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+# engine/reflection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides an abstraction for obtaining database schema information.
+
+Usage Notes:
+
+Here are some general conventions when accessing the low level inspector
+methods such as get_table_names, get_columns, etc.
+
+1. Inspector methods return lists of dicts in most cases for the following
+   reasons:
+
+   * They're both standard types that can be serialized.
+   * Using a dict instead of a tuple allows easy expansion of attributes.
+   * Using a list for the outer structure maintains order and is easy to work
+     with (e.g. list comprehension [d['name'] for d in cols]).
+
+2. Records that contain a name, such as the column name in a column record
+   use the key 'name'. So for most return values, each record will have a
+   'name' attribute..
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import auto
+from enum import Flag
+from enum import unique
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generator
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .base import Connection
+from .base import Engine
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import schema as sa_schema
+from ..sql.cache_key import _ad_hoc_cache_key_from_args
+from ..sql.elements import quoted_name
+from ..sql.elements import TextClause
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+from ..util import topological
+from ..util.typing import final
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedCheckConstraint
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedColumn
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedIndex
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedTableComment
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedUniqueConstraint
+    from .interfaces import TableKey
+
+_R = TypeVar("_R")
+
+
+@util.decorator
+def cache(
+    fn: Callable[..., _R],
+    self: Dialect,
+    con: Connection,
+    *args: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _R:
+    info_cache = kw.get("info_cache", None)
+    if info_cache is None:
+        return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+    exclude = {"info_cache", "unreflectable"}
+    key = (
+        fn.__name__,
+        tuple(
+            (str(a), a.quote) if isinstance(a, quoted_name) else a
+            for a in args
+            if isinstance(a, str)
+        ),
+        tuple(
+            (k, (str(v), v.quote) if isinstance(v, quoted_name) else v)
+            for k, v in kw.items()
+            if k not in exclude
+        ),
+    )
+    ret: _R = info_cache.get(key)
+    if ret is None:
+        ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+        info_cache[key] = ret
+    return ret
+
+
+def flexi_cache(
+    *traverse_args: Tuple[str, InternalTraversal]
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., _R]], Callable[..., _R]]:
+    @util.decorator
+    def go(
+        fn: Callable[..., _R],
+        self: Dialect,
+        con: Connection,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> _R:
+        info_cache = kw.get("info_cache", None)
+        if info_cache is None:
+            return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+        key = _ad_hoc_cache_key_from_args((fn.__name__,), traverse_args, args)
+        ret: _R = info_cache.get(key)
+        if ret is None:
+            ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+            info_cache[key] = ret
+        return ret
+
+    return go
+
+
+@unique
+class ObjectKind(Flag):
+    """Enumerator that indicates which kind of object to return when calling
+    the ``get_multi`` methods.
+
+    This is a Flag enum, so custom combinations can be passed. For example,
+    to reflect tables and plain views ``ObjectKind.TABLE | ObjectKind.VIEW``
+    may be used.
+
+    .. note::
+      Not all dialect may support all kind of object. If a dialect does
+      not support a particular object an empty dict is returned.
+      In case a dialect supports an object, but the requested method
+      is not applicable for the specified kind the default value
+      will be returned for each reflected object. For example reflecting
+      check constraints of view return a dict with all the views with
+      empty lists as values.
+    """
+
+    TABLE = auto()
+    "Reflect table objects"
+    VIEW = auto()
+    "Reflect plain view objects"
+    MATERIALIZED_VIEW = auto()
+    "Reflect materialized view object"
+
+    ANY_VIEW = VIEW | MATERIALIZED_VIEW
+    "Reflect any kind of view objects"
+    ANY = TABLE | VIEW | MATERIALIZED_VIEW
+    "Reflect all type of objects"
+
+
+@unique
+class ObjectScope(Flag):
+    """Enumerator that indicates which scope to use when calling
+    the ``get_multi`` methods.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT = auto()
+    "Include default scope"
+    TEMPORARY = auto()
+    "Include only temp scope"
+    ANY = DEFAULT | TEMPORARY
+    "Include both default and temp scope"
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class Inspector(inspection.Inspectable["Inspector"]):
+    """Performs database schema inspection.
+
+    The Inspector acts as a proxy to the reflection methods of the
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`, providing a
+    consistent interface as well as caching support for previously
+    fetched metadata.
+
+    A :class:`_reflection.Inspector` object is usually created via the
+    :func:`_sa.inspect` function, which may be passed an
+    :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    or a :class:`_engine.Connection`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect, create_engine
+
+        engine = create_engine("...")
+        insp = inspect(engine)
+
+    Where above, the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` associated
+    with the engine may opt to return an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+    subclass that
+    provides additional methods specific to the dialect's target database.
+
+    """
+
+    bind: Union[Engine, Connection]
+    engine: Engine
+    _op_context_requires_connect: bool
+    dialect: Dialect
+    info_cache: Dict[Any, Any]
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The __init__() method on :class:`_reflection.Inspector` "
+        "is deprecated and "
+        "will be removed in a future release.  Please use the "
+        ":func:`.sqlalchemy.inspect` "
+        "function on an :class:`_engine.Engine` or "
+        ":class:`_engine.Connection` "
+        "in order to "
+        "acquire an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.",
+    )
+    def __init__(self, bind: Union[Engine, Connection]):
+        """Initialize a new :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`,
+          which is typically an instance of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.
+
+        For a dialect-specific instance of :class:`_reflection.Inspector`, see
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.from_engine`
+
+        """
+        self._init_legacy(bind)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct(
+        cls, init: Callable[..., Any], bind: Union[Engine, Connection]
+    ) -> Inspector:
+        if hasattr(bind.dialect, "inspector"):
+            cls = bind.dialect.inspector
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        init(self, bind)
+        return self
+
+    def _init_legacy(self, bind: Union[Engine, Connection]) -> None:
+        if hasattr(bind, "exec_driver_sql"):
+            self._init_connection(bind)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        else:
+            self._init_engine(bind)
+
+    def _init_engine(self, engine: Engine) -> None:
+        self.bind = self.engine = engine
+        engine.connect().close()
+        self._op_context_requires_connect = True
+        self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
+        self.info_cache = {}
+
+    def _init_connection(self, connection: Connection) -> None:
+        self.bind = connection
+        self.engine = connection.engine
+        self._op_context_requires_connect = False
+        self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
+        self.info_cache = {}
+
+    def clear_cache(self) -> None:
+        """reset the cache for this :class:`.Inspector`.
+
+        Inspection methods that have data cached will emit SQL queries
+        when next called to get new data.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        self.info_cache.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The from_engine() method on :class:`_reflection.Inspector` "
+        "is deprecated and "
+        "will be removed in a future release.  Please use the "
+        ":func:`.sqlalchemy.inspect` "
+        "function on an :class:`_engine.Engine` or "
+        ":class:`_engine.Connection` "
+        "in order to "
+        "acquire an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.",
+    )
+    def from_engine(cls, bind: Engine) -> Inspector:
+        """Construct a new dialect-specific Inspector object from the given
+        engine or connection.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`
+         or :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine`.
+
+        This method differs from direct a direct constructor call of
+        :class:`_reflection.Inspector` in that the
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` is given a chance to
+        provide a dialect-specific :class:`_reflection.Inspector` instance,
+        which may
+        provide additional methods.
+
+        See the example at :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.
+
+        """
+        return cls._construct(cls._init_legacy, bind)
+
+    @inspection._inspects(Engine)
+    def _engine_insp(bind: Engine) -> Inspector:  # type: ignore[misc]
+        return Inspector._construct(Inspector._init_engine, bind)
+
+    @inspection._inspects(Connection)
+    def _connection_insp(bind: Connection) -> Inspector:  # type: ignore[misc]
+        return Inspector._construct(Inspector._init_connection, bind)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _operation_context(self) -> Generator[Connection, None, None]:
+        """Return a context that optimizes for multiple operations on a single
+        transaction.
+
+        This essentially allows connect()/close() to be called if we detected
+        that we're against an :class:`_engine.Engine` and not a
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+        conn: Connection
+        if self._op_context_requires_connect:
+            conn = self.bind.connect()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        else:
+            conn = self.bind  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        try:
+            yield conn
+        finally:
+            if self._op_context_requires_connect:
+                conn.close()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _inspection_context(self) -> Generator[Inspector, None, None]:
+        """Return an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+        from this one that will run all
+        operations on a single connection.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            sub_insp = self._construct(self.__class__._init_connection, conn)
+            sub_insp.info_cache = self.info_cache
+            yield sub_insp
+
+    @property
+    def default_schema_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Return the default schema name presented by the dialect
+        for the current engine's database user.
+
+        E.g. this is typically ``public`` for PostgreSQL and ``dbo``
+        for SQL Server.
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+    def get_schema_names(self, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all schema names.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_schema_names(
+                conn, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_table_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all table names within a particular schema.
+
+        The names are expected to be real tables only, not views.
+        Views are instead returned using the
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_view_names` and/or
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names`
+        methods.
+
+        :param schema: Schema name. If ``schema`` is left at ``None``, the
+         database's default schema is
+         used, else the named schema is searched.  If the database does not
+         support named schemas, behavior is undefined if ``schema`` is not
+         passed as ``None``.  For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables`
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def has_table(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the backend has a table, view, or temporary
+        table of the given name.
+
+        :param table_name: name of the table to check
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` method
+           replaces the :meth:`_engine.Engine.has_table` method.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0:: :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` now formally
+           supports checking for additional table-like objects:
+
+           * any type of views (plain or materialized)
+           * temporary tables of any kind
+
+           Previously, these two checks were not formally specified and
+           different dialects would vary in their behavior.   The dialect
+           testing suite now includes tests for all of these object types
+           and should be supported by all SQLAlchemy-included dialects.
+           Support among third party dialects may be lagging, however.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_table(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def has_sequence(
+        self, sequence_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the backend has a sequence with the given name.
+
+        :param sequence_name: name of the sequence to check
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                conn, sequence_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def has_index(
+        self,
+        table_name: str,
+        index_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Check the existence of a particular index name in the database.
+
+        :param table_name: the name of the table the index belongs to
+        :param index_name: the name of the index to check
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_index(
+                conn,
+                table_name,
+                index_name,
+                schema,
+                info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+    def has_schema(self, schema_name: str, **kw: Any) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the backend has a schema with the given name.
+
+        :param schema_name: name of the schema to check
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_schema(
+                conn, schema_name, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[Tuple[Optional[str], List[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]]]:
+        r"""Return dependency-sorted table and foreign key constraint names in
+        referred to within a particular schema.
+
+        This will yield 2-tuples of
+        ``(tablename, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ...])``
+        consisting of table names in CREATE order grouped with the foreign key
+        constraint names that are not detected as belonging to a cycle.
+        The final element
+        will be ``(None, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ..])``
+        which will consist of remaining
+        foreign key constraint names that would require a separate CREATE
+        step after-the-fact, based on dependencies between tables.
+
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names`
+
+            :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints` - similar method which works
+            with an already-given :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        """
+
+        return [
+            (
+                table_key[1] if table_key else None,
+                [(tname, fks) for (_, tname), fks in fk_collection],
+            )
+            for (
+                table_key,
+                fk_collection,
+            ) in self.sort_tables_on_foreign_key_dependency(
+                consider_schemas=(schema,)
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def sort_tables_on_foreign_key_dependency(
+        self,
+        consider_schemas: Collection[Optional[str]] = (None,),
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[
+        Tuple[
+            Optional[Tuple[Optional[str], str]],
+            List[Tuple[Tuple[Optional[str], str], Optional[str]]],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        r"""Return dependency-sorted table and foreign key constraint names
+        referred to within multiple schemas.
+
+        This method may be compared to
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`, which
+        works on one schema at a time; here, the method is a generalization
+        that will consider multiple schemas at once including that it will
+        resolve for cross-schema foreign keys.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        SchemaTab = Tuple[Optional[str], str]
+
+        tuples: Set[Tuple[SchemaTab, SchemaTab]] = set()
+        remaining_fkcs: Set[Tuple[SchemaTab, Optional[str]]] = set()
+        fknames_for_table: Dict[SchemaTab, Set[Optional[str]]] = {}
+        tnames: List[SchemaTab] = []
+
+        for schname in consider_schemas:
+            schema_fkeys = self.get_multi_foreign_keys(schname, **kw)
+            tnames.extend(schema_fkeys)
+            for (_, tname), fkeys in schema_fkeys.items():
+                fknames_for_table[(schname, tname)] = {
+                    fk["name"] for fk in fkeys
+                }
+                for fkey in fkeys:
+                    if (
+                        tname != fkey["referred_table"]
+                        or schname != fkey["referred_schema"]
+                    ):
+                        tuples.add(
+                            (
+                                (
+                                    fkey["referred_schema"],
+                                    fkey["referred_table"],
+                                ),
+                                (schname, tname),
+                            )
+                        )
+        try:
+            candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        except exc.CircularDependencyError as err:
+            edge: Tuple[SchemaTab, SchemaTab]
+            for edge in err.edges:
+                tuples.remove(edge)
+                remaining_fkcs.update(
+                    (edge[1], fkc) for fkc in fknames_for_table[edge[1]]
+                )
+
+            candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        ret: List[
+            Tuple[Optional[SchemaTab], List[Tuple[SchemaTab, Optional[str]]]]
+        ]
+        ret = [
+            (
+                (schname, tname),
+                [
+                    ((schname, tname), fk)
+                    for fk in fknames_for_table[(schname, tname)].difference(
+                        name for _, name in remaining_fkcs
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
+            for (schname, tname) in candidate_sort
+        ]
+        return ret + [(None, list(remaining_fkcs))]
+
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return a list of temporary table names for the current bind.
+
+        This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
+        only Oracle Database, PostgreSQL and SQLite implements it.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_temp_table_names(
+                conn, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_temp_view_names(self, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return a list of temporary view names for the current bind.
+
+        This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
+        only PostgreSQL and SQLite implements it.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_temp_view_names(
+                conn, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_table_options(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        r"""Return a dictionary of options specified when the table of the
+        given name was created.
+
+        This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL and Oracle
+        Database tables.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dict with the table options. The returned keys depend on the
+         dialect in use. Each one is prefixed with the dialect name.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_table_options`
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_options(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_table_options(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, Dict[str, Any]]:
+        r"""Return a dictionary of options specified when the tables in the
+        given schema were created.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL and Oracle
+        tables.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if options of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are dictionaries with the table options.
+         The returned keys in each dict depend on the
+         dialect in use. Each one is prefixed with the dialect name.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_table_options`
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            res = self.dialect.get_multi_table_options(
+                conn,
+                schema=schema,
+                filter_names=filter_names,
+                kind=kind,
+                scope=scope,
+                info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            return dict(res)
+
+    def get_view_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all non-materialized view names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  For those dialects that previously included
+           the names of materialized views in this list (currently PostgreSQL),
+           this method no longer returns the names of materialized views.
+           the :meth:`.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names` method should
+           be used instead.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names`
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_view_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_materialized_view_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all materialized view names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_view_names`
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_materialized_view_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_sequence_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all sequence names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_sequence_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_view_definition(
+        self, view_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        r"""Return definition for the plain or materialized view called
+        ``view_name``.
+
+        :param view_name: Name of the view.
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_view_definition(
+                conn, view_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_columns(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedColumn]:
+        r"""Return information about columns in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``,
+        return column information as a list of :class:`.ReflectedColumn`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: list of dictionaries, each representing the definition of
+         a database column.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_columns`.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            col_defs = self.dialect.get_columns(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+        if col_defs:
+            self._instantiate_types([col_defs])
+        return col_defs
+
+    def _instantiate_types(
+        self, data: Iterable[List[ReflectedColumn]]
+    ) -> None:
+        # make this easy and only return instances for coltype
+        for col_defs in data:
+            for col_def in col_defs:
+                coltype = col_def["type"]
+                if not isinstance(coltype, TypeEngine):
+                    col_def["type"] = coltype()
+
+    def get_multi_columns(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedColumn]]:
+        r"""Return information about columns in all objects in the given
+        schema.
+
+        The objects can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of :class:`.ReflectedColumn`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if columns of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a database column.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_columns`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            table_col_defs = dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_columns(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+        self._instantiate_types(table_col_defs.values())
+        return table_col_defs
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint:
+        r"""Return information about primary key constraint in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name``, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        primary key information as a :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary representing the definition of
+         a primary key constraint.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_pk_constraint`
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about primary key constraints in
+        all tables in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if primary keys of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a primary key constraint.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_pk_constraint`
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_pk_constraint(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about foreign_keys in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name``, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        foreign key information as a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         a foreign key definition.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_foreign_keys`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_foreign_keys(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]]:
+        r"""Return information about foreign_keys in all tables
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if foreign keys of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing
+         a foreign key definition.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_foreign_keys`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_foreign_keys(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_indexes(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedIndex]:
+        r"""Return information about indexes in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        index information as a list of :class:`.ReflectedIndex`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an index.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_indexes`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_indexes(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_indexes(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedIndex]]:
+        r"""Return information about indexes in in all objects
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The objects can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of :class:`.ReflectedIndex`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if indexes of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an index.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_indexes`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_indexes(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about unique constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        unique constraint information as a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an unique constraint.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_unique_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_unique_constraints(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]]:
+        r"""Return information about unique constraints in all tables
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if constraints of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an unique constraint.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_unique_constraints(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_table_comment(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> ReflectedTableComment:
+        r"""Return information about the table comment for ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``,
+        return table comment information as a :class:`.ReflectedTableComment`.
+
+        Raises ``NotImplementedError`` for a dialect that does not support
+        comments.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary, with the table comment.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_table_comment`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_comment(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_table_comment(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, ReflectedTableComment]:
+        r"""Return information about the table comment in all objects
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The objects can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a :class:`.ReflectedTableComment`.
+
+        Raises ``NotImplementedError`` for a dialect that does not support
+        comments.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if comments of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are dictionaries, representing the
+         table comments.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_table_comment`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_table_comment(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_check_constraints(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about check constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        check constraint information as a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a check constraints.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_check_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_check_constraints(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]]:
+        r"""Return information about check constraints in all tables
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if constraints of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a check constraints.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_check_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_check_constraints(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def reflect_table(
+        self,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str] = (),
+        resolve_fks: bool = True,
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[sa_schema.Table]] = None,
+        _reflect_info: Optional[_ReflectionInfo] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Given a :class:`_schema.Table` object, load its internal
+        constructs based on introspection.
+
+        This is the underlying method used by most dialects to produce
+        table reflection.  Direct usage is like::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table
+            from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+            engine = create_engine("...")
+            meta = MetaData()
+            user_table = Table("user", meta)
+            insp = inspect(engine)
+            insp.reflect_table(user_table, None)
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 Renamed from ``reflecttable`` to
+           ``reflect_table``
+
+        :param table: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` instance.
+        :param include_columns: a list of string column names to include
+          in the reflection process.  If ``None``, all columns are reflected.
+
+        """
+
+        if _extend_on is not None:
+            if table in _extend_on:
+                return
+            else:
+                _extend_on.add(table)
+
+        dialect = self.bind.dialect
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            schema = conn.schema_for_object(table)
+
+        table_name = table.name
+
+        # get table-level arguments that are specifically
+        # intended for reflection, e.g. oracle_resolve_synonyms.
+        # these are unconditionally passed to related Table
+        # objects
+        reflection_options = {
+            k: table.dialect_kwargs.get(k)
+            for k in dialect.reflection_options
+            if k in table.dialect_kwargs
+        }
+
+        table_key = (schema, table_name)
+        if _reflect_info is None or table_key not in _reflect_info.columns:
+            _reflect_info = self._get_reflection_info(
+                schema,
+                filter_names=[table_name],
+                kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+                scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+                _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                **table.dialect_kwargs,
+            )
+        if table_key in _reflect_info.unreflectable:
+            raise _reflect_info.unreflectable[table_key]
+
+        if table_key not in _reflect_info.columns:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+
+        # reflect table options, like mysql_engine
+        if _reflect_info.table_options:
+            tbl_opts = _reflect_info.table_options.get(table_key)
+            if tbl_opts:
+                # add additional kwargs to the Table if the dialect
+                # returned them
+                table._validate_dialect_kwargs(tbl_opts)
+
+        found_table = False
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]] = {}
+
+        for col_d in _reflect_info.columns[table_key]:
+            found_table = True
+
+            self._reflect_column(
+                table,
+                col_d,
+                include_columns,
+                exclude_columns,
+                cols_by_orig_name,
+            )
+
+        # NOTE: support tables/views with no columns
+        if not found_table and not self.has_table(table_name, schema):
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+
+        self._reflect_pk(
+            _reflect_info, table_key, table, cols_by_orig_name, exclude_columns
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_fk(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            resolve_fks,
+            _extend_on,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_indexes(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_unique_constraints(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_check_constraints(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_table_comment(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+    def _reflect_column(
+        self,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        col_d: ReflectedColumn,
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        orig_name = col_d["name"]
+
+        table.metadata.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)
+        table.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)
+
+        # fetch name again as column_reflect is allowed to
+        # change it
+        name = col_d["name"]
+        if (include_columns and name not in include_columns) or (
+            exclude_columns and name in exclude_columns
+        ):
+            return
+
+        coltype = col_d["type"]
+
+        col_kw = {
+            k: col_d[k]  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+            for k in [
+                "nullable",
+                "autoincrement",
+                "quote",
+                "info",
+                "key",
+                "comment",
+            ]
+            if k in col_d
+        }
+
+        if "dialect_options" in col_d:
+            col_kw.update(col_d["dialect_options"])
+
+        colargs = []
+        default: Any
+        if col_d.get("default") is not None:
+            default_text = col_d["default"]
+            assert default_text is not None
+            if isinstance(default_text, TextClause):
+                default = sa_schema.DefaultClause(
+                    default_text, _reflected=True
+                )
+            elif not isinstance(default_text, sa_schema.FetchedValue):
+                default = sa_schema.DefaultClause(
+                    sql.text(default_text), _reflected=True
+                )
+            else:
+                default = default_text
+            colargs.append(default)
+
+        if "computed" in col_d:
+            computed = sa_schema.Computed(**col_d["computed"])
+            colargs.append(computed)
+
+        if "identity" in col_d:
+            identity = sa_schema.Identity(**col_d["identity"])
+            colargs.append(identity)
+
+        cols_by_orig_name[orig_name] = col = sa_schema.Column(
+            name, coltype, *colargs, **col_kw
+        )
+
+        if col.key in table.primary_key:
+            col.primary_key = True
+        table.append_column(col, replace_existing=True)
+
+    def _reflect_pk(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        pk_cons = _reflect_info.pk_constraint.get(table_key)
+        if pk_cons:
+            pk_cols = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[pk]
+                for pk in pk_cons["constrained_columns"]
+                if pk in cols_by_orig_name and pk not in exclude_columns
+            ]
+
+            # update pk constraint name and comment
+            table.primary_key.name = pk_cons.get("name")
+            table.primary_key.comment = pk_cons.get("comment", None)
+
+            # tell the PKConstraint to re-initialize
+            # its column collection
+            table.primary_key._reload(pk_cols)
+
+    def _reflect_fk(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        resolve_fks: bool,
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[sa_schema.Table]],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        fkeys = _reflect_info.foreign_keys.get(table_key, [])
+        for fkey_d in fkeys:
+            conname = fkey_d["name"]
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            constrained_columns = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[c].key if c in cols_by_orig_name else c
+                for c in fkey_d["constrained_columns"]
+            ]
+
+            if (
+                exclude_columns
+                and set(constrained_columns).intersection(exclude_columns)
+                or (
+                    include_columns
+                    and set(constrained_columns).difference(include_columns)
+                )
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            referred_schema = fkey_d["referred_schema"]
+            referred_table = fkey_d["referred_table"]
+            referred_columns = fkey_d["referred_columns"]
+            refspec = []
+            if referred_schema is not None:
+                if resolve_fks:
+                    sa_schema.Table(
+                        referred_table,
+                        table.metadata,
+                        schema=referred_schema,
+                        autoload_with=self.bind,
+                        _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                        _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                        **reflection_options,
+                    )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(
+                        ".".join([referred_schema, referred_table, column])
+                    )
+            else:
+                if resolve_fks:
+                    sa_schema.Table(
+                        referred_table,
+                        table.metadata,
+                        autoload_with=self.bind,
+                        schema=sa_schema.BLANK_SCHEMA,
+                        _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                        _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                        **reflection_options,
+                    )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(".".join([referred_table, column]))
+            if "options" in fkey_d:
+                options = fkey_d["options"]
+            else:
+                options = {}
+
+            try:
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                        constrained_columns,
+                        refspec,
+                        conname,
+                        link_to_name=True,
+                        comment=fkey_d.get("comment"),
+                        **options,
+                    )
+                )
+            except exc.ConstraintColumnNotFoundError:
+                util.warn(
+                    f"On reflected table {table.name}, skipping reflection of "
+                    "foreign key constraint "
+                    f"{conname}; one or more subject columns within "
+                    f"name(s) {', '.join(constrained_columns)} are not "
+                    "present in the table"
+                )
+
+    _index_sort_exprs = {
+        "asc": operators.asc_op,
+        "desc": operators.desc_op,
+        "nulls_first": operators.nulls_first_op,
+        "nulls_last": operators.nulls_last_op,
+    }
+
+    def _reflect_indexes(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        # Indexes
+        indexes = _reflect_info.indexes.get(table_key, [])
+        for index_d in indexes:
+            name = index_d["name"]
+            columns = index_d["column_names"]
+            expressions = index_d.get("expressions")
+            column_sorting = index_d.get("column_sorting", {})
+            unique = index_d["unique"]
+            flavor = index_d.get("type", "index")
+            dialect_options = index_d.get("dialect_options", {})
+
+            duplicates = index_d.get("duplicates_constraint")
+            if include_columns and not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
+                continue
+            if duplicates:
+                continue
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            idx_element: Any
+            idx_elements = []
+            for index, c in enumerate(columns):
+                if c is None:
+                    if not expressions:
+                        util.warn(
+                            f"Skipping {flavor} {name!r} because key "
+                            f"{index + 1} reflected as None but no "
+                            "'expressions' were returned"
+                        )
+                        break
+                    idx_element = sql.text(expressions[index])
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        if c in cols_by_orig_name:
+                            idx_element = cols_by_orig_name[c]
+                        else:
+                            idx_element = table.c[c]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        util.warn(
+                            f"{flavor} key {c!r} was not located in "
+                            f"columns for table {table.name!r}"
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    for option in column_sorting.get(c, ()):
+                        if option in self._index_sort_exprs:
+                            op = self._index_sort_exprs[option]
+                            idx_element = op(idx_element)
+                idx_elements.append(idx_element)
+            else:
+                sa_schema.Index(
+                    name,
+                    *idx_elements,
+                    _table=table,
+                    unique=unique,
+                    **dialect_options,
+                )
+
+    def _reflect_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        constraints = _reflect_info.unique_constraints.get(table_key, [])
+        # Unique Constraints
+        for const_d in constraints:
+            conname = const_d["name"]
+            columns = const_d["column_names"]
+            comment = const_d.get("comment")
+            duplicates = const_d.get("duplicates_index")
+            dialect_options = const_d.get("dialect_options", {})
+            if include_columns and not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
+                continue
+            if duplicates:
+                continue
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            constrained_cols = []
+            for c in columns:
+                try:
+                    constrained_col = (
+                        cols_by_orig_name[c]
+                        if c in cols_by_orig_name
+                        else table.c[c]
+                    )
+                except KeyError:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "unique constraint key '%s' was not located in "
+                        "columns for table '%s'" % (c, table.name)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    constrained_cols.append(constrained_col)
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa_schema.UniqueConstraint(
+                    *constrained_cols,
+                    name=conname,
+                    comment=comment,
+                    **dialect_options,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def _reflect_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        constraints = _reflect_info.check_constraints.get(table_key, [])
+        for const_d in constraints:
+            table.append_constraint(sa_schema.CheckConstraint(**const_d))
+
+    def _reflect_table_comment(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        comment_dict = _reflect_info.table_comment.get(table_key)
+        if comment_dict:
+            table.comment = comment_dict["text"]
+
+    def _get_reflection_info(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        available: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        _reflect_info: Optional[_ReflectionInfo] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> _ReflectionInfo:
+        kw["schema"] = schema
+
+        if filter_names and available and len(filter_names) > 100:
+            fraction = len(filter_names) / len(available)
+        else:
+            fraction = None
+
+        unreflectable: Dict[TableKey, exc.UnreflectableTableError]
+        kw["unreflectable"] = unreflectable = {}
+
+        has_result: bool = True
+
+        def run(
+            meth: Any,
+            *,
+            optional: bool = False,
+            check_filter_names_from_meth: bool = False,
+        ) -> Any:
+            nonlocal has_result
+            # simple heuristic to improve reflection performance if a
+            # dialect implements multi_reflection:
+            # if more than 50% of the tables in the db are in filter_names
+            # load all the tables, since it's most likely faster to avoid
+            # a filter on that many tables.
+            if (
+                fraction is None
+                or fraction <= 0.5
+                or not self.dialect._overrides_default(meth.__name__)
+            ):
+                _fn = filter_names
+            else:
+                _fn = None
+            try:
+                if has_result:
+                    res = meth(filter_names=_fn, **kw)
+                    if check_filter_names_from_meth and not res:
+                        # method returned no result data.
+                        # skip any future call methods
+                        has_result = False
+                else:
+                    res = {}
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                if not optional:
+                    raise
+                res = {}
+            return res
+
+        info = _ReflectionInfo(
+            columns=run(
+                self.get_multi_columns, check_filter_names_from_meth=True
+            ),
+            pk_constraint=run(self.get_multi_pk_constraint),
+            foreign_keys=run(self.get_multi_foreign_keys),
+            indexes=run(self.get_multi_indexes),
+            unique_constraints=run(
+                self.get_multi_unique_constraints, optional=True
+            ),
+            table_comment=run(self.get_multi_table_comment, optional=True),
+            check_constraints=run(
+                self.get_multi_check_constraints, optional=True
+            ),
+            table_options=run(self.get_multi_table_options, optional=True),
+            unreflectable=unreflectable,
+        )
+        if _reflect_info:
+            _reflect_info.update(info)
+            return _reflect_info
+        else:
+            return info
+
+
+@final
+class ReflectionDefaults:
+    """provides blank default values for reflection methods."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def columns(cls) -> List[ReflectedColumn]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def pk_constraint(cls) -> ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint:
+        return {
+            "name": None,
+            "constrained_columns": [],
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def foreign_keys(cls) -> List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def indexes(cls) -> List[ReflectedIndex]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def unique_constraints(cls) -> List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def check_constraints(cls) -> List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def table_options(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def table_comment(cls) -> ReflectedTableComment:
+        return {"text": None}
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _ReflectionInfo:
+    columns: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedColumn]]
+    pk_constraint: Dict[TableKey, Optional[ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint]]
+    foreign_keys: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]]
+    indexes: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedIndex]]
+    # optionals
+    unique_constraints: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]]
+    table_comment: Dict[TableKey, Optional[ReflectedTableComment]]
+    check_constraints: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]]
+    table_options: Dict[TableKey, Dict[str, Any]]
+    unreflectable: Dict[TableKey, exc.UnreflectableTableError]
+
+    def update(self, other: _ReflectionInfo) -> None:
+        for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
+            ov = getattr(other, k)
+            if ov is not None:
+                if v is None:
+                    setattr(self, k, ov)
+                else:
+                    v.update(ov)