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{
"titles": [
"2013 - Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders.pdf",
"2013 - Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders.pdf",
"2010 - Candidate Gene and Genome-Wide Association Studies in Behavioral Medicine.pdf",
"2014 - Genetic regulatory network analysis reveals that low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 11 is involved in stress responses in mice.pdf",
"2021 - Prefrontal cortex VAMP1 gene network moderates the effect of the early environment on cognitive flexibility in children.pdf",
"2015 - Great Is Their Sin.pdf",
"2009 - Multiscale Genomic Analysis of the Corticolimbic System_ Uncoveri (1).pdf",
"2011 - Genetic Analysis of the Neurosteroid Deoxycorticosterone and Its Relation to Alcohol Phenotypes Identification of QTLs and Downstream Gene Regulation.pdf",
"2011 - Genetic Analysis of the Neurosteroid Deoxycorticosterone and Its Relation to Alcohol Phenotypes Identification of QTLs and Downstream Gene Regulation.pdf",
"2019 - Exploring the involvement of Tac2 in the mouse hippocampal stress response through gene networking.pdf"
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"contexts": [
"pin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and glucocorticoids (GC), which are also called stress hormones. These hormones con- tribute to the regulation of immune responses and can also affect neuronal survival, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and behavioral responses [ 1, 2 ] . The HPA axis is a three-tiered biological system that begins at the highest level with the release of CRH from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). CRH-expressing neu-",
"stressor in uences the interleukin-1beta system, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1, and neuropeptide mRNAs in speci c brain regions. Brain Res Bull 51:187193 63. Deak T et al (2005) Stress-induced increases in hypothalamic IL-1: a systematic analysis of multiple stressor paradigms. Brain Res Bull 64:541556 64. Hennessy MB et al (2004) Responses of guinea pig pups during isolation in a novel",
"stressful events. In rats and mice, the secretion of hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal hormones istypically greater, and increased HPA activity often persists into adulthood (Koehl et al, 1999 ). Basal levels of adrenal hormones are more typ-ically reported to be normal in primates, but there may be alterations in the diurnal hormone rhythm or an altered negative feedback, whichresults in protracted cortisol responses once acti-vated. Many effects of prenatal stress on brain",
"Y in depression and stress. Brain Research 1314, 194 205. Mozhui, K., Karlsson, R.M., Kash, T.L., Ihne, J., Norcross, M., Patel, S., Farrell, M.R., Hill, E.E., Graybeal, C., Martin, K.P., Camp, M., Fitzgerald, P.J., Ciobanu, D.C., Sprengel, R., Mishina, M., Wellman, C.L., Winder, D.G., Williams, R.W., Holmes, A., 2010. Strain differences in stress responsivity are associated with divergent amygdala gene expression and glutamate-mediated neuronal excitability. The Journal of",
"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 185 (2021) 107509 21.Introduction James McGaugh was one of the first neuroscientists to point to the important influence of stress hormones on memory consolidation (McGaugh, Gold, Van Buskirk, & Haycock, 1975 ). He and others considered that hormones released by stressful experiences could enhance memory consolidation, indicating particularly the hormones epinephrine and glucocorticoids as memory modulators (McGaugh &",
"For example, stress is a functional state of psychosocial arousal that focuses and energizes us to confront the stressor, but chronic/toxic levels of stress lead to disruptive changes in brain architecture and dysregulation of stress response mechanisms, such as the hypothalamus-pituitary ( hpA) axis and the autonomic nervous (ANS) system. Under chronic stress, the adrenal glands of mammals (including humans) release the steroid hormone cortisol. Cortisol acts by increas -",
"55:485494. Herman JP, Ostrander MM, Mueller NK, Figueiredo H (2005). Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: hypothalamo -pituitary -adrenocortical axis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29:1201 1213. Herry C, Bach DR, Esposito F, Di Salle F, P errig WJ, Scheffler K et al. (2007). Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. J Neurosci 27:5958 5966. Hitzemann R, Malmanger B, Cooper S, Coulombe S, Reed C, Demarest K et al. (2002).",
"after restraint stress. Acute stress (like acute ethanol) activates the HPA axis and increases brain and circulating levels of GABAergic neuroactive steroids [1] as well as corticosterone, the major corticosteroid synthesized in rodents from DOC. GABAergic neuroactive steroids have anxiolytic properties when administered systemically [54,55]. Thus, we might have predicted that those strains with higher basal DOC levels would have been less",
"present in the brain as well as in the peripheral circulation. It issynthesized from progesterone, mainly in the adrenal zonafasciculata and it is precursor of both the glucocorticoidcorticosterone and the GABAergic neuroactive steroid (3 a,5a)- 3,21-dihydroxypregnan-20-one (tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone,THDOC). These steroids are all elevated following acute stress[1] or ethanol administration in rats, and their elevation is blunted",
"plasticity and epigenetic regulation as a consequence of stress. Neuropharmacology 62, 3 12. McEwen, B.S., Nasca, C., Gray, J.D., 2016. Stress e ects on neuronal structure: hippo- campus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 41, 3 . Mozhui, K., Lu, L., Armstrong, W.E., Williams, R.W., 2012. Sex-speci c modulation of gene expression networks in murine hypothalamus. Front. Neurosci. 6, 63 . Navarro, V.M., 2013. Interactions between kisspeptins and neurokinin B. In: Kisspeptin"
],
"answer": "During stressful experiences, our brains release several hormones, including corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and glucocorticoids (GC) [1]. Additionally, cortisol, a steroid hormone, is released by the adrenal glands under chronic stress [6]. These hormones play significant roles in regulating immune responses, neuronal survival, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and behavioral responses [1].",
"question": "what hormones do our brains release during stressful experiences?"
}
|
