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diff --git a/gnqa/paper2_eval/data/dataset/domain_expert_aging_1 b/gnqa/paper2_eval/data/dataset/domain_expert_aging_1 index 81d5073..1a249db 100644 --- a/gnqa/paper2_eval/data/dataset/domain_expert_aging_1 +++ b/gnqa/paper2_eval/data/dataset/domain_expert_aging_1 @@ -62,4 +62,132 @@ ], "answer": "The length of telomeres is significant for several reasons: 1. **Protection of Chromosomes**: Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect them from attrition and damage during replication [1], [2], [6]. They prevent the loss of important genetic information and maintain genomic stability [9]. 2. **Aging and Cellular Senescence**: Telomere length is progressively shortened with each round of genomic replication unless restored by the enzyme telomerase [2], [5]. Short telomeres are considered a sign of advanced age and are associated with cellular senescence, where cells lose their ability to divide and function properly [4], [7], [8]. 3. **Disease Association**: Shorter telomeres have been linked to various diseases. For instance, individuals with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have been shown to have shorter leukocyte telomeres, which may be associated with disease progression [1]. Similarly, telomere length in smooth muscle cells has been linked to disease severity in atherosclerosis, and shorter leukocyte telomeres are associated with a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease [3], [8]. 4. **Genomic Integrity**: Telomeres play a crucial role in maintaining genomic integrity and function. Shortening and erosion of telomeres can lead to chromosome end-to-end fusions and genomic instability, which can cause various cellular dysfunctions and diseases [6], [7]. 5. **Biomarker Potential**: Due to their association with aging and disease, telomere length is being studied as a potential biomarker for various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes [3]. In summary, the length of telomeres is crucial for protecting chromosomes, regulating cellular aging, and maintaining genomic stability. It also has significant implications for understanding and potentially diagnosing age-related diseases and conditions.", "question": "What is the significance of the length of telomeres?" +}{ + "titles": [ + "2017 - Regular exercise participation improves genomic stability in diabetic patients an exploratory study to analyse telomere length and DNA damage.pdf", + "2020 - Clinical Genetics and Genomics of Aging.pdf", + "2008 - Telomeres and Aging.pdf", + "2006 - Sex-specific telomere length profiles.pdf", + "2018 - Sex Differences in Aging Genomic Instability.pdf", + "2002 - Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to telomere attrition.pdf", + "2006 - Sex-specific telomere length profiles.pdf", + "2017 - The Aging Cardiovascular System.pdf", + "2020 - Clinical Genetics and Genomics of Aging.pdf", + "2018 - Repetitive Fragile Sites Centromere Satellite DNA.pdf" + ], + "extraction_id": [ + "0e53122e-a308-55f7-8ee8-a0857ac9c52f", + "efd18101-9cf2-56b5-8f86-c2aba6caa0bc", + "13990eb4-bef2-58ce-bf3e-0e3bc294caab", + "6d3bfe47-f26e-50dc-8d77-19f3797e53a0", + "396708f1-aa0a-571e-a8d3-7cb8404e9502", + "b92ede07-74a7-524a-8d2c-54b2559e8425", + "eb8d8e40-a484-57cb-8125-3fd5eb3f6389", + "6949970f-7bc7-5585-a57a-96de1b5ba6ec", + "d4afa45a-5efa-577b-822e-7a82c2f6508d", + "3b0cb0ab-421d-54d7-9816-c6a2e6f1ac68" + ], + "document_id": [ + "dcaf7b09-2d54-5cbf-b061-e3c4e6c6c518", + "62b635c3-040e-512a-b016-6ef295308a1e", + "61d9c326-d36e-55c1-a891-335dc943e70f", + "09c78a17-4a1f-52c1-be4d-994fd9fd71d0", + "8cfb5529-7f0c-58fc-b6e4-b3ee800fb72f", + "d8bc729b-7513-58b7-b12e-0db1fb6d3b7d", + "09c78a17-4a1f-52c1-be4d-994fd9fd71d0", + "d3ff8471-986b-5fa0-b9c4-96eaaa8fce7c", + "62b635c3-040e-512a-b016-6ef295308a1e", + "262df0d6-ad68-544a-88ed-b4568f305858" + ], + "id": [ + "chatcmpl-ABLwBBugt6fTuTWqXb74qvoPVubbX", + "bb069c10-45f1-5a83-95e3-4b7655874ba7", + "28e98b7e-f273-5bdd-9979-185133f311af", + "5f940245-af1d-5eee-84dc-942017c523d0", + "607cbd31-d430-5517-8212-208b25af32bf", + "53508a9e-d064-58a3-a4f9-0785470a1462", + "7fad29bd-12bf-53d0-af89-aadd38b974ff", + "64ef9964-1831-5a7a-8a69-5e8d0c332d37", + "1b453e12-a0c4-59db-a978-bbebd689e7dc", + "65fb74aa-f3c3-5c80-919f-329169db982f", + "f181e6da-58b6-5f26-87a2-355e25388673" + ], + "contexts": [ + "repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of each eukaryotic chromosome, which protects them from attrition and damage. Although the relationship between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and diabetes is still questioned 8, different studies have shown that T2D individuals have shorter leukocyte telomeres than non-T2D individuals9, 10 that may be associated with disease progression11. Indeed, the decreased antioxidant capacity described in patients", + "Telomeres are arrays of linked nucleotide hexamer repeats that are found at the ends of chromosomes in a vast clade of organisms [14]. While the sequence of these telomeric repeats can vary between organisms, their biological function is highly conserved, which is to limit damage inflicted on genes during the replica- tion of chromosomes. Telomere length is progressively shortened with each round of genomic replication, unless it is restored through the action of a ribonucleo-", + "telomere length,a phenomenon attributed to higher levels of oxidativestress at the cellular level (70). More recent studies havelinked telomere length in smooth muscle cells with senes-cence and disease severity in patients with atherosclero-sis (141, 150). Leukocyte telomere length was also short ina cohort of similar patients and associated with a higherrisk of developing occult cardiovascular disease (71).More data are needed to understand and validate the useof leukocyte telomere length as a biomarker", + "age telomere length through accumulation of several short telo- meres (Londono-Vallejo et al., 2001; Martens et al., 2000) is responsible for senescence or whether a speci c chromosome arm limits the replication potential of human cells (Hemann et al., 2001). Individual chromosome arms were shown to have large variations in their length (Lansdorp et al., 1996; Benn, 1997; Londono-Vallejo et al., 2001), and chromosome 17p seemed to be equipped with especially short telomeres in hu-", + "Telomeres are specialized structures that protect the ends of linear chromosomes. They shorten during aging due to the unidirectional activity of DNA polymerase, which leaves a section of DNA unrepli-cated on the lagging strand. Telomeres also are subject to shortening by genotoxic stress, such as oxidative damage (33). Among many eukaryotes, the enzyme telomerase maintains telomere length; but telomerase activity varies over the lifespan and between cell types, tissues, and species (34). In most human", + "TTAGGG sequence that cap the ends of chromosomes, protect-ing them from degradation and fusion. The length of telomererepeats is primarily maintained by active telomerase, which iscomposed of Telomerase RNA (TR) and a catalytic subunitTelomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) (Blackburn, 2001).Extensive evidence has shown that telomere shortening anderosion lead to chromosome end-to-end fusions and genomicinstability (Blasco et al ., 1997; Hande et al ., 1999), causing", + "a pivotal role in maintenance of genomic integrity and func-tion (Moyzis et al., 1988; McElligott and Wellinger, 1997; van Steensel and de Lange, 1997). It is generally accepted that telomeres shorten during DNA replication both in vitro and in vivo. In individuals, short telomeres are considered to be a sign of advanced age. Cawthon and coworkers (2003) showed that telomere shortening in hu-", + "Each cell division shortens telomeric DNA until, at a critical length, the cells lose capping function at thechromosomal ends, activating DNA damage check-points, cell senescence, and eventually apoptosis.Telomere shortening has particular relevance in thesetting of CVD. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) associates signi cantly with vascular cell senescence,", + "nization may directly affect telomere attrition, resulting in accelerated replicative senescence and progeroid phenotypes [180]. Telomeres are regions constituted by tandem repeats of non-coding DNA sequences 5-(TTAGGG)n-3 and a protein complex called shelterin, bound to them. This structure ensures the stability of the genome and protects the chromosomes from a wrong action of the DNA repair machinery [184] by allowing the formation of a chromatin loop called T-Loop [185].", + "telomeres, the repetitive sequence at the end of linear chromosomes, has garnered much attention for its relation to aging. Telomere repeats serve as an internal clock for cycling cells because each round of replication results in the loss of telomeric DNA in the absence of active telomerase (reviewed in [66]). Eventually, this loss over cellular generations culminates in telomere crisis and a permanent state of" + ], + "answer": "The length of telomeres is significant for several reasons: 1. **Protection of Chromosomes**: Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect them from attrition and damage during replication [1], [2], [6]. They prevent the loss of important genetic information and maintain genomic stability [9]. 2. **Aging and Cellular Senescence**: Telomere length is progressively shortened with each round of genomic replication unless restored by the enzyme telomerase [2], [5]. Short telomeres are considered a sign of advanced age and are associated with cellular senescence, where cells lose their ability to divide and function properly [4], [7], [8]. 3. **Disease Association**: Shorter telomeres have been linked to various diseases. For instance, individuals with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have been shown to have shorter leukocyte telomeres, which may be associated with disease progression [1]. Similarly, telomere length in smooth muscle cells has been linked to disease severity in atherosclerosis, and shorter leukocyte telomeres are associated with a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease [3], [8]. 4. **Genomic Integrity**: Telomeres play a crucial role in maintaining genomic integrity and function. Shortening and erosion of telomeres can lead to chromosome end-to-end fusions and genomic instability, which can cause various cellular dysfunctions and diseases [6], [7]. 5. **Biomarker Potential**: Due to their association with aging and disease, telomere length is being studied as a potential biomarker for various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes [3]. In summary, the length of telomeres is crucial for protecting chromosomes, regulating cellular aging, and maintaining genomic stability. It also has significant implications for understanding and potentially diagnosing age-related diseases and conditions.", + "question": "What is the significance of the length of telomeres?" +}{ + "titles": [ + "2017 - Regular exercise participation improves genomic stability in diabetic patients an exploratory study to analyse telomere length and DNA damage.pdf", + "2020 - Clinical Genetics and Genomics of Aging.pdf", + "2008 - Telomeres and Aging.pdf", + "2006 - Sex-specific telomere length profiles.pdf", + "2018 - Sex Differences in Aging Genomic Instability.pdf", + "2002 - Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to telomere attrition.pdf", + "2006 - Sex-specific telomere length profiles.pdf", + "2017 - The Aging Cardiovascular System.pdf", + "2020 - Clinical Genetics and Genomics of Aging.pdf", + "2018 - Repetitive Fragile Sites Centromere Satellite DNA.pdf" + ], + "extraction_id": [ + "0e53122e-a308-55f7-8ee8-a0857ac9c52f", + "efd18101-9cf2-56b5-8f86-c2aba6caa0bc", + "13990eb4-bef2-58ce-bf3e-0e3bc294caab", + "6d3bfe47-f26e-50dc-8d77-19f3797e53a0", + "396708f1-aa0a-571e-a8d3-7cb8404e9502", + "b92ede07-74a7-524a-8d2c-54b2559e8425", + "eb8d8e40-a484-57cb-8125-3fd5eb3f6389", + "6949970f-7bc7-5585-a57a-96de1b5ba6ec", + "d4afa45a-5efa-577b-822e-7a82c2f6508d", + "3b0cb0ab-421d-54d7-9816-c6a2e6f1ac68" + ], + "document_id": [ + "dcaf7b09-2d54-5cbf-b061-e3c4e6c6c518", + "62b635c3-040e-512a-b016-6ef295308a1e", + "61d9c326-d36e-55c1-a891-335dc943e70f", + "09c78a17-4a1f-52c1-be4d-994fd9fd71d0", + "8cfb5529-7f0c-58fc-b6e4-b3ee800fb72f", + "d8bc729b-7513-58b7-b12e-0db1fb6d3b7d", + "09c78a17-4a1f-52c1-be4d-994fd9fd71d0", + "d3ff8471-986b-5fa0-b9c4-96eaaa8fce7c", + "62b635c3-040e-512a-b016-6ef295308a1e", + "262df0d6-ad68-544a-88ed-b4568f305858" + ], + "id": [ + "chatcmpl-ABLwBBugt6fTuTWqXb74qvoPVubbX", + "bb069c10-45f1-5a83-95e3-4b7655874ba7", + "28e98b7e-f273-5bdd-9979-185133f311af", + "5f940245-af1d-5eee-84dc-942017c523d0", + "607cbd31-d430-5517-8212-208b25af32bf", + "53508a9e-d064-58a3-a4f9-0785470a1462", + "7fad29bd-12bf-53d0-af89-aadd38b974ff", + "64ef9964-1831-5a7a-8a69-5e8d0c332d37", + "1b453e12-a0c4-59db-a978-bbebd689e7dc", + "65fb74aa-f3c3-5c80-919f-329169db982f", + "f181e6da-58b6-5f26-87a2-355e25388673" + ], + "contexts": [ + "repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of each eukaryotic chromosome, which protects them from attrition and damage. Although the relationship between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and diabetes is still questioned 8, different studies have shown that T2D individuals have shorter leukocyte telomeres than non-T2D individuals9, 10 that may be associated with disease progression11. Indeed, the decreased antioxidant capacity described in patients", + "Telomeres are arrays of linked nucleotide hexamer repeats that are found at the ends of chromosomes in a vast clade of organisms [14]. While the sequence of these telomeric repeats can vary between organisms, their biological function is highly conserved, which is to limit damage inflicted on genes during the replica- tion of chromosomes. Telomere length is progressively shortened with each round of genomic replication, unless it is restored through the action of a ribonucleo-", + "telomere length,a phenomenon attributed to higher levels of oxidativestress at the cellular level (70). More recent studies havelinked telomere length in smooth muscle cells with senes-cence and disease severity in patients with atherosclero-sis (141, 150). Leukocyte telomere length was also short ina cohort of similar patients and associated with a higherrisk of developing occult cardiovascular disease (71).More data are needed to understand and validate the useof leukocyte telomere length as a biomarker", + "age telomere length through accumulation of several short telo- meres (Londono-Vallejo et al., 2001; Martens et al., 2000) is responsible for senescence or whether a speci c chromosome arm limits the replication potential of human cells (Hemann et al., 2001). Individual chromosome arms were shown to have large variations in their length (Lansdorp et al., 1996; Benn, 1997; Londono-Vallejo et al., 2001), and chromosome 17p seemed to be equipped with especially short telomeres in hu-", + "Telomeres are specialized structures that protect the ends of linear chromosomes. They shorten during aging due to the unidirectional activity of DNA polymerase, which leaves a section of DNA unrepli-cated on the lagging strand. Telomeres also are subject to shortening by genotoxic stress, such as oxidative damage (33). Among many eukaryotes, the enzyme telomerase maintains telomere length; but telomerase activity varies over the lifespan and between cell types, tissues, and species (34). In most human", + "TTAGGG sequence that cap the ends of chromosomes, protect-ing them from degradation and fusion. The length of telomererepeats is primarily maintained by active telomerase, which iscomposed of Telomerase RNA (TR) and a catalytic subunitTelomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) (Blackburn, 2001).Extensive evidence has shown that telomere shortening anderosion lead to chromosome end-to-end fusions and genomicinstability (Blasco et al ., 1997; Hande et al ., 1999), causing", + "a pivotal role in maintenance of genomic integrity and func-tion (Moyzis et al., 1988; McElligott and Wellinger, 1997; van Steensel and de Lange, 1997). It is generally accepted that telomeres shorten during DNA replication both in vitro and in vivo. In individuals, short telomeres are considered to be a sign of advanced age. Cawthon and coworkers (2003) showed that telomere shortening in hu-", + "Each cell division shortens telomeric DNA until, at a critical length, the cells lose capping function at thechromosomal ends, activating DNA damage check-points, cell senescence, and eventually apoptosis.Telomere shortening has particular relevance in thesetting of CVD. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) associates signi cantly with vascular cell senescence,", + "nization may directly affect telomere attrition, resulting in accelerated replicative senescence and progeroid phenotypes [180]. Telomeres are regions constituted by tandem repeats of non-coding DNA sequences 5-(TTAGGG)n-3 and a protein complex called shelterin, bound to them. This structure ensures the stability of the genome and protects the chromosomes from a wrong action of the DNA repair machinery [184] by allowing the formation of a chromatin loop called T-Loop [185].", + "telomeres, the repetitive sequence at the end of linear chromosomes, has garnered much attention for its relation to aging. Telomere repeats serve as an internal clock for cycling cells because each round of replication results in the loss of telomeric DNA in the absence of active telomerase (reviewed in [66]). Eventually, this loss over cellular generations culminates in telomere crisis and a permanent state of" + ], + "answer": "The length of telomeres is significant for several reasons: 1. **Protection of Chromosomes**: Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that protect them from attrition and damage during replication [1], [2], [6]. They prevent the loss of important genetic information and maintain genomic stability [9]. 2. **Aging and Cellular Senescence**: Telomere length is progressively shortened with each round of genomic replication unless restored by the enzyme telomerase [2], [5]. Short telomeres are considered a sign of advanced age and are associated with cellular senescence, where cells lose their ability to divide and function properly [4], [7], [8]. 3. **Disease Association**: Shorter telomeres have been linked to various diseases. For instance, individuals with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have been shown to have shorter leukocyte telomeres, which may be associated with disease progression [1]. Similarly, telomere length in smooth muscle cells has been linked to disease severity in atherosclerosis, and shorter leukocyte telomeres are associated with a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease [3], [8]. 4. **Genomic Integrity**: Telomeres play a crucial role in maintaining genomic integrity and function. Shortening and erosion of telomeres can lead to chromosome end-to-end fusions and genomic instability, which can cause various cellular dysfunctions and diseases [6], [7]. 5. **Biomarker Potential**: Due to their association with aging and disease, telomere length is being studied as a potential biomarker for various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes [3]. In summary, the length of telomeres is crucial for protecting chromosomes, regulating cellular aging, and maintaining genomic stability. It also has significant implications for understanding and potentially diagnosing age-related diseases and conditions.", + "question": "What is the significance of the length of telomeres?" }
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