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+# orm/writeonly.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Write-only collection API.
+
+This is an alternate mapped attribute style that only supports single-item
+collection mutation operations.   To read the collection, a select()
+object must be executed each time.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from sqlalchemy.sql import bindparam
+from . import attributes
+from . import interfaces
+from . import relationships
+from . import strategies
+from .base import NEVER_SET
+from .base import object_mapper
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import RelationshipDirection
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import log
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import delete
+from ..sql import insert
+from ..sql import select
+from ..sql import update
+from ..sql.dml import Delete
+from ..sql.dml import Insert
+from ..sql.dml import Update
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import QueryableAttribute
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from .attributes import AttributeEventToken
+    from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .collections import CollectionAdapter
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import _RelationshipOrderByArg
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from ..event import _Dispatch
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+    from ..sql.selectable import Select
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+class WriteOnlyHistory(Generic[_T]):
+    """Overrides AttributeHistory to receive append/remove events directly."""
+
+    unchanged_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+    added_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+    deleted_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+    _reconcile_collection: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attr: WriteOnlyAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[_T],
+        passive: PassiveFlag,
+        apply_to: Optional[WriteOnlyHistory[_T]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if apply_to:
+            if passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Attribute {attr} can't load the existing state from the "
+                    "database for this operation; full iteration is not "
+                    "permitted.  If this is a delete operation, configure "
+                    f"passive_deletes=True on the {attr} relationship in "
+                    "order to resolve this error."
+                )
+
+            self.unchanged_items = apply_to.unchanged_items
+            self.added_items = apply_to.added_items
+            self.deleted_items = apply_to.deleted_items
+            self._reconcile_collection = apply_to._reconcile_collection
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self._reconcile_collection = False
+
+    @property
+    def added_plus_unchanged(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(self.added_items.union(self.unchanged_items))
+
+    @property
+    def all_items(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(
+            self.added_items.union(self.unchanged_items).union(
+                self.deleted_items
+            )
+        )
+
+    def as_history(self) -> attributes.History:
+        if self._reconcile_collection:
+            added = self.added_items.difference(self.unchanged_items)
+            deleted = self.deleted_items.intersection(self.unchanged_items)
+            unchanged = self.unchanged_items.difference(deleted)
+        else:
+            added, unchanged, deleted = (
+                self.added_items,
+                self.unchanged_items,
+                self.deleted_items,
+            )
+        return attributes.History(list(added), list(unchanged), list(deleted))
+
+    def indexed(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> Union[List[_T], _T]:
+        return list(self.added_items)[index]
+
+    def add_added(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        self.added_items.add(value)
+
+    def add_removed(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        if value in self.added_items:
+            self.added_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items.add(value)
+
+
+class WriteOnlyAttributeImpl(
+    attributes.HasCollectionAdapter, attributes.AttributeImpl
+):
+    uses_objects: bool = True
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader: bool = False
+    supports_population: bool = False
+    _supports_dynamic_iteration: bool = False
+    collection: bool = False
+    dynamic: bool = True
+    order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg = ()
+    collection_history_cls: Type[WriteOnlyHistory[Any]] = WriteOnlyHistory
+
+    query_class: Type[WriteOnlyCollection[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: Union[Type[Any], AliasedClass[Any]],
+        key: str,
+        dispatch: _Dispatch[QueryableAttribute[Any]],
+        target_mapper: Mapper[_T],
+        order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(class_, key, None, dispatch, **kw)
+        self.target_mapper = target_mapper
+        self.query_class = WriteOnlyCollection
+        if order_by:
+            self.order_by = tuple(order_by)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[util.OrderedIdentitySet, WriteOnlyCollection[Any]]:
+        if not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+            return self._get_collection_history(
+                state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            ).added_items
+        else:
+            return self.query_class(self, state)
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Literal[None] = ...,
+        passive: Literal[PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF] = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]: ...
+
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]:
+        data: Collection[Any]
+        if not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+            data = self._get_collection_history(state, passive).added_items
+        else:
+            history = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+            data = history.added_plus_unchanged
+        return DynamicCollectionAdapter(data)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _append_token(  # type:ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> attributes.AttributeEventToken:
+        return attributes.AttributeEventToken(self, attributes.OP_APPEND)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _remove_token(  # type:ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> attributes.AttributeEventToken:
+        return attributes.AttributeEventToken(self, attributes.OP_REMOVE)
+
+    def fire_append_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        collection_history: Optional[WriteOnlyHistory[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_added(value)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+    def fire_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        collection_history: Optional[WriteOnlyHistory[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_removed(value)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+    def _modified_event(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict
+    ) -> WriteOnlyHistory[Any]:
+        if self.key not in state.committed_state:
+            state.committed_state[self.key] = self.collection_history_cls(
+                self, state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+            )
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET)
+
+        # this is a hack to allow the entities.ComparableEntity fixture
+        # to work
+        dict_[self.key] = True
+        return state.committed_state[self.key]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+        _adapt: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        if initiator and initiator.parent_token is self.parent_token:
+            return
+
+        if pop and value is None:
+            return
+
+        iterable = value
+        new_values = list(iterable)
+        if state.has_identity:
+            if not self._supports_dynamic_iteration:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f'Collection "{self}" does not support implicit '
+                    "iteration; collection replacement operations "
+                    "can't be used"
+                )
+            old_collection = util.IdentitySet(
+                self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            )
+
+        collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+        if not state.has_identity:
+            old_collection = collection_history.added_items
+        else:
+            old_collection = old_collection.union(
+                collection_history.added_items
+            )
+
+        constants = old_collection.intersection(new_values)
+        additions = util.IdentitySet(new_values).difference(constants)
+        removals = old_collection.difference(constants)
+
+        for member in new_values:
+            if member in additions:
+                self.fire_append_event(
+                    state,
+                    dict_,
+                    member,
+                    None,
+                    collection_history=collection_history,
+                )
+
+        for member in removals:
+            self.fire_remove_event(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                member,
+                None,
+                collection_history=collection_history,
+            )
+
+    def delete(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_committed_value(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict, value: Any
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Dynamic attributes don't support collection population."
+        )
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> attributes.History:
+        c = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+        return c.as_history()
+
+    def get_all_pending(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    ) -> List[Tuple[InstanceState[Any], Any]]:
+        c = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+        return [(attributes.instance_state(x), x) for x in c.all_items]
+
+    def _get_collection_history(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], passive: PassiveFlag
+    ) -> WriteOnlyHistory[Any]:
+        c: WriteOnlyHistory[Any]
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            c = state.committed_state[self.key]
+        else:
+            c = self.collection_history_cls(
+                self, state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+            )
+
+        if state.has_identity and (passive & PassiveFlag.INIT_OK):
+            return self.collection_history_cls(
+                self, state, passive, apply_to=c
+            )
+        else:
+            return c
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> None:
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> None:
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def pop(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="write_only")
+class WriteOnlyLoader(strategies.AbstractRelationshipLoader, log.Identified):
+    impl_class = WriteOnlyAttributeImpl
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        self.is_class_level = True
+        if not self.uselist or self.parent_property.direction not in (
+            interfaces.ONETOMANY,
+            interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "On relationship %s, 'dynamic' loaders cannot be used with "
+                "many-to-one/one-to-one relationships and/or "
+                "uselist=False." % self.parent_property
+            )
+
+        strategies._register_attribute(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            impl_class=self.impl_class,
+            target_mapper=self.parent_property.mapper,
+            order_by=self.parent_property.order_by,
+            query_class=self.parent_property.query_class,
+        )
+
+
+class DynamicCollectionAdapter:
+    """simplified CollectionAdapter for internal API consistency"""
+
+    data: Collection[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, data: Collection[Any]):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        return iter(self.data)
+
+    def _reset_empty(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.data)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+class AbstractCollectionWriter(Generic[_T]):
+    """Virtual collection which includes append/remove methods that synchronize
+    into the attribute event system.
+
+    """
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+    instance: _T
+    _from_obj: Tuple[FromClause, ...]
+
+    def __init__(self, attr: WriteOnlyAttributeImpl, state: InstanceState[_T]):
+        instance = state.obj()
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert instance
+        self.instance = instance
+        self.attr = attr
+
+        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+        prop = mapper._props[self.attr.key]
+
+        if prop.secondary is not None:
+            # this is a hack right now.  The Query only knows how to
+            # make subsequent joins() without a given left-hand side
+            # from self._from_obj[0].  We need to ensure prop.secondary
+            # is in the FROM.  So we purposely put the mapper selectable
+            # in _from_obj[0] to ensure a user-defined join() later on
+            # doesn't fail, and secondary is then in _from_obj[1].
+
+            # note also, we are using the official ORM-annotated selectable
+            # from __clause_element__(), see #7868
+            self._from_obj = (prop.mapper.__clause_element__(), prop.secondary)
+        else:
+            self._from_obj = ()
+
+        self._where_criteria = (
+            prop._with_parent(instance, alias_secondary=False),
+        )
+
+        if self.attr.order_by:
+            self._order_by_clauses = self.attr.order_by
+        else:
+            self._order_by_clauses = ()
+
+    def _add_all_impl(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        for item in iterator:
+            self.attr.append(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.instance_dict(self.instance),
+                item,
+                None,
+            )
+
+    def _remove_impl(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        self.attr.remove(
+            attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+            attributes.instance_dict(self.instance),
+            item,
+            None,
+        )
+
+
+class WriteOnlyCollection(AbstractCollectionWriter[_T]):
+    """Write-only collection which can synchronize changes into the
+    attribute event system.
+
+    The :class:`.WriteOnlyCollection` is used in a mapping by
+    using the ``"write_only"`` lazy loading strategy with
+    :func:`_orm.relationship`.     For background on this configuration,
+    see :ref:`write_only_relationship`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`write_only_relationship`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "instance",
+        "attr",
+        "_where_criteria",
+        "_from_obj",
+        "_order_by_clauses",
+    )
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "WriteOnly collections don't support iteration in-place; "
+            "to query for collection items, use the select() method to "
+            "produce a SQL statement and execute it with session.scalars()."
+        )
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Tuple[_T]]:
+        """Produce a :class:`_sql.Select` construct that represents the
+        rows within this instance-local :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        """
+        stmt = select(self.attr.target_mapper).where(*self._where_criteria)
+        if self._from_obj:
+            stmt = stmt.select_from(*self._from_obj)
+        if self._order_by_clauses:
+            stmt = stmt.order_by(*self._order_by_clauses)
+        return stmt
+
+    def insert(self) -> Insert:
+        """For one-to-many collections, produce a :class:`_dml.Insert` which
+        will insert new rows in terms of this this instance-local
+        :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        This construct is only supported for a :class:`_orm.Relationship`
+        that does **not** include the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary`
+        parameter.  For relationships that refer to a many-to-many table,
+        use ordinary bulk insert techniques to produce new objects, then
+        use :meth:`_orm.AbstractCollectionWriter.add_all` to associate them
+        with the collection.
+
+
+        """
+
+        state = inspect(self.instance)
+        mapper = state.mapper
+        prop = mapper._props[self.attr.key]
+
+        if prop.direction is not RelationshipDirection.ONETOMANY:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Write only bulk INSERT only supported for one-to-many "
+                "collections; for many-to-many, use a separate bulk "
+                "INSERT along with add_all()."
+            )
+
+        dict_: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        for l, r in prop.synchronize_pairs:
+            fn = prop._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+                mapper,
+                state,
+                state.dict,
+                l,
+            )
+
+            dict_[r.key] = bindparam(None, callable_=fn)
+
+        return insert(self.attr.target_mapper).values(**dict_)
+
+    def update(self) -> Update:
+        """Produce a :class:`_dml.Update` which will refer to rows in terms
+        of this instance-local :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        """
+        return update(self.attr.target_mapper).where(*self._where_criteria)
+
+    def delete(self) -> Delete:
+        """Produce a :class:`_dml.Delete` which will refer to rows in terms
+        of this instance-local :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        """
+        return delete(self.attr.target_mapper).where(*self._where_criteria)
+
+    def add_all(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        """Add an iterable of items to this :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        The given items will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl(iterator)
+
+    def add(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Add an item to this :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        The given item will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl([item])
+
+    def remove(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Remove an item from this :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        The given item will be removed from the parent instance's collection on
+        the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._remove_impl(item)