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+# Copyright (C) Dnspython Contributors, see LICENSE for text of ISC license
+
+# Copyright (C) 2003-2017 Nominum, Inc.
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+# documentation for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted,
+# provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice
+# appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND NOMINUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL NOMINUM BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+# OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+"""IPv4 helper functions."""
+
+import struct
+from typing import Union
+
+import dns.exception
+
+
+def inet_ntoa(address: bytes) -> str:
+ """Convert an IPv4 address in binary form to text form.
+
+ *address*, a ``bytes``, the IPv4 address in binary form.
+
+ Returns a ``str``.
+ """
+
+ if len(address) != 4:
+ raise dns.exception.SyntaxError
+ return "%u.%u.%u.%u" % (address[0], address[1], address[2], address[3])
+
+
+def inet_aton(text: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
+ """Convert an IPv4 address in text form to binary form.
+
+ *text*, a ``str`` or ``bytes``, the IPv4 address in textual form.
+
+ Returns a ``bytes``.
+ """
+
+ if not isinstance(text, bytes):
+ btext = text.encode()
+ else:
+ btext = text
+ parts = btext.split(b".")
+ if len(parts) != 4:
+ raise dns.exception.SyntaxError
+ for part in parts:
+ if not part.isdigit():
+ raise dns.exception.SyntaxError
+ if len(part) > 1 and part[0] == ord("0"):
+ # No leading zeros
+ raise dns.exception.SyntaxError
+ try:
+ b = [int(part) for part in parts]
+ return struct.pack("BBBB", *b)
+ except Exception:
+ raise dns.exception.SyntaxError
+
+
+def canonicalize(text: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
+ """Verify that *address* is a valid text form IPv4 address and return its
+ canonical text form.
+
+ *text*, a ``str`` or ``bytes``, the IPv4 address in textual form.
+
+ Raises ``dns.exception.SyntaxError`` if the text is not valid.
+ """
+ # Note that inet_aton() only accepts canonial form, but we still run through
+ # inet_ntoa() to ensure the output is a str.
+ return dns.ipv4.inet_ntoa(dns.ipv4.inet_aton(text))