connections'], ad_value='foo')
+        if not isinstance(d['net_connections'], list):
+            assert d['net_connections'] == 'foo'
+
+        # Test ad_value is set on AccessDenied.
+        with mock.patch(
+            'psutil.Process.nice', create=True, side_effect=psutil.AccessDenied
+        ):
+            assert p.as_dict(attrs=["nice"], ad_value=1) == {"nice": 1}
+
+        # Test that NoSuchProcess bubbles up.
+        with mock.patch(
+            'psutil.Process.nice',
+            create=True,
+            side_effect=psutil.NoSuchProcess(p.pid, "name"),
+        ):
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
+                p.as_dict(attrs=["nice"])
+
+        # Test that ZombieProcess is swallowed.
+        with mock.patch(
+            'psutil.Process.nice',
+            create=True,
+            side_effect=psutil.ZombieProcess(p.pid, "name"),
+        ):
+            assert p.as_dict(attrs=["nice"], ad_value="foo") == {"nice": "foo"}
+
+        # By default APIs raising NotImplementedError are
+        # supposed to be skipped.
+        with mock.patch(
+            'psutil.Process.nice', create=True, side_effect=NotImplementedError
+        ):
+            d = p.as_dict()
+            assert 'nice' not in list(d.keys())
+            # ...unless the user explicitly asked for some attr.
+            with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+                p.as_dict(attrs=["nice"])
+
+        # errors
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            p.as_dict('name')
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.as_dict(['foo'])
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            p.as_dict(['foo', 'bar'])
+
+    def test_oneshot(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.Process.cpu_times") as m:
+            with p.oneshot():
+                p.cpu_times()
+                p.cpu_times()
+            assert m.call_count == 1
+
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.Process.cpu_times") as m:
+            p.cpu_times()
+            p.cpu_times()
+        assert m.call_count == 2
+
+    def test_oneshot_twice(self):
+        # Test the case where the ctx manager is __enter__ed twice.
+        # The second __enter__ is supposed to resut in a NOOP.
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.Process.cpu_times") as m1:
+            with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.Process.oneshot_enter") as m2:
+                with p.oneshot():
+                    p.cpu_times()
+                    p.cpu_times()
+                    with p.oneshot():
+                        p.cpu_times()
+                        p.cpu_times()
+                assert m1.call_count == 1
+                assert m2.call_count == 1
+
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.Process.cpu_times") as m:
+            p.cpu_times()
+            p.cpu_times()
+        assert m.call_count == 2
+
+    def test_oneshot_cache(self):
+        # Make sure oneshot() cache is nonglobal. Instead it's
+        # supposed to be bound to the Process instance, see:
+        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/1373
+        p1, p2 = self.spawn_children_pair()
+        p1_ppid = p1.ppid()
+        p2_ppid = p2.ppid()
+        assert p1_ppid != p2_ppid
+        with p1.oneshot():
+            assert p1.ppid() == p1_ppid
+            assert p2.ppid() == p2_ppid
+        with p2.oneshot():
+            assert p1.ppid() == p1_ppid
+            assert p2.ppid() == p2_ppid
+
+    def test_halfway_terminated_process(self):
+        # Test that NoSuchProcess exception gets raised in case the
+        # process dies after we create the Process object.
+        # Example:
+        # >>> proc = Process(1234)
+        # >>> time.sleep(2)  # time-consuming task, process dies in meantime
+        # >>> proc.name()
+        # Refers to Issue #15
+        def assert_raises_nsp(fun, fun_name):
+            try:
+                ret = fun()
+            except psutil.ZombieProcess:  # differentiate from NSP
+                raise
+            except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+                pass
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                if OPENBSD and fun_name in {'threads', 'num_threads'}:
+                    return
+                raise
+            else:
+                # NtQuerySystemInformation succeeds even if process is gone.
+                if WINDOWS and fun_name in {'exe', 'name'}:
+                    return
+                raise self.fail(
+                    "%r didn't raise NSP and returned %r instead" % (fun, ret)
+                )
+
+        p = self.spawn_psproc()
+        p.terminate()
+        p.wait()
+        if WINDOWS:  # XXX
+            call_until(lambda: p.pid not in psutil.pids())
+        self.assertProcessGone(p)
+
+        ns = process_namespace(p)
+        for fun, name in ns.iter(ns.all):
+            assert_raises_nsp(fun, name)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not POSIX, reason="POSIX only")
+    def test_zombie_process(self):
+        _parent, zombie = self.spawn_zombie()
+        self.assertProcessZombie(zombie)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not POSIX, reason="POSIX only")
+    def test_zombie_process_is_running_w_exc(self):
+        # Emulate a case where internally is_running() raises
+        # ZombieProcess.
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        with mock.patch(
+            "psutil.Process", side_effect=psutil.ZombieProcess(0)
+        ) as m:
+            assert p.is_running()
+            assert m.called
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not POSIX, reason="POSIX only")
+    def test_zombie_process_status_w_exc(self):
+        # Emulate a case where internally status() raises
+        # ZombieProcess.
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        with mock.patch(
+            "psutil._psplatform.Process.status",
+            side_effect=psutil.ZombieProcess(0),
+        ) as m:
+            assert p.status() == psutil.STATUS_ZOMBIE
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_reused_pid(self):
+        # Emulate a case where PID has been reused by another process.
+        if PY3:
+            from io import StringIO
+        else:
+            from StringIO import StringIO
+
+        subp = self.spawn_testproc()
+        p = psutil.Process(subp.pid)
+        p._ident = (p.pid, p.create_time() + 100)
+
+        list(psutil.process_iter())
+        assert p.pid in psutil._pmap
+        assert not p.is_running()
+
+        # make sure is_running() removed PID from process_iter()
+        # internal cache
+        with mock.patch.object(psutil._common, "PSUTIL_DEBUG", True):
+            with redirect_stderr(StringIO()) as f:
+                list(psutil.process_iter())
+        assert (
+            "refreshing Process instance for reused PID %s" % p.pid
+            in f.getvalue()
+        )
+        assert p.pid not in psutil._pmap
+
+        assert p != psutil.Process(subp.pid)
+        msg = "process no longer exists and its PID has been reused"
+        ns = process_namespace(p)
+        for fun, name in ns.iter(ns.setters + ns.killers, clear_cache=False):
+            with self.subTest(name=name):
+                with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess, match=msg):
+                    fun()
+
+        assert "terminated + PID reused" in str(p)
+        assert "terminated + PID reused" in repr(p)
+
+        with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess, match=msg):
+            p.ppid()
+        with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess, match=msg):
+            p.parent()
+        with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess, match=msg):
+            p.parents()
+        with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess, match=msg):
+            p.children()
+
+    def test_pid_0(self):
+        # Process(0) is supposed to work on all platforms except Linux
+        if 0 not in psutil.pids():
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
+                psutil.Process(0)
+            # These 2 are a contradiction, but "ps" says PID 1's parent
+            # is PID 0.
+            assert not psutil.pid_exists(0)
+            assert psutil.Process(1).ppid() == 0
+            return
+
+        p = psutil.Process(0)
+        exc = psutil.AccessDenied if WINDOWS else ValueError
+        with pytest.raises(exc):
+            p.wait()
+        with pytest.raises(exc):
+            p.terminate()
+        with pytest.raises(exc):
+            p.suspend()
+        with pytest.raises(exc):
+            p.resume()
+        with pytest.raises(exc):
+            p.kill()
+        with pytest.raises(exc):
+            p.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM)
+
+        # test all methods
+        ns = process_namespace(p)
+        for fun, name in ns.iter(ns.getters + ns.setters):
+            try:
+                ret = fun()
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if name in {"uids", "gids"}:
+                    assert ret.real == 0
+                elif name == "username":
+                    user = 'NT AUTHORITY\\SYSTEM' if WINDOWS else 'root'
+                    assert p.username() == user
+                elif name == "name":
+                    assert name, name
+
+        if not OPENBSD:
+            assert 0 in psutil.pids()
+            assert psutil.pid_exists(0)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_ENVIRON, reason="not supported")
+    def test_environ(self):
+        def clean_dict(d):
+            exclude = ["PLAT", "HOME", "PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST", "PYTEST_VERSION"]
+            if MACOS:
+                exclude.extend([
+                    "__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING",
+                    "VERSIONER_PYTHON_PREFER_32_BIT",
+                    "VERSIONER_PYTHON_VERSION",
+                    "VERSIONER_PYTHON_VERSION",
+                ])
+            for name in exclude:
+                d.pop(name, None)
+            return dict([
+                (
+                    k.replace("\r", "").replace("\n", ""),
+                    v.replace("\r", "").replace("\n", ""),
+                )
+                for k, v in d.items()
+            ])
+
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        d1 = clean_dict(p.environ())
+        d2 = clean_dict(os.environ.copy())
+        if not OSX and GITHUB_ACTIONS:
+            assert d1 == d2
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not HAS_ENVIRON, reason="not supported")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(not POSIX, reason="POSIX only")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        MACOS_11PLUS,
+        reason="macOS 11+ can't get another process environment, issue #2084",
+    )
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        NETBSD, reason="sometimes fails on `assert is_running()`"
+    )
+    def test_weird_environ(self):
+        # environment variables can contain values without an equals sign
+        code = textwrap.dedent("""
+            #include <unistd.h>
+            #include <fcntl.h>
+
+            char * const argv[] = {"cat", 0};
+            char * const envp[] = {"A=1", "X", "C=3", 0};
+
+            int main(void) {
+                // Close stderr on exec so parent can wait for the
+                // execve to finish.
+                if (fcntl(2, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) != 0)
+                    return 0;
+                return execve("/bin/cat", argv, envp);
+            }
+            """)
+        cexe = create_c_exe(self.get_testfn(), c_code=code)
+        sproc = self.spawn_testproc(
+            [cexe], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE
+        )
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        wait_for_pid(p.pid)
+        assert p.is_running()
+        # Wait for process to exec or exit.
+        assert sproc.stderr.read() == b""
+        if MACOS and CI_TESTING:
+            try:
+                env = p.environ()
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                # XXX: fails sometimes with:
+                # PermissionError from 'sysctl(KERN_PROCARGS2) -> EIO'
+                return
+        else:
+            env = p.environ()
+        assert env == {"A": "1", "C": "3"}
+        sproc.communicate()
+        assert sproc.returncode == 0
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- Limited user tests
+# ===================================================================
+
+
+if POSIX and os.getuid() == 0:
+
+    class LimitedUserTestCase(TestProcess):
+        """Repeat the previous tests by using a limited user.
+        Executed only on UNIX and only if the user who run the test script
+        is root.
+        """
+
+        # the uid/gid the test suite runs under
+        if hasattr(os, 'getuid'):
+            PROCESS_UID = os.getuid()
+            PROCESS_GID = os.getgid()
+
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+            # re-define all existent test methods in order to
+            # ignore AccessDenied exceptions
+            for attr in [x for x in dir(self) if x.startswith('test')]:
+                meth = getattr(self, attr)
+
+                def test_(self):
+                    try:
+                        meth()  # noqa
+                    except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                        pass
+
+                setattr(self, attr, types.MethodType(test_, self))
+
+        def setUp(self):
+            super().setUp()
+            os.setegid(1000)
+            os.seteuid(1000)
+
+        def tearDown(self):
+            os.setegid(self.PROCESS_UID)
+            os.seteuid(self.PROCESS_GID)
+            super().tearDown()
+
+        def test_nice(self):
+            try:
+                psutil.Process().nice(-1)
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise self.fail("exception not raised")
+
+        @pytest.mark.skipif(True, reason="causes problem as root")
+        def test_zombie_process(self):
+            pass
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- psutil.Popen tests
+# ===================================================================
+
+
+class TestPopen(PsutilTestCase):
+    """Tests for psutil.Popen class."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        reap_children()
+
+    def test_misc(self):
+        # XXX this test causes a ResourceWarning on Python 3 because
+        # psutil.__subproc instance doesn't get properly freed.
+        # Not sure what to do though.
+        cmd = [
+            PYTHON_EXE,
+            "-c",
+            "import time; [time.sleep(0.1) for x in range(100)];",
+        ]
+        with psutil.Popen(
+            cmd,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            env=PYTHON_EXE_ENV,
+        ) as proc:
+            proc.name()
+            proc.cpu_times()
+            proc.stdin  # noqa
+            assert dir(proc)
+            with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+                proc.foo  # noqa
+            proc.terminate()
+        if POSIX:
+            assert proc.wait(5) == -signal.SIGTERM
+        else:
+            assert proc.wait(5) == signal.SIGTERM
+
+    def test_ctx_manager(self):
+        with psutil.Popen(
+            [PYTHON_EXE, "-V"],
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            env=PYTHON_EXE_ENV,
+        ) as proc:
+            proc.communicate()
+        assert proc.stdout.closed
+        assert proc.stderr.closed
+        assert proc.stdin.closed
+        assert proc.returncode == 0
+
+    def test_kill_terminate(self):
+        # subprocess.Popen()'s terminate(), kill() and send_signal() do
+        # not raise exception after the process is gone. psutil.Popen
+        # diverges from that.
+        cmd = [
+            PYTHON_EXE,
+            "-c",
+            "import time; [time.sleep(0.1) for x in range(100)];",
+        ]
+        with psutil.Popen(
+            cmd,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+            env=PYTHON_EXE_ENV,
+        ) as proc:
+            proc.terminate()
+            proc.wait()
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
+                proc.terminate()
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
+                proc.kill()
+            with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
+                proc.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM)
+            if WINDOWS:
+                with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
+                    proc.send_signal(signal.CTRL_C_EVENT)
+                with pytest.raises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
+                    proc.send_signal(signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT)