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+# Copyright (c) 2006, Mathieu Fenniak
+# Copyright (c) 2007, Ashish Kulkarni <kulkarni.ashish@gmail.com>
+#
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+# and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# * The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+# derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+# SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+import math
+import uuid
+import warnings
+from decimal import Decimal
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from ._cmap import build_char_map, unknown_char_map
+from ._protocols import PdfReaderProtocol
+from ._utils import (
+    CompressedTransformationMatrix,
+    File,
+    TransformationMatrixType,
+    deprecation_no_replacement,
+    deprecation_with_replacement,
+    logger_warning,
+    matrix_multiply,
+)
+from .constants import AnnotationDictionaryAttributes as ADA
+from .constants import ImageAttributes as IA
+from .constants import PageAttributes as PG
+from .constants import Ressources as RES
+from .errors import PageSizeNotDefinedError
+from .filters import _xobj_to_image
+from .generic import (
+    ArrayObject,
+    ContentStream,
+    DictionaryObject,
+    EncodedStreamObject,
+    FloatObject,
+    IndirectObject,
+    NameObject,
+    NullObject,
+    NumberObject,
+    RectangleObject,
+    encode_pdfdocencoding,
+)
+
+CUSTOM_RTL_MIN: int = -1
+CUSTOM_RTL_MAX: int = -1
+CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS: List[int] = []
+
+
+def set_custom_rtl(
+    _min: Union[str, int, None] = None,
+    _max: Union[str, int, None] = None,
+    specials: Union[str, List[int], None] = None,
+) -> Tuple[int, int, List[int]]:
+    """
+    Change the Right-To-Left and special characters custom parameters.
+
+    Args:
+        _min: The new minimum value for the range of custom characters that
+            will be written right to left.
+            If set to `None`, the value will not be changed.
+            If set to an integer or string, it will be converted to its ASCII code.
+            The default value is -1, which sets no additional range to be converted.
+        _max: The new maximum value for the range of custom characters that will be written right to left.
+            If set to `None`, the value will not be changed.
+            If set to an integer or string, it will be converted to its ASCII code.
+            The default value is -1, which sets no additional range to be converted.
+        specials: The new list of special characters to be inserted in the current insertion order.
+            If set to `None`, the current value will not be changed.
+            If set to a string, it will be converted to a list of ASCII codes.
+            The default value is an empty list.
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple containing the new values for `CUSTOM_RTL_MIN`, `CUSTOM_RTL_MAX`, and `CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS`.
+    """
+    global CUSTOM_RTL_MIN, CUSTOM_RTL_MAX, CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS
+    if isinstance(_min, int):
+        CUSTOM_RTL_MIN = _min
+    elif isinstance(_min, str):
+        CUSTOM_RTL_MIN = ord(_min)
+    if isinstance(_max, int):
+        CUSTOM_RTL_MAX = _max
+    elif isinstance(_max, str):
+        CUSTOM_RTL_MAX = ord(_max)
+    if isinstance(specials, str):
+        CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS = [ord(x) for x in specials]
+    elif isinstance(specials, list):
+        CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS = specials
+    return CUSTOM_RTL_MIN, CUSTOM_RTL_MAX, CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS
+
+
+def _get_rectangle(self: Any, name: str, defaults: Iterable[str]) -> RectangleObject:
+    retval: Union[None, RectangleObject, IndirectObject] = self.get(name)
+    if isinstance(retval, RectangleObject):
+        return retval
+    if retval is None:
+        for d in defaults:
+            retval = self.get(d)
+            if retval is not None:
+                break
+    if isinstance(retval, IndirectObject):
+        retval = self.pdf.get_object(retval)
+    retval = RectangleObject(retval)  # type: ignore
+    _set_rectangle(self, name, retval)
+    return retval
+
+
+def getRectangle(
+    self: Any, name: str, defaults: Iterable[str]
+) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
+    deprecation_no_replacement("getRectangle", "3.0.0")
+    return _get_rectangle(self, name, defaults)
+
+
+def _set_rectangle(self: Any, name: str, value: Union[RectangleObject, float]) -> None:
+    name = NameObject(name)
+    self[name] = value
+
+
+def setRectangle(
+    self: Any, name: str, value: Union[RectangleObject, float]
+) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+    deprecation_no_replacement("setRectangle", "3.0.0")
+    _set_rectangle(self, name, value)
+
+
+def _delete_rectangle(self: Any, name: str) -> None:
+    del self[name]
+
+
+def deleteRectangle(self: Any, name: str) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+    deprecation_no_replacement("deleteRectangle", "3.0.0")
+    del self[name]
+
+
+def _create_rectangle_accessor(name: str, fallback: Iterable[str]) -> property:
+    return property(
+        lambda self: _get_rectangle(self, name, fallback),
+        lambda self, value: _set_rectangle(self, name, value),
+        lambda self: _delete_rectangle(self, name),
+    )
+
+
+def createRectangleAccessor(
+    name: str, fallback: Iterable[str]
+) -> property:  # pragma: no cover
+    deprecation_no_replacement("createRectangleAccessor", "3.0.0")
+    return _create_rectangle_accessor(name, fallback)
+
+
+class Transformation:
+    """
+    Represent a 2D transformation.
+
+    The transformation between two coordinate systems is represented by a 3-by-3
+    transformation matrix matrix with the following form::
+
+        a b 0
+        c d 0
+        e f 1
+
+    Because a transformation matrix has only six elements that can be changed,
+    it is usually specified in PDF as the six-element array [ a b c d e f ].
+
+    Coordinate transformations are expressed as matrix multiplications::
+
+                                 a b 0
+     [ x′ y′ 1 ] = [ x y 1 ] ×   c d 0
+                                 e f 1
+
+
+    Example
+    -------
+
+    >>> from PyPDF2 import Transformation
+    >>> op = Transformation().scale(sx=2, sy=3).translate(tx=10, ty=20)
+    >>> page.add_transformation(op)
+    """
+
+    # 9.5.4 Coordinate Systems for 3D
+    # 4.2.2 Common Transformations
+    def __init__(self, ctm: CompressedTransformationMatrix = (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)):
+        self.ctm = ctm
+
+    @property
+    def matrix(self) -> TransformationMatrixType:
+        """
+        Return the transformation matrix as a tuple of tuples in the form:
+            ((a, b, 0), (c, d, 0), (e, f, 1))
+        """
+        return (
+            (self.ctm[0], self.ctm[1], 0),
+            (self.ctm[2], self.ctm[3], 0),
+            (self.ctm[4], self.ctm[5], 1),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def compress(matrix: TransformationMatrixType) -> CompressedTransformationMatrix:
+        """
+        Compresses the transformation matrix into a tuple of (a, b, c, d, e, f).
+
+        Args:
+            matrix: The transformation matrix as a tuple of tuples.
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple representing the transformation matrix as (a, b, c, d, e, f)
+        """
+        return (
+            matrix[0][0],
+            matrix[0][1],
+            matrix[1][0],
+            matrix[1][1],
+            matrix[2][0],
+            matrix[2][1],
+        )
+
+    def translate(self, tx: float = 0, ty: float = 0) -> "Transformation":
+        """
+        Translate the contents of a page.
+
+        Args:
+            tx: The translation along the x-axis.
+            ty: The translation along the y-axis.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new `Transformation` instance
+        """
+        m = self.ctm
+        return Transformation(ctm=(m[0], m[1], m[2], m[3], m[4] + tx, m[5] + ty))
+
+    def scale(
+        self, sx: Optional[float] = None, sy: Optional[float] = None
+    ) -> "Transformation":
+        """
+        Scale the contents of a page towards the origin of the coordinate system.
+
+        Typically, that is the lower-left corner of the page. That can be
+        changed by translating the contents / the page boxes.
+
+        Args:
+            sx: The scale factor along the x-axis.
+            sy: The scale factor along the y-axis.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Transformation instance with the scaled matrix.
+        """
+        if sx is None and sy is None:
+            raise ValueError("Either sx or sy must be specified")
+        if sx is None:
+            sx = sy
+        if sy is None:
+            sy = sx
+        assert sx is not None
+        assert sy is not None
+        op: TransformationMatrixType = ((sx, 0, 0), (0, sy, 0), (0, 0, 1))
+        ctm = Transformation.compress(matrix_multiply(self.matrix, op))
+        return Transformation(ctm)
+
+    def rotate(self, rotation: float) -> "Transformation":
+        """
+        Rotate the contents of a page.
+
+        Args:
+            rotation: The angle of rotation in degrees.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new `Transformation` instance with the rotated matrix.
+        """
+        rotation = math.radians(rotation)
+        op: TransformationMatrixType = (
+            (math.cos(rotation), math.sin(rotation), 0),
+            (-math.sin(rotation), math.cos(rotation), 0),
+            (0, 0, 1),
+        )
+        ctm = Transformation.compress(matrix_multiply(self.matrix, op))
+        return Transformation(ctm)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Transformation(ctm={self.ctm})"
+
+    def apply_on(
+        self, pt: Union[Tuple[Decimal, Decimal], Tuple[float, float], List[float]]
+    ) -> Union[Tuple[float, float], List[float]]:
+        """
+        Apply the transformation matrix on the given point.
+
+        Args:
+            pt: A tuple or list representing the point in the form (x, y)
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple or list representing the transformed point in the form (x', y')
+        """
+        pt1 = (
+            float(pt[0]) * self.ctm[0] + float(pt[1]) * self.ctm[2] + self.ctm[4],
+            float(pt[0]) * self.ctm[1] + float(pt[1]) * self.ctm[3] + self.ctm[5],
+        )
+        return list(pt1) if isinstance(pt, list) else pt1
+
+
+class PageObject(DictionaryObject):
+    """
+    PageObject represents a single page within a PDF file.
+
+    Typically this object will be created by accessing the
+    :meth:`get_page()<PyPDF2.PdfReader.get_page>` method of the
+    :class:`PdfReader<PyPDF2.PdfReader>` class, but it is
+    also possible to create an empty page with the
+    :meth:`create_blank_page()<PyPDF2._page.PageObject.create_blank_page>` static method.
+
+    Args:
+        pdf: PDF file the page belongs to.
+        indirect_reference: Stores the original indirect reference to
+            this object in its source PDF
+    """
+
+    original_page: "PageObject"  # very local use in writer when appending
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pdf: Optional[PdfReaderProtocol] = None,
+        indirect_reference: Optional[IndirectObject] = None,
+        indirect_ref: Optional[IndirectObject] = None,  # deprecated
+    ) -> None:
+
+        DictionaryObject.__init__(self)
+        self.pdf: Optional[PdfReaderProtocol] = pdf
+        if indirect_ref is not None:  # deprecated
+            warnings.warn(
+                (
+                    "indirect_ref is deprecated and will be removed in "
+                    "PyPDF2 4.0.0. Use indirect_reference instead of indirect_ref."
+                ),
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            if indirect_reference is not None:
+                raise ValueError("Use indirect_reference instead of indirect_ref.")
+            indirect_reference = indirect_ref
+        self.indirect_reference = indirect_reference
+
+    @property
+    def indirect_ref(self) -> Optional[IndirectObject]:  # deprecated
+        warnings.warn(
+            (
+                "indirect_ref is deprecated and will be removed in PyPDF2 4.0.0"
+                "Use indirect_reference instead of indirect_ref."
+            ),
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        return self.indirect_reference
+
+    @indirect_ref.setter
+    def indirect_ref(self, value: Optional[IndirectObject]) -> None:  # deprecated
+        self.indirect_reference = value
+
+    def hash_value_data(self) -> bytes:
+        data = super().hash_value_data()
+        data += b"%d" % id(self)
+        return data
+
+    @property
+    def user_unit(self) -> float:
+        """
+        A read-only positive number giving the size of user space units.
+
+        It is in multiples of 1/72 inch. Hence a value of 1 means a user space
+        unit is 1/72 inch, and a value of 3 means that a user space unit is
+        3/72 inch.
+        """
+        return self.get(PG.USER_UNIT, 1)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def create_blank_page(
+        pdf: Optional[Any] = None,  # PdfReader
+        width: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
+        height: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
+    ) -> "PageObject":
+        """
+        Return a new blank page.
+
+        If ``width`` or ``height`` is ``None``, try to get the page size
+        from the last page of *pdf*.
+
+        Args:
+            pdf: PDF file the page belongs to
+            width: The width of the new page expressed in default user
+                space units.
+            height: The height of the new page expressed in default user
+                space units.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new blank page
+
+        Raises:
+            PageSizeNotDefinedError: if ``pdf`` is ``None`` or contains
+                no page
+        """
+        page = PageObject(pdf)
+
+        # Creates a new page (cf PDF Reference  7.7.3.3)
+        page.__setitem__(NameObject(PG.TYPE), NameObject("/Page"))
+        page.__setitem__(NameObject(PG.PARENT), NullObject())
+        page.__setitem__(NameObject(PG.RESOURCES), DictionaryObject())
+        if width is None or height is None:
+            if pdf is not None and len(pdf.pages) > 0:
+                lastpage = pdf.pages[len(pdf.pages) - 1]
+                width = lastpage.mediabox.width
+                height = lastpage.mediabox.height
+            else:
+                raise PageSizeNotDefinedError
+        page.__setitem__(
+            NameObject(PG.MEDIABOX), RectangleObject((0, 0, width, height))  # type: ignore
+        )
+
+        return page
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def createBlankPage(
+        pdf: Optional[Any] = None,  # PdfReader
+        width: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
+        height: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
+    ) -> "PageObject":  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`create_blank_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("createBlankPage", "create_blank_page", "3.0.0")
+        return PageObject.create_blank_page(pdf, width, height)
+
+    @property
+    def images(self) -> List[File]:
+        """
+        Get a list of all images of the page.
+
+        This requires pillow. You can install it via 'pip install PyPDF2[image]'.
+
+        For the moment, this does NOT include inline images. They will be added
+        in future.
+        """
+        images_extracted: List[File] = []
+        if RES.XOBJECT not in self[PG.RESOURCES]:  # type: ignore
+            return images_extracted
+
+        x_object = self[PG.RESOURCES][RES.XOBJECT].get_object()  # type: ignore
+        for obj in x_object:
+            if x_object[obj][IA.SUBTYPE] == "/Image":
+                extension, byte_stream = _xobj_to_image(x_object[obj])
+                if extension is not None:
+                    filename = f"{obj[1:]}{extension}"
+                    images_extracted.append(File(name=filename, data=byte_stream))
+        return images_extracted
+
+    @property
+    def rotation(self) -> int:
+        """
+        The VISUAL rotation of the page.
+
+        This number has to be a multiple of 90 degrees: 0,90,180,270
+        This property does not affect "/Contents"
+        """
+        return int(self.get(PG.ROTATE, 0))
+
+    @rotation.setter
+    def rotation(self, r: Union[int, float]) -> None:
+        self[NameObject(PG.ROTATE)] = NumberObject((((int(r) + 45) // 90) * 90) % 360)
+
+    def transfer_rotation_to_content(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Apply the rotation of the page to the content and the media/crop/... boxes.
+
+        It's recommended to apply this function before page merging.
+        """
+        r = -self.rotation  # rotation to apply is in the otherway
+        self.rotation = 0
+        mb = RectangleObject(self.mediabox)
+        trsf = (
+            Transformation()
+            .translate(
+                -float(mb.left + mb.width / 2), -float(mb.bottom + mb.height / 2)
+            )
+            .rotate(r)
+        )
+        pt1 = trsf.apply_on(mb.lower_left)
+        pt2 = trsf.apply_on(mb.upper_right)
+        trsf = trsf.translate(-min(pt1[0], pt2[0]), -min(pt1[1], pt2[1]))
+        self.add_transformation(trsf, False)
+        for b in ["/MediaBox", "/CropBox", "/BleedBox", "/TrimBox", "/ArtBox"]:
+            if b in self:
+                rr = RectangleObject(self[b])  # type: ignore
+                pt1 = trsf.apply_on(rr.lower_left)
+                pt2 = trsf.apply_on(rr.upper_right)
+                self[NameObject(b)] = RectangleObject(
+                    (
+                        min(pt1[0], pt2[0]),
+                        min(pt1[1], pt2[1]),
+                        max(pt1[0], pt2[0]),
+                        max(pt1[1], pt2[1]),
+                    )
+                )
+
+    def rotate(self, angle: int) -> "PageObject":
+        """
+        Rotate a page clockwise by increments of 90 degrees.
+
+        Args:
+            angle: Angle to rotate the page.  Must be an increment of 90 deg.
+        """
+        if angle % 90 != 0:
+            raise ValueError("Rotation angle must be a multiple of 90")
+        rotate_obj = self.get(PG.ROTATE, 0)
+        current_angle = (
+            rotate_obj if isinstance(rotate_obj, int) else rotate_obj.get_object()
+        )
+        self[NameObject(PG.ROTATE)] = NumberObject(current_angle + angle)
+        return self
+
+    def rotate_clockwise(self, angle: int) -> "PageObject":  # pragma: no cover
+        deprecation_with_replacement("rotate_clockwise", "rotate", "3.0.0")
+        return self.rotate(angle)
+
+    def rotateClockwise(self, angle: int) -> "PageObject":  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`rotate_clockwise` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("rotateClockwise", "rotate", "3.0.0")
+        return self.rotate(angle)
+
+    def rotateCounterClockwise(self, angle: int) -> "PageObject":  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`rotate_clockwise` with a negative argument instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("rotateCounterClockwise", "rotate", "3.0.0")
+        return self.rotate(-angle)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _merge_resources(
+        res1: DictionaryObject, res2: DictionaryObject, resource: Any
+    ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+        new_res = DictionaryObject()
+        new_res.update(res1.get(resource, DictionaryObject()).get_object())
+        page2res = cast(
+            DictionaryObject, res2.get(resource, DictionaryObject()).get_object()
+        )
+        rename_res = {}
+        for key in list(page2res.keys()):
+            if key in new_res and new_res.raw_get(key) != page2res.raw_get(key):
+                newname = NameObject(key + str(uuid.uuid4()))
+                rename_res[key] = newname
+                new_res[newname] = page2res[key]
+            elif key not in new_res:
+                new_res[key] = page2res.raw_get(key)
+        return new_res, rename_res
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _content_stream_rename(
+        stream: ContentStream, rename: Dict[Any, Any], pdf: Any  # PdfReader
+    ) -> ContentStream:
+        if not rename:
+            return stream
+        stream = ContentStream(stream, pdf)
+        for operands, _operator in stream.operations:
+            if isinstance(operands, list):
+                for i in range(len(operands)):
+                    op = operands[i]
+                    if isinstance(op, NameObject):
+                        operands[i] = rename.get(op, op)
+            elif isinstance(operands, dict):
+                for i in operands:
+                    op = operands[i]
+                    if isinstance(op, NameObject):
+                        operands[i] = rename.get(op, op)
+            else:
+                raise KeyError(f"type of operands is {type(operands)}")
+        return stream
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _push_pop_gs(contents: Any, pdf: Any) -> ContentStream:  # PdfReader
+        # adds a graphics state "push" and "pop" to the beginning and end
+        # of a content stream.  This isolates it from changes such as
+        # transformation matricies.
+        stream = ContentStream(contents, pdf)
+        stream.operations.insert(0, ([], "q"))
+        stream.operations.append(([], "Q"))
+        return stream
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _add_transformation_matrix(
+        contents: Any, pdf: Any, ctm: CompressedTransformationMatrix
+    ) -> ContentStream:  # PdfReader
+        # adds transformation matrix at the beginning of the given
+        # contents stream.
+        a, b, c, d, e, f = ctm
+        contents = ContentStream(contents, pdf)
+        contents.operations.insert(
+            0,
+            [
+                [
+                    FloatObject(a),
+                    FloatObject(b),
+                    FloatObject(c),
+                    FloatObject(d),
+                    FloatObject(e),
+                    FloatObject(f),
+                ],
+                " cm",
+            ],
+        )
+        return contents
+
+    def get_contents(self) -> Optional[ContentStream]:
+        """
+        Access the page contents.
+
+        :return: the ``/Contents`` object, or ``None`` if it doesn't exist.
+            ``/Contents`` is optional, as described in PDF Reference  7.7.3.3
+        """
+        if PG.CONTENTS in self:
+            return self[PG.CONTENTS].get_object()  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def getContents(self) -> Optional[ContentStream]:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`get_contents` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("getContents", "get_contents", "3.0.0")
+        return self.get_contents()
+
+    def merge_page(self, page2: "PageObject", expand: bool = False) -> None:
+        """
+        Merge the content streams of two pages into one.
+
+        Resource references
+        (i.e. fonts) are maintained from both pages.  The mediabox/cropbox/etc
+        of this page are not altered.  The parameter page's content stream will
+        be added to the end of this page's content stream, meaning that it will
+        be drawn after, or "on top" of this page.
+
+        Args:
+            page2: The page to be merged into this one. Should be
+                an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
+            expand: If true, the current page dimensions will be
+                expanded to accommodate the dimensions of the page to be merged.
+        """
+        self._merge_page(page2, expand=expand)
+
+    def mergePage(self, page2: "PageObject") -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`merge_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("mergePage", "merge_page", "3.0.0")
+        return self.merge_page(page2)
+
+    def _merge_page(
+        self,
+        page2: "PageObject",
+        page2transformation: Optional[Callable[[Any], ContentStream]] = None,
+        ctm: Optional[CompressedTransformationMatrix] = None,
+        expand: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        # First we work on merging the resource dictionaries.  This allows us
+        # to find out what symbols in the content streams we might need to
+        # rename.
+
+        new_resources = DictionaryObject()
+        rename = {}
+        try:
+            original_resources = cast(DictionaryObject, self[PG.RESOURCES].get_object())
+        except KeyError:
+            original_resources = DictionaryObject()
+        try:
+            page2resources = cast(DictionaryObject, page2[PG.RESOURCES].get_object())
+        except KeyError:
+            page2resources = DictionaryObject()
+        new_annots = ArrayObject()
+
+        for page in (self, page2):
+            if PG.ANNOTS in page:
+                annots = page[PG.ANNOTS]
+                if isinstance(annots, ArrayObject):
+                    for ref in annots:
+                        new_annots.append(ref)
+
+        for res in (
+            RES.EXT_G_STATE,
+            RES.FONT,
+            RES.XOBJECT,
+            RES.COLOR_SPACE,
+            RES.PATTERN,
+            RES.SHADING,
+            RES.PROPERTIES,
+        ):
+            new, newrename = PageObject._merge_resources(
+                original_resources, page2resources, res
+            )
+            if new:
+                new_resources[NameObject(res)] = new
+                rename.update(newrename)
+
+        # Combine /ProcSet sets.
+        new_resources[NameObject(RES.PROC_SET)] = ArrayObject(
+            frozenset(
+                original_resources.get(RES.PROC_SET, ArrayObject()).get_object()
+            ).union(
+                frozenset(page2resources.get(RES.PROC_SET, ArrayObject()).get_object())
+            )
+        )
+
+        new_content_array = ArrayObject()
+
+        original_content = self.get_contents()
+        if original_content is not None:
+            new_content_array.append(
+                PageObject._push_pop_gs(original_content, self.pdf)
+            )
+
+        page2content = page2.get_contents()
+        if page2content is not None:
+            page2content = ContentStream(page2content, self.pdf)
+            rect = page2.trimbox
+            page2content.operations.insert(
+                0,
+                (
+                    map(
+                        FloatObject,
+                        [
+                            rect.left,
+                            rect.bottom,
+                            rect.width,
+                            rect.height,
+                        ],
+                    ),
+                    "re",
+                ),
+            )
+            page2content.operations.insert(1, ([], "W"))
+            page2content.operations.insert(2, ([], "n"))
+            if page2transformation is not None:
+                page2content = page2transformation(page2content)
+            page2content = PageObject._content_stream_rename(
+                page2content, rename, self.pdf
+            )
+            page2content = PageObject._push_pop_gs(page2content, self.pdf)
+            new_content_array.append(page2content)
+
+        # if expanding the page to fit a new page, calculate the new media box size
+        if expand:
+            self._expand_mediabox(page2, ctm)
+
+        self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = ContentStream(new_content_array, self.pdf)
+        self[NameObject(PG.RESOURCES)] = new_resources
+        self[NameObject(PG.ANNOTS)] = new_annots
+
+    def _expand_mediabox(
+        self, page2: "PageObject", ctm: Optional[CompressedTransformationMatrix]
+    ) -> None:
+        corners1 = (
+            self.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
+            self.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
+            self.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
+            self.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
+        )
+        corners2 = (
+            page2.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
+            page2.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
+            page2.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
+            page2.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
+            page2.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
+            page2.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
+            page2.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
+            page2.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
+        )
+        if ctm is not None:
+            ctm = tuple(float(x) for x in ctm)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            new_x = tuple(
+                ctm[0] * corners2[i] + ctm[2] * corners2[i + 1] + ctm[4]
+                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
+            )
+            new_y = tuple(
+                ctm[1] * corners2[i] + ctm[3] * corners2[i + 1] + ctm[5]
+                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
+            )
+        else:
+            new_x = corners2[0:8:2]
+            new_y = corners2[1:8:2]
+        lowerleft = (min(new_x), min(new_y))
+        upperright = (max(new_x), max(new_y))
+        lowerleft = (min(corners1[0], lowerleft[0]), min(corners1[1], lowerleft[1]))
+        upperright = (
+            max(corners1[2], upperright[0]),
+            max(corners1[3], upperright[1]),
+        )
+
+        self.mediabox.lower_left = lowerleft
+        self.mediabox.upper_right = upperright
+
+    def mergeTransformedPage(
+        self,
+        page2: "PageObject",
+        ctm: Union[CompressedTransformationMatrix, Transformation],
+        expand: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        mergeTransformedPage is similar to merge_page, but a transformation
+        matrix is applied to the merged stream.
+
+        :param PageObject page2: The page to be merged into this one. Should be
+            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
+        :param tuple ctm: a 6-element tuple containing the operands of the
+            transformation matrix
+        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the dimensions
+            of the page to be merged.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`add_transformation`  and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement(
+            "page.mergeTransformedPage(page2, ctm)",
+            "page2.add_transformation(ctm); page.merge_page(page2)",
+            "3.0.0",
+        )
+        if isinstance(ctm, Transformation):
+            ctm = ctm.ctm
+        ctm = cast(CompressedTransformationMatrix, ctm)
+        self._merge_page(
+            page2,
+            lambda page2Content: PageObject._add_transformation_matrix(
+                page2Content, page2.pdf, ctm  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            ),
+            ctm,
+            expand,
+        )
+
+    def mergeScaledPage(
+        self, page2: "PageObject", scale: float, expand: bool = False
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        mergeScaledPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be merged
+        is scaled by applying a transformation matrix.
+
+        :param PageObject page2: The page to be merged into this one. Should be
+            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
+        :param float scale: The scaling factor
+        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
+            dimensions of the page to be merged.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement(
+            "page.mergeScaledPage(page2, scale, expand)",
+            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().scale(scale)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
+            "3.0.0",
+        )
+        op = Transformation().scale(scale, scale)
+        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)
+
+    def mergeRotatedPage(
+        self, page2: "PageObject", rotation: float, expand: bool = False
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        mergeRotatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be merged
+        is rotated by applying a transformation matrix.
+
+        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
+            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
+        :param float rotation: The angle of the rotation, in degrees
+        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
+            dimensions of the page to be merged.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement(
+            "page.mergeRotatedPage(page2, rotation, expand)",
+            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().rotate(rotation)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
+            "3.0.0",
+        )
+        op = Transformation().rotate(rotation)
+        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)
+
+    def mergeTranslatedPage(
+        self, page2: "PageObject", tx: float, ty: float, expand: bool = False
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        mergeTranslatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be
+        merged is translated by applying a transformation matrix.
+
+        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
+            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
+        :param float tx: The translation on X axis
+        :param float ty: The translation on Y axis
+        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
+            dimensions of the page to be merged.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement(
+            "page.mergeTranslatedPage(page2, tx, ty, expand)",
+            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().translate(tx, ty)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
+            "3.0.0",
+        )
+        op = Transformation().translate(tx, ty)
+        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)
+
+    def mergeRotatedTranslatedPage(
+        self,
+        page2: "PageObject",
+        rotation: float,
+        tx: float,
+        ty: float,
+        expand: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        mergeRotatedTranslatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to
+        be merged is rotated and translated by applying a transformation matrix.
+
+        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
+            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
+        :param float tx: The translation on X axis
+        :param float ty: The translation on Y axis
+        :param float rotation: The angle of the rotation, in degrees
+        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
+            dimensions of the page to be merged.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement(
+            "page.mergeRotatedTranslatedPage(page2, rotation, tx, ty, expand)",
+            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().rotate(rotation).translate(tx, ty)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
+            "3.0.0",
+        )
+        op = Transformation().translate(-tx, -ty).rotate(rotation).translate(tx, ty)
+        return self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)
+
+    def mergeRotatedScaledPage(
+        self, page2: "PageObject", rotation: float, scale: float, expand: bool = False
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        mergeRotatedScaledPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be
+        merged is rotated and scaled by applying a transformation matrix.
+
+        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
+            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
+        :param float rotation: The angle of the rotation, in degrees
+        :param float scale: The scaling factor
+        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
+            dimensions of the page to be merged.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement(
+            "page.mergeRotatedScaledPage(page2, rotation, scale, expand)",
+            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().rotate(rotation).scale(scale)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
+            "3.0.0",
+        )
+        op = Transformation().rotate(rotation).scale(scale, scale)
+        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)
+
+    def mergeScaledTranslatedPage(
+        self,
+        page2: "PageObject",
+        scale: float,
+        tx: float,
+        ty: float,
+        expand: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        mergeScaledTranslatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be
+        merged is translated and scaled by applying a transformation matrix.
+
+        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
+            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
+        :param float scale: The scaling factor
+        :param float tx: The translation on X axis
+        :param float ty: The translation on Y axis
+        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
+            dimensions of the page to be merged.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement(
+            "page.mergeScaledTranslatedPage(page2, scale, tx, ty, expand)",
+            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().scale(scale).translate(tx, ty)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
+            "3.0.0",
+        )
+        op = Transformation().scale(scale, scale).translate(tx, ty)
+        return self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)
+
+    def mergeRotatedScaledTranslatedPage(
+        self,
+        page2: "PageObject",
+        rotation: float,
+        scale: float,
+        tx: float,
+        ty: float,
+        expand: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        mergeRotatedScaledTranslatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the
+        stream to be merged is translated, rotated and scaled by applying a
+        transformation matrix.
+
+        :param PageObject page2: the page to be merged into this one. Should be
+            an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
+        :param float tx: The translation on X axis
+        :param float ty: The translation on Y axis
+        :param float rotation: The angle of the rotation, in degrees
+        :param float scale: The scaling factor
+        :param bool expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
+            dimensions of the page to be merged.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`add_transformation` and :meth:`merge_page` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement(
+            "page.mergeRotatedScaledTranslatedPage(page2, rotation, tx, ty, expand)",
+            "page2.add_transformation(Transformation().rotate(rotation).scale(scale)); page.merge_page(page2, expand)",
+            "3.0.0",
+        )
+        op = Transformation().rotate(rotation).scale(scale, scale).translate(tx, ty)
+        self.mergeTransformedPage(page2, op, expand)
+
+    def add_transformation(
+        self,
+        ctm: Union[Transformation, CompressedTransformationMatrix],
+        expand: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Apply a transformation matrix to the page.
+
+        Args:
+            ctm: A 6-element tuple containing the operands of the
+                transformation matrix. Alternatively, a
+                :py:class:`Transformation<PyPDF2.Transformation>`
+                object can be passed.
+
+        See :doc:`/user/cropping-and-transforming`.
+        """
+        if isinstance(ctm, Transformation):
+            ctm = ctm.ctm
+        content = self.get_contents()
+        if content is not None:
+            content = PageObject._add_transformation_matrix(content, self.pdf, ctm)
+            content = PageObject._push_pop_gs(content, self.pdf)
+            self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = content
+        # if expanding the page to fit a new page, calculate the new media box size
+        if expand:
+            corners = [
+                self.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
+                self.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
+                self.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
+                self.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
+                self.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
+                self.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
+                self.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
+                self.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
+            ]
+
+            ctm = tuple(float(x) for x in ctm)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            new_x = [
+                ctm[0] * corners[i] + ctm[2] * corners[i + 1] + ctm[4]
+                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
+            ]
+            new_y = [
+                ctm[1] * corners[i] + ctm[3] * corners[i + 1] + ctm[5]
+                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
+            ]
+
+            lowerleft = (min(new_x), min(new_y))
+            upperright = (max(new_x), max(new_y))
+            lowerleft = (min(corners[0], lowerleft[0]), min(corners[1], lowerleft[1]))
+            upperright = (
+                max(corners[2], upperright[0]),
+                max(corners[3], upperright[1]),
+            )
+
+            self.mediabox.lower_left = lowerleft
+            self.mediabox.upper_right = upperright
+
+    def addTransformation(
+        self, ctm: CompressedTransformationMatrix
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`add_transformation` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("addTransformation", "add_transformation", "3.0.0")
+        self.add_transformation(ctm)
+
+    def scale(self, sx: float, sy: float) -> None:
+        """
+        Scale a page by the given factors by applying a transformation
+        matrix to its content and updating the page size.
+
+        This updates the mediabox, the cropbox, and the contents
+        of the page.
+
+        Args:
+            sx: The scaling factor on horizontal axis.
+            sy: The scaling factor on vertical axis.
+        """
+        self.add_transformation((sx, 0, 0, sy, 0, 0))
+        self.cropbox = self.cropbox.scale(sx, sy)
+        self.artbox = self.artbox.scale(sx, sy)
+        self.bleedbox = self.bleedbox.scale(sx, sy)
+        self.trimbox = self.trimbox.scale(sx, sy)
+        self.mediabox = self.mediabox.scale(sx, sy)
+
+        if PG.ANNOTS in self:
+            annotations = self[PG.ANNOTS]
+            if isinstance(annotations, ArrayObject):
+                for annotation in annotations:
+                    annotation_obj = annotation.get_object()
+                    if ADA.Rect in annotation_obj:
+                        rectangle = annotation_obj[ADA.Rect]
+                        if isinstance(rectangle, ArrayObject):
+                            rectangle[0] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[0]) * sx)
+                            rectangle[1] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[1]) * sy)
+                            rectangle[2] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[2]) * sx)
+                            rectangle[3] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[3]) * sy)
+
+        if PG.VP in self:
+            viewport = self[PG.VP]
+            if isinstance(viewport, ArrayObject):
+                bbox = viewport[0]["/BBox"]
+            else:
+                bbox = viewport["/BBox"]  # type: ignore
+            scaled_bbox = RectangleObject(
+                (
+                    float(bbox[0]) * sx,
+                    float(bbox[1]) * sy,
+                    float(bbox[2]) * sx,
+                    float(bbox[3]) * sy,
+                )
+            )
+            if isinstance(viewport, ArrayObject):
+                self[NameObject(PG.VP)][NumberObject(0)][  # type: ignore
+                    NameObject("/BBox")
+                ] = scaled_bbox
+            else:
+                self[NameObject(PG.VP)][NameObject("/BBox")] = scaled_bbox  # type: ignore
+
+    def scale_by(self, factor: float) -> None:
+        """
+        Scale a page by the given factor by applying a transformation
+        matrix to its content and updating the page size.
+
+        Args:
+            factor: The scaling factor (for both X and Y axis).
+        """
+        self.scale(factor, factor)
+
+    def scaleBy(self, factor: float) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`scale_by` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("scaleBy", "scale_by", "3.0.0")
+        self.scale(factor, factor)
+
+    def scale_to(self, width: float, height: float) -> None:
+        """
+        Scale a page to the specified dimensions by applying a
+        transformation matrix to its content and updating the page size.
+
+        Args:
+            width: The new width.
+            height: The new height.
+        """
+        sx = width / float(self.mediabox.width)
+        sy = height / float(self.mediabox.height)
+        self.scale(sx, sy)
+
+    def scaleTo(self, width: float, height: float) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`scale_to` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("scaleTo", "scale_to", "3.0.0")
+        self.scale_to(width, height)
+
+    def compress_content_streams(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Compress the size of this page by joining all content streams and
+        applying a FlateDecode filter.
+
+        However, it is possible that this function will perform no action if
+        content stream compression becomes "automatic".
+        """
+        content = self.get_contents()
+        if content is not None:
+            if not isinstance(content, ContentStream):
+                content = ContentStream(content, self.pdf)
+            self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = content.flate_encode()
+
+    def compressContentStreams(self) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`compress_content_streams` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement(
+            "compressContentStreams", "compress_content_streams", "3.0.0"
+        )
+        self.compress_content_streams()
+
+    def _debug_for_extract(self) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
+        out = ""
+        for ope, op in ContentStream(
+            self["/Contents"].get_object(), self.pdf, "bytes"
+        ).operations:
+            if op == b"TJ":
+                s = [x for x in ope[0] if isinstance(x, str)]
+            else:
+                s = []
+            out += op.decode("utf-8") + " " + "".join(s) + ope.__repr__() + "\n"
+        out += "\n=============================\n"
+        try:
+            for fo in self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"]:  # type:ignore
+                out += fo + "\n"
+                out += self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"][fo].__repr__() + "\n"  # type:ignore
+                try:
+                    enc_repr = self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"][fo][  # type:ignore
+                        "/Encoding"
+                    ].__repr__()
+                    out += enc_repr + "\n"
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    out += (
+                        self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"][fo][  # type:ignore
+                            "/ToUnicode"
+                        ]
+                        .get_data()
+                        .decode()
+                        + "\n"
+                    )
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+
+        except KeyError:
+            out += "No Font\n"
+        return out
+
+    def _extract_text(
+        self,
+        obj: Any,
+        pdf: Any,
+        orientations: Tuple[int, ...] = (0, 90, 180, 270),
+        space_width: float = 200.0,
+        content_key: Optional[str] = PG.CONTENTS,
+        visitor_operand_before: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
+        visitor_operand_after: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
+        visitor_text: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        See extract_text for most arguments.
+
+        Args:
+            content_key: indicate the default key where to extract data
+                None = the object; this allow to reuse the function on XObject
+                default = "/Content"
+        """
+        text: str = ""
+        output: str = ""
+        rtl_dir: bool = False  # right-to-left
+        cmaps: Dict[
+            str,
+            Tuple[
+                str, float, Union[str, Dict[int, str]], Dict[str, str], DictionaryObject
+            ],
+        ] = {}
+        try:
+            objr = obj
+            while NameObject(PG.RESOURCES) not in objr:
+                # /Resources can be inherited sometimes so we look to parents
+                objr = objr["/Parent"].get_object()
+                # if no parents we will have no /Resources will be available => an exception wil be raised
+            resources_dict = cast(DictionaryObject, objr[PG.RESOURCES])
+        except Exception:
+            return ""  # no resources means no text is possible (no font) we consider the file as not damaged, no need to check for TJ or Tj
+        if "/Font" in resources_dict:
+            for f in cast(DictionaryObject, resources_dict["/Font"]):
+                cmaps[f] = build_char_map(f, space_width, obj)
+        cmap: Tuple[
+            Union[str, Dict[int, str]], Dict[str, str], str, Optional[DictionaryObject]
+        ] = (
+            "charmap",
+            {},
+            "NotInitialized",
+            None,
+        )  # (encoding,CMAP,font resource name,dictionary-object of font)
+        try:
+            content = (
+                obj[content_key].get_object() if isinstance(content_key, str) else obj
+            )
+            if not isinstance(content, ContentStream):
+                content = ContentStream(content, pdf, "bytes")
+        except KeyError:  # it means no content can be extracted(certainly empty page)
+            return ""
+        # Note: we check all strings are TextStringObjects.  ByteStringObjects
+        # are strings where the byte->string encoding was unknown, so adding
+        # them to the text here would be gibberish.
+
+        cm_matrix: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+        cm_stack = []
+        tm_matrix: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+        tm_prev: List[float] = [
+            1.0,
+            0.0,
+            0.0,
+            1.0,
+            0.0,
+            0.0,
+        ]  # will store cm_matrix * tm_matrix
+        char_scale = 1.0
+        space_scale = 1.0
+        _space_width: float = 500.0  # will be set correctly at first Tf
+        TL = 0.0
+        font_size = 12.0  # init just in case of
+
+        def mult(m: List[float], n: List[float]) -> List[float]:
+            return [
+                m[0] * n[0] + m[1] * n[2],
+                m[0] * n[1] + m[1] * n[3],
+                m[2] * n[0] + m[3] * n[2],
+                m[2] * n[1] + m[3] * n[3],
+                m[4] * n[0] + m[5] * n[2] + n[4],
+                m[4] * n[1] + m[5] * n[3] + n[5],
+            ]
+
+        def orient(m: List[float]) -> int:
+            if m[3] > 1e-6:
+                return 0
+            elif m[3] < -1e-6:
+                return 180
+            elif m[1] > 0:
+                return 90
+            else:
+                return 270
+
+        def current_spacewidth() -> float:
+            # return space_scale * _space_width * char_scale
+            return _space_width / 1000.0
+
+        def process_operation(operator: bytes, operands: List) -> None:
+            nonlocal cm_matrix, cm_stack, tm_matrix, tm_prev, output, text, char_scale, space_scale, _space_width, TL, font_size, cmap, orientations, rtl_dir, visitor_text
+            global CUSTOM_RTL_MIN, CUSTOM_RTL_MAX, CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS
+
+            check_crlf_space: bool = False
+            # Table 5.4 page 405
+            if operator == b"BT":
+                tm_matrix = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+                # tm_prev = tm_matrix
+                output += text
+                if visitor_text is not None:
+                    visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+                # based
+                # if output != "" and output[-1]!="\n":
+                #    output += "\n"
+                text = ""
+                return None
+            elif operator == b"ET":
+                output += text
+                if visitor_text is not None:
+                    visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+                text = ""
+            # table 4.7 "Graphics state operators", page 219
+            # cm_matrix calculation is a reserved for the moment
+            elif operator == b"q":
+                cm_stack.append(
+                    (
+                        cm_matrix,
+                        cmap,
+                        font_size,
+                        char_scale,
+                        space_scale,
+                        _space_width,
+                        TL,
+                    )
+                )
+            elif operator == b"Q":
+                try:
+                    (
+                        cm_matrix,
+                        cmap,
+                        font_size,
+                        char_scale,
+                        space_scale,
+                        _space_width,
+                        TL,
+                    ) = cm_stack.pop()
+                except Exception:
+                    cm_matrix = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+                # rtl_dir = False
+            elif operator == b"cm":
+                output += text
+                if visitor_text is not None:
+                    visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+                text = ""
+                cm_matrix = mult(
+                    [
+                        float(operands[0]),
+                        float(operands[1]),
+                        float(operands[2]),
+                        float(operands[3]),
+                        float(operands[4]),
+                        float(operands[5]),
+                    ],
+                    cm_matrix,
+                )
+                # rtl_dir = False
+            # Table 5.2 page 398
+            elif operator == b"Tz":
+                char_scale = float(operands[0]) / 100.0
+            elif operator == b"Tw":
+                space_scale = 1.0 + float(operands[0])
+            elif operator == b"TL":
+                TL = float(operands[0])
+            elif operator == b"Tf":
+                if text != "":
+                    output += text  # .translate(cmap)
+                    if visitor_text is not None:
+                        visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+                text = ""
+                # rtl_dir = False
+                try:
+                    # charMapTuple: font_type, float(sp_width / 2), encoding, map_dict, font-dictionary
+                    charMapTuple = cmaps[operands[0]]
+                    _space_width = charMapTuple[1]
+                    # current cmap: encoding, map_dict, font resource name (internal name, not the real font-name),
+                    # font-dictionary. The font-dictionary describes the font.
+                    cmap = (
+                        charMapTuple[2],
+                        charMapTuple[3],
+                        operands[0],
+                        charMapTuple[4],
+                    )
+                except KeyError:  # font not found
+                    _space_width = unknown_char_map[1]
+                    cmap = (
+                        unknown_char_map[2],
+                        unknown_char_map[3],
+                        "???" + operands[0],
+                        None,
+                    )
+                try:
+                    font_size = float(operands[1])
+                except Exception:
+                    pass  # keep previous size
+            # Table 5.5 page 406
+            elif operator == b"Td":
+                check_crlf_space = True
+                # A special case is a translating only tm:
+                # tm[0..5] = 1 0 0 1 e f,
+                # i.e. tm[4] += tx, tm[5] += ty.
+                tx = float(operands[0])
+                ty = float(operands[1])
+                tm_matrix[4] += tx * tm_matrix[0] + ty * tm_matrix[2]
+                tm_matrix[5] += tx * tm_matrix[1] + ty * tm_matrix[3]
+            elif operator == b"Tm":
+                check_crlf_space = True
+                tm_matrix = [
+                    float(operands[0]),
+                    float(operands[1]),
+                    float(operands[2]),
+                    float(operands[3]),
+                    float(operands[4]),
+                    float(operands[5]),
+                ]
+            elif operator == b"T*":
+                check_crlf_space = True
+                tm_matrix[5] -= TL
+
+            elif operator == b"Tj":
+                check_crlf_space = True
+                m = mult(tm_matrix, cm_matrix)
+                orientation = orient(m)
+                if orientation in orientations:
+                    if isinstance(operands[0], str):
+                        text += operands[0]
+                    else:
+                        t: str = ""
+                        tt: bytes = (
+                            encode_pdfdocencoding(operands[0])
+                            if isinstance(operands[0], str)
+                            else operands[0]
+                        )
+                        if isinstance(cmap[0], str):
+                            try:
+                                t = tt.decode(
+                                    cmap[0], "surrogatepass"
+                                )  # apply str encoding
+                            except Exception:  # the data does not match the expectation, we use the alternative ; text extraction may not be good
+                                t = tt.decode(
+                                    "utf-16-be" if cmap[0] == "charmap" else "charmap",
+                                    "surrogatepass",
+                                )  # apply str encoding
+                        else:  # apply dict encoding
+                            t = "".join(
+                                [
+                                    cmap[0][x] if x in cmap[0] else bytes((x,)).decode()
+                                    for x in tt
+                                ]
+                            )
+                        # "\u0590 - \u08FF \uFB50 - \uFDFF"
+                        for x in "".join(
+                            [cmap[1][x] if x in cmap[1] else x for x in t]
+                        ):
+                            xx = ord(x)
+                            # fmt: off
+                            if (  # cases where the current inserting order is kept (punctuation,...)
+                                (xx <= 0x2F)                        # punctuations but...
+                                or (0x3A <= xx and xx <= 0x40)      # numbers (x30-39)
+                                or (0x2000 <= xx and xx <= 0x206F)  # upper punctuations..
+                                or (0x20A0 <= xx and xx <= 0x21FF)  # but (numbers) indices/exponents
+                                or xx in CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS   # customized....
+                            ):
+                                text = x + text if rtl_dir else text + x
+                            elif (  # right-to-left characters set
+                                (0x0590 <= xx and xx <= 0x08FF)
+                                or (0xFB1D <= xx and xx <= 0xFDFF)
+                                or (0xFE70 <= xx and xx <= 0xFEFF)
+                                or (CUSTOM_RTL_MIN <= xx and xx <= CUSTOM_RTL_MAX)
+                            ):
+                                # print("<",xx,x)
+                                if not rtl_dir:
+                                    rtl_dir = True
+                                    # print("RTL",text,"*")
+                                    output += text
+                                    if visitor_text is not None:
+                                        visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+                                    text = ""
+                                text = x + text
+                            else:  # left-to-right
+                                # print(">",xx,x,end="")
+                                if rtl_dir:
+                                    rtl_dir = False
+                                    # print("LTR",text,"*")
+                                    output += text
+                                    if visitor_text is not None:
+                                        visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+                                    text = ""
+                                text = text + x
+                            # fmt: on
+            else:
+                return None
+            if check_crlf_space:
+                m = mult(tm_matrix, cm_matrix)
+                orientation = orient(m)
+                delta_x = m[4] - tm_prev[4]
+                delta_y = m[5] - tm_prev[5]
+                k = math.sqrt(abs(m[0] * m[3]) + abs(m[1] * m[2]))
+                f = font_size * k
+                tm_prev = m
+                if orientation not in orientations:
+                    return None
+                try:
+                    if orientation == 0:
+                        if delta_y < -0.8 * f:
+                            if (output + text)[-1] != "\n":
+                                output += text + "\n"
+                                if visitor_text is not None:
+                                    visitor_text(
+                                        text + "\n",
+                                        cm_matrix,
+                                        tm_matrix,
+                                        cmap[3],
+                                        font_size,
+                                    )
+                                text = ""
+                        elif (
+                            abs(delta_y) < f * 0.3
+                            and abs(delta_x) > current_spacewidth() * f * 15
+                        ):
+                            if (output + text)[-1] != " ":
+                                text += " "
+                    elif orientation == 180:
+                        if delta_y > 0.8 * f:
+                            if (output + text)[-1] != "\n":
+                                output += text + "\n"
+                                if visitor_text is not None:
+                                    visitor_text(
+                                        text + "\n",
+                                        cm_matrix,
+                                        tm_matrix,
+                                        cmap[3],
+                                        font_size,
+                                    )
+                                text = ""
+                        elif (
+                            abs(delta_y) < f * 0.3
+                            and abs(delta_x) > current_spacewidth() * f * 15
+                        ):
+                            if (output + text)[-1] != " ":
+                                text += " "
+                    elif orientation == 90:
+                        if delta_x > 0.8 * f:
+                            if (output + text)[-1] != "\n":
+                                output += text + "\n"
+                                if visitor_text is not None:
+                                    visitor_text(
+                                        text + "\n",
+                                        cm_matrix,
+                                        tm_matrix,
+                                        cmap[3],
+                                        font_size,
+                                    )
+                                text = ""
+                        elif (
+                            abs(delta_x) < f * 0.3
+                            and abs(delta_y) > current_spacewidth() * f * 15
+                        ):
+                            if (output + text)[-1] != " ":
+                                text += " "
+                    elif orientation == 270:
+                        if delta_x < -0.8 * f:
+                            if (output + text)[-1] != "\n":
+                                output += text + "\n"
+                                if visitor_text is not None:
+                                    visitor_text(
+                                        text + "\n",
+                                        cm_matrix,
+                                        tm_matrix,
+                                        cmap[3],
+                                        font_size,
+                                    )
+                                text = ""
+                        elif (
+                            abs(delta_x) < f * 0.3
+                            and abs(delta_y) > current_spacewidth() * f * 15
+                        ):
+                            if (output + text)[-1] != " ":
+                                text += " "
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+
+        for operands, operator in content.operations:
+            if visitor_operand_before is not None:
+                visitor_operand_before(operator, operands, cm_matrix, tm_matrix)
+            # multiple operators are defined in here ####
+            if operator == b"'":
+                process_operation(b"T*", [])
+                process_operation(b"Tj", operands)
+            elif operator == b'"':
+                process_operation(b"Tw", [operands[0]])
+                process_operation(b"Tc", [operands[1]])
+                process_operation(b"T*", [])
+                process_operation(b"Tj", operands[2:])
+            elif operator == b"TD":
+                process_operation(b"TL", [-operands[1]])
+                process_operation(b"Td", operands)
+            elif operator == b"TJ":
+                for op in operands[0]:
+                    if isinstance(op, (str, bytes)):
+                        process_operation(b"Tj", [op])
+                    if isinstance(op, (int, float, NumberObject, FloatObject)):
+                        if (
+                            (abs(float(op)) >= _space_width)
+                            and (len(text) > 0)
+                            and (text[-1] != " ")
+                        ):
+                            process_operation(b"Tj", [" "])
+            elif operator == b"Do":
+                output += text
+                if visitor_text is not None:
+                    visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+                try:
+                    if output[-1] != "\n":
+                        output += "\n"
+                        if visitor_text is not None:
+                            visitor_text("\n", cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+                except IndexError:
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    xobj = resources_dict["/XObject"]
+                    if xobj[operands[0]]["/Subtype"] != "/Image":  # type: ignore
+                        # output += text
+                        text = self.extract_xform_text(
+                            xobj[operands[0]],  # type: ignore
+                            orientations,
+                            space_width,
+                            visitor_operand_before,
+                            visitor_operand_after,
+                            visitor_text,
+                        )
+                        output += text
+                        if visitor_text is not None:
+                            visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+                except Exception:
+                    logger_warning(
+                        f" impossible to decode XFormObject {operands[0]}",
+                        __name__,
+                    )
+                finally:
+                    text = ""
+            else:
+                process_operation(operator, operands)
+            if visitor_operand_after is not None:
+                visitor_operand_after(operator, operands, cm_matrix, tm_matrix)
+        output += text  # just in case of
+        if text != "" and visitor_text is not None:
+            visitor_text(text, cm_matrix, tm_matrix, cmap[3], font_size)
+        return output
+
+    def extract_text(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        Tj_sep: str = None,
+        TJ_sep: str = None,
+        orientations: Union[int, Tuple[int, ...]] = (0, 90, 180, 270),
+        space_width: float = 200.0,
+        visitor_operand_before: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
+        visitor_operand_after: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
+        visitor_text: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Locate all text drawing commands, in the order they are provided in the
+        content stream, and extract the text.
+
+        This works well for some PDF files, but poorly for others, depending on
+        the generator used. This will be refined in the future.
+
+        Do not rely on the order of text coming out of this function, as it
+        will change if this function is made more sophisticated.
+
+        Arabic, Hebrew,... are extracted in the good order.
+        If required an custom RTL range of characters can be defined; see function set_custom_rtl
+
+        Additionally you can provide visitor-methods to get informed on all operands and all text-objects.
+        For example in some PDF files this can be useful to parse tables.
+
+        Args:
+            Tj_sep: Deprecated. Kept for compatibility until PyPDF2 4.0.0
+            TJ_sep: Deprecated. Kept for compatibility until PyPDF2 4.0.0
+            orientations: list of orientations text_extraction will look for
+                default = (0, 90, 180, 270)
+                note: currently only 0(Up),90(turned Left), 180(upside Down),
+                270 (turned Right)
+            space_width: force default space width
+                if not extracted from font (default: 200)
+            visitor_operand_before: function to be called before processing an operand.
+                It has four arguments: operand, operand-arguments,
+                current transformation matrix and text matrix.
+            visitor_operand_after: function to be called after processing an operand.
+                It has four arguments: operand, operand-arguments,
+                current transformation matrix and text matrix.
+            visitor_text: function to be called when extracting some text at some position.
+                It has five arguments: text, current transformation matrix,
+                text matrix, font-dictionary and font-size.
+                The font-dictionary may be None in case of unknown fonts.
+                If not None it may e.g. contain key "/BaseFont" with value "/Arial,Bold".
+
+        Returns:
+            The extracted text
+        """
+        if len(args) >= 1:
+            if isinstance(args[0], str):
+                Tj_sep = args[0]
+                if len(args) >= 2:
+                    if isinstance(args[1], str):
+                        TJ_sep = args[1]
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[1]}")
+                if len(args) >= 3:
+                    if isinstance(args[2], (tuple, int)):
+                        orientations = args[2]
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[2]}")
+                if len(args) >= 4:
+                    if isinstance(args[3], (float, int)):
+                        space_width = args[3]
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[3]}")
+            elif isinstance(args[0], (tuple, int)):
+                orientations = args[0]
+                if len(args) >= 2:
+                    if isinstance(args[1], (float, int)):
+                        space_width = args[1]
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[1]}")
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[0]}")
+        if Tj_sep is not None or TJ_sep is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "parameters Tj_Sep, TJ_sep depreciated, and will be removed in PyPDF2 4.0.0.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(orientations, int):
+            orientations = (orientations,)
+
+        return self._extract_text(
+            self,
+            self.pdf,
+            orientations,
+            space_width,
+            PG.CONTENTS,
+            visitor_operand_before,
+            visitor_operand_after,
+            visitor_text,
+        )
+
+    def extract_xform_text(
+        self,
+        xform: EncodedStreamObject,
+        orientations: Tuple[int, ...] = (0, 90, 270, 360),
+        space_width: float = 200.0,
+        visitor_operand_before: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
+        visitor_operand_after: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
+        visitor_text: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Extract text from an XObject.
+
+        Args:
+            space_width:  force default space width (if not extracted from font (default 200)
+
+        Returns:
+            The extracted text
+        """
+        return self._extract_text(
+            xform,
+            self.pdf,
+            orientations,
+            space_width,
+            None,
+            visitor_operand_before,
+            visitor_operand_after,
+            visitor_text,
+        )
+
+    def extractText(
+        self, Tj_sep: str = "", TJ_sep: str = ""
+    ) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :meth:`extract_text` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("extractText", "extract_text", "3.0.0")
+        return self.extract_text()
+
+    def _get_fonts(self) -> Tuple[Set[str], Set[str]]:
+        """
+        Get the names of embedded fonts and unembedded fonts.
+
+        :return: (Set of embedded fonts, set of unembedded fonts)
+        """
+        obj = self.get_object()
+        assert isinstance(obj, DictionaryObject)
+        fonts, embedded = _get_fonts_walk(cast(DictionaryObject, obj[PG.RESOURCES]))
+        unembedded = fonts - embedded
+        return embedded, unembedded
+
+    mediabox = _create_rectangle_accessor(PG.MEDIABOX, ())
+    """
+    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
+    defining the boundaries of the physical medium on which the page is
+    intended to be displayed or printed.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def mediaBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :py:attr:`mediabox` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("mediaBox", "mediabox", "3.0.0")
+        return self.mediabox
+
+    @mediaBox.setter
+    def mediaBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :py:attr:`mediabox` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("mediaBox", "mediabox", "3.0.0")
+        self.mediabox = value
+
+    cropbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/CropBox", (PG.MEDIABOX,))
+    """
+    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
+    defining the visible region of default user space.  When the page is
+    displayed or printed, its contents are to be clipped (cropped) to this
+    rectangle and then imposed on the output medium in some
+    implementation-defined manner.  Default value: same as :attr:`mediabox<mediabox>`.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def cropBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :py:attr:`cropbox` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("cropBox", "cropbox", "3.0.0")
+        return self.cropbox
+
+    @cropBox.setter
+    def cropBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        deprecation_with_replacement("cropBox", "cropbox", "3.0.0")
+        self.cropbox = value
+
+    bleedbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/BleedBox", ("/CropBox", PG.MEDIABOX))
+    """
+    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
+    defining the region to which the contents of the page should be clipped
+    when output in a production environment.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def bleedBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :py:attr:`bleedbox` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("bleedBox", "bleedbox", "3.0.0")
+        return self.bleedbox
+
+    @bleedBox.setter
+    def bleedBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        deprecation_with_replacement("bleedBox", "bleedbox", "3.0.0")
+        self.bleedbox = value
+
+    trimbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/TrimBox", ("/CropBox", PG.MEDIABOX))
+    """
+    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
+    defining the intended dimensions of the finished page after trimming.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def trimBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :py:attr:`trimbox` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("trimBox", "trimbox", "3.0.0")
+        return self.trimbox
+
+    @trimBox.setter
+    def trimBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        deprecation_with_replacement("trimBox", "trimbox", "3.0.0")
+        self.trimbox = value
+
+    artbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/ArtBox", ("/CropBox", PG.MEDIABOX))
+    """
+    A :class:`RectangleObject<PyPDF2.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in default user space units,
+    defining the extent of the page's meaningful content as intended by the
+    page's creator.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def artBox(self) -> RectangleObject:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 1.28.0
+
+            Use :py:attr:`artbox` instead.
+        """
+        deprecation_with_replacement("artBox", "artbox", "3.0.0")
+        return self.artbox
+
+    @artBox.setter
+    def artBox(self, value: RectangleObject) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        deprecation_with_replacement("artBox", "artbox", "3.0.0")
+        self.artbox = value
+
+    @property
+    def annotations(self) -> Optional[ArrayObject]:
+        if "/Annots" not in self:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return cast(ArrayObject, self["/Annots"])
+
+    @annotations.setter
+    def annotations(self, value: Optional[ArrayObject]) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the annotations array of the page.
+
+        Typically you don't want to set this value, but append to it.
+        If you append to it, don't forget to add the object first to the writer
+        and only add the indirect object.
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            del self[NameObject("/Annots")]
+        else:
+            self[NameObject("/Annots")] = value
+
+
+class _VirtualList:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        length_function: Callable[[], int],
+        get_function: Callable[[int], PageObject],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.length_function = length_function
+        self.get_function = get_function
+        self.current = -1
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return self.length_function()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> PageObject:
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            indices = range(*index.indices(len(self)))
+            cls = type(self)
+            return cls(indices.__len__, lambda idx: self[indices[idx]])  # type: ignore
+        if not isinstance(index, int):
+            raise TypeError("sequence indices must be integers")
+        len_self = len(self)
+        if index < 0:
+            # support negative indexes
+            index = len_self + index
+        if index < 0 or index >= len_self:
+            raise IndexError("sequence index out of range")
+        return self.get_function(index)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[PageObject]:
+        for i in range(len(self)):
+            yield self[i]
+
+
+def _get_fonts_walk(
+    obj: DictionaryObject,
+    fnt: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+    emb: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+) -> Tuple[Set[str], Set[str]]:
+    """
+    If there is a key called 'BaseFont', that is a font that is used in the document.
+    If there is a key called 'FontName' and another key in the same dictionary object
+    that is called 'FontFilex' (where x is null, 2, or 3), then that fontname is
+    embedded.
+
+    We create and add to two sets, fnt = fonts used and emb = fonts embedded.
+    """
+    if fnt is None:
+        fnt = set()
+    if emb is None:
+        emb = set()
+    if not hasattr(obj, "keys"):
+        return set(), set()
+    fontkeys = ("/FontFile", "/FontFile2", "/FontFile3")
+    if "/BaseFont" in obj:
+        fnt.add(cast(str, obj["/BaseFont"]))
+    if "/FontName" in obj:
+        if [x for x in fontkeys if x in obj]:  # test to see if there is FontFile
+            emb.add(cast(str, obj["/FontName"]))
+
+    for key in obj.keys():
+        _get_fonts_walk(cast(DictionaryObject, obj[key]), fnt, emb)
+
+    return fnt, emb  # return the sets for each page