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+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from typing import AbstractSet, Collection, Literal, NoReturn, Sequence
+
+import regex
+
+from tiktoken import _tiktoken
+
+
+class Encoding:
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ name: str,
+ *,
+ pat_str: str,
+ mergeable_ranks: dict[bytes, int],
+ special_tokens: dict[str, int],
+ explicit_n_vocab: int | None = None,
+ ):
+ """Creates an Encoding object.
+
+ See openai_public.py for examples of how to construct an Encoding object.
+
+ Args:
+ name: The name of the encoding. It should be clear from the name of the encoding
+ what behaviour to expect, in particular, encodings with different special tokens
+ should have different names.
+ pat_str: A regex pattern string that is used to split the input text.
+ mergeable_ranks: A dictionary mapping mergeable token bytes to their ranks. The ranks
+ must correspond to merge priority.
+ special_tokens: A dictionary mapping special token strings to their token values.
+ explicit_n_vocab: The number of tokens in the vocabulary. If provided, it is checked
+ that the number of mergeable tokens and special tokens is equal to this number.
+ """
+ self.name = name
+
+ self._pat_str = pat_str
+ self._mergeable_ranks = mergeable_ranks
+ self._special_tokens = special_tokens
+
+ self.max_token_value = max(
+ max(mergeable_ranks.values()), max(special_tokens.values(), default=0)
+ )
+ if explicit_n_vocab:
+ assert len(mergeable_ranks) + len(special_tokens) == explicit_n_vocab
+ assert self.max_token_value == explicit_n_vocab - 1
+
+ self._core_bpe = _tiktoken.CoreBPE(mergeable_ranks, special_tokens, pat_str)
+
+ def __repr__(self) -> str:
+ return f"<Encoding {self.name!r}>"
+
+ # ====================
+ # Encoding
+ # ====================
+
+ def encode_ordinary(self, text: str) -> list[int]:
+ """Encodes a string into tokens, ignoring special tokens.
+
+ This is equivalent to `encode(text, disallowed_special=())` (but slightly faster).
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.encode_ordinary("hello world")
+ [31373, 995]
+ """
+ try:
+ return self._core_bpe.encode_ordinary(text)
+ except UnicodeEncodeError:
+ # See comment in encode
+ text = text.encode("utf-16", "surrogatepass").decode("utf-16", "replace")
+ return self._core_bpe.encode_ordinary(text)
+
+ def encode(
+ self,
+ text: str,
+ *,
+ allowed_special: Literal["all"] | AbstractSet[str] = set(), # noqa: B006
+ disallowed_special: Literal["all"] | Collection[str] = "all",
+ ) -> list[int]:
+ """Encodes a string into tokens.
+
+ Special tokens are artificial tokens used to unlock capabilities from a model,
+ such as fill-in-the-middle. So we want to be careful about accidentally encoding special
+ tokens, since they can be used to trick a model into doing something we don't want it to do.
+
+ Hence, by default, encode will raise an error if it encounters text that corresponds
+ to a special token. This can be controlled on a per-token level using the `allowed_special`
+ and `disallowed_special` parameters. In particular:
+ - Setting `disallowed_special` to () will prevent this function from raising errors and
+ cause all text corresponding to special tokens to be encoded as natural text.
+ - Setting `allowed_special` to "all" will cause this function to treat all text
+ corresponding to special tokens to be encoded as special tokens.
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.encode("hello world")
+ [31373, 995]
+ >>> enc.encode("<|endoftext|>", allowed_special={"<|endoftext|>"})
+ [50256]
+ >>> enc.encode("<|endoftext|>", allowed_special="all")
+ [50256]
+ >>> enc.encode("<|endoftext|>")
+ # Raises ValueError
+ >>> enc.encode("<|endoftext|>", disallowed_special=())
+ [27, 91, 437, 1659, 5239, 91, 29]
+ ```
+ """
+ if allowed_special == "all":
+ allowed_special = self.special_tokens_set
+ if disallowed_special == "all":
+ disallowed_special = self.special_tokens_set - allowed_special
+ if disallowed_special:
+ if not isinstance(disallowed_special, frozenset):
+ disallowed_special = frozenset(disallowed_special)
+ if match := _special_token_regex(disallowed_special).search(text):
+ raise_disallowed_special_token(match.group())
+
+ try:
+ return self._core_bpe.encode(text, allowed_special)
+ except UnicodeEncodeError:
+ # BPE operates on bytes, but the regex operates on unicode. If we pass a str that is
+ # invalid UTF-8 to Rust, it will rightfully complain. Here we do a quick and dirty
+ # fixup for any surrogate pairs that may have sneaked their way into the text.
+ # Technically, this introduces a place where encode + decode doesn't roundtrip a Python
+ # string, but given that this is input we want to support, maybe that's okay.
+ # Also we use errors="replace" to handle weird things like lone surrogates.
+ text = text.encode("utf-16", "surrogatepass").decode("utf-16", "replace")
+ return self._core_bpe.encode(text, allowed_special)
+
+ def encode_ordinary_batch(self, text: list[str], *, num_threads: int = 8) -> list[list[int]]:
+ """Encodes a list of strings into tokens, in parallel, ignoring special tokens.
+
+ This is equivalent to `encode_batch(text, disallowed_special=())` (but slightly faster).
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.encode_ordinary_batch(["hello world", "goodbye world"])
+ [[31373, 995], [11274, 16390, 995]]
+ ```
+ """
+ encoder = functools.partial(self.encode_ordinary)
+ with ThreadPoolExecutor(num_threads) as e:
+ return list(e.map(encoder, text))
+
+ def encode_batch(
+ self,
+ text: list[str],
+ *,
+ num_threads: int = 8,
+ allowed_special: Literal["all"] | AbstractSet[str] = set(), # noqa: B006
+ disallowed_special: Literal["all"] | Collection[str] = "all",
+ ) -> list[list[int]]:
+ """Encodes a list of strings into tokens, in parallel.
+
+ See `encode` for more details on `allowed_special` and `disallowed_special`.
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.encode_batch(["hello world", "goodbye world"])
+ [[31373, 995], [11274, 16390, 995]]
+ ```
+ """
+ if allowed_special == "all":
+ allowed_special = self.special_tokens_set
+ if disallowed_special == "all":
+ disallowed_special = self.special_tokens_set - allowed_special
+ if not isinstance(disallowed_special, frozenset):
+ disallowed_special = frozenset(disallowed_special)
+
+ encoder = functools.partial(
+ self.encode, allowed_special=allowed_special, disallowed_special=disallowed_special
+ )
+ with ThreadPoolExecutor(num_threads) as e:
+ return list(e.map(encoder, text))
+
+ def encode_with_unstable(
+ self,
+ text: str,
+ *,
+ allowed_special: Literal["all"] | AbstractSet[str] = set(), # noqa: B006
+ disallowed_special: Literal["all"] | Collection[str] = "all",
+ ) -> tuple[list[int], list[list[int]]]:
+ """Encodes a string into stable tokens and possible completion sequences.
+
+ Note that the stable tokens will only represent a substring of `text`.
+
+ See `encode` for more details on `allowed_special` and `disallowed_special`.
+
+ This API should itself be considered unstable.
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.encode_with_unstable("hello fanta")
+ ([31373], [(277, 4910), (5113, 265), ..., (8842,)])
+
+ >>> text = "..."
+ >>> stable_tokens, completions = enc.encode_with_unstable(text)
+ >>> assert text.encode().startswith(enc.decode_bytes(stable_tokens))
+ >>> assert all(enc.decode_bytes(stable_tokens + seq).startswith(text.encode()) for seq in completions)
+ ```
+ """
+ if allowed_special == "all":
+ allowed_special = self.special_tokens_set
+ if disallowed_special == "all":
+ disallowed_special = self.special_tokens_set - allowed_special
+ if disallowed_special:
+ if not isinstance(disallowed_special, frozenset):
+ disallowed_special = frozenset(disallowed_special)
+ if match := _special_token_regex(disallowed_special).search(text):
+ raise_disallowed_special_token(match.group())
+
+ return self._core_bpe.encode_with_unstable(text, allowed_special)
+
+ def encode_single_token(self, text_or_bytes: str | bytes) -> int:
+ """Encodes text corresponding to a single token to its token value.
+
+ NOTE: this will encode all special tokens.
+
+ Raises `KeyError` if the token is not in the vocabulary.
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.encode_single_token("hello")
+ 31373
+ ```
+ """
+ if isinstance(text_or_bytes, str):
+ text_or_bytes = text_or_bytes.encode("utf-8")
+ return self._core_bpe.encode_single_token(text_or_bytes)
+
+ # ====================
+ # Decoding
+ # ====================
+
+ def decode_bytes(self, tokens: Sequence[int]) -> bytes:
+ """Decodes a list of tokens into bytes.
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.decode_bytes([31373, 995])
+ b'hello world'
+ ```
+ """
+ return self._core_bpe.decode_bytes(tokens)
+
+ def decode(self, tokens: Sequence[int], errors: str = "replace") -> str:
+ """Decodes a list of tokens into a string.
+
+ WARNING: the default behaviour of this function is lossy, since decoded bytes are not
+ guaranteed to be valid UTF-8. You can control this behaviour using the `errors` parameter,
+ for instance, setting `errors=strict`.
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.decode([31373, 995])
+ 'hello world'
+ ```
+ """
+ return self._core_bpe.decode_bytes(tokens).decode("utf-8", errors=errors)
+
+ def decode_single_token_bytes(self, token: int) -> bytes:
+ """Decodes a token into bytes.
+
+ NOTE: this will decode all special tokens.
+
+ Raises `KeyError` if the token is not in the vocabulary.
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.decode_single_token_bytes(31373)
+ b'hello'
+ ```
+ """
+ return self._core_bpe.decode_single_token_bytes(token)
+
+ def decode_tokens_bytes(self, tokens: Sequence[int]) -> list[bytes]:
+ """Decodes a list of tokens into a list of bytes.
+
+ Useful for visualising tokenisation.
+ >>> enc.decode_tokens_bytes([31373, 995])
+ [b'hello', b' world']
+ """
+ return [self.decode_single_token_bytes(token) for token in tokens]
+
+ def decode_with_offsets(self, tokens: Sequence[int]) -> tuple[str, list[int]]:
+ """Decodes a list of tokens into a string and a list of offsets.
+
+ Each offset is the index into text corresponding to the start of each token.
+ If UTF-8 character boundaries do not line up with token boundaries, the offset is the index
+ of the first character that contains bytes from the token.
+
+ This will currently raise if given tokens that decode to invalid UTF-8; this behaviour may
+ change in the future to be more permissive.
+
+ >>> enc.decode_with_offsets([31373, 995])
+ ('hello world', [0, 5])
+ """
+ token_bytes = self.decode_tokens_bytes(tokens)
+
+ text_len = 0
+ offsets = []
+ for token in token_bytes:
+ offsets.append(max(0, text_len - (0x80 <= token[0] < 0xC0)))
+ text_len += sum(1 for c in token if not 0x80 <= c < 0xC0)
+
+ # TODO: assess correctness for errors="ignore" and errors="replace"
+ text = b"".join(token_bytes).decode("utf-8", errors="strict")
+ return text, offsets
+
+ def decode_batch(
+ self, batch: Sequence[Sequence[int]], *, errors: str = "replace", num_threads: int = 8
+ ) -> list[str]:
+ """Decodes a batch (list of lists of tokens) into a list of strings."""
+ decoder = functools.partial(self.decode, errors=errors)
+ with ThreadPoolExecutor(num_threads) as e:
+ return list(e.map(decoder, batch))
+
+ def decode_bytes_batch(
+ self, batch: Sequence[Sequence[int]], *, num_threads: int = 8
+ ) -> list[bytes]:
+ """Decodes a batch (list of lists of tokens) into a list of bytes."""
+ with ThreadPoolExecutor(num_threads) as e:
+ return list(e.map(self.decode_bytes, batch))
+
+ # ====================
+ # Miscellaneous
+ # ====================
+
+ def token_byte_values(self) -> list[bytes]:
+ """Returns the list of all token byte values."""
+ return self._core_bpe.token_byte_values()
+
+ @property
+ def eot_token(self) -> int:
+ return self._special_tokens["<|endoftext|>"]
+
+ @functools.cached_property
+ def special_tokens_set(self) -> set[str]:
+ return set(self._special_tokens.keys())
+
+ @property
+ def n_vocab(self) -> int:
+ """For backwards compatibility. Prefer to use `enc.max_token_value + 1`."""
+ return self.max_token_value + 1
+
+ # ====================
+ # Private
+ # ====================
+
+ def _encode_single_piece(self, text_or_bytes: str | bytes) -> list[int]:
+ """Encodes text corresponding to bytes without a regex split.
+
+ NOTE: this will not encode any special tokens.
+
+ ```
+ >>> enc.encode_single_piece("helloqqqq")
+ [31373, 38227, 38227]
+ ```
+ """
+ if isinstance(text_or_bytes, str):
+ text_or_bytes = text_or_bytes.encode("utf-8")
+ return self._core_bpe.encode_single_piece(text_or_bytes)
+
+ def _encode_only_native_bpe(self, text: str) -> list[int]:
+ """Encodes a string into tokens, but do regex splitting in Python."""
+ _unused_pat = regex.compile(self._pat_str)
+ ret = []
+ for piece in regex.findall(_unused_pat, text):
+ ret.extend(self._core_bpe.encode_single_piece(piece))
+ return ret
+
+ def _encode_bytes(self, text: bytes) -> list[int]:
+ return self._core_bpe._encode_bytes(text)
+
+ def __getstate__(self) -> object:
+ import tiktoken.registry
+
+ # As an optimisation, pickle registered encodings by reference
+ if self is tiktoken.registry.ENCODINGS.get(self.name):
+ return self.name
+ return {
+ "name": self.name,
+ "pat_str": self._pat_str,
+ "mergeable_ranks": self._mergeable_ranks,
+ "special_tokens": self._special_tokens,
+ }
+
+ def __setstate__(self, value: object) -> None:
+ import tiktoken.registry
+
+ if isinstance(value, str):
+ self.__dict__ = tiktoken.registry.get_encoding(value).__dict__
+ return
+ self.__init__(**value)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=128)
+def _special_token_regex(tokens: frozenset[str]) -> "regex.Pattern[str]":
+ inner = "|".join(regex.escape(token) for token in tokens)
+ return regex.compile(f"({inner})")
+
+
+def raise_disallowed_special_token(token: str) -> NoReturn:
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"Encountered text corresponding to disallowed special token {token!r}.\n"
+ "If you want this text to be encoded as a special token, "
+ f"pass it to `allowed_special`, e.g. `allowed_special={{{token!r}, ...}}`.\n"
+ f"If you want this text to be encoded as normal text, disable the check for this token "
+ f"by passing `disallowed_special=(enc.special_tokens_set - {{{token!r}}})`.\n"
+ "To disable this check for all special tokens, pass `disallowed_special=()`.\n"
+ )