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+"""The |Table| object and related proxy classes."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterator, cast, overload
+
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from docx.blkcntnr import BlockItemContainer
+from docx.enum.style import WD_STYLE_TYPE
+from docx.enum.table import WD_CELL_VERTICAL_ALIGNMENT
+from docx.oxml.simpletypes import ST_Merge
+from docx.oxml.table import CT_TblGridCol
+from docx.shared import Inches, Parented, StoryChild, lazyproperty
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import docx.types as t
+    from docx.enum.table import WD_ROW_HEIGHT_RULE, WD_TABLE_ALIGNMENT, WD_TABLE_DIRECTION
+    from docx.oxml.table import CT_Row, CT_Tbl, CT_TblPr, CT_Tc
+    from docx.shared import Length
+    from docx.styles.style import (
+        ParagraphStyle,
+        _TableStyle,  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]
+    )
+
+TableParent: TypeAlias = "Table | _Columns | _Rows"
+
+
+class Table(StoryChild):
+    """Proxy class for a WordprocessingML ``<w:tbl>`` element."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tbl: CT_Tbl, parent: t.ProvidesStoryPart):
+        super(Table, self).__init__(parent)
+        self._element = tbl
+        self._tbl = tbl
+
+    def add_column(self, width: Length):
+        """Return a |_Column| object of `width`, newly added rightmost to the table."""
+        tblGrid = self._tbl.tblGrid
+        gridCol = tblGrid.add_gridCol()
+        gridCol.w = width
+        for tr in self._tbl.tr_lst:
+            tc = tr.add_tc()
+            tc.width = width
+        return _Column(gridCol, self)
+
+    def add_row(self):
+        """Return a |_Row| instance, newly added bottom-most to the table."""
+        tbl = self._tbl
+        tr = tbl.add_tr()
+        for gridCol in tbl.tblGrid.gridCol_lst:
+            tc = tr.add_tc()
+            if gridCol.w is not None:
+                tc.width = gridCol.w
+        return _Row(tr, self)
+
+    @property
+    def alignment(self) -> WD_TABLE_ALIGNMENT | None:
+        """Read/write.
+
+        A member of :ref:`WdRowAlignment` or None, specifying the positioning of this
+        table between the page margins. |None| if no setting is specified, causing the
+        effective value to be inherited from the style hierarchy.
+        """
+        return self._tblPr.alignment
+
+    @alignment.setter
+    def alignment(self, value: WD_TABLE_ALIGNMENT | None):
+        self._tblPr.alignment = value
+
+    @property
+    def autofit(self) -> bool:
+        """|True| if column widths can be automatically adjusted to improve the fit of
+        cell contents.
+
+        |False| if table layout is fixed. Column widths are adjusted in either case if
+        total column width exceeds page width. Read/write boolean.
+        """
+        return self._tblPr.autofit
+
+    @autofit.setter
+    def autofit(self, value: bool):
+        self._tblPr.autofit = value
+
+    def cell(self, row_idx: int, col_idx: int) -> _Cell:
+        """|_Cell| at `row_idx`, `col_idx` intersection.
+
+        (0, 0) is the top, left-most cell.
+        """
+        cell_idx = col_idx + (row_idx * self._column_count)
+        return self._cells[cell_idx]
+
+    def column_cells(self, column_idx: int) -> list[_Cell]:
+        """Sequence of cells in the column at `column_idx` in this table."""
+        cells = self._cells
+        idxs = range(column_idx, len(cells), self._column_count)
+        return [cells[idx] for idx in idxs]
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def columns(self):
+        """|_Columns| instance representing the sequence of columns in this table."""
+        return _Columns(self._tbl, self)
+
+    def row_cells(self, row_idx: int) -> list[_Cell]:
+        """DEPRECATED: Use `table.rows[row_idx].cells` instead.
+
+        Sequence of cells in the row at `row_idx` in this table.
+        """
+        column_count = self._column_count
+        start = row_idx * column_count
+        end = start + column_count
+        return self._cells[start:end]
+
+    @lazyproperty
+    def rows(self) -> _Rows:
+        """|_Rows| instance containing the sequence of rows in this table."""
+        return _Rows(self._tbl, self)
+
+    @property
+    def style(self) -> _TableStyle | None:
+        """|_TableStyle| object representing the style applied to this table.
+
+        Read/write. The default table style for the document (often `Normal Table`) is
+        returned if the table has no directly-applied style. Assigning |None| to this
+        property removes any directly-applied table style causing it to inherit the
+        default table style of the document.
+
+        Note that the style name of a table style differs slightly from that displayed
+        in the user interface; a hyphen, if it appears, must be removed. For example,
+        `Light Shading - Accent 1` becomes `Light Shading Accent 1`.
+        """
+        style_id = self._tbl.tblStyle_val
+        return cast("_TableStyle | None", self.part.get_style(style_id, WD_STYLE_TYPE.TABLE))
+
+    @style.setter
+    def style(self, style_or_name: _TableStyle | str | None):
+        style_id = self.part.get_style_id(style_or_name, WD_STYLE_TYPE.TABLE)
+        self._tbl.tblStyle_val = style_id
+
+    @property
+    def table(self):
+        """Provide child objects with reference to the |Table| object they belong to,
+        without them having to know their direct parent is a |Table| object.
+
+        This is the terminus of a series of `parent._table` calls from an arbitrary
+        child through its ancestors.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def table_direction(self) -> WD_TABLE_DIRECTION | None:
+        """Member of :ref:`WdTableDirection` indicating cell-ordering direction.
+
+        For example: `WD_TABLE_DIRECTION.LTR`. |None| indicates the value is inherited
+        from the style hierarchy.
+        """
+        return cast("WD_TABLE_DIRECTION | None", self._tbl.bidiVisual_val)
+
+    @table_direction.setter
+    def table_direction(self, value: WD_TABLE_DIRECTION | None):
+        self._element.bidiVisual_val = value
+
+    @property
+    def _cells(self) -> list[_Cell]:
+        """A sequence of |_Cell| objects, one for each cell of the layout grid.
+
+        If the table contains a span, one or more |_Cell| object references are
+        repeated.
+        """
+        col_count = self._column_count
+        cells: list[_Cell] = []
+        for tc in self._tbl.iter_tcs():
+            for grid_span_idx in range(tc.grid_span):
+                if tc.vMerge == ST_Merge.CONTINUE:
+                    cells.append(cells[-col_count])
+                elif grid_span_idx > 0:
+                    cells.append(cells[-1])
+                else:
+                    cells.append(_Cell(tc, self))
+        return cells
+
+    @property
+    def _column_count(self):
+        """The number of grid columns in this table."""
+        return self._tbl.col_count
+
+    @property
+    def _tblPr(self) -> CT_TblPr:
+        return self._tbl.tblPr
+
+
+class _Cell(BlockItemContainer):
+    """Table cell."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tc: CT_Tc, parent: TableParent):
+        super(_Cell, self).__init__(tc, cast("t.ProvidesStoryPart", parent))
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._tc = self._element = tc
+
+    def add_paragraph(self, text: str = "", style: str | ParagraphStyle | None = None):
+        """Return a paragraph newly added to the end of the content in this cell.
+
+        If present, `text` is added to the paragraph in a single run. If specified, the
+        paragraph style `style` is applied. If `style` is not specified or is |None|,
+        the result is as though the 'Normal' style was applied. Note that the formatting
+        of text in a cell can be influenced by the table style. `text` can contain tab
+        (``\\t``) characters, which are converted to the appropriate XML form for a tab.
+        `text` can also include newline (``\\n``) or carriage return (``\\r``)
+        characters, each of which is converted to a line break.
+        """
+        return super(_Cell, self).add_paragraph(text, style)
+
+    def add_table(  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleMethodOverride]
+        self, rows: int, cols: int
+    ) -> Table:
+        """Return a table newly added to this cell after any existing cell content.
+
+        The new table will have `rows` rows and `cols` columns.
+
+        An empty paragraph is added after the table because Word requires a paragraph
+        element as the last element in every cell.
+        """
+        width = self.width if self.width is not None else Inches(1)
+        table = super(_Cell, self).add_table(rows, cols, width)
+        self.add_paragraph()
+        return table
+
+    @property
+    def grid_span(self) -> int:
+        """Number of layout-grid cells this cell spans horizontally.
+
+        A "normal" cell has a grid-span of 1. A horizontally merged cell has a grid-span of 2 or
+        more.
+        """
+        return self._tc.grid_span
+
+    def merge(self, other_cell: _Cell):
+        """Return a merged cell created by spanning the rectangular region having this
+        cell and `other_cell` as diagonal corners.
+
+        Raises |InvalidSpanError| if the cells do not define a rectangular region.
+        """
+        tc, tc_2 = self._tc, other_cell._tc
+        merged_tc = tc.merge(tc_2)
+        return _Cell(merged_tc, self._parent)
+
+    @property
+    def paragraphs(self):
+        """List of paragraphs in the cell.
+
+        A table cell is required to contain at least one block-level element and end
+        with a paragraph. By default, a new cell contains a single paragraph. Read-only
+        """
+        return super(_Cell, self).paragraphs
+
+    @property
+    def tables(self):
+        """List of tables in the cell, in the order they appear.
+
+        Read-only.
+        """
+        return super(_Cell, self).tables
+
+    @property
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        """The entire contents of this cell as a string of text.
+
+        Assigning a string to this property replaces all existing content with a single
+        paragraph containing the assigned text in a single run.
+        """
+        return "\n".join(p.text for p in self.paragraphs)
+
+    @text.setter
+    def text(self, text: str):
+        """Write-only.
+
+        Set entire contents of cell to the string `text`. Any existing content or
+        revisions are replaced.
+        """
+        tc = self._tc
+        tc.clear_content()
+        p = tc.add_p()
+        r = p.add_r()
+        r.text = text
+
+    @property
+    def vertical_alignment(self):
+        """Member of :ref:`WdCellVerticalAlignment` or None.
+
+        A value of |None| indicates vertical alignment for this cell is inherited.
+        Assigning |None| causes any explicitly defined vertical alignment to be removed,
+        restoring inheritance.
+        """
+        tcPr = self._element.tcPr
+        if tcPr is None:
+            return None
+        return tcPr.vAlign_val
+
+    @vertical_alignment.setter
+    def vertical_alignment(self, value: WD_CELL_VERTICAL_ALIGNMENT | None):
+        tcPr = self._element.get_or_add_tcPr()
+        tcPr.vAlign_val = value
+
+    @property
+    def width(self):
+        """The width of this cell in EMU, or |None| if no explicit width is set."""
+        return self._tc.width
+
+    @width.setter
+    def width(self, value: Length):
+        self._tc.width = value
+
+
+class _Column(Parented):
+    """Table column."""
+
+    def __init__(self, gridCol: CT_TblGridCol, parent: TableParent):
+        super(_Column, self).__init__(parent)
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._gridCol = gridCol
+
+    @property
+    def cells(self) -> tuple[_Cell, ...]:
+        """Sequence of |_Cell| instances corresponding to cells in this column."""
+        return tuple(self.table.column_cells(self._index))
+
+    @property
+    def table(self) -> Table:
+        """Reference to the |Table| object this column belongs to."""
+        return self._parent.table
+
+    @property
+    def width(self) -> Length | None:
+        """The width of this column in EMU, or |None| if no explicit width is set."""
+        return self._gridCol.w
+
+    @width.setter
+    def width(self, value: Length | None):
+        self._gridCol.w = value
+
+    @property
+    def _index(self):
+        """Index of this column in its table, starting from zero."""
+        return self._gridCol.gridCol_idx
+
+
+class _Columns(Parented):
+    """Sequence of |_Column| instances corresponding to the columns in a table.
+
+    Supports ``len()``, iteration and indexed access.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, tbl: CT_Tbl, parent: TableParent):
+        super(_Columns, self).__init__(parent)
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._tbl = tbl
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx: int):
+        """Provide indexed access, e.g. 'columns[0]'."""
+        try:
+            gridCol = self._gridCol_lst[idx]
+        except IndexError:
+            msg = "column index [%d] is out of range" % idx
+            raise IndexError(msg)
+        return _Column(gridCol, self)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for gridCol in self._gridCol_lst:
+            yield _Column(gridCol, self)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._gridCol_lst)
+
+    @property
+    def table(self) -> Table:
+        """Reference to the |Table| object this column collection belongs to."""
+        return self._parent.table
+
+    @property
+    def _gridCol_lst(self):
+        """Sequence containing ``<w:gridCol>`` elements for this table, each
+        representing a table column."""
+        tblGrid = self._tbl.tblGrid
+        return tblGrid.gridCol_lst
+
+
+class _Row(Parented):
+    """Table row."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tr: CT_Row, parent: TableParent):
+        super(_Row, self).__init__(parent)
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._tr = self._element = tr
+
+    @property
+    def cells(self) -> tuple[_Cell, ...]:
+        """Sequence of |_Cell| instances corresponding to cells in this row.
+
+        Note that Word allows table rows to start later than the first column and end before the
+        last column.
+
+        - Only cells actually present are included in the return value.
+        - This implies the length of this cell sequence may differ between rows of the same table.
+        - If you are reading the cells from each row to form a rectangular "matrix" data structure
+          of the table cell values, you will need to account for empty leading and/or trailing
+          layout-grid positions using `.grid_cols_before` and `.grid_cols_after`.
+
+        """
+
+        def iter_tc_cells(tc: CT_Tc) -> Iterator[_Cell]:
+            """Generate a cell object for each layout-grid cell in `tc`.
+
+            In particular, a `<w:tc>` element with a horizontal "span" with generate the same cell
+            multiple times, one for each grid-cell being spanned. This approximates a row in a
+            "uniform" table, where each row has a cell for each column in the table.
+            """
+            # -- a cell comprising the second or later row of a vertical span is indicated by
+            # -- tc.vMerge="continue" (the default value of the `w:vMerge` attribute, when it is
+            # -- present in the XML). The `w:tc` element at the same grid-offset in the prior row
+            # -- is guaranteed to be the same width (gridSpan). So we can delegate content
+            # -- discovery to that prior-row `w:tc` element (recursively) until we arrive at the
+            # -- "root" cell -- for the vertical span.
+            if tc.vMerge == "continue":
+                yield from iter_tc_cells(tc._tc_above)  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]
+                return
+
+            # -- Otherwise, vMerge is either "restart" or None, meaning this `tc` holds the actual
+            # -- content of the cell (whether it is vertically merged or not).
+            cell = _Cell(tc, self.table)
+            for _ in range(tc.grid_span):
+                yield cell
+
+        def _iter_row_cells() -> Iterator[_Cell]:
+            """Generate `_Cell` instance for each populated layout-grid cell in this row."""
+            for tc in self._tr.tc_lst:
+                yield from iter_tc_cells(tc)
+
+        return tuple(_iter_row_cells())
+
+    @property
+    def grid_cols_after(self) -> int:
+        """Count of unpopulated grid-columns after the last cell in this row.
+
+        Word allows a row to "end early", meaning that one or more cells are not present at the
+        end of that row.
+
+        Note these are not simply "empty" cells. The renderer reads this value and "skips" this
+        many columns after drawing the last cell.
+
+        Note this also implies that not all rows are guaranteed to have the same number of cells,
+        e.g. `_Row.cells` could have length `n` for one row and `n - m` for the next row in the same
+        table. Visually this appears as a column (at the beginning or end, not in the middle) with
+        one or more cells missing.
+        """
+        return self._tr.grid_after
+
+    @property
+    def grid_cols_before(self) -> int:
+        """Count of unpopulated grid-columns before the first cell in this row.
+
+        Word allows a row to "start late", meaning that one or more cells are not present at the
+        beginning of that row.
+
+        Note these are not simply "empty" cells. The renderer reads this value and skips forward to
+        the table layout-grid position of the first cell in this row; the renderer "skips" this many
+        columns before drawing the first cell.
+
+        Note this also implies that not all rows are guaranteed to have the same number of cells,
+        e.g. `_Row.cells` could have length `n` for one row and `n - m` for the next row in the same
+        table.
+        """
+        return self._tr.grid_before
+
+    @property
+    def height(self) -> Length | None:
+        """Return a |Length| object representing the height of this cell, or |None| if
+        no explicit height is set."""
+        return self._tr.trHeight_val
+
+    @height.setter
+    def height(self, value: Length | None):
+        self._tr.trHeight_val = value
+
+    @property
+    def height_rule(self) -> WD_ROW_HEIGHT_RULE | None:
+        """Return the height rule of this cell as a member of the :ref:`WdRowHeightRule`.
+
+        This value is |None| if no explicit height_rule is set.
+        """
+        return self._tr.trHeight_hRule
+
+    @height_rule.setter
+    def height_rule(self, value: WD_ROW_HEIGHT_RULE | None):
+        self._tr.trHeight_hRule = value
+
+    @property
+    def table(self) -> Table:
+        """Reference to the |Table| object this row belongs to."""
+        return self._parent.table
+
+    @property
+    def _index(self) -> int:
+        """Index of this row in its table, starting from zero."""
+        return self._tr.tr_idx
+
+
+class _Rows(Parented):
+    """Sequence of |_Row| objects corresponding to the rows in a table.
+
+    Supports ``len()``, iteration, indexed access, and slicing.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, tbl: CT_Tbl, parent: TableParent):
+        super(_Rows, self).__init__(parent)
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._tbl = tbl
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> _Row: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, idx: slice) -> list[_Row]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx: int | slice) -> _Row | list[_Row]:
+        """Provide indexed access, (e.g. `rows[0]` or `rows[1:3]`)"""
+        return list(self)[idx]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (_Row(tr, self) for tr in self._tbl.tr_lst)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._tbl.tr_lst)
+
+    @property
+    def table(self) -> Table:
+        """Reference to the |Table| object this row collection belongs to."""
+        return self._parent.table