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+# orm/instrumentation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Defines SQLAlchemy's system of class instrumentation.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+instrumentation.py deals with registration of end-user classes
+for state tracking.   It interacts closely with state.py
+and attributes.py which establish per-instance and per-class-attribute
+instrumentation, respectively.
+
+The class instrumentation system can be customized on a per-class
+or global basis using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+module, which provides the means to build and specify
+alternate instrumentation forms.
+
+.. versionchanged: 0.8
+   The instrumentation extension system was moved out of the
+   ORM and into the external :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+   package.  When that package is imported, it installs
+   itself within sqlalchemy.orm so that its more comprehensive
+   resolution mechanics take effect.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import base
+from . import collections
+from . import exc
+from . import interfaces
+from . import state
+from ._typing import _O
+from .attributes import _is_collection_attribute_impl
+from .. import util
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..util import HasMemoized
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .attributes import AttributeImpl
+    from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .collections import _CollectionFactoryType
+    from .decl_base import _MapperConfig
+    from .events import InstanceEvents
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+DEL_ATTR = util.symbol("DEL_ATTR")
+
+
+class _ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        state: state.InstanceState[Any],
+        toload: Set[str],
+        passive: base.PassiveFlag,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _ManagerFactory(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> ClassManager[_O]: ...
+
+
+class ClassManager(
+    HasMemoized,
+    Dict[str, "QueryableAttribute[Any]"],
+    Generic[_O],
+    EventTarget,
+):
+    """Tracks state information at the class level."""
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ClassManager[_O]]
+
+    MANAGER_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR
+    STATE_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR
+
+    _state_setter = staticmethod(util.attrsetter(STATE_ATTR))
+
+    expired_attribute_loader: _ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto
+    "previously known as deferred_scalar_loader"
+
+    init_method: Optional[Callable[..., None]]
+    original_init: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None
+
+    factory: Optional[_ManagerFactory]
+
+    declarative_scan: Optional[weakref.ref[_MapperConfig]] = None
+
+    registry: _RegistryType
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # starts as None during setup
+        registry = None
+
+    class_: Type[_O]
+
+    _bases: List[ClassManager[Any]]
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        message="The ClassManager.deferred_scalar_loader attribute is now "
+        "named expired_attribute_loader",
+    )
+    def deferred_scalar_loader(self):
+        return self.expired_attribute_loader
+
+    @deferred_scalar_loader.setter
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        message="The ClassManager.deferred_scalar_loader attribute is now "
+        "named expired_attribute_loader",
+    )
+    def deferred_scalar_loader(self, obj):
+        self.expired_attribute_loader = obj
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.info = {}
+        self.new_init = None
+        self.local_attrs = {}
+        self.originals = {}
+        self._finalized = False
+        self.factory = None
+        self.init_method = None
+
+        self._bases = [
+            mgr
+            for mgr in cast(
+                "List[Optional[ClassManager[Any]]]",
+                [
+                    opt_manager_of_class(base)
+                    for base in self.class_.__bases__
+                    if isinstance(base, type)
+                ],
+            )
+            if mgr is not None
+        ]
+
+        for base_ in self._bases:
+            self.update(base_)
+
+        cast(
+            "InstanceEvents", self.dispatch._events
+        )._new_classmanager_instance(class_, self)
+
+        for basecls in class_.__mro__:
+            mgr = opt_manager_of_class(basecls)
+            if mgr is not None:
+                self.dispatch._update(mgr.dispatch)
+
+        self.manage()
+
+        if "__del__" in class_.__dict__:
+            util.warn(
+                "__del__() method on class %s will "
+                "cause unreachable cycles and memory leaks, "
+                "as SQLAlchemy instrumentation often creates "
+                "reference cycles.  Please remove this method." % class_
+            )
+
+    def _update_state(
+        self,
+        finalize: bool = False,
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[_O]] = None,
+        registry: Optional[_RegistryType] = None,
+        declarative_scan: Optional[_MapperConfig] = None,
+        expired_attribute_loader: Optional[
+            _ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto
+        ] = None,
+        init_method: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if mapper:
+            self.mapper = mapper  #
+        if registry:
+            registry._add_manager(self)
+        if declarative_scan:
+            self.declarative_scan = weakref.ref(declarative_scan)
+        if expired_attribute_loader:
+            self.expired_attribute_loader = expired_attribute_loader
+
+        if init_method:
+            assert not self._finalized, (
+                "class is already instrumented, "
+                "init_method %s can't be applied" % init_method
+            )
+            self.init_method = init_method
+
+        if not self._finalized:
+            self.original_init = (
+                self.init_method
+                if self.init_method is not None
+                and self.class_.__init__ is object.__init__
+                else self.class_.__init__
+            )
+
+        if finalize and not self._finalized:
+            self._finalize()
+
+    def _finalize(self) -> None:
+        if self._finalized:
+            return
+        self._finalized = True
+
+        self._instrument_init()
+
+        _instrumentation_factory.dispatch.class_instrument(self.class_)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return other is self
+
+    @property
+    def is_mapped(self) -> bool:
+        return "mapper" in self.__dict__
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _all_key_set(self):
+        return frozenset(self)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _collection_impl_keys(self):
+        return frozenset(
+            [attr.key for attr in self.values() if attr.impl.collection]
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _scalar_loader_impls(self):
+        return frozenset(
+            [
+                attr.impl
+                for attr in self.values()
+                if attr.impl.accepts_scalar_loader
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _loader_impls(self):
+        return frozenset([attr.impl for attr in self.values()])
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        # raises unless self.mapper has been assigned
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(self.class_)
+
+    def _all_sqla_attributes(self, exclude=None):
+        """return an iterator of all classbound attributes that are
+        implement :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        This includes :class:`.QueryableAttribute` as well as extension
+        types such as :class:`.hybrid_property` and
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        """
+
+        found: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        # constraints:
+        # 1. yield keys in cls.__dict__ order
+        # 2. if a subclass has the same key as a superclass, include that
+        #    key as part of the ordering of the superclass, because an
+        #    overridden key is usually installed by the mapper which is going
+        #    on a different ordering
+        # 3. don't use getattr() as this fires off descriptors
+
+        for supercls in self.class_.__mro__[0:-1]:
+            inherits = supercls.__mro__[1]
+            for key in supercls.__dict__:
+                found.setdefault(key, supercls)
+                if key in inherits.__dict__:
+                    continue
+                val = found[key].__dict__[key]
+                if (
+                    isinstance(val, interfaces.InspectionAttr)
+                    and val.is_attribute
+                ):
+                    yield key, val
+
+    def _get_class_attr_mro(self, key, default=None):
+        """return an attribute on the class without tripping it."""
+
+        for supercls in self.class_.__mro__:
+            if key in supercls.__dict__:
+                return supercls.__dict__[key]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def _attr_has_impl(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given attribute is fully initialized.
+
+        i.e. has an impl.
+        """
+
+        return key in self and self[key].impl is not None
+
+    def _subclass_manager(self, cls: Type[_T]) -> ClassManager[_T]:
+        """Create a new ClassManager for a subclass of this ClassManager's
+        class.
+
+        This is called automatically when attributes are instrumented so that
+        the attributes can be propagated to subclasses against their own
+        class-local manager, without the need for mappers etc. to have already
+        pre-configured managers for the full class hierarchy.   Mappers
+        can post-configure the auto-generated ClassManager when needed.
+
+        """
+        return register_class(cls, finalize=False)
+
+    def _instrument_init(self):
+        self.new_init = _generate_init(self.class_, self, self.original_init)
+        self.install_member("__init__", self.new_init)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _state_constructor(self) -> Type[state.InstanceState[_O]]:
+        self.dispatch.first_init(self, self.class_)
+        return state.InstanceState
+
+    def manage(self):
+        """Mark this instance as the manager for its class."""
+
+        setattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR, self)
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def manager_getter(self):
+        return _default_manager_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def state_getter(self):
+        """Return a (instance) -> InstanceState callable.
+
+        "state getter" callables should raise either KeyError or
+        AttributeError if no InstanceState could be found for the
+        instance.
+        """
+
+        return _default_state_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def dict_getter(self):
+        return _default_dict_getter
+
+    def instrument_attribute(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        inst: QueryableAttribute[Any],
+        propagated: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't override local attr with inherited attr
+        else:
+            self.local_attrs[key] = inst
+            self.install_descriptor(key, inst)
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        self[key] = inst
+
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = self._subclass_manager(cls)
+            manager.instrument_attribute(key, inst, True)
+
+    def subclass_managers(self, recursive):
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            mgr = opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+            if mgr is not None and mgr is not self:
+                yield mgr
+                if recursive:
+                    yield from mgr.subclass_managers(True)
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, key):
+        _instrumentation_factory.dispatch.attribute_instrument(
+            self.class_, key, self[key]
+        )
+
+    def uninstrument_attribute(self, key, propagated=False):
+        if key not in self:
+            return
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't get rid of local attr
+        else:
+            del self.local_attrs[key]
+            self.uninstall_descriptor(key)
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        del self[key]
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+            if manager:
+                manager.uninstrument_attribute(key, True)
+
+    def unregister(self) -> None:
+        """remove all instrumentation established by this ClassManager."""
+
+        for key in list(self.originals):
+            self.uninstall_member(key)
+
+        self.mapper = None
+        self.dispatch = None  # type: ignore
+        self.new_init = None
+        self.info.clear()
+
+        for key in list(self):
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                self.uninstrument_attribute(key)
+
+        if self.MANAGER_ATTR in self.class_.__dict__:
+            delattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR)
+
+    def install_descriptor(
+        self, key: str, inst: QueryableAttribute[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError(
+                "%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                "instrumentation attribute of the same name." % key
+            )
+        setattr(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, key: str) -> None:
+        delattr(self.class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, key: str, implementation: Any) -> None:
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError(
+                "%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                "instrumentation attribute of the same name." % key
+            )
+        self.originals.setdefault(key, self.class_.__dict__.get(key, DEL_ATTR))
+        setattr(self.class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, key: str) -> None:
+        original = self.originals.pop(key, None)
+        if original is not DEL_ATTR:
+            setattr(self.class_, key, original)
+        else:
+            delattr(self.class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(
+        self, key: str, collection_class: Type[Collection[Any]]
+    ) -> _CollectionFactoryType:
+        return collections.prepare_instrumentation(collection_class)
+
+    def initialize_collection(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        factory: _CollectionFactoryType,
+    ) -> Tuple[collections.CollectionAdapter, _AdaptedCollectionProtocol]:
+        user_data = factory()
+        impl = self.get_impl(key)
+        assert _is_collection_attribute_impl(impl)
+        adapter = collections.CollectionAdapter(impl, state, user_data)
+        return adapter, user_data
+
+    def is_instrumented(self, key: str, search: bool = False) -> bool:
+        if search:
+            return key in self
+        else:
+            return key in self.local_attrs
+
+    def get_impl(self, key: str) -> AttributeImpl:
+        return self[key].impl
+
+    @property
+    def attributes(self) -> Iterable[Any]:
+        return iter(self.values())
+
+    # InstanceState management
+
+    def new_instance(self, state: Optional[InstanceState[_O]] = None) -> _O:
+        # here, we would prefer _O to be bound to "object"
+        # so that mypy sees that __new__ is present.   currently
+        # it's bound to Any as there were other problems not having
+        # it that way but these can be revisited
+        instance = self.class_.__new__(self.class_)
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+        self._state_setter(instance, state)
+        return instance
+
+    def setup_instance(
+        self, instance: _O, state: Optional[InstanceState[_O]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+        self._state_setter(instance, state)
+
+    def teardown_instance(self, instance: _O) -> None:
+        delattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def _serialize(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], state_dict: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> _SerializeManager:
+        return _SerializeManager(state, state_dict)
+
+    def _new_state_if_none(
+        self, instance: _O
+    ) -> Union[Literal[False], InstanceState[_O]]:
+        """Install a default InstanceState if none is present.
+
+        A private convenience method used by the __init__ decorator.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR):
+            return False
+        elif self.class_ is not instance.__class__ and self.is_mapped:
+            # this will create a new ClassManager for the
+            # subclass, without a mapper.  This is likely a
+            # user error situation but allow the object
+            # to be constructed, so that it is usable
+            # in a non-ORM context at least.
+            return self._subclass_manager(
+                instance.__class__
+            )._new_state_if_none(instance)
+        else:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+            self._state_setter(instance, state)
+            return state
+
+    def has_state(self, instance: _O) -> bool:
+        return hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def has_parent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], key: str, optimistic: bool = False
+    ) -> bool:
+        """TODO"""
+        return self.get_impl(key).hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """All ClassManagers are non-zero regardless of attribute state."""
+        return True
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<%s of %r at %x>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.class_,
+            id(self),
+        )
+
+
+class _SerializeManager:
+    """Provide serialization of a :class:`.ClassManager`.
+
+    The :class:`.InstanceState` uses ``__init__()`` on serialize
+    and ``__call__()`` on deserialize.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, state: state.InstanceState[Any], d: Dict[str, Any]):
+        self.class_ = state.class_
+        manager = state.manager
+        manager.dispatch.pickle(state, d)
+
+    def __call__(self, state, inst, state_dict):
+        state.manager = manager = opt_manager_of_class(self.class_)
+        if manager is None:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(
+                inst,
+                "Cannot deserialize object of type %r - "
+                "no mapper() has "
+                "been configured for this class within the current "
+                "Python process!" % self.class_,
+            )
+        elif manager.is_mapped and not manager.mapper.configured:
+            manager.mapper._check_configure()
+
+        # setup _sa_instance_state ahead of time so that
+        # unpickle events can access the object normally.
+        # see [ticket:2362]
+        if inst is not None:
+            manager.setup_instance(inst, state)
+        manager.dispatch.unpickle(state, state_dict)
+
+
+class InstrumentationFactory(EventTarget):
+    """Factory for new ClassManager instances."""
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[InstrumentationFactory]
+
+    def create_manager_for_cls(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> ClassManager[_O]:
+        assert class_ is not None
+        assert opt_manager_of_class(class_) is None
+
+        # give a more complicated subclass
+        # a chance to do what it wants here
+        manager, factory = self._locate_extended_factory(class_)
+
+        if factory is None:
+            factory = ClassManager
+            manager = ClassManager(class_)
+        else:
+            assert manager is not None
+
+        self._check_conflicts(class_, factory)
+
+        manager.factory = factory
+
+        return manager
+
+    def _locate_extended_factory(
+        self, class_: Type[_O]
+    ) -> Tuple[Optional[ClassManager[_O]], Optional[_ManagerFactory]]:
+        """Overridden by a subclass to do an extended lookup."""
+        return None, None
+
+    def _check_conflicts(
+        self, class_: Type[_O], factory: Callable[[Type[_O]], ClassManager[_O]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Overridden by a subclass to test for conflicting factories."""
+
+    def unregister(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+        manager.unregister()
+        self.dispatch.class_uninstrument(class_)
+
+
+# this attribute is replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when imported.
+_instrumentation_factory = InstrumentationFactory()
+
+# these attributes are replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when a non-standard InstrumentationManager class is first
+# used to instrument a class.
+instance_state = _default_state_getter = base.instance_state
+
+instance_dict = _default_dict_getter = base.instance_dict
+
+manager_of_class = _default_manager_getter = base.manager_of_class
+opt_manager_of_class = _default_opt_manager_getter = base.opt_manager_of_class
+
+
+def register_class(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+    finalize: bool = True,
+    mapper: Optional[Mapper[_O]] = None,
+    registry: Optional[_RegistryType] = None,
+    declarative_scan: Optional[_MapperConfig] = None,
+    expired_attribute_loader: Optional[_ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto] = None,
+    init_method: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+) -> ClassManager[_O]:
+    """Register class instrumentation.
+
+    Returns the existing or newly created class manager.
+
+    """
+
+    manager = opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+    if manager is None:
+        manager = _instrumentation_factory.create_manager_for_cls(class_)
+    manager._update_state(
+        mapper=mapper,
+        registry=registry,
+        declarative_scan=declarative_scan,
+        expired_attribute_loader=expired_attribute_loader,
+        init_method=init_method,
+        finalize=finalize,
+    )
+
+    return manager
+
+
+def unregister_class(class_):
+    """Unregister class instrumentation."""
+
+    _instrumentation_factory.unregister(class_)
+
+
+def is_instrumented(instance, key):
+    """Return True if the given attribute on the given instance is
+    instrumented by the attributes package.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+
+    """
+    return manager_of_class(instance.__class__).is_instrumented(
+        key, search=True
+    )
+
+
+def _generate_init(class_, class_manager, original_init):
+    """Build an __init__ decorator that triggers ClassManager events."""
+
+    # TODO: we should use the ClassManager's notion of the
+    # original '__init__' method, once ClassManager is fixed
+    # to always reference that.
+
+    if original_init is None:
+        original_init = class_.__init__
+
+    # Go through some effort here and don't change the user's __init__
+    # calling signature, including the unlikely case that it has
+    # a return value.
+    # FIXME: need to juggle local names to avoid constructor argument
+    # clashes.
+    func_body = """\
+def __init__(%(apply_pos)s):
+    new_state = class_manager._new_state_if_none(%(self_arg)s)
+    if new_state:
+        return new_state._initialize_instance(%(apply_kw)s)
+    else:
+        return original_init(%(apply_kw)s)
+"""
+    func_vars = util.format_argspec_init(original_init, grouped=False)
+    func_text = func_body % func_vars
+
+    func_defaults = getattr(original_init, "__defaults__", None)
+    func_kw_defaults = getattr(original_init, "__kwdefaults__", None)
+
+    env = locals().copy()
+    env["__name__"] = __name__
+    exec(func_text, env)
+    __init__ = env["__init__"]
+    __init__.__doc__ = original_init.__doc__
+    __init__._sa_original_init = original_init
+
+    if func_defaults:
+        __init__.__defaults__ = func_defaults
+    if func_kw_defaults:
+        __init__.__kwdefaults__ = func_kw_defaults
+
+    return __init__