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{
"created_at": "2024-05-31T20:36:11.762580Z",
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"answer": "Yes, there is a direct association between aging and susceptibility to having diabetes. The risk of onset of type 2 diabetes increases with age, and most diabetic patients in certain regions are 40 years old or more. Additionally, aging is associated with changes in body composition and glucose tolerance, which can contribute to the development of diabetes.",
"context": {
"29e232a4-a580-411d-83a3-7ff6a4e8f0ad": [
{
"document_id": "29e232a4-a580-411d-83a3-7ff6a4e8f0ad",
"text": "\n\nOur result provides a novel hypothesis on the mechanism for the connection between two aging-related diseases: Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes."
}
],
"6e570a0b-a876-4263-b32f-cee85088756d": [
{
"document_id": "6e570a0b-a876-4263-b32f-cee85088756d",
"text": "\n\nThere are two major factors that underlie these alarming projections.The first is T2D is associated with age, and Western populations are aging rapidly.The second major explanation is our lifestyles have changed dramatically in recent years.Epidemiological studies have identified strong T2D risk relationships for obesity, sedentary behavior [2][3][4], and diets rich in energy [5], processed carbohydrates [6], and animal fats [7].Collectively, these lifestyle factors impede the actions of insulin and raise hepatic glucose production, which can result in the diminution of endogenous insulin production and T2D.The strongest evidence for a causal relationship between adverse lifestyle behaviors and T2D comes from randomized controlled trials that show intensive lifestyle interventions involving structured exercise regimes which promote habitual physical activity (PA) and have a major beneficial impact on diabetes incidence in high-risk individuals [8,9]."
},
{
"document_id": "6e570a0b-a876-4263-b32f-cee85088756d",
"text": "\n\nEpidemiological studies examining the associations between lifestyle behaviors and diabetes risk have reached similar conclusions as the clinical trials described above.For example, the 14-year follow-up University of Pennsylvania Alumni Health Study [52] (n = 5,990 men aged 39-68 years) showed PA (leisure time physical activity [LTPA] expressed in kcal expended per week through walking, stair climbing, and sports) was inversely associated with the incidence of T2D.Incidence rates declined as energy expenditure rose from 500 through 3,500 kcal/week.The age-adjusted relative risk ratio (RR) of T2D was reduced by about 6% for each 500 kcal increment increase in PA energy expenditure."
}
],
"71172700-7bcc-42f5-9354-d8e9290e8743": [
{
"document_id": "71172700-7bcc-42f5-9354-d8e9290e8743",
"text": "\n\nOverall, results were similar in analyses restricted to diabetes mellitus identified at baseline only, although the confidence interval included 1.These results suggest that diabetes mellitus is related to risk of AD in old age.These findings are consistent with the results of 2 large longitudinal cohort studies. 5,6In one study, 5 diabetes mellitus doubled the risk of AD during 2 years of follow-up in a sample of more than 6000 older persons from a defined cohort.The other study, 6 using data from about 2500 Japanese American men, found a similar result: diabetes mellitus approximately doubled the risk of AD.In contrast, 2 other longitudinal studies 7,8 did not demonstrate a significant association between diabetes mellitus and incident AD, but in both, the results were in the direction of increased risk.Some, [9][10][11] but not all, 12 previous studies found that diabetes mellitus was related to change in cognitive function.One factor that may contribute to variability from study to study is that diabetes mellitus may be related to decline in some cognitive systems but not others.4][15] Although diabetes mellitus was related to level of global cognition and multiple cognitive domains at baseline, we found that diabetes mellitus was only related to decline in perceptual speed.The one study 12 that did not find a relation between diabetes mellitus and cognitive decline did not include a measure of perceptual speed."
},
{
"document_id": "71172700-7bcc-42f5-9354-d8e9290e8743",
"text": "COMMENT\n\nIn a cohort of more than 800 older persons, we found that diabetes mellitus sometime in the study was associated with an increased risk of developing AD during a mean of 5.5 years of observation.The risk of incident AD was 65% higher in those with diabetes mellitus than in those without it."
},
{
"document_id": "71172700-7bcc-42f5-9354-d8e9290e8743",
"text": "\n\nIn summary, these findings suggest that diabetes mellitus is associated with AD and decline in cognitive function in older persons.December 12, 2003."
},
{
"document_id": "71172700-7bcc-42f5-9354-d8e9290e8743",
"text": "DIABETES MELLITUS AND RISK OF AD\n\nDuring the follow-up evaluations, 151 persons developed AD, of whom 31 had diabetes mellitus.In a proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, and educational level, there was a 65% increase in the risk of developing AD in those with diabetes mellitus compared with those without diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.47).The cumulative hazard of AD over time, adjusted for age, sex, and educational level, is shown graphically in Figure 1 for typical participants with and without diabetes mellitus.Similar results were found in analyses with diabetes mellitus identified at baseline only (hazard ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-2.45)."
}
],
"77daf125-3e88-41fe-92fd-71a9ce9c6671": [
{
"document_id": "77daf125-3e88-41fe-92fd-71a9ce9c6671",
"text": "\n\nAge. Age is another factor that has a considerable effect on outcomes in obesity and T2DM research.In humans, body weight increases with age and peaks at ~55 years in both men and women.Ageing per se is associated with a redistribution of both the fat-free mass and the fat mass, with the latter increase starting at ~30 years of age 129 .Intramuscular and intrahepatic fat are particularly increased in older persons, and this increase has been linked to insulin resistance 130 .Partially on the basis of these changes, ageing has been proposed to be an independent determinant of glucose tolerance, which progressively worsens with age 131,132 ."
}
],
"94e153f4-bc43-4e5b-99d4-6bb64ed24e4a": [
{
"document_id": "94e153f4-bc43-4e5b-99d4-6bb64ed24e4a",
"text": "\n\nAge also plays a vital role in the onset of diabetes (Cowie & Eberhardt, 1995).In south-east Asia almost 97% diabetic patients are 40 years old or more (IDF Atlas, 2017).In Bangladesh, the reported age of diabetes is ≥40 years in 71% urban and 85% rural female, while in the case of male the proportion is 85.5% urban and 86.5% in rural population (IDF Atlas, 2017).The current study also pinpointed an exponential increase in the risk of onset of T2DM with the increase of age when 40 years was chosen as the reference (Table S4)."
},
{
"document_id": "94e153f4-bc43-4e5b-99d4-6bb64ed24e4a",
"text": "\n\nWhether age and stress variables are risk factors for type 2 diabetes incidence was assessed by multivariate logistic regression (Table S4).Subjects in the age groups of (40-60) and >60 years had 1.78× (p = .005)and 3.19× (p = .006)greater risk for type 2 diabetes respectively than group of <40 years.Overall, patients under stressful condition are more likely to develop T2DM than that of nonstressed respondent (p = .000).Moreover, when stress is divided into two groups-low stress and high stress, we found that both males (p = .000)and females (p = .000)with high stress were at high risk of diabetes mellitus, whereas the association between low stress and T2DM incidence was significant only among males (Male: p = .002;Female: p = .115).The distribution and association of the genotypes, age, and stress with T2DM have been summarized in Table 3 and Figure 3.There was no difference in T2DM incidence between CT (p = .030)and TT/CC (p = .034)genotype containing people who were in age group of 40-60 years (Table 3).In contrast, people who were more than 60 years old with CT genotype (OR = 4.636, p = .029)were more prone to T2DM than that of TT/CC genotype (OR = 3.714, p = .007)subjects (Table 3)."
}
],
"9c9cc0b3-5dde-4077-ae41-1410db9aeb24": [
{
"document_id": "9c9cc0b3-5dde-4077-ae41-1410db9aeb24",
"text": "Research Gaps\n\nThere is a clear correlation of environmental influences to diabetes risk.Yet, the assembled experts agreed that hypothesis-driven research is needed to define direct causal relationships between specific environmental factors and pathophysiologies leading to diabetes.Research efforts need to address environmental etiologies of type 1 diabetes and determine their relative contribution to onset of autoimmunity and progression to symptomatic disease.Whether there is a direct causal role of the intestinal microbiota in pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and response to therapies needs to be determined.Public health interventions that successfully reduce the levels of consumption of energy-dense foods and/or reduce sedentary time and increase time spent in physical activity need to be evaluated to determine whether they can reduce type 2 diabetes incidence at a population level."
}
],
"afe6a42e-2c8b-4cfd-9334-157d1b9d15b6": [
{
"document_id": "afe6a42e-2c8b-4cfd-9334-157d1b9d15b6",
"text": "\n\nIn sum, it is clear that multiple risk factors are involved in diabetes-associated cognitive decrements as well as in dementia in relation to diabetes 38 .On the basis of our assessment of the literature, it is also clear that there are still substantial knowledge gaps on how the risk factors interconnect, how the risk factors translate to potentially modifiable mechanisms and which genetic factors are involved."
}
],
"b21bbbce-b53f-416b-8378-b635f4270ace": [
{
"document_id": "b21bbbce-b53f-416b-8378-b635f4270ace",
"text": "\n\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between age at natural menopause and risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and to assess whether this association is independent of potential intermediate risk factors for type 2 diabetes.Furthermore, we examined the role of endogenous sex hormone levels in the association between age at natural menopause and type 2 diabetes."
},
{
"document_id": "b21bbbce-b53f-416b-8378-b635f4270ace",
"text": "\n\nAims/hypothesis In this study, we aimed to examine the association between age at natural menopause and risk of type 2 diabetes, and to assess whether this association is independent of potential mediators.Methods We included 3639 postmenopausal women from the prospective, population-based Rotterdam Study.Age at natural menopause was self-reported retrospectively and was treated as a continuous variable and in categories (premature, <40 years; early, 40-44 years; normal, 45-55 years; and late menopause, >55 years [reference]).Type 2 diabetes events were diagnosed on the basis of medical records and glucose measurements from Rotterdam Study visits.HRs and 95% CIs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for confounding factors; in another model, they were additionally adjusted for potential mediators, including obesity, C-reactive protein, glucose and insulin, as well as for levels of total oestradiol and androgens."
},
{
"document_id": "b21bbbce-b53f-416b-8378-b635f4270ace",
"text": "\nAims/hypothesis In this study, we aimed to examine the association between age at natural menopause and risk of type 2 diabetes, and to assess whether this association is independent of potential mediators.Methods We included 3639 postmenopausal women from the prospective, population-based Rotterdam Study.Age at natural menopause was self-reported retrospectively and was treated as a continuous variable and in categories (premature, <40 years; early, 40-44 years; normal, 45-55 years; and late menopause, >55 years [reference]).Type 2 diabetes events were diagnosed on the basis of medical records and glucose measurements from Rotterdam Study visits.HRs and 95% CIs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for confounding factors; in another model, they were additionally adjusted for potential mediators, including obesity, C-reactive protein, glucose and insulin, as well as for levels of total oestradiol and androgens.Results During a median follow-up of 9.2 years, we identified 348 individuals with incident type 2 diabetes.After adjustment for confounders, HRs for type 2 diabetes were 3.7 (95% CI 1.8, 7.5), 2.4 (95% CI 1.3, 4.3) and 1.60 (95% CI 1.0, 2.8) for women with premature, early and normal menopause, respectively, relative to those with late menopause (ptrend <0.001).The HR for type 2 diabetes per 1 year older at menopause was 0.96 (95% CI 0.94, 0.98).Further adjustment for BMI, glycaemic traits, metabolic risk factors, C-reactive protein, endogenous sex hormone levels or shared genetic factors did not affect this association.Conclusions/interpretation Early onset of natural menopause is an independent marker for type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women."
},
{
"document_id": "b21bbbce-b53f-416b-8378-b635f4270ace",
"text": "\n\nassociation and explore whether the timing of natural menopause can add value to diabetes prediction and prevention."
}
],
"d1449eee-d4ec-4886-87d1-835fb54a5f56": [
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"document_id": "d1449eee-d4ec-4886-87d1-835fb54a5f56",
"text": "\n\nAlthough drawing of definitive conclusions is difficult from these observational studies, their results suggest that young-onset type 2 diabetes is associated with a much more frequent occurrence of adverse macrovascular and microvascular outcomes and a more rapidly progressing severity of complications than is seen in type 1 diabetes or later-onset type 2 diabetes."
},
{
"document_id": "d1449eee-d4ec-4886-87d1-835fb54a5f56",
"text": "\n\nIn a study of the age-specific incidence of type 2 diabetes in the UK (a retrospective cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes between 1990 and 2010), the investigators reported a substantial increase in the proportion of people aged 40 years or younger at diagnosis"
},
{
"document_id": "d1449eee-d4ec-4886-87d1-835fb54a5f56",
"text": "\nThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults is dramatically increasing.Similar to older-onset type 2 diabetes, the major predisposing risk factors are obesity, family history, and sedentary lifestyle.Onset of diabetes at a younger age (defined here as up to age 40 years) is associated with longer disease exposure and increased risk for chronic complications.Young-onset type 2 diabetes also affects more individuals of working age, accentuating the adverse societal effects of the disease.Furthermore, evidence is accumulating that young-onset type 2 diabetes has a more aggressive disease phenotype, leading to premature development of complications, with adverse effects on quality of life and unfavourable effects on long-term outcomes, raising the possibility of a future public health catastrophe.In this Review, we describe the epidemiology and existing knowledge regarding pathophysiology, risk factors, complications, and management of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults."
}
],
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"document_id": "f53cd4d6-2d42-47e1-b58f-5bf8f2d65ef5",
"text": "\n\nThe biological processes linking aging and disease risk are poorly understood.Still, aging is considered to date as one of the main factors responsible for several complex diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes."
}
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