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+# $Id: core.py 9369 2023-05-02 23:04:27Z milde $
+# Author: David Goodger <goodger@python.org>
+# Copyright: This module has been placed in the public domain.
+
+"""
+Calling the ``publish_*`` convenience functions (or instantiating a
+`Publisher` object) with component names will result in default
+behavior.  For custom behavior (setting component options), create
+custom component objects first, and pass *them* to
+``publish_*``/`Publisher`.  See `The Docutils Publisher`_.
+
+.. _The Docutils Publisher:
+    https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/api/publisher.html
+"""
+
+__docformat__ = 'reStructuredText'
+
+import locale
+import pprint
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from docutils import (__version__, __version_details__, SettingsSpec,
+                      io, utils, readers, writers)
+from docutils.frontend import OptionParser
+from docutils.readers import doctree
+
+
+class Publisher:
+
+    """
+    A facade encapsulating the high-level logic of a Docutils system.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, reader=None, parser=None, writer=None,
+                 source=None, source_class=io.FileInput,
+                 destination=None, destination_class=io.FileOutput,
+                 settings=None):
+        """
+        Initial setup.  If any of `reader`, `parser`, or `writer` are not
+        specified, ``set_components()`` or the corresponding ``set_...()``
+        method should be called with component names
+        (`set_reader` sets the parser as well).
+        """
+
+        self.document = None
+        """The document tree (`docutils.nodes` objects)."""
+
+        self.reader = reader
+        """A `docutils.readers.Reader` instance."""
+
+        self.parser = parser
+        """A `docutils.parsers.Parser` instance."""
+
+        self.writer = writer
+        """A `docutils.writers.Writer` instance."""
+
+        for component in 'reader', 'parser', 'writer':
+            assert not isinstance(getattr(self, component), str), (
+                'passed string "%s" as "%s" parameter; pass an instance, '
+                'or use the "%s_name" parameter instead (in '
+                'docutils.core.publish_* convenience functions).'
+                % (getattr(self, component), component, component))
+
+        self.source = source
+        """The source of input data, a `docutils.io.Input` instance."""
+
+        self.source_class = source_class
+        """The class for dynamically created source objects."""
+
+        self.destination = destination
+        """The destination for docutils output, a `docutils.io.Output`
+        instance."""
+
+        self.destination_class = destination_class
+        """The class for dynamically created destination objects."""
+
+        self.settings = settings
+        """An object containing Docutils settings as instance attributes.
+        Set by `self.process_command_line()` or `self.get_settings()`."""
+
+        self._stderr = io.ErrorOutput()
+
+    def set_reader(self, reader_name, parser, parser_name):
+        """Set `self.reader` by name."""
+        reader_class = readers.get_reader_class(reader_name)
+        self.reader = reader_class(parser, parser_name)
+        self.parser = self.reader.parser
+
+    def set_writer(self, writer_name):
+        """Set `self.writer` by name."""
+        writer_class = writers.get_writer_class(writer_name)
+        self.writer = writer_class()
+
+    def set_components(self, reader_name, parser_name, writer_name):
+        if self.reader is None:
+            self.set_reader(reader_name, self.parser, parser_name)
+        if self.parser is None:
+            if self.reader.parser is None:
+                self.reader.set_parser(parser_name)
+            self.parser = self.reader.parser
+        if self.writer is None:
+            self.set_writer(writer_name)
+
+    def setup_option_parser(self, usage=None, description=None,
+                            settings_spec=None, config_section=None,
+                            **defaults):
+        warnings.warn('Publisher.setup_option_parser is deprecated, '
+                      'and will be removed in Docutils 0.21.',
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        if config_section:
+            if not settings_spec:
+                settings_spec = SettingsSpec()
+            settings_spec.config_section = config_section
+            parts = config_section.split()
+            if len(parts) > 1 and parts[-1] == 'application':
+                settings_spec.config_section_dependencies = ['applications']
+        # @@@ Add self.source & self.destination to components in future?
+        return OptionParser(
+            components=(self.parser, self.reader, self.writer, settings_spec),
+            defaults=defaults, read_config_files=True,
+            usage=usage, description=description)
+
+    def _setup_settings_parser(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # Provisional: will change (docutils.frontend.OptionParser will
+        # be replaced by a parser based on arparse.ArgumentParser)
+        # and may be removed later.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
+            return self.setup_option_parser(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_settings(self, usage=None, description=None,
+                     settings_spec=None, config_section=None, **defaults):
+        """
+        Return settings from components and config files.
+
+        Please set components first (`self.set_reader` & `self.set_writer`).
+        Use keyword arguments to override component defaults
+        (before updating from configuration files).
+
+        Calling this function also sets `self.settings` which makes
+        `self.publish()` skip parsing command line options.
+        """
+        option_parser = self._setup_settings_parser(
+            usage, description, settings_spec, config_section, **defaults)
+        self.settings = option_parser.get_default_values()
+        return self.settings
+
+    def process_programmatic_settings(self, settings_spec,
+                                      settings_overrides,
+                                      config_section):
+        if self.settings is None:
+            defaults = settings_overrides.copy() if settings_overrides else {}
+            # Propagate exceptions by default when used programmatically:
+            defaults.setdefault('traceback', True)
+            self.get_settings(settings_spec=settings_spec,
+                              config_section=config_section,
+                              **defaults)
+
+    def process_command_line(self, argv=None, usage=None, description=None,
+                             settings_spec=None, config_section=None,
+                             **defaults):
+        """
+        Parse command line arguments and set ``self.settings``.
+
+        Pass an empty sequence to `argv` to avoid reading `sys.argv`
+        (the default behaviour).
+
+        Set components first (`self.set_reader` & `self.set_writer`).
+        """
+        option_parser = self._setup_settings_parser(
+            usage, description, settings_spec, config_section, **defaults)
+        if argv is None:
+            argv = sys.argv[1:]
+        self.settings = option_parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    def set_io(self, source_path=None, destination_path=None):
+        if self.source is None:
+            self.set_source(source_path=source_path)
+        if self.destination is None:
+            self.set_destination(destination_path=destination_path)
+
+    def set_source(self, source=None, source_path=None):
+        if source_path is None:
+            source_path = self.settings._source
+        else:
+            self.settings._source = source_path
+        self.source = self.source_class(
+            source=source, source_path=source_path,
+            encoding=self.settings.input_encoding,
+            error_handler=self.settings.input_encoding_error_handler)
+
+    def set_destination(self, destination=None, destination_path=None):
+        if destination_path is None:
+            if (self.settings.output and self.settings._destination
+                and self.settings.output != self.settings._destination):
+                raise SystemExit('The positional argument <destination> is '
+                                 'obsoleted by the --output option.  '
+                                 'You cannot use them together.')
+            if self.settings.output == '-':      # means stdout
+                self.settings.output = None
+            destination_path = (self.settings.output
+                                or self.settings._destination)
+        self.settings._destination = destination_path
+        self.destination = self.destination_class(
+            destination=destination,
+            destination_path=destination_path,
+            encoding=self.settings.output_encoding,
+            error_handler=self.settings.output_encoding_error_handler)
+
+    def apply_transforms(self):
+        self.document.transformer.populate_from_components(
+            (self.source, self.reader, self.reader.parser, self.writer,
+             self.destination))
+        self.document.transformer.apply_transforms()
+
+    def publish(self, argv=None, usage=None, description=None,
+                settings_spec=None, settings_overrides=None,
+                config_section=None, enable_exit_status=False):
+        """
+        Process command line options and arguments (if `self.settings` not
+        already set), run `self.reader` and then `self.writer`.  Return
+        `self.writer`'s output.
+        """
+        exit = None
+        try:
+            if self.settings is None:
+                self.process_command_line(
+                    argv, usage, description, settings_spec, config_section,
+                    **(settings_overrides or {}))
+            self.set_io()
+            self.prompt()
+            self.document = self.reader.read(self.source, self.parser,
+                                             self.settings)
+            self.apply_transforms()
+            output = self.writer.write(self.document, self.destination)
+            self.writer.assemble_parts()
+        except SystemExit as error:
+            exit = True
+            exit_status = error.code
+        except Exception as error:
+            if not self.settings:       # exception too early to report nicely
+                raise
+            if self.settings.traceback:  # Propagate exceptions?
+                self.debugging_dumps()
+                raise
+            self.report_Exception(error)
+            exit = True
+            exit_status = 1
+        self.debugging_dumps()
+        if (enable_exit_status and self.document
+            and (self.document.reporter.max_level
+                 >= self.settings.exit_status_level)):
+            sys.exit(self.document.reporter.max_level + 10)
+        elif exit:
+            sys.exit(exit_status)
+        return output
+
+    def debugging_dumps(self):
+        if not self.document:
+            return
+        if self.settings.dump_settings:
+            print('\n::: Runtime settings:', file=self._stderr)
+            print(pprint.pformat(self.settings.__dict__), file=self._stderr)
+        if self.settings.dump_internals:
+            print('\n::: Document internals:', file=self._stderr)
+            print(pprint.pformat(self.document.__dict__), file=self._stderr)
+        if self.settings.dump_transforms:
+            print('\n::: Transforms applied:', file=self._stderr)
+            print(' (priority, transform class, pending node details, '
+                  'keyword args)', file=self._stderr)
+            print(pprint.pformat(
+                [(priority, '%s.%s' % (xclass.__module__, xclass.__name__),
+                  pending and pending.details, kwargs)
+                 for priority, xclass, pending, kwargs
+                 in self.document.transformer.applied]), file=self._stderr)
+        if self.settings.dump_pseudo_xml:
+            print('\n::: Pseudo-XML:', file=self._stderr)
+            print(self.document.pformat().encode(
+                'raw_unicode_escape'), file=self._stderr)
+
+    def prompt(self):
+        """Print info and prompt when waiting for input from a terminal."""
+        try:
+            if not (self.source.isatty() and self._stderr.isatty()):
+                return
+        except AttributeError:
+            return
+        eot_key = 'Ctrl+Z' if os.name == 'nt' else 'Ctrl+D'
+        in_format = ''
+        out_format = 'useful formats'
+        try:
+            in_format = self.parser.supported[0]
+            out_format = self.writer.supported[0]
+        except (AttributeError, IndexError):
+            pass
+        print(f'Docutils {__version__} <https://docutils.sourceforge.io>\n'
+              f'converting "{in_format}" into "{out_format}".\n'
+              f'Call with option "--help" for more info.\n'
+              f'.. Waiting for source text (finish with {eot_key} '
+              'on an empty line):',
+              file=self._stderr)
+
+    def report_Exception(self, error):
+        if isinstance(error, utils.SystemMessage):
+            self.report_SystemMessage(error)
+        elif isinstance(error, UnicodeEncodeError):
+            self.report_UnicodeError(error)
+        elif isinstance(error, io.InputError):
+            self._stderr.write('Unable to open source file for reading:\n'
+                               '  %s\n' % io.error_string(error))
+        elif isinstance(error, io.OutputError):
+            self._stderr.write(
+                'Unable to open destination file for writing:\n'
+                '  %s\n' % io.error_string(error))
+        else:
+            print('%s' % io.error_string(error), file=self._stderr)
+            print(f"""\
+Exiting due to error.  Use "--traceback" to diagnose.
+Please report errors to <docutils-users@lists.sourceforge.net>.
+Include "--traceback" output, Docutils version ({__version__}\
+{f' [{__version_details__}]' if __version_details__ else ''}),
+Python version ({sys.version.split()[0]}), your OS type & version, \
+and the command line used.""", file=self._stderr)
+
+    def report_SystemMessage(self, error):
+        print('Exiting due to level-%s (%s) system message.' % (
+                  error.level, utils.Reporter.levels[error.level]),
+              file=self._stderr)
+
+    def report_UnicodeError(self, error):
+        data = error.object[error.start:error.end]
+        self._stderr.write(
+            '%s\n'
+            '\n'
+            'The specified output encoding (%s) cannot\n'
+            'handle all of the output.\n'
+            'Try setting "--output-encoding-error-handler" to\n'
+            '\n'
+            '* "xmlcharrefreplace" (for HTML & XML output);\n'
+            '  the output will contain "%s" and should be usable.\n'
+            '* "backslashreplace" (for other output formats);\n'
+            '  look for "%s" in the output.\n'
+            '* "replace"; look for "?" in the output.\n'
+            '\n'
+            '"--output-encoding-error-handler" is currently set to "%s".\n'
+            '\n'
+            'Exiting due to error.  Use "--traceback" to diagnose.\n'
+            'If the advice above doesn\'t eliminate the error,\n'
+            'please report it to <docutils-users@lists.sourceforge.net>.\n'
+            'Include "--traceback" output, Docutils version (%s),\n'
+            'Python version (%s), your OS type & version, and the\n'
+            'command line used.\n'
+            % (io.error_string(error),
+               self.settings.output_encoding,
+               data.encode('ascii', 'xmlcharrefreplace'),
+               data.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace'),
+               self.settings.output_encoding_error_handler,
+               __version__, sys.version.split()[0]))
+
+
+default_usage = '%prog [options] [<source> [<destination>]]'
+default_description = (
+    'Reads from <source> (default is stdin) '
+    'and writes to <destination> (default is stdout).  '
+    'See https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/user/config.html '
+    'for a detailed settings reference.')
+
+
+# TODO: or not to do?  cf. https://clig.dev/#help
+#
+# Display output on success, but keep it brief.
+# Provide a -q option to suppress all non-essential output.
+#
+# Chain several args as input and use --output or redirection for output:
+#   argparser.add_argument('source', nargs='+')
+#
+def publish_cmdline(reader=None, reader_name='standalone',
+                    parser=None, parser_name='restructuredtext',
+                    writer=None, writer_name='pseudoxml',
+                    settings=None, settings_spec=None,
+                    settings_overrides=None, config_section=None,
+                    enable_exit_status=True, argv=None,
+                    usage=default_usage, description=default_description):
+    """
+    Set up & run a `Publisher` for command-line-based file I/O (input and
+    output file paths taken automatically from the command line).
+    Also return the output as `str` or `bytes` (for binary output document
+    formats).
+
+    Parameters: see `publish_programmatically()` for the remainder.
+
+    - `argv`: Command-line argument list to use instead of ``sys.argv[1:]``.
+    - `usage`: Usage string, output if there's a problem parsing the command
+      line.
+    - `description`: Program description, output for the "--help" option
+      (along with command-line option descriptions).
+    """
+    publisher = Publisher(reader, parser, writer, settings=settings)
+    publisher.set_components(reader_name, parser_name, writer_name)
+    output = publisher.publish(
+        argv, usage, description, settings_spec, settings_overrides,
+        config_section=config_section, enable_exit_status=enable_exit_status)
+    return output
+
+
+def publish_file(source=None, source_path=None,
+                 destination=None, destination_path=None,
+                 reader=None, reader_name='standalone',
+                 parser=None, parser_name='restructuredtext',
+                 writer=None, writer_name='pseudoxml',
+                 settings=None, settings_spec=None, settings_overrides=None,
+                 config_section=None, enable_exit_status=False):
+    """
+    Set up & run a `Publisher` for programmatic use with file-like I/O.
+    Also return the output as `str` or `bytes` (for binary output document
+    formats).
+
+    Parameters: see `publish_programmatically()`.
+    """
+    output, publisher = publish_programmatically(
+        source_class=io.FileInput, source=source, source_path=source_path,
+        destination_class=io.FileOutput,
+        destination=destination, destination_path=destination_path,
+        reader=reader, reader_name=reader_name,
+        parser=parser, parser_name=parser_name,
+        writer=writer, writer_name=writer_name,
+        settings=settings, settings_spec=settings_spec,
+        settings_overrides=settings_overrides,
+        config_section=config_section,
+        enable_exit_status=enable_exit_status)
+    return output
+
+
+def publish_string(source, source_path=None, destination_path=None,
+                   reader=None, reader_name='standalone',
+                   parser=None, parser_name='restructuredtext',
+                   writer=None, writer_name='pseudoxml',
+                   settings=None, settings_spec=None,
+                   settings_overrides=None, config_section=None,
+                   enable_exit_status=False):
+    """
+    Set up & run a `Publisher` for programmatic use with string I/O.
+
+    Accepts a `bytes` or `str` instance as `source`.
+
+    The output is encoded according to the `output_encoding`_ setting;
+    the return value is a `bytes` instance (unless `output_encoding`_ is
+    "unicode", cf. `docutils.io.StringOutput.write()`).
+
+    Parameters: see `publish_programmatically()`.
+
+    This function is provisional because in Python 3 name and behaviour
+    no longer match.
+
+    .. _output_encoding:
+        https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/user/config.html#output-encoding
+    """
+    output, publisher = publish_programmatically(
+        source_class=io.StringInput, source=source, source_path=source_path,
+        destination_class=io.StringOutput,
+        destination=None, destination_path=destination_path,
+        reader=reader, reader_name=reader_name,
+        parser=parser, parser_name=parser_name,
+        writer=writer, writer_name=writer_name,
+        settings=settings, settings_spec=settings_spec,
+        settings_overrides=settings_overrides,
+        config_section=config_section,
+        enable_exit_status=enable_exit_status)
+    return output
+
+
+def publish_parts(source, source_path=None, source_class=io.StringInput,
+                  destination_path=None,
+                  reader=None, reader_name='standalone',
+                  parser=None, parser_name='restructuredtext',
+                  writer=None, writer_name='pseudoxml',
+                  settings=None, settings_spec=None,
+                  settings_overrides=None, config_section=None,
+                  enable_exit_status=False):
+    """
+    Set up & run a `Publisher`, and return a dictionary of document parts.
+
+    Dictionary keys are the names of parts.
+    Dictionary values are `str` instances; encoding is up to the client,
+    e.g.::
+
+       parts = publish_parts(...)
+       body = parts['body'].encode(parts['encoding'], parts['errors'])
+
+    See the `API documentation`__ for details on the provided parts.
+
+    Parameters: see `publish_programmatically()`.
+
+    __ https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/api/publisher.html#publish-parts
+    """
+    output, publisher = publish_programmatically(
+        source=source, source_path=source_path, source_class=source_class,
+        destination_class=io.StringOutput,
+        destination=None, destination_path=destination_path,
+        reader=reader, reader_name=reader_name,
+        parser=parser, parser_name=parser_name,
+        writer=writer, writer_name=writer_name,
+        settings=settings, settings_spec=settings_spec,
+        settings_overrides=settings_overrides,
+        config_section=config_section,
+        enable_exit_status=enable_exit_status)
+    return publisher.writer.parts
+
+
+def publish_doctree(source, source_path=None,
+                    source_class=io.StringInput,
+                    reader=None, reader_name='standalone',
+                    parser=None, parser_name='restructuredtext',
+                    settings=None, settings_spec=None,
+                    settings_overrides=None, config_section=None,
+                    enable_exit_status=False):
+    """
+    Set up & run a `Publisher` for programmatic use. Return a document tree.
+
+    Parameters: see `publish_programmatically()`.
+    """
+    _output, publisher = publish_programmatically(
+        source=source, source_path=source_path,
+        source_class=source_class,
+        destination=None, destination_path=None,
+        destination_class=io.NullOutput,
+        reader=reader, reader_name=reader_name,
+        parser=parser, parser_name=parser_name,
+        writer=None, writer_name='null',
+        settings=settings, settings_spec=settings_spec,
+        settings_overrides=settings_overrides, config_section=config_section,
+        enable_exit_status=enable_exit_status)
+    return publisher.document
+
+
+def publish_from_doctree(document, destination_path=None,
+                         writer=None, writer_name='pseudoxml',
+                         settings=None, settings_spec=None,
+                         settings_overrides=None, config_section=None,
+                         enable_exit_status=False):
+    """
+    Set up & run a `Publisher` to render from an existing document tree
+    data structure. For programmatic use with string output
+    (`bytes` or `str`, cf. `publish_string()`).
+
+    Note that ``document.settings`` is overridden; if you want to use the
+    settings of the original `document`, pass ``settings=document.settings``.
+
+    Also, new `document.transformer` and `document.reporter` objects are
+    generated.
+
+    Parameters: `document` is a `docutils.nodes.document` object, an existing
+    document tree.
+
+    Other parameters: see `publish_programmatically()`.
+
+    This function is provisional because in Python 3 name and behaviour
+    of the `io.StringOutput` class no longer match.
+    """
+    reader = doctree.Reader(parser_name='null')
+    publisher = Publisher(reader, None, writer,
+                          source=io.DocTreeInput(document),
+                          destination_class=io.StringOutput,
+                          settings=settings)
+    if not writer and writer_name:
+        publisher.set_writer(writer_name)
+    publisher.process_programmatic_settings(
+        settings_spec, settings_overrides, config_section)
+    publisher.set_destination(None, destination_path)
+    return publisher.publish(enable_exit_status=enable_exit_status)
+
+
+def publish_cmdline_to_binary(reader=None, reader_name='standalone',
+                              parser=None, parser_name='restructuredtext',
+                              writer=None, writer_name='pseudoxml',
+                              settings=None,
+                              settings_spec=None,
+                              settings_overrides=None,
+                              config_section=None,
+                              enable_exit_status=True,
+                              argv=None,
+                              usage=default_usage,
+                              description=default_description,
+                              destination=None,
+                              destination_class=io.BinaryFileOutput):
+    """
+    Set up & run a `Publisher` for command-line-based file I/O (input and
+    output file paths taken automatically from the command line).
+    Also return the output as `bytes`.
+
+    This is just like publish_cmdline, except that it uses
+    io.BinaryFileOutput instead of io.FileOutput.
+
+    Parameters: see `publish_programmatically()` for the remainder.
+
+    - `argv`: Command-line argument list to use instead of ``sys.argv[1:]``.
+    - `usage`: Usage string, output if there's a problem parsing the command
+      line.
+    - `description`: Program description, output for the "--help" option
+      (along with command-line option descriptions).
+    """
+    publisher = Publisher(reader, parser, writer, settings=settings,
+                          destination_class=destination_class)
+    publisher.set_components(reader_name, parser_name, writer_name)
+    output = publisher.publish(
+        argv, usage, description, settings_spec, settings_overrides,
+        config_section=config_section, enable_exit_status=enable_exit_status)
+    return output
+
+
+def publish_programmatically(source_class, source, source_path,
+                             destination_class, destination, destination_path,
+                             reader, reader_name,
+                             parser, parser_name,
+                             writer, writer_name,
+                             settings, settings_spec,
+                             settings_overrides, config_section,
+                             enable_exit_status):
+    """
+    Set up & run a `Publisher` for custom programmatic use.
+
+    Return the output (as `str` or `bytes`, depending on `destination_class`,
+    writer, and the "output_encoding" setting) and the Publisher object.
+
+    Applications should not need to call this function directly.  If it does
+    seem to be necessary to call this function directly, please write to the
+    Docutils-develop mailing list
+    <https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/user/mailing-lists.html#docutils-develop>.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    * `source_class` **required**: The class for dynamically created source
+      objects.  Typically `io.FileInput` or `io.StringInput`.
+
+    * `source`: Type depends on `source_class`:
+
+      - If `source_class` is `io.FileInput`: Either a file-like object
+        (must have 'read' and 'close' methods), or ``None``
+        (`source_path` is opened).  If neither `source` nor
+        `source_path` are supplied, `sys.stdin` is used.
+
+      - If `source_class` is `io.StringInput` **required**:
+        The input as either a `bytes` object (ensure the 'input_encoding'
+        setting matches its encoding) or a `str` object.
+
+    * `source_path`: Type depends on `source_class`:
+
+      - `io.FileInput`: Path to the input file, opened if no `source`
+        supplied.
+
+      - `io.StringInput`: Optional.  Path to the file or name of the
+        object that produced `source`.  Only used for diagnostic output.
+
+    * `destination_class` **required**: The class for dynamically created
+      destination objects.  Typically `io.FileOutput` or `io.StringOutput`.
+
+    * `destination`: Type depends on `destination_class`:
+
+      - `io.FileOutput`: Either a file-like object (must have 'write' and
+        'close' methods), or ``None`` (`destination_path` is opened).  If
+        neither `destination` nor `destination_path` are supplied,
+        `sys.stdout` is used.
+
+      - `io.StringOutput`: Not used; pass ``None``.
+
+    * `destination_path`: Type depends on `destination_class`:
+
+      - `io.FileOutput`: Path to the output file.  Opened if no `destination`
+        supplied.
+
+      - `io.StringOutput`: Path to the file or object which will receive the
+        output; optional.  Used for determining relative paths (stylesheets,
+        source links, etc.).
+
+    * `reader`: A `docutils.readers.Reader` object.
+
+    * `reader_name`: Name or alias of the Reader class to be instantiated if
+      no `reader` supplied.
+
+    * `parser`: A `docutils.parsers.Parser` object.
+
+    * `parser_name`: Name or alias of the Parser class to be instantiated if
+      no `parser` supplied.
+
+    * `writer`: A `docutils.writers.Writer` object.
+
+    * `writer_name`: Name or alias of the Writer class to be instantiated if
+      no `writer` supplied.
+
+    * `settings`: A runtime settings (`docutils.frontend.Values`) object, for
+      dotted-attribute access to runtime settings.  It's the end result of the
+      `SettingsSpec`, config file, and option processing.  If `settings` is
+      passed, it's assumed to be complete and no further setting/config/option
+      processing is done.
+
+    * `settings_spec`: A `docutils.SettingsSpec` subclass or object.  Provides
+      extra application-specific settings definitions independently of
+      components.  In other words, the application becomes a component, and
+      its settings data is processed along with that of the other components.
+      Used only if no `settings` specified.
+
+    * `settings_overrides`: A dictionary containing application-specific
+      settings defaults that override the defaults of other components.
+      Used only if no `settings` specified.
+
+    * `config_section`: A string, the name of the configuration file section
+      for this application.  Overrides the ``config_section`` attribute
+      defined by `settings_spec`.  Used only if no `settings` specified.
+
+    * `enable_exit_status`: Boolean; enable exit status at end of processing?
+    """
+    publisher = Publisher(reader, parser, writer, settings=settings,
+                          source_class=source_class,
+                          destination_class=destination_class)
+    publisher.set_components(reader_name, parser_name, writer_name)
+    publisher.process_programmatic_settings(
+        settings_spec, settings_overrides, config_section)
+    publisher.set_source(source, source_path)
+    publisher.set_destination(destination, destination_path)
+    output = publisher.publish(enable_exit_status=enable_exit_status)
+    return output, publisher
+
+
+# "Entry points" with functionality of the "tools/rst2*.py" scripts
+# cf. https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/entry-points/
+
+def rst2something(writer, documenttype, doc_path=''):
+    # Helper function for the common parts of rst2...
+    #   writer:       writer name
+    #   documenttype: output document type
+    #   doc_path:     documentation path (relative to the documentation root)
+    description = (
+        f'Generate {documenttype} documents '
+        'from standalone reStructuredText sources '
+        f'<https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/{doc_path}>.  '
+        + default_description)
+    locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
+    publish_cmdline(writer_name=writer, description=description)
+
+
+def rst2html():
+    rst2something('html', 'HTML', 'user/html.html#html')
+
+
+def rst2html4():
+    rst2something('html4', 'XHTML 1.1', 'user/html.html#html4css1')
+
+
+def rst2html5():
+    rst2something('html5', 'HTML5', 'user/html.html#html5-polyglot')
+
+
+def rst2latex():
+    rst2something('latex', 'LaTeX', 'user/latex.html')
+
+
+def rst2man():
+    rst2something('manpage', 'Unix manual (troff)', 'user/manpage.html')
+
+
+def rst2odt():
+    rst2something('odt', 'OpenDocument text (ODT)', 'user/odt.html')
+
+
+def rst2pseudoxml():
+    rst2something('pseudoxml', 'pseudo-XML (test)', 'ref/doctree.html')
+
+
+def rst2s5():
+    rst2something('s5', 'S5 HTML slideshow', 'user/slide-shows.html')
+
+
+def rst2xetex():
+    rst2something('xetex', 'LaTeX (XeLaTeX/LuaLaTeX)', 'user/latex.html')
+
+
+def rst2xml():
+    rst2something('xml', 'Docutils-native XML', 'ref/doctree.html')