initial upload, version 0.95alpha

1 files changed, 3748 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/mvlmm.cpp b/mvlmm.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56540d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mvlmm.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,3748 @@
+/*
+ Genome-wide Efficient Mixed Model Association (GEMMA)
+ Copyright (C) 2011  Xiang Zhou
+ 
+ This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+ 
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+ 
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
+
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h> 
+#include <bitset>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include "gsl/gsl_vector.h"
+#include "gsl/gsl_matrix.h"
+#include "gsl/gsl_linalg.h"
+#include "gsl/gsl_blas.h"
+
+#include "gsl/gsl_cdf.h"
+#include "gsl/gsl_roots.h"
+#include "gsl/gsl_min.h"
+#include "gsl/gsl_integration.h"
+
+#include "io.h"
+#include "lapack.h"
+#include "gzstream.h"
+
+#ifdef FORCE_FLOAT
+#include "lmm_float.h"
+#include "mvlmm_float.h"
+#else
+#include "lmm.h"
+#include "mvlmm.h"
+#endif
+
+
+
+using namespace std;
+
+
+//in this file, X, Y are already transformed (i.e. UtX and UtY)
+
+
+void MVLMM::CopyFromParam (PARAM &cPar) 
+{
+	a_mode=cPar.a_mode;
+	d_pace=cPar.d_pace;
+	
+	file_bfile=cPar.file_bfile;
+	file_geno=cPar.file_geno;
+	file_out=cPar.file_out;
+	
+	l_min=cPar.l_min;
+	l_max=cPar.l_max;
+	n_region=cPar.n_region;
+	p_nr=cPar.p_nr;
+	em_iter=cPar.em_iter;
+	nr_iter=cPar.nr_iter;
+	em_prec=cPar.em_prec;
+	nr_prec=cPar.nr_prec;
+	crt=cPar.crt;
+	
+	Vg_remle_null=cPar.Vg_remle_null;
+	Ve_remle_null=cPar.Ve_remle_null;
+	Vg_mle_null=cPar.Vg_mle_null;
+	Ve_mle_null=cPar.Ve_mle_null;
+	
+	time_UtX=0.0;
+	time_opt=0.0;
+	
+	ni_total=cPar.ni_total;
+	ns_total=cPar.ns_total;
+	ni_test=cPar.ni_test;
+	ns_test=cPar.ns_test;
+	n_cvt=cPar.n_cvt;
+		
+	n_ph=cPar.n_ph;
+	
+	indicator_idv=cPar.indicator_idv;	
+	indicator_snp=cPar.indicator_snp;
+	snpInfo=cPar.snpInfo;
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+void MVLMM::CopyToParam (PARAM &cPar) 
+{
+	cPar.time_UtX=time_UtX;
+	cPar.time_opt=time_opt;	
+		
+	cPar.Vg_remle_null=Vg_remle_null;
+	cPar.Ve_remle_null=Ve_remle_null;
+	cPar.Vg_mle_null=Vg_mle_null;
+	cPar.Ve_mle_null=Ve_mle_null;
+	
+	cPar.VVg_remle_null=VVg_remle_null;
+	cPar.VVe_remle_null=VVe_remle_null;
+	cPar.VVg_mle_null=VVg_mle_null;
+	cPar.VVe_mle_null=VVe_mle_null;
+	
+	cPar.beta_remle_null=beta_remle_null;
+	cPar.se_beta_remle_null=se_beta_remle_null;
+	cPar.beta_mle_null=beta_mle_null;
+	cPar.se_beta_mle_null=se_beta_mle_null;
+	
+	cPar.logl_remle_H0=logl_remle_H0;
+	cPar.logl_mle_H0=logl_mle_H0;	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+void MVLMM::WriteFiles () 
+{
+	string file_str;
+	file_str="./output/"+file_out;
+	file_str+=".assoc.txt";
+	
+	ofstream outfile (file_str.c_str(), ofstream::out);
+	if (!outfile) {cout<<"error writing file: "<<file_str.c_str()<<endl; return;}
+	
+	outfile<<"chr"<<"\t"<<"rs"<<"\t"<<"ps"<<"\t"<<"n_miss"<<"\t"<<"allele1"<<"\t"<<"allele0"<<"\t"<<"af"<<"\t";
+	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<n_ph; i++) {
+		outfile<<"beta_"<<i+1<<"\t";
+	}
+	for (size_t i=0; i<n_ph; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=i; j<n_ph; j++) {
+			outfile<<"Vbeta_"<<i+1<<"_"<<j+1<<"\t";
+		}
+	}
+	
+	if (a_mode==1) {
+		outfile<<"p_wald"<<endl;
+	} else if (a_mode==2) {
+		outfile<<"p_lrt"<<endl;
+	} else if (a_mode==3) {
+		outfile<<"p_score"<<endl;
+	} else if (a_mode==4) {
+		outfile<<"p_wald"<<"\t"<<"p_lrt"<<"\t"<<"p_score"<<endl;
+	} else {}
+	
+	
+	size_t t=0, c=0;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<snpInfo.size(); ++i) {
+		if (indicator_snp[i]==0) {continue;}
+		
+		outfile<<snpInfo[i].chr<<"\t"<<snpInfo[i].rs_number<<"\t"<<snpInfo[i].base_position<<"\t"<<snpInfo[i].n_miss<<"\t"<<snpInfo[i].a_minor<<"\t"<<snpInfo[i].a_major<<"\t"<<fixed<<setprecision(3)<<snpInfo[i].maf<<"\t";
+		
+		outfile<<scientific<<setprecision(6);
+		
+		for (size_t i=0; i<n_ph; i++) {
+			outfile<<sumStat[t].v_beta[i]<<"\t";
+		}
+		
+		c=0;
+		for (size_t i=0; i<n_ph; i++) {
+			for (size_t j=i; j<n_ph; j++) {
+				outfile<<sumStat[t].v_Vbeta[c]<<"\t";
+				c++;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		if (a_mode==1) {
+			outfile<<sumStat[t].p_wald <<endl;
+		} else if (a_mode==2) {
+			outfile<<sumStat[t].p_lrt<<endl;
+		} else if (a_mode==3) {
+			outfile<<sumStat[t].p_score<<endl;
+		} else if (a_mode==4) {
+			outfile<<sumStat[t].p_wald <<"\t"<<sumStat[t].p_lrt<<"\t"<<sumStat[t].p_score<<endl;
+		} else {}
+		
+		t++;
+	}
+	
+		
+	outfile.close();
+	outfile.clear();
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+
+//below are functions for EM algorithm
+
+
+
+
+	
+
+double EigenProc (const gsl_matrix *V_g, const gsl_matrix *V_e, gsl_vector *D_l, gsl_matrix *UltVeh, gsl_matrix *UltVehi)
+{
+	size_t d_size=V_g->size1;
+	double d, logdet_Ve=0.0;	
+	
+	//eigen decomposition of V_e
+	gsl_matrix *Lambda=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *V_e_temp=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *V_e_h=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *V_e_hi=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *VgVehi=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);	
+	gsl_matrix *U_l=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);	
+	
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy(V_e_temp, V_e);
+	EigenDecomp(V_e_temp, U_l, D_l, 0);
+		
+	//calculate V_e_h and V_e_hi
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(V_e_h);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(V_e_hi);
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		d=gsl_vector_get (D_l, i);
+		if (d<=0) {continue;}
+		logdet_Ve+=log(d);
+		
+		gsl_vector_view U_col=gsl_matrix_column(U_l, i);
+		d=sqrt(d);
+		gsl_blas_dsyr (CblasUpper, d, &U_col.vector, V_e_h);
+		d=1.0/d;
+		gsl_blas_dsyr (CblasUpper, d, &U_col.vector, V_e_hi);
+	}
+	
+	//copy the upper part to lower part
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<i; j++) {
+			gsl_matrix_set (V_e_h, i, j, gsl_matrix_get(V_e_h, j, i));
+			gsl_matrix_set (V_e_hi, i, j, gsl_matrix_get(V_e_hi, j, i));
+		}
+	}
+	
+	//calculate Lambda=V_ehi V_g V_ehi
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, V_g, V_e_hi, 0.0, VgVehi);
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, V_e_hi, VgVehi, 0.0, Lambda);
+	
+	//eigen decomposition of Lambda
+	EigenDecomp(Lambda, U_l, D_l, 0);
+	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		d=gsl_vector_get (D_l, i);
+		if (d<0) {gsl_vector_set (D_l, i, 0);}
+	}
+	
+	//calculate UltVeh and UltVehi
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, U_l, V_e_h, 0.0, UltVeh);
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, U_l, V_e_hi, 0.0, UltVehi);
+	/*
+	cout<<"Vg: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get (V_g, i, j)<<" ";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"Ve: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get (V_e, i, j)<<" ";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	
+	cout<<"Dl: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		cout<<gsl_vector_get (D_l, i)<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"UltVeh: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get (UltVeh, i, j)<<" ";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	*/
+	
+	//free memory
+	gsl_matrix_free (Lambda);
+	gsl_matrix_free (V_e_temp);
+	gsl_matrix_free (V_e_h);
+	gsl_matrix_free (V_e_hi);
+	gsl_matrix_free (VgVehi);
+	gsl_matrix_free (U_l);
+	
+	return logdet_Ve;
+}
+	
+//Qi=(\sum_{k=1}^n x_kx_k^T\otimes(delta_k*Dl+I)^{-1} )^{-1}
+double CalcQi (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_vector *D_l, const gsl_matrix *X, gsl_matrix *Qi)
+{
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=D_l->size, dc_size=Qi->size1;
+	size_t c_size=dc_size/d_size;
+	
+	double delta, dl, d1, d2, d, logdet_Q;
+		
+	gsl_matrix *Q=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (Q);
+	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<c_size; i++) {		
+		for (size_t j=0; j<c_size; j++) {			
+			for (size_t l=0; l<d_size; l++) {
+				dl=gsl_vector_get(D_l, l);
+				
+				if (j<i) {
+					d=gsl_matrix_get (Q, j*d_size+l, i*d_size+l);		
+				} else {
+					d=0.0;
+					for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+						d1=gsl_matrix_get(X, i, k);
+						d2=gsl_matrix_get(X, j, k);
+						delta=gsl_vector_get(eval, k);
+						d+=d1*d2/(dl*delta+1.0);				
+					}
+				}
+				
+				gsl_matrix_set (Q, i*d_size+l, j*d_size+l, d);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	//calculate LU decomposition of Q, and invert Q and calculate |Q|	
+	int sig;
+	gsl_permutation * pmt=gsl_permutation_alloc (dc_size);
+	LUDecomp (Q, pmt, &sig);	
+	LUInvert (Q, pmt, Qi);
+	
+	logdet_Q=LULndet (Q);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free (Q);
+	gsl_permutation_free (pmt);
+	
+	return logdet_Q;
+}
+
+//xHiy=\sum_{k=1}^n x_k\otimes ((delta_k*Dl+I)^{-1}Ul^TVe^{-1/2}y
+void CalcXHiY(const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_vector *D_l, const gsl_matrix *X, const gsl_matrix *UltVehiY, gsl_vector *xHiy)
+{
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, c_size=X->size1, d_size=D_l->size;
+	
+	gsl_vector_set_zero (xHiy);
+	
+	double x, delta, dl, y, d;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {	
+		dl=gsl_vector_get(D_l, i);
+		for (size_t j=0; j<c_size; j++) {		
+			d=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+				x=gsl_matrix_get(X, j, k);
+				y=gsl_matrix_get(UltVehiY, i, k);
+				delta=gsl_vector_get(eval, k);
+				d+=x*y/(delta*dl+1.0);
+			}
+			gsl_vector_set(xHiy, j*d_size+i, d);
+		}
+	}
+	/*
+	cout<<"xHiy: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<(d_size*c_size); i++) {
+		cout<<gsl_vector_get(xHiy, i)<<endl;
+	}
+	 */
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//OmegaU=D_l/(delta Dl+I)^{-1}
+//OmegaE=delta D_l/(delta Dl+I)^{-1}
+void CalcOmega (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_vector *D_l, gsl_matrix *OmegaU, gsl_matrix *OmegaE)
+{
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=D_l->size;
+	double delta, dl, d_u, d_e;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get(eval, k);
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			dl=gsl_vector_get(D_l, i);
+			
+			d_u=dl/(delta*dl+1.0);
+			d_e=delta*d_u;
+			
+			gsl_matrix_set(OmegaU, i, k, d_u);
+			gsl_matrix_set(OmegaE, i, k, d_e);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+void UpdateU (const gsl_matrix *OmegaE, const gsl_matrix *UltVehiY, const gsl_matrix *UltVehiBX, gsl_matrix *UltVehiU)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (UltVehiU, UltVehiY);
+	gsl_matrix_sub (UltVehiU, UltVehiBX);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_mul_elements (UltVehiU, OmegaE);	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+void UpdateE (const gsl_matrix *UltVehiY, const gsl_matrix *UltVehiBX, const gsl_matrix *UltVehiU, gsl_matrix *UltVehiE)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (UltVehiE, UltVehiY);
+	gsl_matrix_sub (UltVehiE, UltVehiBX);
+	gsl_matrix_sub (UltVehiE, UltVehiU);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+void UpdateL_B (const gsl_matrix *X, const gsl_matrix *XXti, const gsl_matrix *UltVehiY, const gsl_matrix *UltVehiU, gsl_matrix *UltVehiBX, gsl_matrix *UltVehiB)
+{
+	size_t c_size=X->size1, d_size=UltVehiY->size1;
+	
+	gsl_matrix *YUX=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, c_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (UltVehiBX, UltVehiY);
+	gsl_matrix_sub (UltVehiBX, UltVehiU);
+	
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasTrans, 1.0, UltVehiBX, X, 0.0, YUX);
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, YUX, XXti, 0.0, UltVehiB);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(YUX);	
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+void UpdateRL_B (const gsl_vector *xHiy, const gsl_matrix *Qi, gsl_matrix *UltVehiB)
+{
+	size_t d_size=UltVehiB->size1, c_size=UltVehiB->size2, dc_size=Qi->size1;
+	
+	gsl_vector *b=gsl_vector_alloc (dc_size);
+	
+	//calculate b=Qiv
+	gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, xHiy, 0.0, b);
+	
+	//copy b to UltVehiB
+	for (size_t i=0; i<c_size; i++) {
+		gsl_vector_view UltVehiB_col=gsl_matrix_column (UltVehiB, i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view b_subcol=gsl_vector_const_subvector (b, i*d_size, d_size);
+		gsl_vector_memcpy (&UltVehiB_col.vector, &b_subcol.vector);
+	}	
+	
+	gsl_vector_free(b);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+void UpdateV (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *U, const gsl_matrix *E, const gsl_matrix *Sigma_uu, const gsl_matrix *Sigma_ee, gsl_matrix *V_g, gsl_matrix *V_e)
+{
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=U->size1;
+	
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (V_g);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (V_e);
+	
+	double delta;
+	
+	//calculate the first part: UD^{-1}U^T and EE^T	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		if (delta==0) {continue;}
+		
+		gsl_vector_const_view U_col=gsl_matrix_const_column (U, k);		
+		gsl_blas_dsyr (CblasUpper, 1.0/delta, &U_col.vector, V_g);
+	}
+	
+	gsl_blas_dsyrk(CblasUpper, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, E, 0.0, V_e);	
+	
+	//copy the upper part to lower part
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<i; j++) {
+			gsl_matrix_set (V_g, i, j, gsl_matrix_get(V_g, j, i));
+			gsl_matrix_set (V_e, i, j, gsl_matrix_get(V_e, j, i));
+		}
+	}
+	
+	//add Sigma
+	gsl_matrix_add (V_g, Sigma_uu);
+	gsl_matrix_add (V_e, Sigma_ee);
+	
+	//scale by 1/n
+	gsl_matrix_scale (V_g, 1.0/(double)n_size);
+	gsl_matrix_scale (V_e, 1.0/(double)n_size);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+void CalcSigma (const char func_name, const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_vector *D_l, const gsl_matrix *X, const gsl_matrix *OmegaU, const gsl_matrix *OmegaE, const gsl_matrix *UltVeh, const gsl_matrix *Qi, gsl_matrix *Sigma_uu, gsl_matrix *Sigma_ee)
+{	
+	if (func_name!='R' && func_name!='L' && func_name!='r' && func_name!='l') {cout<<"func_name only takes 'R' or 'L': 'R' for log-restricted likelihood, 'L' for log-likelihood."<<endl; return;}
+
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, c_size=X->size1, d_size=D_l->size, dc_size=Qi->size1;
+	
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(Sigma_uu);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(Sigma_ee);
+	
+	double delta, dl, x, d;	
+	
+	//calculate the first diagonal term
+	gsl_vector_view Suu_diag=gsl_matrix_diagonal (Sigma_uu);
+	gsl_vector_view See_diag=gsl_matrix_diagonal (Sigma_ee);
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		gsl_vector_const_view OmegaU_col=gsl_matrix_const_column (OmegaU, k);
+		gsl_vector_const_view OmegaE_col=gsl_matrix_const_column (OmegaE, k);
+		
+		gsl_vector_add (&Suu_diag.vector, &OmegaU_col.vector);
+		gsl_vector_add (&See_diag.vector, &OmegaE_col.vector);
+	}	
+	
+	//calculate the second term for reml
+	if (func_name=='R' || func_name=='r') {		
+		gsl_matrix *M_u=gsl_matrix_alloc(dc_size, d_size);
+		gsl_matrix *M_e=gsl_matrix_alloc(dc_size, d_size);
+		gsl_matrix *QiM=gsl_matrix_alloc(dc_size, d_size);		
+		
+		gsl_matrix_set_zero(M_u);
+		gsl_matrix_set_zero(M_e);
+		
+		for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+			delta=gsl_vector_get(eval, k);
+			//if (delta==0) {continue;}
+			
+			for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+				dl=gsl_vector_get(D_l, i);
+				for (size_t j=0; j<c_size; j++) {				
+					x=gsl_matrix_get(X, j, k);
+					d=x/(delta*dl+1.0);
+					gsl_matrix_set(M_e, j*d_size+i, i, d);
+					gsl_matrix_set(M_u, j*d_size+i, i, d*dl);					
+				}
+			}			
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, M_u, 0.0, QiM);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, delta, M_u, QiM, 1.0, Sigma_uu);
+		
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, M_e, 0.0, QiM);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, M_e, QiM, 1.0, Sigma_ee);
+		}		
+		
+		gsl_matrix_free(M_u);
+		gsl_matrix_free(M_e);
+		gsl_matrix_free(QiM);	
+	}
+	
+	//multiply both sides by VehUl
+	gsl_matrix *M=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Sigma_uu, UltVeh, 0.0, M);
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, M, 0.0, Sigma_uu);
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Sigma_ee, UltVeh, 0.0, M);
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, M, 0.0, Sigma_ee);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(M);
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//'R' for restricted likelihood and 'L' for likelihood
+//'R' update B and 'L' don't
+//only calculate -0.5*\sum_{k=1}^n|H_k|-0.5yPxy
+double MphCalcLogL (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_vector *xHiy, const gsl_vector *D_l, const gsl_matrix *UltVehiY, const gsl_matrix *Qi) 
+{
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=D_l->size, dc_size=Qi->size1;
+	double logl=0.0, delta, dl, y, d;
+	
+	//calculate yHiy+log|H_k|
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {		
+		delta=gsl_vector_get(eval, k);
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			y=gsl_matrix_get(UltVehiY, i, k);
+			dl=gsl_vector_get(D_l, i);
+			d=delta*dl+1.0;
+			
+			logl+=y*y/d+log(d);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	//calculate the rest of yPxy
+	gsl_vector *Qiv=gsl_vector_alloc(dc_size);
+	
+	gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, xHiy, 0.0, Qiv);
+	gsl_blas_ddot(xHiy, Qiv, &d);
+	
+	logl-=d;
+		
+	gsl_vector_free(Qiv);
+	
+	return -0.5*logl;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+//Y is a dxn matrix, X is a cxn matrix, B is a dxc matrix, V_g is a dxd matrix, V_e is a dxd matrix, eval is a size n vector
+//'R' for restricted likelihood and 'L' for likelihood
+double MphEM (const char func_name, const size_t max_iter, const double max_prec, const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *X, const gsl_matrix *Y, gsl_matrix *U_hat, gsl_matrix *E_hat, gsl_matrix *OmegaU, gsl_matrix *OmegaE, gsl_matrix *UltVehiY, gsl_matrix *UltVehiBX, gsl_matrix *UltVehiU, gsl_matrix *UltVehiE, gsl_matrix *V_g, gsl_matrix *V_e, gsl_matrix *B)
+{
+	if (func_name!='R' && func_name!='L' && func_name!='r' && func_name!='l') {cout<<"func_name only takes 'R' or 'L': 'R' for log-restricted likelihood, 'L' for log-likelihood."<<endl; return 0.0;}
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, c_size=X->size1, d_size=Y->size1;
+	size_t dc_size=d_size*c_size;	
+		
+	gsl_matrix *XXt=gsl_matrix_alloc (c_size, c_size);
+	gsl_matrix *XXti=gsl_matrix_alloc (c_size, c_size);
+	gsl_vector *D_l=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVeh=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehi=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiB=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, c_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Qi=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Sigma_uu=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Sigma_ee=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_vector *xHiy=gsl_vector_alloc (dc_size);
+	gsl_permutation * pmt=gsl_permutation_alloc (c_size);	
+		
+	double logl_const=0.0, logl_old=0.0, logl_new=0.0, logdet_Q, logdet_Ve;
+	int sig;
+	
+	//calculate |XXt| and (XXt)^{-1}
+	gsl_blas_dsyrk (CblasUpper, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, X, 0.0, XXt);
+	for (size_t i=0; i<c_size; ++i) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<i; ++j) {
+			gsl_matrix_set (XXt, i, j, gsl_matrix_get (XXt, j, i));
+		}
+	}
+	
+	LUDecomp (XXt, pmt, &sig);
+	LUInvert (XXt, pmt, XXti);
+	
+	//calculate the constant for logl	
+	if (func_name=='R' || func_name=='r') {		
+		logl_const=-0.5*(double)(n_size-c_size)*(double)d_size*log(2.0*M_PI)+0.5*(double)d_size*LULndet (XXt);
+	} else {
+		logl_const=-0.5*(double)n_size*(double)d_size*log(2.0*M_PI);
+	}	
+	
+	//start EM
+	for (size_t t=0; t<max_iter; t++) {
+		logdet_Ve=EigenProc (V_g, V_e, D_l, UltVeh, UltVehi);
+
+		logdet_Q=CalcQi (eval, D_l, X, Qi);
+
+		gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVehi, Y, 0.0, UltVehiY);
+		CalcXHiY(eval, D_l, X, UltVehiY, xHiy);
+
+		//calculate log likelihood/restricted likelihood value, and terminate if change is small	
+		logl_new=logl_const+MphCalcLogL (eval, xHiy, D_l, UltVehiY, Qi)-0.5*(double)n_size*logdet_Ve;
+		if (func_name=='R' || func_name=='r') {	
+			logl_new+=-0.5*(logdet_Q-(double)c_size*logdet_Ve);
+		}		
+		if (t!=0 && abs(logl_new-logl_old)<max_prec) {break;}
+		logl_old=logl_new;
+		
+		/*
+		cout<<"iteration = "<<t<<" log-likelihood = "<<logl_old<<"\t"<<logl_new<<endl;
+		
+		cout<<"Vg: "<<endl;
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+				cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_g, i, j)<<"\t";
+			}
+			cout<<endl;
+		}
+		cout<<"Ve: "<<endl;
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+				cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_e, i, j)<<"\t";
+			}
+			cout<<endl;
+		}
+		*/
+		
+		CalcOmega (eval, D_l, OmegaU, OmegaE);
+
+		//Update UltVehiB, UltVehiU
+		if (func_name=='R' || func_name=='r') {	
+			UpdateRL_B(xHiy, Qi, UltVehiB);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVehiB, X, 0.0, UltVehiBX);
+		} else if (t==0) {
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVehi, B, 0.0, UltVehiB);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVehiB, X, 0.0, UltVehiBX);
+		}
+		
+		UpdateU(OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU);
+		
+		if (func_name=='L' || func_name=='l') {	
+			//UltVehiBX is destroyed here
+			UpdateL_B(X, XXti, UltVehiY, UltVehiU, UltVehiBX, UltVehiB);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVehiB, X, 0.0, UltVehiBX);
+		}
+
+		UpdateE(UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE);
+		
+		//calculate U_hat, E_hat and B
+		gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, UltVehiU, 0.0, U_hat);
+		gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, UltVehiE, 0.0, E_hat);
+		gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, UltVehiB, 0.0, B);
+
+		//calculate Sigma_uu and Sigma_ee
+		CalcSigma (func_name, eval, D_l, X, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVeh, Qi, Sigma_uu, Sigma_ee);
+		
+		//update V_g and V_e
+		UpdateV (eval, U_hat, E_hat, Sigma_uu, Sigma_ee, V_g, V_e);		
+	}
+		
+	gsl_matrix_free(XXt);
+	gsl_matrix_free(XXti);
+	gsl_vector_free(D_l);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVeh);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehi);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiB);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Qi);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Sigma_uu);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Sigma_ee);
+	gsl_vector_free(xHiy);
+	gsl_permutation_free(pmt);
+	
+	return logl_new;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+//calculate p-value, beta (d by 1 vector) and V(beta)
+double MphCalcP (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_vector *x_vec, const gsl_matrix *W, const gsl_matrix *Y, const gsl_matrix *V_g, const gsl_matrix *V_e, gsl_matrix *UltVehiY, gsl_vector *beta, gsl_matrix *Vbeta) 
+{
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, c_size=W->size1, d_size=V_g->size1;
+	size_t dc_size=d_size*c_size;
+	double delta, dl, d, d1, d2, dy, dx, dw, logdet_Ve, logdet_Q, p_value;
+	
+	gsl_vector *D_l=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVeh=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehi=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Qi=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *WHix=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, d_size);	
+	gsl_matrix *QiWHix=gsl_matrix_alloc(dc_size, d_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix *xPx=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);	
+	gsl_vector *xPy=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	//gsl_vector *UltVehiy=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	gsl_vector *WHiy=gsl_vector_alloc (dc_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (xPx);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (WHix);
+	gsl_vector_set_zero (xPy);
+	gsl_vector_set_zero (WHiy);
+	
+	//eigen decomposition and calculate log|Ve|
+	logdet_Ve=EigenProc (V_g, V_e, D_l, UltVeh, UltVehi);	
+	
+	//calculate Qi and log|Q|
+	logdet_Q=CalcQi (eval, D_l, W, Qi);	
+	
+	//calculate UltVehiY
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVehi, Y, 0.0, UltVehiY);
+		
+	//calculate WHix, WHiy, xHiy, xHix
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		dl=gsl_vector_get(D_l, i);
+		
+		d1=0.0; d2=0.0;
+		for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+			delta=gsl_vector_get(eval, k);
+			dx=gsl_vector_get(x_vec, k);
+			dy=gsl_matrix_get(UltVehiY, i, k);
+			
+			d1+=dx*dy/(delta*dl+1.0);
+			d2+=dx*dx/(delta*dl+1.0);
+		}
+		gsl_vector_set (xPy, i, d1);
+		gsl_matrix_set (xPx, i, i, d2);
+		
+		for (size_t j=0; j<c_size; j++) {	
+			d1=0.0; d2=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+				delta=gsl_vector_get(eval, k);
+				dx=gsl_vector_get(x_vec, k);
+				dw=gsl_matrix_get(W, j, k);
+				dy=gsl_matrix_get(UltVehiY, i, k);
+				
+				//if (delta==0) {continue;}			
+				d1+=dx*dw/(delta*dl+1.0);
+				d2+=dy*dw/(delta*dl+1.0);
+			}
+			gsl_matrix_set(WHix, j*d_size+i, i, d1);
+			gsl_vector_set(WHiy, j*d_size+i, d2);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, WHix, 0.0, QiWHix);
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, -1.0, WHix, QiWHix, 1.0, xPx);
+	gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasTrans, -1.0, QiWHix, WHiy, 1.0, xPy);
+		
+	//calculate V(beta) and beta
+	int sig;
+	gsl_permutation * pmt=gsl_permutation_alloc (d_size);
+	LUDecomp (xPx, pmt, &sig);
+	LUSolve (xPx, pmt, xPy, D_l);
+	LUInvert (xPx, pmt, Vbeta);
+
+	//need to multiply UltVehi on both sides or one side
+	gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, D_l, 0.0, beta);
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Vbeta, UltVeh, 0.0, xPx);
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, xPx, 0.0, Vbeta);	
+
+	//calculate test statistic and p value	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(D_l, xPy, &d);
+	
+	p_value=gsl_cdf_chisq_Q (d, (double)d_size);
+	//d*=(double)(n_size-c_size-d_size)/((double)d_size*(double)(n_size-c_size-1));
+	//p_value=gsl_cdf_fdist_Q (d, (double)d_size, (double)(n_size-c_size-d_size));	
+	
+	gsl_vector_free(D_l);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVeh);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehi);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Qi);
+	gsl_matrix_free(WHix);	
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiWHix);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(xPx);	
+	gsl_vector_free(xPy);
+	gsl_vector_free(WHiy);
+	
+	gsl_permutation_free(pmt);
+	
+	return p_value;
+}
+
+
+
+//calculate B and its standard error (which is a matrix of the same dimension as B)
+void MphCalcBeta (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *W, const gsl_matrix *Y, const gsl_matrix *V_g, const gsl_matrix *V_e, gsl_matrix *UltVehiY, gsl_matrix *B, gsl_matrix *se_B) 
+{
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, c_size=W->size1, d_size=V_g->size1;
+	size_t dc_size=d_size*c_size;
+	double delta, dl, d, dy, dw, logdet_Ve, logdet_Q;
+	
+	gsl_vector *D_l=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVeh=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehi=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Qi=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Qi_temp=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	//gsl_vector *UltVehiy=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	gsl_vector *WHiy=gsl_vector_alloc (dc_size);
+	gsl_vector *QiWHiy=gsl_vector_alloc (dc_size);
+	gsl_vector *beta=gsl_vector_alloc (dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Vbeta=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	
+	gsl_vector_set_zero (WHiy);
+	
+	//eigen decomposition and calculate log|Ve|
+	logdet_Ve=EigenProc (V_g, V_e, D_l, UltVeh, UltVehi);	
+	
+	//calculate Qi and log|Q|
+	logdet_Q=CalcQi (eval, D_l, W, Qi);	
+	
+	//calculate UltVehiY
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVehi, Y, 0.0, UltVehiY);
+	
+	//calculate WHiy
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		dl=gsl_vector_get(D_l, i);
+				
+		for (size_t j=0; j<c_size; j++) {	
+			d=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+				delta=gsl_vector_get(eval, k);
+				dw=gsl_matrix_get(W, j, k);
+				dy=gsl_matrix_get(UltVehiY, i, k);
+				
+				//if (delta==0) {continue;}			
+				d+=dy*dw/(delta*dl+1.0);
+			}
+			gsl_vector_set(WHiy, j*d_size+i, d);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, WHiy, 0.0, QiWHiy);
+	
+	//need to multiply I_c\otimes UltVehi on both sides or one side
+	for (size_t i=0; i<c_size; i++) {
+		gsl_vector_view QiWHiy_sub=gsl_vector_subvector(QiWHiy, i*d_size, d_size);
+		gsl_vector_view beta_sub=gsl_vector_subvector(beta, i*d_size, d_size);		
+		gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, &QiWHiy_sub.vector, 0.0, &beta_sub.vector);
+	
+		for (size_t j=0; j<c_size; j++) {
+			gsl_matrix_view Qi_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (Qi, i*d_size, j*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			gsl_matrix_view Qitemp_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (Qi_temp, i*d_size, j*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			gsl_matrix_view Vbeta_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (Vbeta, i*d_size, j*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			
+			if (j<i) {
+				gsl_matrix_view Vbeta_sym=gsl_matrix_submatrix (Vbeta, j*d_size, i*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+				gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (&Vbeta_sub.matrix, &Vbeta_sym.matrix);
+			} else {
+				gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &Qi_sub.matrix, UltVeh, 0.0, &Qitemp_sub.matrix);
+				gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, &Qitemp_sub.matrix, 0.0, &Vbeta_sub.matrix);
+			}			
+		}
+	}
+	
+	//copy beta to B, and Vbeta to se_B
+	for (size_t j=0; j<B->size2; j++) {
+		for (size_t i=0; i<B->size1; i++) {
+			gsl_matrix_set(B, i, j, gsl_vector_get(beta, j*d_size+i));
+			gsl_matrix_set(se_B, i, j, sqrt(gsl_matrix_get(Vbeta, j*d_size+i, j*d_size+i)));
+		}
+	}	
+	
+	//free matrices
+	gsl_vector_free(D_l);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVeh);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehi);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Qi);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Qi_temp);
+	gsl_vector_free(WHiy);
+	gsl_vector_free(QiWHiy);
+	gsl_vector_free(beta);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Vbeta);
+		
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+//below are functions for Newton-Raphson's algorithm
+
+
+
+
+
+//calculate all Hi and return logdet_H=\sum_{k=1}^{n}log|H_k|
+//and calculate Qi and return logdet_Q
+//and calculate yPy
+void CalcHiQi (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *X, const gsl_matrix *V_g, const gsl_matrix *V_e, gsl_matrix *Hi_all, gsl_matrix *Qi, double &logdet_H, double &logdet_Q)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (Hi_all);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (Qi);
+	logdet_H=0.0; logdet_Q=0.0;
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, c_size=X->size1, d_size=V_g->size1;
+	double logdet_Ve=0.0, delta, dl, d;	
+	
+	gsl_matrix *mat_dd=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVeh=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehi=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_vector *D_l=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	
+	//calculate D_l, UltVeh and UltVehi
+	logdet_Ve=EigenProc (V_g, V_e, D_l, UltVeh, UltVehi);
+	
+	//calculate each Hi and log|H_k|
+	logdet_H=(double)n_size*logdet_Ve;
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		
+		gsl_matrix_memcpy (mat_dd, UltVehi);
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			dl=gsl_vector_get(D_l, i);
+			d=delta*dl+1.0;
+			
+			gsl_vector_view mat_row=gsl_matrix_row (mat_dd, i);
+			gsl_vector_scale (&mat_row.vector, 1.0/d);
+			
+			logdet_H+=log(d);
+		}
+		
+		gsl_matrix_view Hi_k=gsl_matrix_submatrix(Hi_all, 0, k*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+		gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVehi, mat_dd, 0.0, &Hi_k.matrix);
+	}	
+	
+	//calculate Qi, and multiply I\otimes UtVeh on both side
+	//and calculate logdet_Q, don't forget to substract c_size*logdet_Ve
+	logdet_Q=CalcQi (eval, D_l, X, Qi)-(double)c_size*logdet_Ve;
+		
+	for (size_t i=0; i<c_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<c_size; j++) {
+			gsl_matrix_view Qi_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (Qi, i*d_size, j*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			if (j<i) {
+				gsl_matrix_view Qi_sym=gsl_matrix_submatrix (Qi, j*d_size, i*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+				gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (&Qi_sub.matrix, &Qi_sym.matrix);
+			} else {
+				gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &Qi_sub.matrix, UltVeh, 0.0, mat_dd);
+				gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, mat_dd, 0.0, &Qi_sub.matrix);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	//free memory
+	gsl_matrix_free(mat_dd);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVeh);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehi);
+	gsl_vector_free(D_l);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+
+//calculate all Hiy
+void Calc_Hiy_all (const gsl_matrix *Y, const gsl_matrix *Hi_all, gsl_matrix *Hiy_all)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (Hiy_all);
+	
+	size_t n_size=Y->size2, d_size=Y->size1;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		gsl_matrix_const_view Hi_k=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix(Hi_all, 0, k*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+		gsl_vector_const_view y_k=gsl_matrix_const_column(Y, k);
+		gsl_vector_view Hiy_k=gsl_matrix_column(Hiy_all, k);
+		
+		gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &Hi_k.matrix, &y_k.vector, 0.0, &Hiy_k.vector);
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//calculate all xHi
+void Calc_xHi_all (const gsl_matrix *X, const gsl_matrix *Hi_all, gsl_matrix *xHi_all)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (xHi_all);
+	
+	size_t n_size=X->size2, c_size=X->size1, d_size=Hi_all->size1;
+
+	double d;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		gsl_matrix_const_view Hi_k=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix(Hi_all, 0, k*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+
+		for (size_t i=0; i<c_size; i++) {
+			d=gsl_matrix_get (X, i, k);
+			gsl_matrix_view xHi_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix(xHi_all, i*d_size, k*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy(&xHi_sub.matrix, &Hi_k.matrix);
+			gsl_matrix_scale(&xHi_sub.matrix, d);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//calculate scalar yHiy
+double Calc_yHiy (const gsl_matrix *Y, const gsl_matrix *Hiy_all)
+{
+	double yHiy=0.0, d;
+	size_t n_size=Y->size2;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		gsl_vector_const_view y_k=gsl_matrix_const_column(Y, k);
+		gsl_vector_const_view Hiy_k=gsl_matrix_const_column(Hiy_all, k);
+		
+		gsl_blas_ddot (&Hiy_k.vector, &y_k.vector, &d);
+		yHiy+=d;
+	}
+	
+	return yHiy;
+}
+
+
+//calculate the vector xHiy
+void Calc_xHiy (const gsl_matrix *Y, const gsl_matrix *xHi, gsl_vector *xHiy)
+{
+	gsl_vector_set_zero (xHiy);
+	
+	size_t n_size=Y->size2, d_size=Y->size1, dc_size=xHi->size1;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		gsl_matrix_const_view xHi_k=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix(xHi, 0, k*d_size, dc_size, d_size);
+		gsl_vector_const_view y_k=gsl_matrix_const_column(Y, k);
+		
+		gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &xHi_k.matrix, &y_k.vector, 1.0, xHiy);
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+
+//0<=i,j<d_size
+size_t GetIndex (const size_t i, const size_t j, const size_t d_size)
+{
+	if (i>=d_size || j>=d_size) {cout<<"error in GetIndex."<<endl; return 0;}
+	
+	size_t s, l;
+	if (j<i) {s=j; l=i;} else {s=i; l=j;}
+	
+	return (2*d_size-s+1)*s/2+l-s;
+}
+
+
+
+void Calc_yHiDHiy (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hiy, const size_t i, const size_t j, double &yHiDHiy_g, double &yHiDHiy_e)
+{
+	yHiDHiy_g=0.0;
+	yHiDHiy_e=0.0;
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size;
+	
+	double delta, d1, d2;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		d1=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, i, k);
+		d2=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, j, k);
+		
+		if (i==j) {
+			yHiDHiy_g+=delta*d1*d2;
+			yHiDHiy_e+=d1*d2;
+		} else {
+			yHiDHiy_g+=delta*d1*d2*2.0;
+			yHiDHiy_e+=d1*d2*2.0;
+		}
+	}	
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+void Calc_xHiDHiy (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *xHi, const gsl_matrix *Hiy, const size_t i, const size_t j, gsl_vector *xHiDHiy_g, gsl_vector *xHiDHiy_e)
+{
+	gsl_vector_set_zero(xHiDHiy_g);
+	gsl_vector_set_zero(xHiDHiy_e);
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=Hiy->size1;
+	
+	double delta, d;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_i=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+i);
+		d=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, j, k);
+		
+		gsl_blas_daxpy (d*delta, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiy_g);
+		gsl_blas_daxpy (d, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiy_e);		
+		
+		if (i!=j) {
+			gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_j=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+j);
+			d=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, i, k);
+			
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (d*delta, &xHi_col_j.vector, xHiDHiy_g);
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (d, &xHi_col_j.vector, xHiDHiy_e);	
+		}
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+void Calc_xHiDHix (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *xHi, const size_t i, const size_t j, gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_g, gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_e)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHix_g);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHix_e);
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, dc_size=xHi->size1;
+	size_t d_size=xHi->size2/n_size;
+	
+	double delta;
+	
+	gsl_matrix *mat_dcdc=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *mat_dcdc_t=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_i=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_j=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+j);
+		
+		gsl_matrix_set_zero (mat_dcdc);
+		gsl_blas_dger (1.0, &xHi_col_i.vector, &xHi_col_j.vector, mat_dcdc);
+		
+		gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (mat_dcdc_t, mat_dcdc);
+		
+		gsl_matrix_add (xHiDHix_e, mat_dcdc);
+		
+		gsl_matrix_scale (mat_dcdc, delta);
+		gsl_matrix_add (xHiDHix_g, mat_dcdc);
+		
+		if (i!=j) {
+			gsl_matrix_add (xHiDHix_e, mat_dcdc_t);		
+			
+			gsl_matrix_scale (mat_dcdc_t, delta);
+			gsl_matrix_add (xHiDHix_g, mat_dcdc_t);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(mat_dcdc);
+	gsl_matrix_free(mat_dcdc_t);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+void Calc_yHiDHiDHiy (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const gsl_matrix *Hiy, const size_t i1, const size_t j1, const size_t i2, const size_t j2, double &yHiDHiDHiy_gg, double &yHiDHiDHiy_ee, double &yHiDHiDHiy_ge)
+{
+	yHiDHiDHiy_gg=0.0;
+	yHiDHiDHiy_ee=0.0;
+	yHiDHiDHiy_ge=0.0;
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=Hiy->size1;
+	
+	double delta, d_Hiy_i1, d_Hiy_j1, d_Hiy_i2, d_Hiy_j2, d_Hi_i1i2, d_Hi_i1j2, d_Hi_j1i2, d_Hi_j1j2;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		
+		d_Hiy_i1=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, i1, k);
+		d_Hiy_j1=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, j1, k);
+		d_Hiy_i2=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, i2, k);
+		d_Hiy_j2=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, j2, k);
+		
+		d_Hi_i1i2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, i1, k*d_size+i2); 
+		d_Hi_i1j2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, i1, k*d_size+j2); 
+		d_Hi_j1i2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j1, k*d_size+i2); 
+		d_Hi_j1j2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j1, k*d_size+j2); 
+		
+		if (i1==j1) {			
+			yHiDHiDHiy_gg+=delta*delta*(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j2);
+			yHiDHiDHiy_ee+=(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j2);
+			yHiDHiDHiy_ge+=delta*(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j2);
+			
+			if (i2!=j2) {				
+				yHiDHiDHiy_gg+=delta*delta*(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i2);
+				yHiDHiDHiy_ee+=(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i2);
+				yHiDHiDHiy_ge+=delta*(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i2);
+			}
+		} else {
+			yHiDHiDHiy_gg+=delta*delta*(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j2+d_Hiy_j1*d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hiy_j2);
+			yHiDHiDHiy_ee+=(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j2+d_Hiy_j1*d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hiy_j2);
+			yHiDHiDHiy_ge+=delta*(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j2+d_Hiy_j1*d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hiy_j2);
+						
+			if (i2!=j2) {
+				yHiDHiDHiy_gg+=delta*delta*(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i2+d_Hiy_j1*d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hiy_i2);
+				yHiDHiDHiy_ee+=(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i2+d_Hiy_j1*d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hiy_i2);
+				yHiDHiDHiy_ge+=delta*(d_Hiy_i1*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i2+d_Hiy_j1*d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hiy_i2);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+void Calc_xHiDHiDHiy (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const gsl_matrix *xHi, const gsl_matrix *Hiy, const size_t i1, const size_t j1, const size_t i2, const size_t j2, gsl_vector *xHiDHiDHiy_gg, gsl_vector *xHiDHiDHiy_ee, gsl_vector *xHiDHiDHiy_ge)
+{
+	gsl_vector_set_zero(xHiDHiDHiy_gg);
+	gsl_vector_set_zero(xHiDHiDHiy_ee);
+	gsl_vector_set_zero(xHiDHiDHiy_ge);
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=Hiy->size1;
+	
+	double delta, d_Hiy_i, d_Hiy_j, d_Hi_i1i2, d_Hi_i1j2, d_Hi_j1i2, d_Hi_j1j2;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_i=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+i1);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_j=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+j1);
+		
+		d_Hiy_i=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, i2, k);
+		d_Hiy_j=gsl_matrix_get (Hiy, j2, k);
+		
+		d_Hi_i1i2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, i1, k*d_size+i2); 
+		d_Hi_i1j2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, i1, k*d_size+j2); 
+		d_Hi_j1i2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j1, k*d_size+i2); 
+		d_Hi_j1j2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j1, k*d_size+j2); 
+		
+		if (i1==j1) {
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*delta*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_gg);
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ee);
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ge);
+			
+			if (i2!=j2) {
+				gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*delta*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_gg);
+				gsl_blas_daxpy (d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ee);
+				gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ge);
+			}
+		} else {			
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*delta*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_gg);
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ee);
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hiy_j, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ge);
+			
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*delta*d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hiy_j, &xHi_col_j.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_gg);
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hiy_j, &xHi_col_j.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ee);
+			gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hiy_j, &xHi_col_j.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ge);
+			
+			if (i2!=j2) {
+				gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*delta*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_gg);
+				gsl_blas_daxpy (d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ee);
+				gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hiy_i, &xHi_col_i.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ge);
+				
+				gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*delta*d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hiy_i, &xHi_col_j.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_gg);
+				gsl_blas_daxpy (d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hiy_i, &xHi_col_j.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ee);
+				gsl_blas_daxpy (delta*d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hiy_i, &xHi_col_j.vector, xHiDHiDHiy_ge);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+void Calc_xHiDHiDHix (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const gsl_matrix *xHi, const size_t i1, const size_t j1, const size_t i2, const size_t j2, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_gg, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_ee, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_ge)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiDHix_gg);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiDHix_ee);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiDHix_ge);
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=Hi->size1, dc_size=xHi->size1;
+	
+	double delta, d_Hi_i1i2, d_Hi_i1j2, d_Hi_j1i2, d_Hi_j1j2;
+	
+	gsl_matrix *mat_dcdc=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_i1=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+i1);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_j1=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+j1);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_i2=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+i2);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_j2=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+j2);	
+		
+		d_Hi_i1i2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, i1, k*d_size+i2); 
+		d_Hi_i1j2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, i1, k*d_size+j2); 
+		d_Hi_j1i2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j1, k*d_size+i2); 
+		d_Hi_j1j2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j1, k*d_size+j2); 
+		
+		if (i1==j1) {
+			gsl_matrix_set_zero (mat_dcdc);
+			gsl_blas_dger (d_Hi_j1i2, &xHi_col_i1.vector, &xHi_col_j2.vector, mat_dcdc);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ee, mat_dcdc);			
+			gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+			gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ge, mat_dcdc);			
+			gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+			gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_gg, mat_dcdc);
+
+			if (i2!=j2) {
+				gsl_matrix_set_zero (mat_dcdc);
+				gsl_blas_dger (d_Hi_j1j2, &xHi_col_i1.vector, &xHi_col_i2.vector, mat_dcdc);
+				
+				gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ee, mat_dcdc);			
+				gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+				gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ge, mat_dcdc);			
+				gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+				gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_gg, mat_dcdc);
+			}
+		} else {
+			gsl_matrix_set_zero (mat_dcdc);
+			gsl_blas_dger (d_Hi_j1i2, &xHi_col_i1.vector, &xHi_col_j2.vector, mat_dcdc);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ee, mat_dcdc);			
+			gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+			gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ge, mat_dcdc);			
+			gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+			gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_gg, mat_dcdc);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_set_zero (mat_dcdc);
+			gsl_blas_dger (d_Hi_i1i2, &xHi_col_j1.vector, &xHi_col_j2.vector, mat_dcdc);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ee, mat_dcdc);			
+			gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+			gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ge, mat_dcdc);			
+			gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+			gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_gg, mat_dcdc);
+			
+			if (i2!=j2) {
+				gsl_matrix_set_zero (mat_dcdc);
+				gsl_blas_dger (d_Hi_j1j2, &xHi_col_i1.vector, &xHi_col_i2.vector, mat_dcdc);
+				
+				gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ee, mat_dcdc);			
+				gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+				gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ge, mat_dcdc);			
+				gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+				gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_gg, mat_dcdc);
+				
+				gsl_matrix_set_zero (mat_dcdc);
+				gsl_blas_dger (d_Hi_i1j2, &xHi_col_j1.vector, &xHi_col_i2.vector, mat_dcdc);
+				
+				gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ee, mat_dcdc);			
+				gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+				gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_ge, mat_dcdc);			
+				gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc, delta);
+				gsl_matrix_add(xHiDHiDHix_gg, mat_dcdc);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(mat_dcdc);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+void Calc_traceHiD (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const size_t i, const size_t j, double &tHiD_g, double &tHiD_e) 
+{
+	tHiD_g=0.0;
+	tHiD_e=0.0;
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=Hi->size1;
+	double delta, d;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		d=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j, k*d_size+i);
+		
+		if (i==j) {
+			tHiD_g+=delta*d;
+			tHiD_e+=d;
+		} else {
+			tHiD_g+=delta*d*2.0;
+			tHiD_e+=d*2.0;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+void Calc_traceHiDHiD (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const size_t i1, const size_t j1, const size_t i2, const size_t j2, double &tHiDHiD_gg, double &tHiDHiD_ee, double &tHiDHiD_ge) 
+{
+	tHiDHiD_gg=0.0;
+	tHiDHiD_ee=0.0;
+	tHiDHiD_ge=0.0;
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, d_size=Hi->size1;
+	double delta, d_Hi_i1i2, d_Hi_i1j2, d_Hi_j1i2, d_Hi_j1j2;
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		
+		d_Hi_i1i2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, i1, k*d_size+i2); 
+		d_Hi_i1j2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, i1, k*d_size+j2); 
+		d_Hi_j1i2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j1, k*d_size+i2); 
+		d_Hi_j1j2=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j1, k*d_size+j2);
+		
+		if (i1==j1) {
+			tHiDHiD_gg+=delta*delta*d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hi_j1i2;
+			tHiDHiD_ee+=d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hi_j1i2;
+			tHiDHiD_ge+=delta*d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hi_j1i2;
+			
+			if (i2!=j2) {
+				tHiDHiD_gg+=delta*delta*d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hi_j1j2;
+				tHiDHiD_ee+=d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hi_j1j2;
+				tHiDHiD_ge+=delta*d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hi_j1j2;
+			}
+		} else {
+			tHiDHiD_gg+=delta*delta*(d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hi_j1i2+d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hi_i1i2);
+			tHiDHiD_ee+=(d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hi_j1i2+d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hi_i1i2);
+			tHiDHiD_ge+=delta*(d_Hi_i1j2*d_Hi_j1i2+d_Hi_j1j2*d_Hi_i1i2);
+			
+			if (i2!=j2) {
+				tHiDHiD_gg+=delta*delta*(d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hi_j1j2+d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hi_i1j2);
+				tHiDHiD_ee+=(d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hi_j1j2+d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hi_i1j2);
+				tHiDHiD_ge+=delta*(d_Hi_i1i2*d_Hi_j1j2+d_Hi_j1i2*d_Hi_i1j2);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//trace(PD)=trace((Hi-HixQixHi)D)=trace(HiD)-trace(HixQixHiD)
+void Calc_tracePD (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Qi, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_all_g, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_all_e, const size_t i, const size_t j, double &tPD_g, double &tPD_e) 
+{
+	size_t dc_size=Qi->size1, d_size=Hi->size1;
+	size_t v=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+	
+	double d;
+	
+	//calculate the first part: trace(HiD)
+	Calc_traceHiD (eval, Hi, i, j, tPD_g, tPD_e);
+	
+	//calculate the second part: -trace(HixQixHiD)
+	for (size_t k=0; k<dc_size; k++) {
+		gsl_vector_const_view Qi_row=gsl_matrix_const_row (Qi, k);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHix_g_col=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHix_all_g, v*dc_size+k);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHix_e_col=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHix_all_e, v*dc_size+k);
+		
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&Qi_row.vector, &xHiDHix_g_col.vector, &d);
+		tPD_g-=d;
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&Qi_row.vector, &xHiDHix_e_col.vector, &d);
+		tPD_e-=d;
+	}
+		
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+//trace(PDPD)=trace((Hi-HixQixHi)D(Hi-HixQixHi)D)
+//=trace(HiDHiD)-trace(HixQixHiDHiD)-trace(HiDHixQixHiD)+trace(HixQixHiDHixQixHiD)
+void Calc_tracePDPD (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Qi, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const gsl_matrix *xHi, const gsl_matrix *QixHiDHix_all_g, const gsl_matrix *QixHiDHix_all_e, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, const size_t i1, const size_t j1, const size_t i2, const size_t j2, double &tPDPD_gg, double &tPDPD_ee, double &tPDPD_ge) 
+{
+	size_t dc_size=Qi->size1, d_size=Hi->size1;
+	size_t v_size=d_size*(d_size+1)/2;
+	size_t v1=GetIndex(i1, j1, d_size), v2=GetIndex(i2, j2, d_size);
+	
+	double d;
+	
+	//calculate the first part: trace(HiDHiD)
+	Calc_traceHiDHiD (eval, Hi, i1, j1, i2, j2, tPDPD_gg, tPDPD_ee, tPDPD_ge);
+
+	//calculate the second and third parts: -trace(HixQixHiDHiD)-trace(HiDHixQixHiD)
+	for (size_t i=0; i<dc_size; i++) {
+		gsl_vector_const_view Qi_row=gsl_matrix_const_row (Qi, i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHix_gg_col=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size+i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHix_ee_col=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size+i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHix_ge_col=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size+i);
+
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&Qi_row.vector, &xHiDHiDHix_gg_col.vector, &d);
+		tPDPD_gg-=d*2.0;
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&Qi_row.vector, &xHiDHiDHix_ee_col.vector, &d);
+		tPDPD_ee-=d*2.0;
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&Qi_row.vector, &xHiDHiDHix_ge_col.vector, &d);
+		tPDPD_ge-=d*2.0;
+		/*
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHix_gg_row=gsl_matrix_const_row (xHiDHiDHix_gg, i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHix_ee_row=gsl_matrix_const_row (xHiDHiDHix_ee, i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHix_ge_row=gsl_matrix_const_row (xHiDHiDHix_ge, i);
+		
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&Qi_row.vector, &xHiDHiDHix_gg_row.vector, &d);
+		tPDPD_gg-=d;
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&Qi_row.vector, &xHiDHiDHix_ee_row.vector, &d);
+		tPDPD_ee-=d;
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&Qi_row.vector, &xHiDHiDHix_ge_row.vector, &d);
+		tPDPD_ge-=d;
+		 */
+	}
+
+	//calculate the fourth part: trace(HixQixHiDHixQixHiD)
+	for (size_t i=0; i<dc_size; i++) {		
+		//gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHix_g_row1=gsl_matrix_const_subrow (QixHiDHix_all_g, i, v1*dc_size, dc_size);
+		//gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHix_e_row1=gsl_matrix_const_subrow (QixHiDHix_all_e, i, v1*dc_size, dc_size);
+
+		gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHix_g_fullrow1=gsl_matrix_const_row (QixHiDHix_all_g, i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHix_e_fullrow1=gsl_matrix_const_row (QixHiDHix_all_e, i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHix_g_row1=gsl_vector_const_subvector (&QixHiDHix_g_fullrow1.vector, v1*dc_size, dc_size);
+		gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHix_e_row1=gsl_vector_const_subvector (&QixHiDHix_e_fullrow1.vector, v1*dc_size, dc_size);
+
+		gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHix_g_col2=gsl_matrix_const_column (QixHiDHix_all_g, v2*dc_size+i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHix_e_col2=gsl_matrix_const_column (QixHiDHix_all_e, v2*dc_size+i);
+
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&QixHiDHix_g_row1.vector, &QixHiDHix_g_col2.vector, &d);
+		tPDPD_gg+=d;
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&QixHiDHix_e_row1.vector, &QixHiDHix_e_col2.vector, &d);
+		tPDPD_ee+=d;
+		gsl_blas_ddot(&QixHiDHix_g_row1.vector, &QixHiDHix_e_col2.vector, &d);
+		tPDPD_ge+=d;
+	}		
+
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+//calculate (xHiDHiy) for every pair of i j
+void Calc_xHiDHiy_all (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *xHi, const gsl_matrix *Hiy, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiy_all_g, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiy_all_e)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiy_all_g);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiy_all_e);
+	
+	size_t d_size=Hiy->size1;
+	size_t v;
+	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+			if (j<i) {continue;}
+			v=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			
+			gsl_vector_view xHiDHiy_g=gsl_matrix_column (xHiDHiy_all_g, v);
+			gsl_vector_view xHiDHiy_e=gsl_matrix_column (xHiDHiy_all_e, v);
+			
+			Calc_xHiDHiy (eval, xHi, Hiy, i, j, &xHiDHiy_g.vector, &xHiDHiy_e.vector);
+		}
+	}
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//calculate (xHiDHix) for every pair of i j
+void Calc_xHiDHix_all (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *xHi, gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_all_g, gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_all_e)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHix_all_g);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHix_all_e);
+	
+	size_t d_size=xHi->size2/eval->size, dc_size=xHi->size1;
+	size_t v;
+	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+			if (j<i) {continue;}
+			v=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_view xHiDHix_g=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHix_all_g, 0, v*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+			gsl_matrix_view xHiDHix_e=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHix_all_e, 0, v*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+			
+			Calc_xHiDHix (eval, xHi, i, j, &xHiDHix_g.matrix, &xHiDHix_e.matrix);
+		}
+	}
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+//calculate (xHiDHiy) for every pair of i j
+void Calc_xHiDHiDHiy_all (const size_t v_size, const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const gsl_matrix *xHi, const gsl_matrix *Hiy, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge);
+	
+	size_t d_size=Hiy->size1;
+	size_t v1, v2;
+	
+	for (size_t i1=0; i1<d_size; i1++) {
+		for (size_t j1=0; j1<d_size; j1++) {
+			if (j1<i1) {continue;}
+			v1=GetIndex(i1, j1, d_size);
+			
+			for (size_t i2=0; i2<d_size; i2++) {
+				for (size_t j2=0; j2<d_size; j2++) {
+					if (j2<i2) {continue;}
+					v2=GetIndex(i2, j2, d_size);
+					
+					gsl_vector_view xHiDHiDHiy_gg=gsl_matrix_column (xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg, v1*v_size+v2);
+					gsl_vector_view xHiDHiDHiy_ee=gsl_matrix_column (xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee, v1*v_size+v2);
+					gsl_vector_view xHiDHiDHiy_ge=gsl_matrix_column (xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge, v1*v_size+v2);
+					
+					Calc_xHiDHiDHiy (eval, Hi, xHi, Hiy, i1, j1, i2, j2, &xHiDHiDHiy_gg.vector, &xHiDHiDHiy_ee.vector, &xHiDHiDHiy_ge.vector);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//calculate (xHiDHix) for every pair of i j
+void Calc_xHiDHiDHix_all (const size_t v_size, const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const gsl_matrix *xHi, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ge)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiDHix_all_gg);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiDHix_all_ee);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero(xHiDHiDHix_all_ge);
+	
+	size_t d_size=xHi->size2/eval->size, dc_size=xHi->size1;
+	size_t v1, v2;	
+	
+	for (size_t i1=0; i1<d_size; i1++) {
+		for (size_t j1=0; j1<d_size; j1++) {
+			if (j1<i1) {continue;}
+			v1=GetIndex(i1, j1, d_size);
+			
+			for (size_t i2=0; i2<d_size; i2++) {
+				for (size_t j2=0; j2<d_size; j2++) {
+					if (j2<i2) {continue;}
+					v2=GetIndex(i2, j2, d_size);
+					
+					if (v2<v1) {continue;}
+					
+					gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_gg1=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+					gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_ee1=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+					gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_ge1=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+					
+					Calc_xHiDHiDHix (eval, Hi, xHi, i1, j1, i2, j2, &xHiDHiDHix_gg1.matrix, &xHiDHiDHix_ee1.matrix, &xHiDHiDHix_ge1.matrix);
+					
+					if (v2!=v1) {
+						gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_gg2=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, 0, (v2*v_size+v1)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+						gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_ee2=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, 0, (v2*v_size+v1)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+						gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_ge2=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, 0, (v2*v_size+v1)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+					
+						gsl_matrix_memcpy (&xHiDHiDHix_gg2.matrix, &xHiDHiDHix_gg1.matrix);
+						gsl_matrix_memcpy (&xHiDHiDHix_ee2.matrix, &xHiDHiDHix_ee1.matrix);
+						gsl_matrix_memcpy (&xHiDHiDHix_ge2.matrix, &xHiDHiDHix_ge1.matrix);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	
+	/*
+	size_t n_size=eval->size;
+	double delta, d_Hi_ij;
+	
+	gsl_matrix *mat_dcdc=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *mat_dcdc_temp=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	
+	for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+		delta=gsl_vector_get (eval, k);
+		
+		for (size_t i1=0; i1<d_size; i1++) {
+			for (size_t j2=0; j2<d_size; j2++) {				
+				gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_i=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+i1);
+				gsl_vector_const_view xHi_col_j=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHi, k*d_size+j2);
+		
+				gsl_matrix_set_zero (mat_dcdc);
+				gsl_blas_dger (1.0, &xHi_col_i.vector, &xHi_col_j.vector, mat_dcdc);	
+				
+				for (size_t j1=0; j1<d_size; j1++) {
+					for (size_t i2=0; i2<d_size; i2++) {
+						d_Hi_ij=gsl_matrix_get (Hi, j1, k*d_size+i2); 
+						
+						v1=GetIndex(i1, j1, d_size);
+						v2=GetIndex(i2, j2, d_size);						
+						
+						gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_gg=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+						gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_ee=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+						gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_ge=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+												
+						gsl_matrix_memcpy (mat_dcdc_temp, mat_dcdc);
+						
+						gsl_matrix_scale (mat_dcdc_temp, d_Hi_ij);
+						gsl_matrix_add(&xHiDHiDHix_ee.matrix, mat_dcdc_temp);
+						gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc_temp, delta);
+						gsl_matrix_add(&xHiDHiDHix_ge.matrix, mat_dcdc_temp);
+						gsl_matrix_scale(mat_dcdc_temp, delta);
+						gsl_matrix_add(&xHiDHiDHix_gg.matrix, mat_dcdc_temp);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	for (size_t i1=0; i1<d_size; i1++) {
+		for (size_t j1=0; j1<d_size; j1++) {
+			v1=GetIndex(i1, j1, d_size);
+			
+			for (size_t i2=0; i2<d_size; i2++) {
+				for (size_t j2=0; j2<d_size; j2++) {
+					v2=GetIndex(i2, j2, d_size);
+					
+					if (i1!=j1 && i2!=j2) {continue;}
+					
+					gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_gg=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+					gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_ee=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+					gsl_matrix_view xHiDHiDHix_ge=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+					
+					if ( (i1==j1 && i2!=j2) || (i1!=j1 && i2==j2) ) {
+						gsl_matrix_scale (&xHiDHiDHix_gg.matrix, 0.5);
+						gsl_matrix_scale (&xHiDHiDHix_ee.matrix, 0.5);
+						gsl_matrix_scale (&xHiDHiDHix_ge.matrix, 0.5);
+					} else {
+						gsl_matrix_scale (&xHiDHiDHix_gg.matrix, 0.25);
+						gsl_matrix_scale (&xHiDHiDHix_ee.matrix, 0.25);
+						gsl_matrix_scale (&xHiDHiDHix_ge.matrix, 0.25);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free (mat_dcdc);
+	gsl_matrix_free (mat_dcdc_temp);	
+	*/
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+//calculate (xHiDHix)Qi(xHiy) for every pair of i, j
+void Calc_xHiDHixQixHiy_all (const gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_all_g, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_all_e, const gsl_vector *QixHiy, gsl_matrix *xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, gsl_matrix *xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e)
+{
+	size_t dc_size=xHiDHix_all_g->size1;
+	size_t v_size=xHiDHix_all_g->size2/dc_size;
+	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<v_size; i++) {		
+		gsl_matrix_const_view xHiDHix_g=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (xHiDHix_all_g, 0, i*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+		gsl_matrix_const_view xHiDHix_e=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (xHiDHix_all_e, 0, i*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+		
+		gsl_vector_view xHiDHixQixHiy_g=gsl_matrix_column (xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, i);
+		gsl_vector_view xHiDHixQixHiy_e=gsl_matrix_column (xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, i);
+		
+		gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &xHiDHix_g.matrix, QixHiy, 0.0, &xHiDHixQixHiy_g.vector);
+		gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &xHiDHix_e.matrix, QixHiy, 0.0, &xHiDHixQixHiy_e.vector);
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+//calculate Qi(xHiDHiy) and Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiy) for each pair of i j (i<=j)
+void Calc_QiVec_all (const gsl_matrix *Qi, const gsl_matrix *vec_all_g, const gsl_matrix *vec_all_e, gsl_matrix *Qivec_all_g, gsl_matrix *Qivec_all_e)
+{
+	for (size_t i=0; i<vec_all_g->size2; i++) {
+		gsl_vector_const_view vec_g=gsl_matrix_const_column (vec_all_g, i);
+		gsl_vector_const_view vec_e=gsl_matrix_const_column (vec_all_e, i);
+		
+		gsl_vector_view Qivec_g=gsl_matrix_column (Qivec_all_g, i);
+		gsl_vector_view Qivec_e=gsl_matrix_column (Qivec_all_e, i);
+		
+		gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, &vec_g.vector, 0.0, &Qivec_g.vector);
+		gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, &vec_e.vector, 0.0, &Qivec_e.vector);
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//calculate Qi(xHiDHix) for each pair of i j (i<=j)
+void Calc_QiMat_all (const gsl_matrix *Qi, const gsl_matrix *mat_all_g, const gsl_matrix *mat_all_e, gsl_matrix *Qimat_all_g, gsl_matrix *Qimat_all_e)
+{
+	size_t dc_size=Qi->size1;
+	size_t v_size=mat_all_g->size2/mat_all_g->size1;
+	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<v_size; i++) {
+		gsl_matrix_const_view mat_g=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (mat_all_g, 0, i*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+		gsl_matrix_const_view mat_e=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (mat_all_e, 0, i*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+		
+		gsl_matrix_view Qimat_g=gsl_matrix_submatrix (Qimat_all_g, 0, i*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+		gsl_matrix_view Qimat_e=gsl_matrix_submatrix (Qimat_all_e, 0, i*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+		
+		gsl_blas_dgemm (CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, &mat_g.matrix, 0.0, &Qimat_g.matrix);
+		gsl_blas_dgemm (CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, &mat_e.matrix, 0.0, &Qimat_e.matrix);
+	}
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+//calculate yPDPy
+//yPDPy=y(Hi-HixQixHi)D(Hi-HixQixHi)y
+//=ytHiDHiy
+//-(yHix)Qi(xHiDHiy)-(yHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+//+(yHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xtHiy)
+void Calc_yPDPy (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hiy, const gsl_vector *QixHiy, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiy_all_g, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiy_all_e, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, const size_t i, const size_t j, double &yPDPy_g, double &yPDPy_e)
+{	
+	size_t d_size=Hiy->size1;
+	size_t v=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+		
+	double d;		
+	
+	//first part: ytHiDHiy
+	Calc_yHiDHiy (eval, Hiy, i, j, yPDPy_g, yPDPy_e);
+	
+	//second and third parts: -(yHix)Qi(xHiDHiy)-(yHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiy_g=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiy_all_g, v);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiy_e=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiy_all_e, v);
+	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHiy_g.vector, &d);
+	yPDPy_g-=d*2.0;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHiy_e.vector, &d);
+	yPDPy_e-=d*2.0;	
+	
+	//fourth part: +(yHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHixQixHiy_g=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, v);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHixQixHiy_e=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, v);
+	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHixQixHiy_g.vector, &d);
+	yPDPy_g+=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHixQixHiy_e.vector, &d);
+	yPDPy_e+=d;
+
+	return;
+}
+
+//calculate yPDPDPy=y(Hi-HixQixHi)D(Hi-HixQixHi)D(Hi-HixQixHi)y
+//yPDPDPy=yHiDHiDHiy
+//-(yHix)Qi(xHiDHiDHiy)-(yHiDHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+//-(yHiDHix)Qi(xHiDHiy)
+//+(yHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiDHiy)+(yHiDHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+//+(yHix)Qi(xHiDHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+//-(yHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+void Calc_yPDPDPy (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const gsl_matrix *xHi, const gsl_matrix *Hiy, const gsl_vector *QixHiy, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiy_all_g, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiy_all_e, const gsl_matrix *QixHiDHiy_all_g, const gsl_matrix *QixHiDHiy_all_e, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, const gsl_matrix *QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, const gsl_matrix *QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, const size_t i1, const size_t j1, const size_t i2, const size_t j2, double &yPDPDPy_gg, double &yPDPDPy_ee, double &yPDPDPy_ge)
+{	
+	size_t d_size=Hi->size1, dc_size=xHi->size1;
+	size_t v1=GetIndex(i1, j1, d_size), v2=GetIndex(i2, j2, d_size);
+	size_t v_size=d_size*(d_size+1)/2;	
+	
+	double d;
+		
+	gsl_vector *xHiDHiDHixQixHiy=gsl_vector_alloc (dc_size);
+	
+	//first part: yHiDHiDHiy
+	Calc_yHiDHiDHiy (eval, Hi, Hiy, i1, j1, i2, j2, yPDPDPy_gg, yPDPDPy_ee, yPDPDPy_ge);	
+	
+	//second and third parts: -(yHix)Qi(xHiDHiDHiy)-(yHiDHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)	
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHiy_gg1=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg, v1*v_size+v2);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHiy_ee1=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee, v1*v_size+v2);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHiy_ge1=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge, v1*v_size+v2);
+	
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHiy_gg2=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg, v2*v_size+v1);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHiy_ee2=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee, v2*v_size+v1);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiDHiy_ge2=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge, v2*v_size+v1);
+	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHiDHiy_gg1.vector, &d); 
+	yPDPDPy_gg-=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHiDHiy_ee1.vector, &d); 
+	yPDPDPy_ee-=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHiDHiy_ge1.vector, &d); 
+	yPDPDPy_ge-=d;
+	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHiDHiy_gg2.vector, &d); 
+	yPDPDPy_gg-=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHiDHiy_ee2.vector, &d); 
+	yPDPDPy_ee-=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(QixHiy, &xHiDHiDHiy_ge2.vector, &d); 
+	yPDPDPy_ge-=d;
+	
+	//fourth part: -(yHiDHix)Qi(xHiDHiy)
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiy_g1=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiy_all_g, v1);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHiy_e1=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHiy_all_e, v1);
+	gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHiy_g2=gsl_matrix_const_column (QixHiDHiy_all_g, v2);
+	gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHiy_e2=gsl_matrix_const_column (QixHiDHiy_all_e, v2);
+	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&xHiDHiy_g1.vector, &QixHiDHiy_g2.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_gg-=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&xHiDHiy_e1.vector, &QixHiDHiy_e2.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ee-=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&xHiDHiy_g1.vector, &QixHiDHiy_e2.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ge-=d;
+	
+	//fifth and sixth parts: +(yHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiDHiy)+(yHiDHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+	gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHiy_g1=gsl_matrix_const_column (QixHiDHiy_all_g, v1);
+	gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHiy_e1=gsl_matrix_const_column (QixHiDHiy_all_e, v1);
+	
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHixQixHiy_g1=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, v1);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHixQixHiy_e1=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, v1);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHixQixHiy_g2=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, v2);
+	gsl_vector_const_view xHiDHixQixHiy_e2=gsl_matrix_const_column (xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, v2);
+	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&xHiDHixQixHiy_g1.vector, &QixHiDHiy_g2.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_gg+=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&xHiDHixQixHiy_g2.vector, &QixHiDHiy_g1.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_gg+=d;
+	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&xHiDHixQixHiy_e1.vector, &QixHiDHiy_e2.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ee+=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&xHiDHixQixHiy_e2.vector, &QixHiDHiy_e1.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ee+=d;
+	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&xHiDHixQixHiy_g1.vector, &QixHiDHiy_e2.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ge+=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&xHiDHixQixHiy_e2.vector, &QixHiDHiy_g1.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ge+=d;
+
+	//seventh part: +(yHix)Qi(xHiDHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+	gsl_matrix_const_view xHiDHiDHix_gg=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix_const_view xHiDHiDHix_ee=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix_const_view xHiDHiDHix_ge=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+	
+	gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &xHiDHiDHix_gg.matrix, QixHiy, 0.0, xHiDHiDHixQixHiy);
+	gsl_blas_ddot(xHiDHiDHixQixHiy, QixHiy, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_gg+=d;
+	gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &xHiDHiDHix_ee.matrix, QixHiy, 0.0, xHiDHiDHixQixHiy);
+	gsl_blas_ddot(xHiDHiDHixQixHiy, QixHiy, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ee+=d;
+	gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &xHiDHiDHix_ge.matrix, QixHiy, 0.0, xHiDHiDHixQixHiy);
+	gsl_blas_ddot(xHiDHiDHixQixHiy, QixHiy, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ge+=d;
+		
+	//eighth part: -(yHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiy)
+	gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHixQixHiy_g1=gsl_matrix_const_column (QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, v1);
+	gsl_vector_const_view QixHiDHixQixHiy_e1=gsl_matrix_const_column (QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, v1);
+	
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&QixHiDHixQixHiy_g1.vector, &xHiDHixQixHiy_g2.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_gg-=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&QixHiDHixQixHiy_e1.vector, &xHiDHixQixHiy_e2.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ee-=d;
+	gsl_blas_ddot(&QixHiDHixQixHiy_g1.vector, &xHiDHixQixHiy_e2.vector, &d);
+	yPDPDPy_ge-=d;
+	
+	//free memory	
+	gsl_vector_free(xHiDHiDHixQixHiy);	
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//calculate Edgeworth correctation factors for small samples
+//notation and method follows Thomas J. Rothenberg, Econometirca 1984; 52 (4)
+//M=xHiDHix
+void CalcCRT (const gsl_matrix *Hessian_inv, const gsl_matrix *Qi, const gsl_matrix *QixHiDHix_all_g, const gsl_matrix *QixHiDHix_all_e, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, const gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, const size_t d_size, double &crt_a, double &crt_b, double &crt_c)
+{
+	crt_a=0.0; crt_b=0.0; crt_c=0.0;
+	
+	size_t dc_size=Qi->size1, v_size=Hessian_inv->size1/2;
+	size_t c_size=dc_size/d_size;
+	double h_gg, h_ge, h_ee, d, B=0.0, C=0.0, D=0.0;
+	double trCg1, trCe1, trCg2, trCe2, trB_gg, trB_ge, trB_ee, trCC_gg, trCC_ge, trCC_ee, trD_gg=0.0, trD_ge=0.0, trD_ee=0.0;
+	
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQi_g1=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQi_e1=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQi_g2=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQi_e2=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQisQisi_g1=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQisQisi_e1=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQisQisi_g2=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQisQisi_e2=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQiMQi_gg=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQiMQi_ge=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMQiMQi_ee=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix *QiMMQi_gg=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMMQi_ge=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QiMMQi_ee=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix *Qi_si=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);	
+	
+	gsl_matrix *M_dd=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *M_dcdc=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+		
+	//invert Qi_sub to Qi_si
+	gsl_matrix *Qi_sub=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_const_view Qi_s=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (Qi, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+	
+	int sig;
+	gsl_permutation * pmt=gsl_permutation_alloc (d_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (Qi_sub, &Qi_s.matrix);
+	LUDecomp (Qi_sub, pmt, &sig);
+	LUInvert (Qi_sub, pmt, Qi_si);
+	
+	gsl_permutation_free(pmt);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Qi_sub);
+			
+	//calculate correctation factors
+	for (size_t v1=0; v1<v_size; v1++) {
+		//calculate Qi(xHiDHix)Qi, and subpart of it
+		gsl_matrix_const_view QiM_g1=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (QixHiDHix_all_g, 0, v1*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+		gsl_matrix_const_view QiM_e1=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (QixHiDHix_all_e, 0, v1*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+				
+		gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiM_g1.matrix, Qi, 0.0, QiMQi_g1);
+		gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiM_e1.matrix, Qi, 0.0, QiMQi_e1);
+		
+		gsl_matrix_view QiMQi_g1_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMQi_g1, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+		gsl_matrix_view QiMQi_e1_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMQi_e1, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+		
+		/*
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+				cout<<setprecision(6)<<gsl_matrix_get(&QiMQi_g1_s.matrix, i, j)<<"\t";
+			}
+			cout<<endl;
+		}
+*/
+		//calculate trCg1 and trCe1
+		gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMQi_g1_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, QiMQisQisi_g1);
+		trCg1=0.0;
+		for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+			trCg1-=gsl_matrix_get (QiMQisQisi_g1, k, k);
+		}
+		
+		gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMQi_e1_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, QiMQisQisi_e1);
+		trCe1=0.0;
+		for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+			trCe1-=gsl_matrix_get (QiMQisQisi_e1, k, k);
+		}
+		/*
+		cout<<v1<<endl;
+		cout<<"trCg1 = "<<trCg1<<", trCe1 = "<<trCe1<<endl;	
+		*/
+		for (size_t v2=0; v2<v_size; v2++) {
+			if (v2<v1) {continue;}
+			
+			//calculate Qi(xHiDHix)Qi, and subpart of it
+			gsl_matrix_const_view QiM_g2=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (QixHiDHix_all_g, 0, v2*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+			gsl_matrix_const_view QiM_e2=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (QixHiDHix_all_e, 0, v2*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+			
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiM_g2.matrix, Qi, 0.0, QiMQi_g2);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiM_e2.matrix, Qi, 0.0, QiMQi_e2);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_view QiMQi_g2_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMQi_g2, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			gsl_matrix_view QiMQi_e2_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMQi_e2, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			
+			//calculate trCg2 and trCe2
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMQi_g2_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, QiMQisQisi_g2);
+			trCg2=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				trCg2-=gsl_matrix_get (QiMQisQisi_g2, k, k);
+			}
+			
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMQi_e2_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, QiMQisQisi_e2);
+			trCe2=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				trCe2-=gsl_matrix_get (QiMQisQisi_e2, k, k);
+			}
+			
+			//calculate trCC_gg, trCC_ge, trCC_ee
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, QiMQisQisi_g1, QiMQisQisi_g2, 0.0, M_dd);
+			trCC_gg=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				trCC_gg+=gsl_matrix_get (M_dd, k, k);
+			}
+			
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, QiMQisQisi_g1, QiMQisQisi_e2, 0.0, M_dd);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, QiMQisQisi_e1, QiMQisQisi_g2, 1.0, M_dd);
+			trCC_ge=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				trCC_ge+=gsl_matrix_get (M_dd, k, k);
+			}
+			
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, QiMQisQisi_e1, QiMQisQisi_e2, 0.0, M_dd);
+			trCC_ee=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				trCC_ee+=gsl_matrix_get (M_dd, k, k);
+			}
+						
+			//calculate Qi(xHiDHix)Qi(xHiDHix)Qi, and subpart of it			
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiM_g1.matrix, QiMQi_g2, 0.0, QiMQiMQi_gg);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiM_g1.matrix, QiMQi_e2, 0.0, QiMQiMQi_ge);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiM_e1.matrix, QiMQi_g2, 1.0, QiMQiMQi_ge);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiM_e1.matrix, QiMQi_e2, 0.0, QiMQiMQi_ee);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_view QiMQiMQi_gg_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMQiMQi_gg, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			gsl_matrix_view QiMQiMQi_ge_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMQiMQi_ge, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			gsl_matrix_view QiMQiMQi_ee_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMQiMQi_ee, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+						
+			//and part of trB_gg, trB_ge, trB_ee
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMQiMQi_gg_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, M_dd);
+			trB_gg=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				d=gsl_matrix_get (M_dd, k, k);
+				trB_gg-=d;
+			}
+			
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMQiMQi_ge_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, M_dd);
+			trB_ge=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				d=gsl_matrix_get (M_dd, k, k);
+				trB_ge-=d;
+			}
+			
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMQiMQi_ee_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, M_dd);
+			trB_ee=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				d=gsl_matrix_get (M_dd, k, k);
+				trB_ee-=d;
+			}
+			
+			//calculate Qi(xHiDHiDHix)Qi, and subpart of it	
+			gsl_matrix_const_view MM_gg=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+			gsl_matrix_const_view MM_ge=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+			gsl_matrix_const_view MM_ee=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, 0, (v1*v_size+v2)*dc_size, dc_size, dc_size);
+						
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, &MM_gg.matrix, 0.0, M_dcdc);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, M_dcdc, Qi, 0.0, QiMMQi_gg);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, &MM_ge.matrix, 0.0, M_dcdc);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, M_dcdc, Qi, 0.0, QiMMQi_ge);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, &MM_ee.matrix, 0.0, M_dcdc);
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, M_dcdc, Qi, 0.0, QiMMQi_ee);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_view QiMMQi_gg_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMMQi_gg, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			gsl_matrix_view QiMMQi_ge_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMMQi_ge, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+			gsl_matrix_view QiMMQi_ee_s=gsl_matrix_submatrix (QiMMQi_ee, (c_size-1)*d_size, (c_size-1)*d_size, d_size, d_size);
+												
+			//calculate the other part of trB_gg, trB_ge, trB_ee
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMMQi_gg_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, M_dd);
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				trB_gg+=gsl_matrix_get (M_dd, k, k);
+			}
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMMQi_ge_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, M_dd);
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				trB_ge+=2.0*gsl_matrix_get (M_dd, k, k);
+			}
+			gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, &QiMMQi_ee_s.matrix, Qi_si, 0.0, M_dd);
+			for (size_t k=0; k<d_size; k++) {
+				trB_ee+=gsl_matrix_get (M_dd, k, k);
+			}
+			
+			
+			//calculate trD_gg, trD_ge, trD_ee
+			trD_gg=2.0*trB_gg;
+			trD_ge=2.0*trB_ge;
+			trD_ee=2.0*trB_ee;
+			
+			//calculate B, C and D
+			h_gg=-1.0*gsl_matrix_get (Hessian_inv, v1, v2);
+			h_ge=-1.0*gsl_matrix_get (Hessian_inv, v1, v2+v_size);
+			h_ee=-1.0*gsl_matrix_get (Hessian_inv, v1+v_size, v2+v_size);
+			
+			B+=h_gg*trB_gg+h_ge*trB_ge+h_ee*trB_ee;
+			C+=h_gg*(trCC_gg+0.5*trCg1*trCg2)+h_ge*(trCC_ge+0.5*trCg1*trCe2+0.5*trCe1*trCg2)+h_ee*(trCC_ee+0.5*trCe1*trCe2);
+			D+=h_gg*(trCC_gg+0.5*trD_gg)+h_ge*(trCC_ge+0.5*trD_ge)+h_ee*(trCC_ee+0.5*trD_ee);
+			
+			if (v1!=v2) {
+				B+=h_gg*trB_gg+h_ge*trB_ge+h_ee*trB_ee;
+				C+=h_gg*(trCC_gg+0.5*trCg1*trCg2)+h_ge*(trCC_ge+0.5*trCg1*trCe2+0.5*trCe1*trCg2)+h_ee*(trCC_ee+0.5*trCe1*trCe2);
+				D+=h_gg*(trCC_gg+0.5*trD_gg)+h_ge*(trCC_ge+0.5*trD_ge)+h_ee*(trCC_ee+0.5*trD_ee);
+			}
+			
+			/*
+			cout<<v1<<"\t"<<v2<<endl;
+			cout<<h_gg<<"\t"<<h_ge<<"\t"<<h_ee<<endl;
+			cout<<trB_gg<<"\t"<<trB_ge<<"\t"<<trB_ee<<endl;
+			cout<<trCg1<<"\t"<<trCe1<<"\t"<<trCg2<<"\t"<<trCe2<<endl;
+			cout<<trCC_gg<<"\t"<<trCC_ge<<"\t"<<trCC_ee<<endl;
+			cout<<trD_gg<<"\t"<<trD_ge<<"\t"<<trD_ee<<endl;
+			*/
+		}
+	}
+	
+	//calculate a, b, c from B C D
+	crt_a=2.0*D-C;
+	crt_b=2.0*B;
+	crt_c=C;
+	/*
+	cout<<B<<"\t"<<C<<"\t"<<D<<endl;
+	cout<<setprecision(6)<<crt_a<<"\t"<<crt_b<<"\t"<<crt_c<<endl;
+	*/
+	//free matrix memory
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQi_g1);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQi_e1);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQi_g2);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQi_e2);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQisQisi_g1);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQisQisi_e1);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQisQisi_g2);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQisQisi_e2);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQiMQi_gg);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQiMQi_ge);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMQiMQi_ee);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMMQi_gg);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMMQi_ge);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QiMMQi_ee);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Qi_si);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(M_dd);
+	gsl_matrix_free(M_dcdc);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+//calculate first-order and second-order derivatives
+void CalcDev (const char func_name, const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *Qi, const gsl_matrix *Hi, const gsl_matrix *xHi, const gsl_matrix *Hiy, const gsl_vector *QixHiy, gsl_vector *gradient, gsl_matrix *Hessian_inv, double &crt_a, double &crt_b, double &crt_c)
+{	
+	if (func_name!='R' && func_name!='L' && func_name!='r' && func_name!='l') {cout<<"func_name only takes 'R' or 'L': 'R' for log-restricted likelihood, 'L' for log-likelihood."<<endl; return;}
+
+	size_t dc_size=Qi->size1, d_size=Hi->size1;
+	size_t c_size=dc_size/d_size;
+	size_t v_size=d_size*(d_size+1)/2;
+	size_t v1, v2;
+	double dev1_g, dev1_e, dev2_gg, dev2_ee, dev2_ge;
+
+	gsl_matrix *Hessian=gsl_matrix_alloc (v_size*2, v_size*2);
+		
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHiy_all_g=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size);
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHiy_all_e=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size);
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_all_g=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHix_all_e=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*dc_size);		
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size);
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix *QixHiDHiy_all_g=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QixHiDHiy_all_e=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QixHiDHix_all_g=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QixHiDHix_all_e=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*dc_size);	
+	gsl_matrix *QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_g=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size);
+	gsl_matrix *QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_e=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*v_size);
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*v_size);
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*v_size);
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_gg=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*v_size*dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ee=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*v_size*dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *xHiDHiDHix_all_ge=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, v_size*v_size*dc_size);
+	
+	//calculate xHiDHiy_all, xHiDHix_all and xHiDHixQixHiy_all
+	Calc_xHiDHiy_all (eval, xHi, Hiy, xHiDHiy_all_g, xHiDHiy_all_e);	
+	Calc_xHiDHix_all (eval, xHi, xHiDHix_all_g, xHiDHix_all_e);
+	Calc_xHiDHixQixHiy_all (xHiDHix_all_g, xHiDHix_all_e, QixHiy, xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e);
+	
+	Calc_xHiDHiDHiy_all (v_size, eval, Hi, xHi, Hiy, xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg, xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee, xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge);
+	Calc_xHiDHiDHix_all (v_size, eval, Hi, xHi, xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, xHiDHiDHix_all_ge);
+	
+	//calculate QixHiDHiy_all, QixHiDHix_all and QixHiDHixQixHiy_all
+	Calc_QiVec_all (Qi, xHiDHiy_all_g, xHiDHiy_all_e, QixHiDHiy_all_g, QixHiDHiy_all_e);
+	Calc_QiVec_all (Qi, xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_e);
+	Calc_QiMat_all (Qi, xHiDHix_all_g, xHiDHix_all_e, QixHiDHix_all_g, QixHiDHix_all_e);
+		
+	double tHiD_g, tHiD_e, tPD_g, tPD_e, tHiDHiD_gg, tHiDHiD_ee, tHiDHiD_ge, tPDPD_gg, tPDPD_ee, tPDPD_ge;
+	double yPDPy_g, yPDPy_e, yPDPDPy_gg, yPDPDPy_ee, yPDPDPy_ge;
+
+	//calculate gradient and Hessian for Vg	
+	for (size_t i1=0; i1<d_size; i1++) {
+		for (size_t j1=0; j1<d_size; j1++) {
+			if (j1<i1) {continue;}
+			v1=GetIndex (i1, j1, d_size);
+
+			Calc_yPDPy (eval, Hiy, QixHiy, xHiDHiy_all_g, xHiDHiy_all_e, xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, i1, j1, yPDPy_g, yPDPy_e);
+			
+			if (func_name=='R' || func_name=='r') {				
+				Calc_tracePD (eval, Qi, Hi, xHiDHix_all_g, xHiDHix_all_e, i1, j1, tPD_g, tPD_e);				
+				//cout<<i1<<" "<<j1<<" "<<yPDPy_g<<" "<<yPDPy_e<<" "<<tPD_g<<" "<<tPD_e<<endl;
+				
+				dev1_g=-0.5*tPD_g+0.5*yPDPy_g;
+				dev1_e=-0.5*tPD_e+0.5*yPDPy_e;
+			} else {
+				Calc_traceHiD (eval, Hi, i1, j1, tHiD_g, tHiD_e);
+								
+				dev1_g=-0.5*tHiD_g+0.5*yPDPy_g;
+				dev1_e=-0.5*tHiD_e+0.5*yPDPy_e;
+			}
+
+			gsl_vector_set (gradient, v1, dev1_g);
+			gsl_vector_set (gradient, v1+v_size, dev1_e);
+			
+			for (size_t i2=0; i2<d_size; i2++) {
+				for (size_t j2=0; j2<d_size; j2++) {
+					if (j2<i2) {continue;}
+					v2=GetIndex (i2, j2, d_size);
+					
+					if (v2<v1) {continue;}
+
+					Calc_yPDPDPy (eval, Hi, xHi, Hiy, QixHiy, xHiDHiy_all_g, xHiDHiy_all_e, QixHiDHiy_all_g, QixHiDHiy_all_e, xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_g, QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_e, xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg, xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee, xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge, xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, i1, j1, i2, j2, yPDPDPy_gg, yPDPDPy_ee, yPDPDPy_ge);
+
+					//cout<<i1<<" "<<j1<<" "<<i2<<" "<<j2<<" "<<yPDPDPy_gg<<" "<<yPDPDPy_ee<<" "<<yPDPDPy_ge<<endl;
+					//AI for reml
+					if (func_name=='R' || func_name=='r') {
+						Calc_tracePDPD (eval, Qi, Hi, xHi, QixHiDHix_all_g, QixHiDHix_all_e, xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, i1, j1, i2, j2, tPDPD_gg, tPDPD_ee, tPDPD_ge);
+						
+						dev2_gg=0.5*tPDPD_gg-yPDPDPy_gg; 
+						dev2_ee=0.5*tPDPD_ee-yPDPDPy_ee; 
+						dev2_ge=0.5*tPDPD_ge-yPDPDPy_ge; 		
+						/*
+						dev2_gg=-0.5*yPDPDPy_gg; 
+						dev2_ee=-0.5*yPDPDPy_ee; 
+						dev2_ge=-0.5*yPDPDPy_ge; 
+						*/
+					} else {
+						Calc_traceHiDHiD (eval, Hi, i1, j1, i2, j2, tHiDHiD_gg, tHiDHiD_ee, tHiDHiD_ge);
+						
+						dev2_gg=0.5*tHiDHiD_gg-yPDPDPy_gg; 
+						dev2_ee=0.5*tHiDHiD_ee-yPDPDPy_ee; 
+						dev2_ge=0.5*tHiDHiD_ge-yPDPDPy_ge; 
+					}
+
+					//set up Hessian
+					gsl_matrix_set (Hessian, v1, v2, dev2_gg);
+					gsl_matrix_set (Hessian, v1+v_size, v2+v_size, dev2_ee);
+					gsl_matrix_set (Hessian, v1, v2+v_size, dev2_ge);
+					gsl_matrix_set (Hessian, v2+v_size, v1, dev2_ge);
+					
+					if (v1!=v2) {
+						gsl_matrix_set (Hessian, v2, v1, dev2_gg);
+						gsl_matrix_set (Hessian, v2+v_size, v1+v_size, dev2_ee);
+						gsl_matrix_set (Hessian, v2, v1+v_size, dev2_ge);
+						gsl_matrix_set (Hessian, v1+v_size, v2, dev2_ge);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	cout<<"Hessian: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<2*v_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<2*v_size; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(Hessian, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	*/
+	
+	
+	//Invert Hessian
+	int sig;
+	gsl_permutation * pmt=gsl_permutation_alloc (v_size*2);
+	
+	LUDecomp (Hessian, pmt, &sig);
+	LUInvert (Hessian, pmt, Hessian_inv);
+	/*
+	cout<<"Hessian Inverse: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<2*v_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<2*v_size; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(Hessian_inv, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	*/
+	gsl_permutation_free(pmt);	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hessian);
+	
+	//calculate Edgeworth correction factors
+	//after inverting Hessian
+	if (c_size>1) {
+		CalcCRT (Hessian_inv, Qi, QixHiDHix_all_g, QixHiDHix_all_e, xHiDHiDHix_all_gg, xHiDHiDHix_all_ee, xHiDHiDHix_all_ge, d_size, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+	} else {
+		crt_a=0.0; crt_b=0.0; crt_c=0.0; 
+	}	
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHiy_all_g);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHiy_all_e);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHix_all_g);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHix_all_e);		
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHixQixHiy_all_g);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHixQixHiy_all_e);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(QixHiDHiy_all_g);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QixHiDHiy_all_e);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QixHiDHix_all_g);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QixHiDHix_all_e);	
+	gsl_matrix_free(QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_g);
+	gsl_matrix_free(QixHiDHixQixHiy_all_e);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHiDHiy_all_gg);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHiDHiy_all_ee);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHiDHiy_all_ge);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHiDHix_all_gg);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHiDHix_all_ee);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHiDHiDHix_all_ge);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+//update Vg, Ve
+void UpdateVgVe (const gsl_matrix *Hessian_inv, const gsl_vector *gradient, const double step_scale, gsl_matrix *V_g, gsl_matrix *V_e)
+{
+	size_t v_size=gradient->size/2, d_size=V_g->size1;
+	size_t v;
+	
+	gsl_vector *vec_v=gsl_vector_alloc (v_size*2);
+	
+	double d;
+	
+	//vectorize Vg and Ve
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+			if (j<i) {continue;}
+			v=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			
+			d=gsl_matrix_get (V_g, i, j);
+			gsl_vector_set (vec_v, v, d);
+			
+			d=gsl_matrix_get (V_e, i, j);
+			gsl_vector_set (vec_v, v+v_size, d);
+		}
+	}	
+	
+	gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, -1.0*step_scale, Hessian_inv, gradient, 1.0, vec_v);
+
+	//save Vg and Ve
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+			if (j<i) {continue;}
+			v=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			
+			d=gsl_vector_get (vec_v, v);
+			gsl_matrix_set (V_g, i, j, d);
+			gsl_matrix_set (V_g, j, i, d);
+			
+			d=gsl_vector_get (vec_v, v+v_size);
+			gsl_matrix_set (V_e, i, j, d);
+			gsl_matrix_set (V_e, j, i, d);
+		}
+	}	
+	
+	gsl_vector_free(vec_v);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+double MphNR (const char func_name, const size_t max_iter, const double max_prec, const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *X, const gsl_matrix *Y, gsl_matrix *Hi_all, gsl_matrix *xHi_all, gsl_matrix *Hiy_all, gsl_matrix *V_g, gsl_matrix *V_e, gsl_matrix *Hessian_inv, double &crt_a, double &crt_b, double &crt_c)
+{
+	if (func_name!='R' && func_name!='L' && func_name!='r' && func_name!='l') {cout<<"func_name only takes 'R' or 'L': 'R' for log-restricted likelihood, 'L' for log-likelihood."<<endl; return 0.0;}
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, c_size=X->size1, d_size=Y->size1;
+	size_t dc_size=d_size*c_size;
+	size_t v_size=d_size*(d_size+1)/2;
+	
+	double logdet_H, logdet_Q, yPy, logl_const, logl_old=0.0, logl_new=0.0, step_scale;
+	int sig;
+	size_t step_iter, flag_pd;
+	
+	gsl_matrix *Vg_save=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Ve_save=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *V_temp=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *U_temp=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_vector *D_temp=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	gsl_vector *xHiy=gsl_vector_alloc (dc_size);
+	gsl_vector *QixHiy=gsl_vector_alloc (dc_size);	
+	gsl_matrix *Qi=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, dc_size);
+	gsl_matrix *XXt=gsl_matrix_alloc (c_size, c_size);
+	
+	gsl_vector *gradient=gsl_vector_alloc (v_size*2);	
+	
+	//calculate |XXt| and (XXt)^{-1}
+	gsl_blas_dsyrk (CblasUpper, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, X, 0.0, XXt);
+	for (size_t i=0; i<c_size; ++i) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<i; ++j) {
+			gsl_matrix_set (XXt, i, j, gsl_matrix_get (XXt, j, i));
+		}
+	}
+
+	gsl_permutation * pmt=gsl_permutation_alloc (c_size);
+	LUDecomp (XXt, pmt, &sig);
+	gsl_permutation_free (pmt);
+//	LUInvert (XXt, pmt, XXti);	
+	
+	//calculate the constant for logl	
+	if (func_name=='R' || func_name=='r') {		
+		logl_const=-0.5*(double)(n_size-c_size)*(double)d_size*log(2.0*M_PI)+0.5*(double)d_size*LULndet (XXt);
+	} else {
+		logl_const=-0.5*(double)n_size*(double)d_size*log(2.0*M_PI);
+	}
+	//optimization iterations
+		
+	for (size_t t=0; t<max_iter; t++) {		
+		gsl_matrix_memcpy (Vg_save, V_g);
+		gsl_matrix_memcpy (Ve_save, V_e);
+
+		step_scale=1.0; step_iter=0;
+		do {
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_g, Vg_save);
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_e, Ve_save);
+			
+			//update Vg, Ve, and invert Hessian
+			if (t!=0) {UpdateVgVe (Hessian_inv, gradient, step_scale, V_g, V_e);}
+			
+			//check if both Vg and Ve are positive definite
+			flag_pd=1;
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_temp, V_e);
+			EigenDecomp(V_temp, U_temp, D_temp, 0);
+			for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+				if (gsl_vector_get (D_temp, i)<=0) {flag_pd=0;}
+			}
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_temp, V_g);
+			EigenDecomp(V_temp, U_temp, D_temp, 0);
+			for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+				if (gsl_vector_get (D_temp, i)<=0) {flag_pd=0;}	
+			}
+
+			//if flag_pd==1 continue to calculate quantities and logl
+			if (flag_pd==1) {				
+				CalcHiQi (eval, X, V_g, V_e, Hi_all, Qi, logdet_H, logdet_Q);
+				Calc_Hiy_all (Y, Hi_all, Hiy_all);
+				Calc_xHi_all (X, Hi_all, xHi_all);
+				
+				//calculate QixHiy and yPy
+				Calc_xHiy (Y, xHi_all, xHiy);
+				gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, xHiy, 0.0, QixHiy);
+				
+				gsl_blas_ddot (QixHiy, xHiy, &yPy);
+				yPy=Calc_yHiy (Y, Hiy_all)-yPy;
+				
+				//calculate log likelihood/restricted likelihood value
+				if (func_name=='R' || func_name=='r') {	
+					logl_new=logl_const-0.5*logdet_H-0.5*logdet_Q-0.5*yPy;
+				} else {
+					logl_new=logl_const-0.5*logdet_H-0.5*yPy;
+				}				
+			}
+
+			step_scale/=2.0; 
+			step_iter++;
+									
+			//cout<<t<<"\t"<<step_iter<<"\t"<<logl_old<<"\t"<<logl_new<<"\t"<<flag_pd<<endl;
+		} while ( (flag_pd==0 || logl_new<logl_old || logl_new-logl_old>10 ) && step_iter<10 && t!=0);
+
+		//terminate if change is small
+		if (t!=0) {
+			if (logl_new<logl_old || flag_pd==0) {
+				gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_g, Vg_save);
+				gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_e, Ve_save);
+				break;
+			}
+			
+			if (logl_new-logl_old<max_prec) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		logl_old=logl_new;
+		
+		CalcDev (func_name, eval, Qi, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, QixHiy, gradient, Hessian_inv, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+		
+		
+		//output estimates in each iteration
+		/*
+		cout<<func_name<<" iteration = "<<t<<" log-likelihood = "<<logl_old<<"\t"<<logl_new<<endl;
+		
+		cout<<"Vg: "<<endl;
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+				cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_g, i, j)<<"\t";
+			}
+			cout<<endl;
+		}
+		cout<<"Ve: "<<endl;
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			for (size_t j=0; j<d_size; j++) {
+				cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_e, i, j)<<"\t";
+			}
+			cout<<endl;
+		}
+		cout<<"Hessian: "<<endl;
+		for (size_t i=0; i<Hessian_inv->size1; i++) {
+			for (size_t j=0; j<Hessian_inv->size2; j++) {
+				cout<<gsl_matrix_get(Hessian_inv, i, j)<<"\t";
+			}
+			cout<<endl;
+		}
+		*/
+	}
+	
+	//mutiply Hessian_inv with -1.0
+	//now Hessian_inv is the variance matrix
+	gsl_matrix_scale (Hessian_inv, -1.0);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Vg_save);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Ve_save);
+	gsl_matrix_free(V_temp);
+	gsl_matrix_free(U_temp);
+	gsl_vector_free(D_temp);
+	gsl_vector_free(xHiy);
+	gsl_vector_free(QixHiy);	
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Qi);
+	gsl_matrix_free(XXt);
+	
+	gsl_vector_free(gradient);
+	
+	return logl_new;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+//initialize Vg, Ve and B
+void MphInitial(const size_t em_iter, const double em_prec, const size_t nr_iter, const double nr_prec, const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *X, const gsl_matrix *Y, const double l_min, const double l_max, const size_t n_region, gsl_matrix *V_g, gsl_matrix *V_e, gsl_matrix *B)
+{
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (V_g);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (V_e);
+	gsl_matrix_set_zero (B);
+	
+	size_t n_size=eval->size, c_size=X->size1, d_size=Y->size1;	
+	double a, b, c;
+	double lambda, logl, vg, ve;
+	
+	//Initial the diagonal elements of Vg and Ve using univariate LMM and REML estimates
+	gsl_matrix *Xt=gsl_matrix_alloc (n_size, c_size);	
+	gsl_vector *beta_temp=gsl_vector_alloc(c_size);
+	gsl_vector *se_beta_temp=gsl_vector_alloc(c_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (Xt, X);	
+	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		gsl_vector_const_view Y_row=gsl_matrix_const_row (Y, i);
+		CalcLambda ('R', eval, Xt, &Y_row.vector, l_min, l_max, n_region, lambda, logl);
+		CalcLmmVgVeBeta (eval, Xt, &Y_row.vector, lambda, vg, ve, beta_temp, se_beta_temp);
+		
+		gsl_matrix_set(V_g, i, i, vg);
+		gsl_matrix_set(V_e, i, i, ve);
+	}
+
+	gsl_matrix_free (Xt);
+	gsl_vector_free (beta_temp);
+	gsl_vector_free (se_beta_temp);
+	
+	//if number of phenotypes is above four, then obtain the off diagonal elements with two trait models
+	if (d_size>4) {
+		//first obtain good initial values
+		//large matrices for EM
+		gsl_matrix *U_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);
+		gsl_matrix *E_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);
+		gsl_matrix *OmegaU=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);
+		gsl_matrix *OmegaE=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);
+		gsl_matrix *UltVehiY=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);
+		gsl_matrix *UltVehiBX=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);
+		gsl_matrix *UltVehiU=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);
+		gsl_matrix *UltVehiE=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);	
+		
+		//large matrices for NR
+		gsl_matrix *Hi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, 2*n_size);		//each dxd block is H_k^{-1}
+		gsl_matrix *Hiy_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);				//each column is H_k^{-1}y_k
+		gsl_matrix *xHi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (2*c_size, 2*n_size);		//each dcxdc block is x_k\otimes H_k^{-1}
+		gsl_matrix *Hessian=gsl_matrix_alloc (6, 6);
+		
+		//2 by n matrix of Y
+		gsl_matrix *Y_sub=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, n_size);
+		gsl_matrix *Vg_sub=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, 2);
+		gsl_matrix *Ve_sub=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, 2);
+		gsl_matrix *B_sub=gsl_matrix_alloc (2, c_size);
+				
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			gsl_vector_view Y_sub1=gsl_matrix_row (Y_sub, 0);
+			gsl_vector_const_view Y_1=gsl_matrix_const_row (Y, i);
+			gsl_vector_memcpy (&Y_sub1.vector, &Y_1.vector);
+			
+			for (size_t j=i+1; j<d_size; j++) {
+				gsl_vector_view Y_sub2=gsl_matrix_row (Y_sub, 1);
+				gsl_vector_const_view Y_2=gsl_matrix_const_row (Y, j);
+				gsl_vector_memcpy (&Y_sub2.vector, &Y_2.vector);
+				
+				gsl_matrix_set_zero (Vg_sub);
+				gsl_matrix_set_zero (Ve_sub);
+				gsl_matrix_set (Vg_sub, 0, 0, gsl_matrix_get (V_g, i, i));
+				gsl_matrix_set (Ve_sub, 0, 0, gsl_matrix_get (V_e, i, i));
+				gsl_matrix_set (Vg_sub, 1, 1, gsl_matrix_get (V_g, j, j));
+				gsl_matrix_set (Ve_sub, 1, 1, gsl_matrix_get (V_e, j, j));
+				
+				logl=MphEM ('R', em_iter, em_prec, eval, X, Y_sub, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, Vg_sub, Ve_sub, B_sub);	
+				logl=MphNR ('R', nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, X, Y_sub, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, Vg_sub, Ve_sub, Hessian, a, b, c);
+				
+				gsl_matrix_set(V_g, i, j, gsl_matrix_get (Vg_sub, 0, 1));
+				gsl_matrix_set(V_g, j, i, gsl_matrix_get (Vg_sub, 0, 1));
+				
+				gsl_matrix_set(V_e, i, j, ve=gsl_matrix_get (Ve_sub, 0, 1));
+				gsl_matrix_set(V_e, j, i, ve=gsl_matrix_get (Ve_sub, 0, 1));
+			}
+		}
+		
+		//free matrices
+		gsl_matrix_free(U_hat);
+		gsl_matrix_free(E_hat);
+		gsl_matrix_free(OmegaU);
+		gsl_matrix_free(OmegaE);
+		gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiY);
+		gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiBX);
+		gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiU);
+		gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiE);	
+		
+		gsl_matrix_free(Hi_all);
+		gsl_matrix_free(Hiy_all);
+		gsl_matrix_free(xHi_all);
+		gsl_matrix_free(Hessian);
+		
+		gsl_matrix_free(Y_sub);
+		gsl_matrix_free(Vg_sub);
+		gsl_matrix_free(Ve_sub);
+		gsl_matrix_free(B_sub);
+		
+		/*
+		//second, maximize a increasingly large matrix
+		for (size_t i=1; i<d_size; i++) {		
+			//large matrices for EM
+			gsl_matrix *U_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);
+			gsl_matrix *E_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);
+			gsl_matrix *OmegaU=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);
+			gsl_matrix *OmegaE=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);
+			gsl_matrix *UltVehiY=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);
+			gsl_matrix *UltVehiBX=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);
+			gsl_matrix *UltVehiU=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);
+			gsl_matrix *UltVehiE=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);	
+			
+			//large matrices for NR
+			gsl_matrix *Hi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, (i+1)*n_size);		//each dxd block is H_k^{-1}
+			gsl_matrix *Hiy_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);				//each column is H_k^{-1}y_k
+			gsl_matrix *xHi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc ((i+1)*c_size, (i+1)*n_size);		//each dcxdc block is x_k\otimes H_k^{-1}
+			gsl_matrix *Hessian=gsl_matrix_alloc ((i+1)*(i+2), (i+1)*(i+2));
+			
+			//(i+1) by n matrix of Y
+			gsl_matrix *Y_sub=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, n_size);
+			gsl_matrix *Vg_sub=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, i+1);
+			gsl_matrix *Ve_sub=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, i+1);
+			gsl_matrix *B_sub=gsl_matrix_alloc (i+1, c_size);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_const_view Y_sub_view=gsl_matrix_const_submatrix (Y, 0, 0, i+1, n_size);
+			gsl_matrix_view Vg_sub_view=gsl_matrix_submatrix (V_g, 0, 0, i+1, i+1);
+			gsl_matrix_view Ve_sub_view=gsl_matrix_submatrix (V_e, 0, 0, i+1, i+1);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy (Y_sub, &Y_sub_view.matrix);
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy (Vg_sub, &Vg_sub_view.matrix);
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy (Ve_sub, &Ve_sub_view.matrix);
+			
+			logl=MphEM ('R', em_iter, em_prec, eval, X, Y_sub, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, Vg_sub, Ve_sub, B_sub);	
+			logl=MphNR ('R', nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, X, Y_sub, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, Vg_sub, Ve_sub, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy (&Vg_sub_view.matrix, Vg_sub);
+			gsl_matrix_memcpy (&Ve_sub_view.matrix, Ve_sub);
+						
+			//free matrices
+			gsl_matrix_free(U_hat);
+			gsl_matrix_free(E_hat);
+			gsl_matrix_free(OmegaU);
+			gsl_matrix_free(OmegaE);
+			gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiY);
+			gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiBX);
+			gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiU);
+			gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiE);	
+			
+			gsl_matrix_free(Hi_all);
+			gsl_matrix_free(Hiy_all);
+			gsl_matrix_free(xHi_all);
+			gsl_matrix_free(Hessian);
+			
+			gsl_matrix_free(Y_sub);
+			gsl_matrix_free(Vg_sub);
+			gsl_matrix_free(Ve_sub);
+			gsl_matrix_free(B_sub);
+		}
+		 */
+	}
+	
+	//calculate B hat using GSL estimate
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiY=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	
+	gsl_vector *D_l=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVeh=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehi=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Qi=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size*c_size, d_size*c_size);
+	gsl_vector *XHiy=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size*c_size);
+	gsl_vector *beta=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size*c_size);
+	
+	gsl_vector_set_zero (XHiy);
+	
+	double logdet_Ve, logdet_Q, dl, d, delta, dx, dy;
+	
+	//eigen decomposition and calculate log|Ve|
+	logdet_Ve=EigenProc (V_g, V_e, D_l, UltVeh, UltVehi);	
+	
+	//calculate Qi and log|Q|
+	logdet_Q=CalcQi (eval, D_l, X, Qi);	
+	
+	//calculate UltVehiY
+	gsl_blas_dgemm(CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, 1.0, UltVehi, Y, 0.0, UltVehiY);
+
+	//calculate XHiy
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		dl=gsl_vector_get(D_l, i);
+		
+		for (size_t j=0; j<c_size; j++) {	
+			d=0.0;
+			for (size_t k=0; k<n_size; k++) {
+				delta=gsl_vector_get(eval, k);
+				dx=gsl_matrix_get(X, j, k);
+				dy=gsl_matrix_get(UltVehiY, i, k);
+				
+				//if (delta==0) {continue;}			
+				d+=dy*dx/(delta*dl+1.0);
+			}
+			gsl_vector_set(XHiy, j*d_size+i, d);
+		}
+	}
+
+	gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasNoTrans, 1.0, Qi, XHiy, 0.0, beta);
+
+	//multiply beta by UltVeh and save to B
+	for (size_t i=0; i<c_size; i++) {
+		gsl_vector_view B_col=gsl_matrix_column (B, i);
+		gsl_vector_view beta_sub=gsl_vector_subvector (beta, i*d_size, d_size);		
+		gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasTrans, 1.0, UltVeh, &beta_sub.vector, 0.0, &B_col.vector);
+	}
+
+	//free memory
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiY);
+	
+	gsl_vector_free(D_l);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVeh);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehi);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Qi);
+	gsl_vector_free(XHiy);
+	gsl_vector_free(beta);
+		
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+//p value correction
+//mode=1 Wald; mode=2 LRT; mode=3 SCORE;
+double PCRT (const size_t mode, const size_t d_size, const double p_value, const double crt_a, const double crt_b, const double crt_c)
+{
+	double p_crt=0.0, chisq_crt=0.0, q=(double)d_size;
+	double chisq=gsl_cdf_chisq_Qinv(p_value, (double)d_size );
+		
+	if (mode==1) {		
+		double a=crt_c/(2.0*q*(q+2.0));
+		double b=1.0+(crt_a+crt_b)/(2.0*q);		
+		chisq_crt=(-1.0*b+sqrt(b*b+4.0*a*chisq))/(2.0*a);		
+	} else if (mode==2) {
+		chisq_crt=chisq/(1.0+crt_a/(2.0*q) );		
+	} else {
+		/*
+		double a=-1.0*crt_c/(2.0*q*(q+2.0));
+		double b=1.0+(crt_a-crt_b)/(2.0*q);	
+		chisq_crt=(-1.0*b+sqrt(b*b+4.0*a*chisq))/(2.0*a);
+		*/
+		chisq_crt=chisq;
+	}
+	
+	p_crt=gsl_cdf_chisq_Q (chisq_crt, (double)d_size );	
+	
+	//cout<<crt_a<<"\t"<<crt_b<<"\t"<<crt_c<<endl;
+	//cout<<setprecision(10)<<p_value<<"\t"<<p_crt<<endl;
+	
+	return p_crt;
+}
+
+
+
+void MVLMM::AnalyzeBimbam (const gsl_matrix *U, const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *UtW, const gsl_matrix *UtY) 
+{
+	igzstream infile (file_geno.c_str(), igzstream::in);
+//	ifstream infile (file_geno.c_str(), ifstream::in);
+	if (!infile) {cout<<"error reading genotype file:"<<file_geno<<endl; return;}
+
+	clock_t time_start=clock();
+	time_UtX=0; time_opt=0;
+	
+	string line;
+	char *ch_ptr;
+	
+	//	double lambda_mle=0, lambda_remle=0, beta=0, se=0, ;
+	double logl_H0=0.0, logl_H1=0.0, p_wald=0, p_lrt=0, p_score=0;
+	double crt_a, crt_b, crt_c;
+	int n_miss, c_phen;
+	double geno, x_mean;
+	size_t c=0;
+	//	double s=0.0;
+	size_t n_size=UtY->size1, d_size=UtY->size2, c_size=UtW->size2;	
+
+	size_t dc_size=d_size*(c_size+1), v_size=d_size*(d_size+1)/2;
+		
+	//large matrices for EM
+	gsl_matrix *U_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *E_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *OmegaU=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *OmegaE=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiY=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiBX=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiU=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiE=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);	
+	
+	//large matrices for NR
+	gsl_matrix *Hi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size*n_size);		//each dxd block is H_k^{-1}
+	gsl_matrix *Hiy_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);				//each column is H_k^{-1}y_k
+	gsl_matrix *xHi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, d_size*n_size);		//each dcxdc block is x_k\otimes H_k^{-1}
+	gsl_matrix *Hessian=gsl_matrix_alloc (v_size*2, v_size*2);
+	
+	gsl_vector *x=gsl_vector_alloc (n_size);
+	gsl_vector *x_miss=gsl_vector_alloc (n_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix *Y=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *X=gsl_matrix_alloc (c_size+1, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *V_g=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *V_e=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *B=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, c_size+1);
+	gsl_vector *beta=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Vbeta=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	
+	//null estimates for initial values
+	gsl_matrix *V_g_null=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *V_e_null=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *B_null=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, c_size+1);
+	gsl_matrix *se_B_null=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, c_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_view X_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (X, 0, 0, c_size, n_size);	
+	gsl_matrix_view B_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (B, 0, 0, d_size, c_size);
+	gsl_matrix_view xHi_all_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHi_all, 0, 0, d_size*c_size, d_size*n_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (Y, UtY);
+
+	gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (&X_sub.matrix, UtW);
+	
+	gsl_vector_view X_row=gsl_matrix_row(X, c_size);
+	gsl_vector_set_zero(&X_row.vector);
+	gsl_vector_view B_col=gsl_matrix_column(B, c_size);
+	gsl_vector_set_zero(&B_col.vector);		
+
+	MphInitial(em_iter, em_prec, nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, l_min, l_max, n_region, V_g, V_e, &B_sub.matrix);
+	logl_H0=MphEM ('R', em_iter, em_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, V_g, V_e, &B_sub.matrix);	
+	logl_H0=MphNR ('R', nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, Hi_all, &xHi_all_sub.matrix, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+	MphCalcBeta (eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, &B_sub.matrix, se_B_null);
+	
+	c=0;
+	Vg_remle_null.clear();
+	Ve_remle_null.clear();
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=i; j<d_size; j++) {
+			Vg_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (V_g, i, j) );
+			Ve_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (V_e, i, j) );
+			VVg_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (Hessian, c, c) );
+			VVe_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (Hessian, c+v_size, c+v_size) );
+			c++;
+		}
+	}
+	beta_remle_null.clear(); 
+	se_beta_remle_null.clear();
+	for (size_t i=0; i<se_B_null->size1; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<se_B_null->size2; j++) {
+			beta_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get(B, i, j) );
+			se_beta_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get(se_B_null, i, j) );
+		}
+	}
+	logl_remle_H0=logl_H0;
+	
+	cout.setf(std::ios_base::fixed, std::ios_base::floatfield);
+	cout.precision(4);
+	
+	cout<<"REMLE estimate for Vg in the null model: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_g, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"se(Vg): "<<endl;	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			c=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			cout<<sqrt(gsl_matrix_get(Hessian, c, c))<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;		
+	}
+	cout<<"REMLE estimate for Ve in the null model: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_e, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"se(Ve): "<<endl;	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			c=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			cout<<sqrt(gsl_matrix_get(Hessian, c+v_size, c+v_size))<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;		
+	}
+	cout<<"REMLE likelihood = "<<logl_H0<<endl;
+	
+	
+	logl_H0=MphEM ('L', em_iter, em_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, V_g, V_e, &B_sub.matrix);
+	logl_H0=MphNR ('L', nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, Hi_all, &xHi_all_sub.matrix, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+	MphCalcBeta (eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, &B_sub.matrix, se_B_null);
+	
+	c=0;
+	Vg_mle_null.clear();
+	Ve_mle_null.clear();
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=i; j<d_size; j++) {
+			Vg_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (V_g, i, j) );
+			Ve_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (V_e, i, j) );
+			VVg_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (Hessian, c, c) );
+			VVe_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (Hessian, c+v_size, c+v_size) );
+			c++;
+		}
+	}
+	beta_mle_null.clear(); 
+	se_beta_mle_null.clear();
+	for (size_t i=0; i<se_B_null->size1; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<se_B_null->size2; j++) {
+			beta_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get(B, i, j) );
+			se_beta_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get(se_B_null, i, j) );
+		}
+	}
+	logl_mle_H0=logl_H0;
+	
+	cout<<"MLE estimate for Vg in the null model: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_g, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"se(Vg): "<<endl;	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			c=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			cout<<sqrt(gsl_matrix_get(Hessian, c, c))<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;		
+	}
+	cout<<"MLE estimate for Ve in the null model: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_e, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"se(Ve): "<<endl;	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			c=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			cout<<sqrt(gsl_matrix_get(Hessian, c+v_size, c+v_size))<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;		
+	}
+	cout<<"MLE likelihood = "<<logl_H0<<endl;
+
+	
+	vector<double> v_beta, v_Vg, v_Ve, v_Vbeta;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		v_beta.push_back(0.0);
+	}
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=i; j<d_size; j++) {
+			v_Vg.push_back(0.0);
+			v_Ve.push_back(0.0);
+			v_Vbeta.push_back(0.0);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_g_null, V_g);
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_e_null, V_e);
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (B_null, B);
+	
+	//start reading genotypes and analyze		
+	for (size_t t=0; t<indicator_snp.size(); ++t) {
+		//if (t>=1) {break;}
+		!safeGetline(infile, line).eof();
+		if (t%d_pace==0 || t==(ns_total-1)) {ProgressBar ("Reading SNPs  ", t, ns_total-1);}
+		if (indicator_snp[t]==0) {continue;}
+		
+		ch_ptr=strtok ((char *)line.c_str(), " , \t");
+		ch_ptr=strtok (NULL, " , \t");
+		ch_ptr=strtok (NULL, " , \t");		
+
+		x_mean=0.0; c_phen=0; n_miss=0;
+		gsl_vector_set_zero(x_miss);
+		for (size_t i=0; i<ni_total; ++i) {
+			ch_ptr=strtok (NULL, " , \t");
+			if (indicator_idv[i]==0) {continue;}
+			
+			if (strcmp(ch_ptr, "NA")==0) {gsl_vector_set(x_miss, c_phen, 0.0); n_miss++;}
+			else {
+				geno=atof(ch_ptr); 				
+				
+				gsl_vector_set(x, c_phen, geno); 
+				gsl_vector_set(x_miss, c_phen, 1.0); 
+				x_mean+=geno;
+			}
+			c_phen++;
+		}
+
+		x_mean/=(double)(ni_test-n_miss);
+		
+		for (size_t i=0; i<ni_test; ++i) {
+			if (gsl_vector_get (x_miss, i)==0) {gsl_vector_set(x, i, x_mean);}
+			geno=gsl_vector_get(x, i);
+			if (x_mean>1) {
+				gsl_vector_set(x, i, 2-geno);
+			}
+		}
+
+		//calculate statistics
+		time_start=clock();		
+		gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasTrans, 1.0, U, x, 0.0, &X_row.vector);
+		time_UtX+=(clock()-time_start)/(double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC)*60.0);
+		
+		//initial values
+		gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_g, V_g_null);
+		gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_e, V_e_null);
+		gsl_matrix_memcpy (B, B_null);
+		
+		time_start=clock();
+		
+		//3 is before 1
+		if (a_mode==3 || a_mode==4) {			
+			p_score=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g_null, V_e_null, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+			if (p_score<p_nr && crt==1) {
+				logl_H1=MphNR ('R', 1, nr_prec*10, eval, X, Y, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+				p_score=PCRT (3, d_size, p_score, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+			}
+		}		
+
+		if (a_mode==2 || a_mode==4) {
+			logl_H1=MphEM ('L', em_iter/10, em_prec*10, eval, X, Y, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, V_g, V_e, B);
+			//calculate beta and Vbeta
+			p_lrt=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+			p_lrt=gsl_cdf_chisq_Q (2.0*(logl_H1-logl_H0), (double)d_size );	
+			
+			if (p_lrt<p_nr) {
+				logl_H1=MphNR ('L', nr_iter/10, nr_prec*10, eval, X, Y, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+				//calculate beta and Vbeta
+				p_lrt=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+				p_lrt=gsl_cdf_chisq_Q (2.0*(logl_H1-logl_H0), (double)d_size );	
+				
+				if (crt==1) {
+					p_lrt=PCRT (2, d_size, p_lrt, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+				}
+			}			
+		}			
+
+		if (a_mode==1 || a_mode==4) {
+			logl_H1=MphEM ('R', em_iter/10, em_prec*10, eval, X, Y, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, V_g, V_e, B);
+			p_wald=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+			
+			if (p_wald<p_nr) {
+				logl_H1=MphNR ('R', nr_iter/10, nr_prec*10, eval, X, Y, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+				p_wald=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+				
+				if (crt==1) {
+					p_wald=PCRT (1, d_size, p_wald, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+				}
+			}			
+		}		
+
+		if (x_mean>1) {gsl_vector_scale(beta, -1.0);}
+		
+		time_opt+=(clock()-time_start)/(double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC)*60.0);
+		
+		//store summary data
+		//SUMSTAT SNPs={snpInfo[t].get_chr(), snpInfo[t].get_rs(), snpInfo[t].get_pos(), n_miss, beta, se, lambda_remle, lambda_mle, p_wald, p_lrt, p_score};
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			v_beta[i]=gsl_vector_get (beta, i);			
+		}
+		
+		c=0;
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			for (size_t j=i; j<d_size; j++) {
+				v_Vg[c]=gsl_matrix_get (V_g, i, j);
+				v_Ve[c]=gsl_matrix_get (V_e, i, j);
+				v_Vbeta[c]=gsl_matrix_get (Vbeta, i, j);
+				c++;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		MPHSUMSTAT SNPs={v_beta, p_wald, p_lrt, p_score, v_Vg, v_Ve, v_Vbeta};
+		sumStat.push_back(SNPs);
+    }	
+	cout<<endl;
+	
+	
+	infile.close();
+	infile.clear();
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(U_hat);
+	gsl_matrix_free(E_hat);
+	gsl_matrix_free(OmegaU);
+	gsl_matrix_free(OmegaE);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiY);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiBX);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiU);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiE);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hi_all);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hiy_all);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHi_all);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hessian);
+	
+	gsl_vector_free(x);
+	gsl_vector_free(x_miss);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Y);
+	gsl_matrix_free(X);	
+	gsl_matrix_free(V_g);
+	gsl_matrix_free(V_e);
+	gsl_matrix_free(B);
+	gsl_vector_free(beta);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Vbeta);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(V_g_null);
+	gsl_matrix_free(V_e_null);
+	gsl_matrix_free(B_null);	
+	gsl_matrix_free(se_B_null);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+void MVLMM::AnalyzePlink (const gsl_matrix *U, const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *UtW, const gsl_matrix *UtY) 
+{
+	string file_bed=file_bfile+".bed";
+	ifstream infile (file_bed.c_str(), ios::binary);
+	if (!infile) {cout<<"error reading bed file:"<<file_bed<<endl; return;}
+	
+	clock_t time_start=clock();
+	time_UtX=0; time_opt=0;
+	
+	char ch[1];
+	bitset<8> b;
+	
+	//	double lambda_mle=0, lambda_remle=0, beta=0, se=0, ;
+	double logl_H0=0.0, logl_H1=0.0, p_wald=0, p_lrt=0, p_score=0;
+	double crt_a, crt_b, crt_c;
+	int n_bit, n_miss, ci_total, ci_test;
+	double geno, x_mean;
+	size_t c=0;
+	//	double s=0.0;
+	size_t n_size=UtY->size1, d_size=UtY->size2, c_size=UtW->size2;	
+	size_t dc_size=d_size*(c_size+1), v_size=d_size*(d_size+1)/2;
+			
+	//large matrices for EM
+	gsl_matrix *U_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *E_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *OmegaU=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *OmegaE=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiY=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiBX=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiU=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiE=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);	
+	
+	//large matrices for NR
+	gsl_matrix *Hi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size*n_size);		//each dxd block is H_k^{-1}
+	gsl_matrix *Hiy_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);				//each column is H_k^{-1}y_k
+	gsl_matrix *xHi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, d_size*n_size);		//each dcxdc block is x_k\otimes H_k^{-1}
+	gsl_matrix *Hessian=gsl_matrix_alloc (v_size*2, v_size*2);
+	
+	gsl_vector *x=gsl_vector_alloc (n_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix *Y=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *X=gsl_matrix_alloc (c_size+1, n_size);		
+	gsl_matrix *V_g=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *V_e=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *B=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, c_size+1);
+	gsl_vector *beta=gsl_vector_alloc (d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *Vbeta=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+		
+	//null estimates for initial values
+	gsl_matrix *V_g_null=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *V_e_null=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size);
+	gsl_matrix *B_null=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, c_size+1);	
+	gsl_matrix *se_B_null=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, c_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_view X_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (X, 0, 0, c_size, n_size);	
+	gsl_matrix_view B_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (B, 0, 0, d_size, c_size);
+	gsl_matrix_view xHi_all_sub=gsl_matrix_submatrix (xHi_all, 0, 0, d_size*c_size, d_size*n_size);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (Y, UtY);
+	gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (&X_sub.matrix, UtW);
+	
+	gsl_vector_view X_row=gsl_matrix_row(X, c_size);
+	gsl_vector_set_zero(&X_row.vector);
+	gsl_vector_view B_col=gsl_matrix_column(B, c_size);
+	gsl_vector_set_zero(&B_col.vector);		
+	
+	//time_start=clock();			
+	MphInitial(em_iter, em_prec, nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, l_min, l_max, n_region, V_g, V_e, &B_sub.matrix);
+		
+	logl_H0=MphEM ('R', em_iter, em_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, V_g, V_e, &B_sub.matrix);
+	logl_H0=MphNR ('R', nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, Hi_all, &xHi_all_sub.matrix, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+	MphCalcBeta (eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, &B_sub.matrix, se_B_null);
+	//cout<<"time for REML in the null = "<<(clock()-time_start)/(double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC)*60.0)<<endl;
+	
+	c=0;
+	Vg_remle_null.clear();
+	Ve_remle_null.clear();
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=i; j<d_size; j++) {
+			Vg_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (V_g, i, j) );
+			Ve_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (V_e, i, j) );
+			VVg_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (Hessian, c, c) );
+			VVe_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (Hessian, c+v_size, c+v_size) );
+			c++;
+		}
+	}
+	beta_remle_null.clear(); 
+	se_beta_remle_null.clear();
+	for (size_t i=0; i<se_B_null->size1; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<se_B_null->size2; j++) {
+			beta_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get(B, i, j) );
+			se_beta_remle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get(se_B_null, i, j) );
+		}
+	}
+	logl_remle_H0=logl_H0;
+	
+	cout.setf(std::ios_base::fixed, std::ios_base::floatfield);
+	cout.precision(4);
+	cout<<"REMLE estimate for Vg in the null model: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_g, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"se(Vg): "<<endl;	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			c=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			cout<<sqrt(gsl_matrix_get(Hessian, c, c))<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;		
+	}
+	cout<<"REMLE estimate for Ve in the null model: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_e, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"se(Ve): "<<endl;	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			c=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			cout<<sqrt(gsl_matrix_get(Hessian, c+v_size, c+v_size))<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;		
+	}
+	cout<<"REMLE likelihood = "<<logl_H0<<endl;
+	
+	//time_start=clock();	
+	logl_H0=MphEM ('L', em_iter, em_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, V_g, V_e, &B_sub.matrix);
+	logl_H0=MphNR ('L', nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, Hi_all, &xHi_all_sub.matrix, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+	MphCalcBeta (eval, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, &B_sub.matrix, se_B_null);
+	//cout<<"time for MLE in the null = "<<(clock()-time_start)/(double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC)*60.0)<<endl;
+		
+	c=0;
+	Vg_mle_null.clear();
+	Ve_mle_null.clear();
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=i; j<d_size; j++) {
+			Vg_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (V_g, i, j) );
+			Ve_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (V_e, i, j) );
+			VVg_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (Hessian, c, c) );
+			VVe_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get (Hessian, c+v_size, c+v_size) );
+			c++;
+		}
+	}
+	beta_mle_null.clear(); 
+	se_beta_mle_null.clear();
+	for (size_t i=0; i<se_B_null->size1; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<se_B_null->size2; j++) {
+			beta_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get(B, i, j) );
+			se_beta_mle_null.push_back(gsl_matrix_get(se_B_null, i, j) );
+		}
+	}
+	logl_mle_H0=logl_H0;
+	
+	cout<<"MLE estimate for Vg in the null model: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_g, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"se(Vg): "<<endl;	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			c=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			cout<<sqrt(gsl_matrix_get(Hessian, c, c))<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;		
+	}
+	cout<<"MLE estimate for Ve in the null model: "<<endl;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			cout<<gsl_matrix_get(V_e, i, j)<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;
+	}
+	cout<<"se(Ve): "<<endl;	
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=0; j<=i; j++) {
+			c=GetIndex(i, j, d_size);
+			cout<<sqrt(gsl_matrix_get(Hessian, c+v_size, c+v_size))<<"\t";
+		}
+		cout<<endl;		
+	}
+	cout<<"MLE likelihood = "<<logl_H0<<endl;
+	
+	vector<double> v_beta, v_Vg, v_Ve, v_Vbeta;
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		v_beta.push_back(0.0);
+	}
+	for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+		for (size_t j=i; j<d_size; j++) {
+			v_Vg.push_back(0.0);
+			v_Ve.push_back(0.0);
+			v_Vbeta.push_back(0.0);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_g_null, V_g);
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_e_null, V_e);
+	gsl_matrix_memcpy (B_null, B);	
+	
+	
+	//start reading genotypes and analyze	
+	
+	//calculate n_bit and c, the number of bit for each snp
+	if (ni_total%4==0) {n_bit=ni_total/4;}
+	else {n_bit=ni_total/4+1; }
+	
+	//print the first three majic numbers
+	for (int i=0; i<3; ++i) {
+		infile.read(ch,1);
+		b=ch[0];
+	}
+	
+	for (vector<SNPINFO>::size_type t=0; t<snpInfo.size(); ++t) {
+		if (t%d_pace==0 || t==snpInfo.size()-1) {ProgressBar ("Reading SNPs  ", t, snpInfo.size()-1);}
+		if (indicator_snp[t]==0) {continue;}
+		
+		//if (t>=0) {break;}
+		//if (snpInfo[t].rs_number!="MAG18140902") {continue;}
+		//cout<<t<<endl;
+		
+		infile.seekg(t*n_bit+3);		//n_bit, and 3 is the number of magic numbers
+				
+		//read genotypes
+		x_mean=0.0;	n_miss=0; ci_total=0; ci_test=0; 
+		for (int i=0; i<n_bit; ++i) {
+			infile.read(ch,1);
+			b=ch[0];
+			for (size_t j=0; j<4; ++j) {                //minor allele homozygous: 2.0; major: 0.0;
+				if ((i==(n_bit-1)) && ci_total==(int)ni_total) {break;}
+				if (indicator_idv[ci_total]==0) {ci_total++; continue;}
+				
+				if (b[2*j]==0) {
+					if (b[2*j+1]==0) {gsl_vector_set(x, ci_test, 2); x_mean+=2.0; }
+					else {gsl_vector_set(x, ci_test, 1); x_mean+=1.0; }
+				}
+				else {
+					if (b[2*j+1]==1) {gsl_vector_set(x, ci_test, 0); }                                  
+					else {gsl_vector_set(x, ci_test, -9); n_miss++; }
+				}
+				
+				ci_total++;
+				ci_test++;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		x_mean/=(double)(ni_test-n_miss);
+		
+		for (size_t i=0; i<ni_test; ++i) {			
+			geno=gsl_vector_get(x,i);
+			if (geno==-9) {gsl_vector_set(x, i, x_mean); geno=x_mean;}
+			if (x_mean>1) {
+				gsl_vector_set(x, i, 2-geno);
+			}
+		}		
+		
+		/*
+		if (t==0) {			
+			ofstream outfile ("./snp1.txt", ofstream::out);
+			if (!outfile) {cout<<"error writing file: "<<endl; return;}
+			for (size_t i=0; i<x->size; i++) {
+				outfile<<gsl_vector_get(x, i)<<endl;
+			}
+			outfile.clear();
+			outfile.close();			
+		}
+		*/
+	
+		//calculate statistics
+		time_start=clock();		
+		gsl_blas_dgemv (CblasTrans, 1.0, U, x, 0.0, &X_row.vector);
+		time_UtX+=(clock()-time_start)/(double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC)*60.0);
+		
+		//initial values
+		gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_g, V_g_null);
+		gsl_matrix_memcpy (V_e, V_e_null);
+		gsl_matrix_memcpy (B, B_null);
+		
+		time_start=clock();
+		
+		//3 is before 1
+		if (a_mode==3 || a_mode==4) {
+			p_score=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g_null, V_e_null, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+			
+			if (p_score<p_nr && crt==1) {
+				logl_H1=MphNR ('R', 1, nr_prec*10, eval, X, Y, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+				p_score=PCRT (3, d_size, p_score, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+			}
+		}		
+		
+		if (a_mode==2 || a_mode==4) {
+			logl_H1=MphEM ('L', em_iter/10, em_prec*10, eval, X, Y, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, V_g, V_e, B);
+			//calculate beta and Vbeta
+			p_lrt=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+			p_lrt=gsl_cdf_chisq_Q (2.0*(logl_H1-logl_H0), (double)d_size );	
+			
+			if (p_lrt<p_nr) {
+				logl_H1=MphNR ('L', nr_iter/10, nr_prec*10, eval, X, Y, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+
+				//calculate beta and Vbeta
+				p_lrt=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+				p_lrt=gsl_cdf_chisq_Q (2.0*(logl_H1-logl_H0), (double)d_size );	
+				if (crt==1) {
+					p_lrt=PCRT (2, d_size, p_lrt, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+				}				
+			}
+		}			
+		
+		if (a_mode==1 || a_mode==4) {
+			logl_H1=MphEM ('R', em_iter/10, em_prec*10, eval, X, Y, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, V_g, V_e, B);
+			p_wald=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+			
+			if (p_wald<p_nr) {
+				logl_H1=MphNR ('R', nr_iter/10, nr_prec*10, eval, X, Y, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+				p_wald=MphCalcP (eval, &X_row.vector, &X_sub.matrix, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, beta, Vbeta);
+				
+				if (crt==1) {
+					p_wald=PCRT (1, d_size, p_wald, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+		//cout<<setprecision(10)<<p_wald<<"\t"<<p_lrt<<"\t"<<p_score<<endl;
+		
+		if (x_mean>1) {gsl_vector_scale(beta, -1.0);}
+		
+		time_opt+=(clock()-time_start)/(double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC)*60.0);
+		
+		//store summary data
+		//SUMSTAT SNPs={snpInfo[t].get_chr(), snpInfo[t].get_rs(), snpInfo[t].get_pos(), n_miss, beta, se, lambda_remle, lambda_mle, p_wald, p_lrt, p_score};
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			v_beta[i]=gsl_vector_get (beta, i);			
+		}
+
+		c=0;
+		for (size_t i=0; i<d_size; i++) {
+			for (size_t j=i; j<d_size; j++) {
+				v_Vg[c]=gsl_matrix_get (V_g, i, j);
+				v_Ve[c]=gsl_matrix_get (V_e, i, j);
+				v_Vbeta[c]=gsl_matrix_get (Vbeta, i, j);
+				c++;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		MPHSUMSTAT SNPs={v_beta, p_wald, p_lrt, p_score, v_Vg, v_Ve, v_Vbeta};
+		sumStat.push_back(SNPs);
+    }	
+	cout<<endl;	
+	
+	//cout<<"time_opt = "<<time_opt<<endl;
+	
+	infile.close();
+	infile.clear();
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(U_hat);
+	gsl_matrix_free(E_hat);
+	gsl_matrix_free(OmegaU);
+	gsl_matrix_free(OmegaE);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiY);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiBX);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiU);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiE);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hi_all);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hiy_all);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHi_all);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hessian);
+	
+	gsl_vector_free(x);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Y);
+	gsl_matrix_free(X);	
+	gsl_matrix_free(V_g);
+	gsl_matrix_free(V_e);
+	gsl_matrix_free(B);
+	gsl_vector_free(beta);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Vbeta);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(V_g_null);
+	gsl_matrix_free(V_e_null);
+	gsl_matrix_free(B_null);
+	gsl_matrix_free(se_B_null);
+	
+	return;
+}
+
+
+
+
+//calculate Vg, Ve, B, se(B) in the null mvLMM model
+//both B and se_B are d by c matrices
+void CalcMvLmmVgVeBeta (const gsl_vector *eval, const gsl_matrix *UtW, const gsl_matrix *UtY, const size_t em_iter, const size_t nr_iter, const double em_prec, const double nr_prec, const double l_min, const double l_max, const size_t n_region, gsl_matrix *V_g, gsl_matrix *V_e, gsl_matrix *B, gsl_matrix *se_B)
+{
+	size_t n_size=UtY->size1, d_size=UtY->size2, c_size=UtW->size2;	
+	size_t dc_size=d_size*c_size, v_size=d_size*(d_size+1)/2;
+
+	double logl, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c;
+	
+	//large matrices for EM
+	gsl_matrix *U_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *E_hat=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *OmegaU=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *OmegaE=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiY=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiBX=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiU=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *UltVehiE=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);	
+	
+	//large matrices for NR
+	gsl_matrix *Hi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, d_size*n_size);		//each dxd block is H_k^{-1}
+	gsl_matrix *Hiy_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);				//each column is H_k^{-1}y_k
+	gsl_matrix *xHi_all=gsl_matrix_alloc (dc_size, d_size*n_size);		//each dcxdc block is x_k\otimes H_k^{-1}
+	gsl_matrix *Hessian=gsl_matrix_alloc (v_size*2, v_size*2);
+	
+	//transpose matrices
+	gsl_matrix *Y=gsl_matrix_alloc (d_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix *W=gsl_matrix_alloc (c_size, n_size);
+	gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (Y, UtY);
+	gsl_matrix_transpose_memcpy (W, UtW);
+	
+	//initial, EM, NR, and calculate B
+	MphInitial(em_iter, em_prec, nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, W, Y, l_min, l_max, n_region, V_g, V_e, B);	
+	logl=MphEM ('R', em_iter, em_prec, eval, W, Y, U_hat, E_hat, OmegaU, OmegaE, UltVehiY, UltVehiBX, UltVehiU, UltVehiE, V_g, V_e, B);
+	logl=MphNR ('R', nr_iter, nr_prec, eval, W, Y, Hi_all, xHi_all, Hiy_all, V_g, V_e, Hessian, crt_a, crt_b, crt_c);
+	MphCalcBeta (eval, W, Y, V_g, V_e, UltVehiY, B, se_B);
+
+	//free matrices
+	gsl_matrix_free(U_hat);
+	gsl_matrix_free(E_hat);
+	gsl_matrix_free(OmegaU);
+	gsl_matrix_free(OmegaE);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiY);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiBX);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiU);
+	gsl_matrix_free(UltVehiE);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hi_all);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hiy_all);
+	gsl_matrix_free(xHi_all);
+	gsl_matrix_free(Hessian);
+	
+	gsl_matrix_free(Y);
+	gsl_matrix_free(W);
+	
+	return;
+}
+