two version of R2R are hereHEADmaster

1 files changed, 1511 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pydash/utilities.py b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pydash/utilities.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e55e5d28
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+++ b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pydash/utilities.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1511 @@
+"""
+Utility functions.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from functools import partial, wraps
+import math
+from random import randint, uniform
+import re
+import time
+import typing as t
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, ParamSpec, Protocol, Type
+
+import pydash as pyd
+
+from .helpers import NUMBER_TYPES, UNSET, base_get, callit, getargcount, iterator
+from .types import PathT
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "attempt",
+    "cond",
+    "conforms",
+    "conforms_to",
+    "constant",
+    "default_to",
+    "default_to_any",
+    "identity",
+    "iteratee",
+    "matches",
+    "matches_property",
+    "memoize",
+    "method",
+    "method_of",
+    "noop",
+    "nth_arg",
+    "now",
+    "over",
+    "over_every",
+    "over_some",
+    "properties",
+    "property_",
+    "property_of",
+    "random",
+    "range_",
+    "range_right",
+    "result",
+    "retry",
+    "stub_list",
+    "stub_dict",
+    "stub_false",
+    "stub_string",
+    "stub_true",
+    "times",
+    "to_path",
+    "unique_id",
+)
+
+T = t.TypeVar("T")
+T2 = t.TypeVar("T2")
+CallableT = t.TypeVar("CallableT", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+# These regexes are used in to_path() to parse deep path strings.
+
+# This is used to split a deep path string into dict keys or list indexes. This matches "." as
+# delimiter (unless it is escaped by "//") and "[<integer>]" as delimiter while keeping the
+# "[<integer>]" as an item.
+RE_PATH_KEY_DELIM = re.compile(r"(?<!\\)(?:\\\\)*\.|(\[-?\d+\])")
+
+# Matches on path strings like "[<integer>]". This is used to test whether a path string part is a
+# list index.
+RE_PATH_LIST_INDEX = re.compile(r"^\[-?\d+\]$")
+
+
+ID_COUNTER = 0
+
+PathToken = namedtuple("PathToken", ["key", "default_factory"])
+
+
+def attempt(func: t.Callable[P, T], *args: "P.args", **kwargs: "P.kwargs") -> t.Union[T, Exception]:
+    """
+    Attempts to execute `func`, returning either the result or the caught error object.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to attempt.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns the `func` result or error object.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> results = attempt(lambda x: x / 0, 1)
+        >>> assert isinstance(results, ZeroDivisionError)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.1.0
+    """
+    try:
+        ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
+    except Exception as ex:
+        # allow different type reassignment
+        ret = ex  # type: ignore
+
+    return ret
+
+
+@t.overload
+def cond(
+    pairs: t.List[t.Tuple[t.Callable[P, t.Any], t.Callable[P, T]]],
+    *extra_pairs: t.Tuple[t.Callable[P, t.Any], t.Callable[P, T]],
+) -> t.Callable[P, T]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def cond(
+    pairs: t.List[t.List[t.Callable[P, t.Any]]], *extra_pairs: t.List[t.Callable[P, t.Any]]
+) -> t.Callable[P, t.Any]: ...
+
+
+def cond(pairs, *extra_pairs):
+    """
+    Creates a function that iterates over `pairs` and invokes the corresponding function of the
+    first predicate to return truthy.
+
+    Args:
+        pairs: A list of predicate-function pairs.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns the new composite function.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> func = cond([[matches({'a': 1}), constant('matches A')],\
+                         [matches({'b': 2}), constant('matches B')],\
+                         [stub_true, lambda value: value]])
+        >>> func({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
+        'matches A'
+        >>> func({'a': 0, 'b': 2})
+        'matches B'
+        >>> func({'a': 0, 'b': 0}) == {'a': 0, 'b': 0}
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.2.0
+        Fixed missing argument passing to matched function and added support for passing in a single
+        list of pairs instead of just pairs as separate arguments.
+    """
+    if extra_pairs:
+        pairs = [pairs] + list(extra_pairs)
+
+    for pair in pairs:
+        is_valid = False
+        try:
+            is_valid = len(pair) == 2
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+        if not is_valid:
+            raise ValueError("Each predicate-function pair should contain exactly two elements")
+
+        if not all(map(callable, pair)):
+            raise TypeError("Both predicate-function pair should be callable")
+
+    def _cond(*args):
+        for pair in pairs:
+            predicate, iteratee = pair
+
+            if callit(predicate, *args):
+                return iteratee(*args)
+
+    return _cond
+
+
+@t.overload
+def conforms(source: t.Dict[T, t.Callable[[T2], t.Any]]) -> t.Callable[[t.Dict[T, T2]], bool]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def conforms(source: t.List[t.Callable[[T], t.Any]]) -> t.Callable[[t.List[T]], bool]: ...
+
+
+def conforms(source: t.Union[t.List[t.Any], t.Dict[t.Any, t.Any]]) -> t.Callable[..., t.Any]:
+    """
+    Creates a function that invokes the predicate properties of `source` with the corresponding
+    property values of a given object, returning ``True`` if all predicates return truthy, else
+    ``False``.
+
+    Args:
+        source: The object of property predicates to conform to.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns the new spec function.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> func = conforms({"b": lambda n: n > 1})
+        >>> func({"b": 2})
+        True
+        >>> func({"b": 0})
+        False
+        >>> func = conforms([lambda n: n > 1, lambda n: n == 0])
+        >>> func([2, 0])
+        True
+        >>> func([0, 0])
+        False
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+
+    def _conforms(obj):
+        for key, predicate in iterator(source):
+            if not pyd.has(obj, key) or not predicate(obj[key]):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    return _conforms
+
+
+@t.overload
+def conforms_to(obj: t.Dict[T, T2], source: t.Dict[T, t.Callable[[T2], t.Any]]) -> bool: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def conforms_to(obj: t.List[T], source: t.List[t.Callable[[T], t.Any]]) -> bool: ...
+
+
+def conforms_to(obj, source):
+    """
+    Checks if `obj` conforms to `source` by invoking the predicate properties of `source` with the
+    corresponding property values of `obj`.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The object to inspect.
+        source: The object of property predicates to conform to.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> conforms_to({"b": 2}, {"b": lambda n: n > 1})
+        True
+        >>> conforms_to({"b": 0}, {"b": lambda n: n > 1})
+        False
+        >>> conforms_to([2, 0], [lambda n: n > 1, lambda n: n == 0])
+        True
+        >>> conforms_to([0, 0], [lambda n: n > 1, lambda n: n == 0])
+        False
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+    return conforms(source)(obj)
+
+
+def constant(value: T) -> t.Callable[..., T]:
+    """
+    Creates a function that returns `value`.
+
+    Args:
+        value: Constant value to return.
+
+    Returns:
+        Function that always returns `value`.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> pi = constant(3.14)
+        >>> pi() == 3.14
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.0.0
+        Returned function ignores arguments instead of raising exception.
+    """
+    return partial(identity, value)
+
+
+def default_to(value: t.Union[T, None], default_value: T2) -> t.Union[T, T2]:
+    """
+    Checks `value` to determine whether a default value should be returned in its place. The
+    `default_value` is returned if value is None.
+
+    Args:
+        default_value: Default value passed in by the user.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns `value` if :attr:`value` is given otherwise returns `default_value`.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> default_to(1, 10)
+        1
+        >>> default_to(None, 10)
+        10
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+    return default_to_any(value, default_value)
+
+
+@t.overload
+def default_to_any(value: None, *default_values: None) -> None: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def default_to_any(
+    value: t.Union[T, None],
+    default_value1: None,
+    default_value2: T2,
+) -> t.Union[T, T2]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def default_to_any(
+    value: t.Union[T, None],
+    default_value1: None,
+    default_value2: None,
+    default_value3: T2,
+) -> t.Union[T, T2]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def default_to_any(
+    value: t.Union[T, None],
+    default_value1: None,
+    default_value2: None,
+    default_value3: None,
+    default_value4: T2,
+) -> t.Union[T, T2]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def default_to_any(
+    value: t.Union[T, None],
+    default_value1: None,
+    default_value2: None,
+    default_value3: None,
+    default_value4: None,
+    default_value5: T2,
+) -> t.Union[T, T2]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def default_to_any(value: t.Union[T, None], *default_values: T2) -> t.Union[T, T2]: ...
+
+
+def default_to_any(value, *default_values):
+    """
+    Checks `value` to determine whether a default value should be returned in its place. The first
+    item that is not None of the `default_values` is returned.
+
+    Args:
+        value: Value passed in by the user.
+        *default_values: Default values passed in by the user.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns `value` if :attr:`value` is given otherwise returns the first not None value
+            of `default_values`.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> default_to_any(1, 10, 20)
+        1
+        >>> default_to_any(None, 10, 20)
+        10
+        >>> default_to_any(None, None, 20)
+        20
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.9.0
+    """
+    values = (value,) + default_values
+    for val in values:
+        if val is not None:
+            return val
+
+
+@t.overload
+def identity(arg: T, *args: t.Any) -> T: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def identity(arg: None = None, *args: t.Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+def identity(arg=None, *args):
+    """
+    Return the first argument provided to it.
+
+    Args:
+        *args: Arguments.
+
+    Returns:
+        First argument or ``None``.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> identity(1)
+        1
+        >>> identity(1, 2, 3)
+        1
+        >>> identity() is None
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+    """
+    return arg
+
+
+@t.overload
+def iteratee(func: t.Callable[P, T]) -> t.Callable[P, T]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def iteratee(func: t.Any) -> t.Callable[..., t.Any]: ...
+
+
+def iteratee(func):
+    """
+    Return a pydash style iteratee. If `func` is a property name the created iteratee will return
+    the property value for a given element. If `func` is an object the created iteratee will return
+    ``True`` for elements that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it will return
+    ``False``.
+
+    Args:
+        func: Object to create iteratee function from.
+
+    Returns:
+        Iteratee function.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> get_data = iteratee("data")
+        >>> get_data({"data": [1, 2, 3]})
+        [1, 2, 3]
+        >>> is_active = iteratee({"active": True})
+        >>> is_active({"active": True})
+        True
+        >>> is_active({"active": 0})
+        False
+        >>> iteratee(["a", 5])({"a": 5})
+        True
+        >>> iteratee(["a.b"])({"a.b": 5})
+        5
+        >>> iteratee("a.b")({"a": {"b": 5}})
+        5
+        >>> iteratee(("a", ["c", "d", "e"]))({"a": 1, "c": {"d": {"e": 3}}})
+        [1, 3]
+        >>> iteratee(lambda a, b: a + b)(1, 2)
+        3
+        >>> ident = iteratee(None)
+        >>> ident("a")
+        'a'
+        >>> ident(1, 2, 3)
+        1
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Renamed ``create_iteratee()`` to :func:`iteratee`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
+        Made pluck style iteratee support deep property access.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.1.0
+        - Added support for shallow pluck style property access via single item list/tuple.
+        - Added support for matches property style iteratee via two item list/tuple.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.0.0
+        Removed alias ``callback``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.1.0
+        Return :func:`properties` callback when `func` is a ``tuple``.
+    """
+    if callable(func):
+        cbk = func
+    else:
+        if isinstance(func, int):
+            func = str(func)
+
+        if isinstance(func, str):
+            cbk = property_(func)
+        elif isinstance(func, list) and len(func) == 1:
+            cbk = property_(func)
+        elif isinstance(func, list) and len(func) > 1:
+            cbk = matches_property(*func[:2])
+        elif isinstance(func, tuple):
+            cbk = properties(*func)
+        elif isinstance(func, dict):
+            cbk = matches(func)
+        else:
+            cbk = identity
+
+        # Optimize iteratee by specifying the exact number of arguments the iteratee takes so that
+        # arg inspection (costly process) can be skipped in helpers.callit().
+        cbk._argcount = 1
+
+    return cbk
+
+
+def matches(source: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[t.Any], bool]:
+    """
+    Creates a matches-style predicate function which performs a deep comparison between a given
+    object and the `source` object, returning ``True`` if the given object has equivalent property
+    values, else ``False``.
+
+    Args:
+        source: Source object used for comparision.
+
+    Returns:
+        Function that compares an object to `source` and returns whether the two objects
+            contain the same items.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> matches({"a": {"b": 2}})({"a": {"b": 2, "c": 3}})
+        True
+        >>> matches({"a": 1})({"b": 2, "a": 1})
+        True
+        >>> matches({"a": 1})({"b": 2, "a": 2})
+        False
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
+        Use :func:`pydash.predicates.is_match` as matching function.
+    """
+    return lambda obj: pyd.is_match(obj, source)
+
+
+def matches_property(key: t.Any, value: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[t.Any], bool]:
+    """
+    Creates a function that compares the property value of `key` on a given object to `value`.
+
+    Args:
+        key: Object key to match against.
+        value: Value to compare to.
+
+    Returns:
+        Function that compares `value` to an object's `key` and returns whether they are
+            equal.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> matches_property("a", 1)({"a": 1, "b": 2})
+        True
+        >>> matches_property(0, 1)([1, 2, 3])
+        True
+        >>> matches_property("a", 2)({"a": 1, "b": 2})
+        False
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0
+    """
+    prop_accessor = property_(key)
+    return lambda obj: matches(value)(prop_accessor(obj))
+
+
+class MemoizedFunc(Protocol[P, T, T2]):
+    cache: t.Dict[T2, T]
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T: ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+@t.overload
+def memoize(func: t.Callable[P, T], resolver: None = None) -> MemoizedFunc[P, T, str]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def memoize(
+    func: t.Callable[P, T], resolver: t.Union[t.Callable[P, T2], None] = None
+) -> MemoizedFunc[P, T, T2]: ...
+
+
+def memoize(func, resolver=None):
+    """
+    Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is provided it will be used
+    to determine the cache key for storing the result based on the arguments provided to the
+    memoized function. By default, all arguments provided to the memoized function are used as the
+    cache key. The result cache is exposed as the cache property on the memoized function.
+
+    Args:
+        func: Function to memoize.
+        resolver: Function that returns the cache key to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Memoized function.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> ident = memoize(identity)
+        >>> ident(1)
+        1
+        >>> ident.cache["(1,){}"] == 1
+        True
+        >>> ident(1, 2, 3)
+        1
+        >>> ident.cache["(1, 2, 3){}"] == 1
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+    """
+
+    def memoized(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs):
+        if resolver:
+            key = resolver(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            key = f"{args}{kwargs}"
+
+        if key not in memoized.cache:  # type: ignore
+            memoized.cache[key] = func(*args, **kwargs)  # type:ignore
+
+        return memoized.cache[key]  # type: ignore
+
+    memoized.cache = {}
+
+    return memoized
+
+
+def method(path: PathT, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[..., t.Any]:
+    """
+    Creates a function that invokes the method at `path` on a given object. Any additional arguments
+    are provided to the invoked method.
+
+    Args:
+        path: Object path of method to invoke.
+        *args: Global arguments to apply to method when invoked.
+        **kwargs: Global keyword argument to apply to method when invoked.
+
+    Returns:
+        Function that invokes method located at path for object.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> obj = {"a": {"b": [None, lambda x: x]}}
+        >>> echo = method("a.b.1")
+        >>> echo(obj, 1) == 1
+        True
+        >>> echo(obj, "one") == "one"
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0
+    """
+
+    def _method(obj, *_args, **_kwargs):
+        func = pyd.partial(pyd.get(obj, path), *args, **kwargs)
+        return func(*_args, **_kwargs)
+
+    return _method
+
+
+def method_of(obj: t.Any, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[..., t.Any]:
+    """
+    The opposite of :func:`method`. This method creates a function that invokes the method at a
+    given path on object. Any additional arguments are provided to the invoked method.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The object to query.
+        *args: Global arguments to apply to method when invoked.
+        **kwargs: Global keyword argument to apply to method when invoked.
+
+    Returns:
+        Function that invokes method located at path for object.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> obj = {"a": {"b": [None, lambda x: x]}}
+        >>> dispatch = method_of(obj)
+        >>> dispatch("a.b.1", 1) == 1
+        True
+        >>> dispatch("a.b.1", "one") == "one"
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0
+    """
+
+    def _method_of(path, *_args, **_kwargs):
+        func = pyd.partial(pyd.get(obj, path), *args, **kwargs)
+        return func(*_args, **_kwargs)
+
+    return _method_of
+
+
+def noop(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+    """
+    A no-operation function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+def nth_arg(pos: int = 0) -> t.Callable[..., t.Any]:
+    """
+    Creates a function that gets the argument at index n. If n is negative, the nth argument from
+    the end is returned.
+
+    Args:
+        pos: The index of the argument to return.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns the new pass-thru function.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> func = nth_arg(1)
+        >>> func(11, 22, 33, 44)
+        22
+        >>> func = nth_arg(-1)
+        >>> func(11, 22, 33, 44)
+        44
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+
+    def _nth_arg(*args):
+        try:
+            position = math.ceil(float(pos))
+        except ValueError:
+            position = 0
+
+        return pyd.get(args, position)
+
+    return _nth_arg
+
+
+def now() -> int:
+    """
+    Return the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch (1 January 1970
+    00:00:00 UTC).
+
+    Returns:
+        Milliseconds since Unix epoch.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
+        Use ``datetime`` module for calculating elapsed time.
+    """
+    epoch = datetime.fromtimestamp(0, timezone.utc)
+    delta = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - epoch
+    return int(delta.total_seconds() * 1000)
+
+
+def over(funcs: t.Iterable[t.Callable[P, T]]) -> t.Callable[P, t.List[T]]:
+    """
+    Creates a function that invokes all functions in `funcs` with the arguments it receives and
+    returns their results.
+
+    Args:
+        funcs: List of functions to be invoked.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns the new pass-thru function.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> func = over([max, min])
+        >>> func(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        [4, 1]
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+
+    def _over(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> t.List[T]:
+        return [func(*args, **kwargs) for func in funcs]
+
+    return _over
+
+
+def over_every(funcs: t.Iterable[t.Callable[P, t.Any]]) -> t.Callable[P, bool]:
+    """
+    Creates a function that checks if all the functions in `funcs` return truthy when invoked with
+    the arguments it receives.
+
+    Args:
+        funcs: List of functions to be invoked.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns the new pass-thru function.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> func = over_every([bool, lambda x: x is not None])
+        >>> func(1)
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+
+    def _over_every(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> bool:
+        return all(func(*args, **kwargs) for func in funcs)
+
+    return _over_every
+
+
+def over_some(funcs: t.Iterable[t.Callable[P, t.Any]]) -> t.Callable[P, bool]:
+    """
+    Creates a function that checks if any of the functions in `funcs` return truthy when invoked
+    with the arguments it receives.
+
+    Args:
+        funcs: List of functions to be invoked.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns the new pass-thru function.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> func = over_some([bool, lambda x: x is None])
+        >>> func(1)
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+
+    def _over_some(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> bool:
+        return any(func(*args, **kwargs) for func in funcs)
+
+    return _over_some
+
+
+def property_(path: PathT) -> t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]:
+    """
+    Creates a function that returns the value at path of a given object.
+
+    Args:
+        path: Path value to fetch from object.
+
+    Returns:
+        Function that returns object's path value.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> get_data = property_("data")
+        >>> get_data({"data": 1})
+        1
+        >>> get_data({}) is None
+        True
+        >>> get_first = property_(0)
+        >>> get_first([1, 2, 3])
+        1
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.0.1
+        Made property accessor work with deep path strings.
+    """
+    return lambda obj: pyd.get(obj, path)
+
+
+def properties(*paths: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]:
+    """
+    Like :func:`property_` except that it returns a list of values at each path in `paths`.
+
+    Args:
+        *path: Path values to fetch from object.
+
+    Returns:
+        Function that returns object's path value.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> getter = properties("a", "b", ["c", "d", "e"])
+        >>> getter({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": {"d": {"e": 3}}})
+        [1, 2, 3]
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.1.0
+    """
+    return lambda obj: [getter(obj) for getter in (pyd.property_(path) for path in paths)]
+
+
+def property_of(obj: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[PathT], t.Any]:
+    """
+    The inverse of :func:`property_`. This method creates a function that returns the key value of a
+    given key on `obj`.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: Object to fetch values from.
+
+    Returns:
+        Function that returns object's key value.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> getter = property_of({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3})
+        >>> getter("a")
+        1
+        >>> getter("b")
+        2
+        >>> getter("x") is None
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.0.0
+        Removed alias ``prop_of``.
+    """
+    return lambda key: pyd.get(obj, key)
+
+
+@t.overload
+def random(start: int = 0, stop: int = 1, *, floating: Literal[False] = False) -> int: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def random(start: float, stop: int = 1, floating: bool = False) -> float: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def random(start: int = 0, *, stop: float, floating: bool = False) -> float: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def random(start: float, stop: float, floating: bool = False) -> float: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def random(
+    start: t.Union[float, int] = 0, stop: t.Union[float, int] = 1, *, floating: Literal[True]
+) -> float: ...
+
+
+def random(start: t.Union[float, int] = 0, stop: t.Union[float, int] = 1, floating: bool = False):
+    """
+    Produces a random number between `start` and `stop` (inclusive). If only one argument is
+    provided a number between 0 and the given number will be returned. If floating is truthy or
+    either `start` or `stop` are floats a floating-point number will be returned instead of an
+    integer.
+
+    Args:
+        start: Minimum value.
+        stop: Maximum value.
+        floating: Whether to force random value to ``float``. Defaults to
+            ``False``.
+
+    Returns:
+        Random value.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> 0 <= random() <= 1
+        True
+        >>> 5 <= random(5, 10) <= 10
+        True
+        >>> isinstance(random(floating=True), float)
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+    """
+    floating = isinstance(start, float) or isinstance(stop, float) or floating is True
+
+    if stop < start:
+        stop, start = start, stop
+
+    if floating:
+        rnd = uniform(start, stop)
+    else:
+        rnd = randint(start, stop)  # type: ignore
+
+    return rnd
+
+
+@t.overload
+def range_(stop: int) -> t.Generator[int, None, None]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def range_(start: int, stop: int, step: int = 1) -> t.Generator[int, None, None]: ...
+
+
+def range_(*args):
+    """
+    Creates a list of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from start up to but not
+    including end. If `start` is less than `stop`, a zero-length range is created unless a negative
+    `step` is specified.
+
+    Args:
+        start: Integer to start with. Defaults to ``0``.
+        stop: Integer to stop at.
+        step: The value to increment or decrement by. Defaults to ``1``.
+
+    Yields:
+        Next integer in range.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> list(range_(5))
+        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+        >>> list(range_(1, 4))
+        [1, 2, 3]
+        >>> list(range_(0, 6, 2))
+        [0, 2, 4]
+        >>> list(range_(4, 1))
+        [4, 3, 2]
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.1.0
+        Moved to :mod:`pydash.uilities`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
+        Return generator instead of list.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.0.0
+        Support decrementing when start argument is greater than stop argument.
+    """
+    return base_range(*args)
+
+
+@t.overload
+def range_right(stop: int) -> t.Generator[int, None, None]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def range_right(start: int, stop: int, step: int = 1) -> t.Generator[int, None, None]: ...
+
+
+def range_right(*args):
+    """
+    Similar to :func:`range_`, except that it populates the values in descending order.
+
+    Args:
+        start: Integer to start with. Defaults to ``0``.
+        stop: Integer to stop at.
+        step: The value to increment or decrement by. Defaults to ``1`` if `start`
+            < `stop` else ``-1``.
+
+    Yields:
+        Next integer in range.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> list(range_right(5))
+        [4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
+        >>> list(range_right(1, 4))
+        [3, 2, 1]
+        >>> list(range_right(0, 6, 2))
+        [4, 2, 0]
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+    return base_range(*args, from_right=True)
+
+
+# TODO
+@t.overload
+def result(obj: None, key: t.Any, default: None = None) -> None: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def result(obj: None, key: t.Any, default: T) -> T: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def result(obj: t.Any, key: t.Any, default: t.Any = None) -> t.Any: ...
+
+
+def result(obj, key, default=None):
+    """
+    Return the value of property `key` on `obj`. If `key` value is a function it will be invoked and
+    its result returned, else the property value is returned. If `obj` is falsey then `default` is
+    returned.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: Object to retrieve result from.
+        key: Key or index to get result from.
+        default: Default value to return if `obj` is falsey. Defaults to ``None``.
+
+    Returns:
+        Result of ``obj[key]`` or ``None``.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> result({"a": 1, "b": lambda: 2}, "a")
+        1
+        >>> result({"a": 1, "b": lambda: 2}, "b")
+        2
+        >>> result({"a": 1, "b": lambda: 2}, "c") is None
+        True
+        >>> result({"a": 1, "b": lambda: 2}, "c", default=False)
+        False
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Added ``default`` argument.
+    """
+    if not obj:
+        return default
+
+    ret = base_get(obj, key, default=default)
+
+    if callable(ret):
+        ret = ret()
+
+    return ret
+
+
+def retry(
+    attempts: int = 3,
+    delay: t.Union[int, float] = 0.5,
+    max_delay: t.Union[int, float] = 150.0,
+    scale: t.Union[int, float] = 2.0,
+    jitter: t.Union[int, float, t.Tuple[t.Union[int, float], t.Union[int, float]]] = 0,
+    exceptions: t.Iterable[Type[Exception]] = (Exception,),
+    on_exception: t.Union[t.Callable[[Exception, int], t.Any], None] = None,
+) -> t.Callable[[CallableT], CallableT]:
+    """
+    Decorator that retries a function multiple times if it raises an exception with an optional
+    delay between each attempt.
+
+    When a `delay` is supplied, there will be a sleep period in between retry
+    attempts. The first delay time will always be equal to `delay`. After
+    subsequent retries, the delay time will be scaled by `scale` up to
+    `max_delay`. If `max_delay` is ``0``, then `delay` can increase unbounded.
+
+    Args:
+        attempts: Number of retry attempts. Defaults to ``3``.
+        delay: Base amount of seconds to sleep between retry attempts.
+            Defaults to ``0.5``.
+        max_delay: Maximum number of seconds to sleep between retries. Is
+            ignored when equal to ``0``. Defaults to ``150.0`` (2.5 minutes).
+        scale: Scale factor to increase `delay` after first retry fails.
+            Defaults to ``2.0``.
+        jitter: Random jitter to add to `delay` time. Can be a positive
+            number or 2-item tuple of numbers representing the random range to choose from. When a
+            number is given, the random range will be from ``[0, jitter]``. When jitter is a float
+            or contains a float, then a random float will be chosen; otherwise, a random integer
+            will be selected. Defaults to ``0`` which disables jitter.
+        exceptions: Tuple of exceptions that trigger a retry attempt. Exceptions
+            not in the tuple will be ignored. Defaults to ``(Exception,)`` (all exceptions).
+        on_exception: Function that is called when a retryable exception is
+            caught. It is invoked with ``on_exception(exc, attempt)`` where ``exc`` is the caught
+            exception and ``attempt`` is the attempt count. All arguments are optional. Defaults to
+            ``None``.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> @retry(attempts=3, delay=0)
+        ... def do_something():
+        ...     print("something")
+        ...     raise Exception("something went wrong")
+        >>> try:
+        ...     do_something()
+        ... except Exception:
+        ...     print("caught something")
+        something
+        something
+        something
+        caught something
+
+    ..versionadded:: 4.4.0
+
+    ..versionchanged:: 4.5.0
+        Added ``jitter`` argument.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(attempts, int) or attempts <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("attempts must be an integer greater than 0")
+
+    if not isinstance(delay, NUMBER_TYPES) or delay < 0:
+        raise ValueError("delay must be a number greater than or equal to 0")
+
+    if not isinstance(max_delay, NUMBER_TYPES) or max_delay < 0:
+        raise ValueError("scale must be a number greater than or equal to 0")
+
+    if not isinstance(scale, NUMBER_TYPES) or scale <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("scale must be a number greater than 0")
+
+    if (
+        not isinstance(jitter, NUMBER_TYPES + (tuple,))
+        or (isinstance(jitter, NUMBER_TYPES) and jitter < 0)
+        or (
+            isinstance(jitter, tuple)
+            and (len(jitter) != 2 or not all(isinstance(jit, NUMBER_TYPES) for jit in jitter))
+        )
+    ):
+        raise ValueError("jitter must be a number greater than 0 or a 2-item tuple of numbers")
+
+    if not isinstance(exceptions, tuple) or not all(
+        issubclass(exc, Exception) for exc in exceptions
+    ):
+        raise TypeError("exceptions must be a tuple of Exception types")
+
+    if on_exception and not callable(on_exception):
+        raise TypeError("on_exception must be a callable")
+
+    if jitter and not isinstance(jitter, tuple):
+        jitter = (0, jitter)
+
+    on_exc_argcount = getargcount(on_exception, maxargs=2) if on_exception else None
+
+    def decorator(func):
+        @wraps(func)
+        def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
+            delay_time = delay
+
+            for attempt in range(1, attempts + 1):
+                # pylint: disable=catching-non-exception
+                try:
+                    return func(*args, **kwargs)
+                except exceptions as exc:
+                    if on_exception:
+                        callit(on_exception, exc, attempt, argcount=on_exc_argcount)
+
+                    if attempt == attempts:
+                        raise
+
+                    if jitter:
+                        delay_time += max(0, random(*jitter))
+
+                    if delay_time < 0:  # pragma: no cover
+                        continue
+
+                    if max_delay:
+                        delay_time = min(delay_time, max_delay)
+
+                    time.sleep(delay_time)
+
+                    # Scale after first iteration.
+                    delay_time *= scale
+
+        return decorated
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def stub_list() -> t.List[t.Any]:
+    """
+    Returns empty "list".
+
+    Returns:
+        Empty list.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> stub_list()
+        []
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+    return []
+
+
+def stub_dict() -> t.Dict[t.Any, t.Any]:
+    """
+    Returns empty "dict".
+
+    Returns:
+        Empty dict.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> stub_dict()
+        {}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+    return {}
+
+
+def stub_false() -> Literal[False]:
+    """
+    Returns ``False``.
+
+    Returns:
+        False
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> stub_false()
+        False
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+    return False
+
+
+def stub_string() -> str:
+    """
+    Returns an empty string.
+
+    Returns:
+        Empty string
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> stub_string()
+        ''
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+    return ""
+
+
+def stub_true() -> Literal[True]:
+    """
+    Returns ``True``.
+
+    Returns:
+        True
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> stub_true()
+        True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+    """
+    return True
+
+
+@t.overload
+def times(n: int, iteratee: t.Callable[..., T]) -> t.List[T]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def times(n: int, iteratee: None = None) -> t.List[int]: ...
+
+
+def times(n: int, iteratee=None):
+    """
+    Executes the iteratee `n` times, returning a list of the results of each iteratee execution. The
+    iteratee is invoked with one argument: ``(index)``.
+
+    Args:
+        n: Number of times to execute `iteratee`.
+        iteratee: Function to execute.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of results from calling `iteratee`.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> times(5, lambda i: i)
+        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
+        Reordered arguments to make `iteratee` first.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.0.0
+
+        - Re-reordered arguments to make `iteratee` last argument.
+        - Added functionality for handling `iteratee` with zero positional arguments.
+    """
+    if iteratee is None:
+        iteratee = identity
+        argcount = 1
+    else:
+        argcount = getargcount(iteratee, maxargs=1)
+
+    return [callit(iteratee, index, argcount=argcount) for index in range(n)]
+
+
+def to_path(value: PathT) -> t.List[t.Hashable]:
+    """
+    Converts values to a property path array.
+
+    Args:
+        value: Value to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns the new property path array.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> to_path("a.b.c")
+        ['a', 'b', 'c']
+        >>> to_path("a[0].b.c")
+        ['a', 0, 'b', 'c']
+        >>> to_path("a[0][1][2].b.c")
+        ['a', 0, 1, 2, 'b', 'c']
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.2.1
+        Ensure returned path is always a list.
+    """
+    path = [token.key for token in to_path_tokens(value)]
+    return path
+
+
+def unique_id(prefix: t.Union[str, None] = None) -> str:
+    """
+    Generates a unique ID. If `prefix` is provided the ID will be appended to  it.
+
+    Args:
+        prefix: String prefix to prepend to ID value.
+
+    Returns:
+        ID value.
+
+    Example:
+
+        >>> unique_id()
+        '1'
+        >>> unique_id("id_")
+        'id_2'
+        >>> unique_id()
+        '3'
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+    """
+    # pylint: disable=global-statement
+    global ID_COUNTER  # noqa: PLW0603
+    ID_COUNTER += 1
+
+    if prefix is None:
+        prefix = ""
+    else:
+        prefix = pyd.to_string(prefix)
+    return f"{prefix}{ID_COUNTER}"
+
+
+#
+# Helper functions not a part of main API
+#
+
+
+def _maybe_list_index(key):
+    if isinstance(key, int):
+        return key
+    if pyd.is_string(key) and RE_PATH_LIST_INDEX.match(key):
+        return int(key[1:-1])
+    return None
+
+
+def _to_path_token(key) -> PathToken:
+    list_index = _maybe_list_index(key)
+    if list_index is not None:
+        return PathToken(list_index, default_factory=list)
+    return PathToken(
+        unescape_path_key(key) if pyd.is_string(key) else key,
+        default_factory=dict,
+    )
+
+
+def to_path_tokens(value) -> t.List[PathToken]:
+    """Parse `value` into :class:`PathToken` objects."""
+    if pyd.is_string(value) and ("." in value or "[" in value):
+        # Since we can't tell whether a bare number is supposed to be dict key or a list index, we
+        # support a special syntax where any string-integer surrounded by brackets is treated as a
+        # list index and converted to an integer.
+        keys = [_to_path_token(key) for key in filter(None, RE_PATH_KEY_DELIM.split(value))]
+    elif pyd.is_string(value) or pyd.is_number(value):
+        keys = [PathToken(value, default_factory=dict)]
+    elif value is UNSET:
+        keys = []
+    elif pyd.is_list(value):
+        keys = [_to_path_token(key) for key in value]
+    else:
+        keys = [_to_path_token(value)]
+
+    return keys
+
+
+def unescape_path_key(key):
+    """Unescape path key."""
+    key = key.replace(r"\\", "\\")
+    key = key.replace(r"\.", r".")
+    return key
+
+
+def base_range(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Yield range values."""
+    from_right = kwargs.get("from_right", False)
+
+    if len(args) >= 3:
+        args = args[:3]
+    elif len(args) == 2:
+        args = (args[0], args[1], None)
+    elif len(args) == 1:
+        args = (0, args[0], None)
+
+    if args and args[2] is None:
+        check_args = args[:2]
+    else:
+        check_args = args
+
+    for arg in check_args:
+        if not isinstance(arg, int):  # pragma: no cover
+            raise TypeError(f"range cannot interpret {type(arg).__name__!r} object as an integer")
+
+    def gen():
+        if not args:
+            return
+
+        start, stop, step = args
+
+        if step is None:
+            step = 1 if start < stop else -1
+
+        length = int(max([math.ceil((stop - start) / (step or 1)), 0]))
+
+        if from_right:
+            start += (step * length) - step
+            step *= -1
+
+        while length:
+            yield start
+
+            start += step
+            length -= 1
+
+    return gen()