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authorS. Solomon Darnell2025-03-28 21:52:21 -0500
committerS. Solomon Darnell2025-03-28 21:52:21 -0500
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+"""Shortest paths and path lengths using the A* ("A star") algorithm."""
+
+from heapq import heappop, heappush
+from itertools import count
+
+import networkx as nx
+from networkx.algorithms.shortest_paths.weighted import _weight_function
+
+__all__ = ["astar_path", "astar_path_length"]
+
+
+@nx._dispatchable(edge_attrs="weight", preserve_node_attrs="heuristic")
+def astar_path(G, source, target, heuristic=None, weight="weight", *, cutoff=None):
+    """Returns a list of nodes in a shortest path between source and target
+    using the A* ("A-star") algorithm.
+
+    There may be more than one shortest path.  This returns only one.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : NetworkX graph
+
+    source : node
+       Starting node for path
+
+    target : node
+       Ending node for path
+
+    heuristic : function
+       A function to evaluate the estimate of the distance
+       from the a node to the target.  The function takes
+       two nodes arguments and must return a number.
+       If the heuristic is inadmissible (if it might
+       overestimate the cost of reaching the goal from a node),
+       the result may not be a shortest path.
+       The algorithm does not support updating heuristic
+       values for the same node due to caching the first
+       heuristic calculation per node.
+
+    weight : string or function
+       If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the
+       edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge
+       joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no
+       such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to
+       be one.
+       If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value
+       returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three
+       positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the
+       dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must
+       return a number or None to indicate a hidden edge.
+
+    cutoff : float, optional
+       If this is provided, the search will be bounded to this value. I.e. if
+       the evaluation function surpasses this value for a node n, the node will not
+       be expanded further and will be ignored. More formally, let h'(n) be the
+       heuristic function, and g(n) be the cost of reaching n from the source node. Then,
+       if g(n) + h'(n) > cutoff, the node will not be explored further.
+       Note that if the heuristic is inadmissible, it is possible that paths
+       are ignored even though they satisfy the cutoff.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    NetworkXNoPath
+        If no path exists between source and target.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
+    >>> print(nx.astar_path(G, 0, 4))
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+    >>> G = nx.grid_graph(dim=[3, 3])  # nodes are two-tuples (x,y)
+    >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, {e: e[1][0] * 2 for e in G.edges()}, "cost")
+    >>> def dist(a, b):
+    ...     (x1, y1) = a
+    ...     (x2, y2) = b
+    ...     return ((x1 - x2) ** 2 + (y1 - y2) ** 2) ** 0.5
+    >>> print(nx.astar_path(G, (0, 0), (2, 2), heuristic=dist, weight="cost"))
+    [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 2)]
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Edge weight attributes must be numerical.
+    Distances are calculated as sums of weighted edges traversed.
+
+    The weight function can be used to hide edges by returning None.
+    So ``weight = lambda u, v, d: 1 if d['color']=="red" else None``
+    will find the shortest red path.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    shortest_path, dijkstra_path
+
+    """
+    if source not in G:
+        raise nx.NodeNotFound(f"Source {source} is not in G")
+
+    if target not in G:
+        raise nx.NodeNotFound(f"Target {target} is not in G")
+
+    if heuristic is None:
+        # The default heuristic is h=0 - same as Dijkstra's algorithm
+        def heuristic(u, v):
+            return 0
+
+    push = heappush
+    pop = heappop
+    weight = _weight_function(G, weight)
+
+    G_succ = G._adj  # For speed-up (and works for both directed and undirected graphs)
+
+    # The queue stores priority, node, cost to reach, and parent.
+    # Uses Python heapq to keep in priority order.
+    # Add a counter to the queue to prevent the underlying heap from
+    # attempting to compare the nodes themselves. The hash breaks ties in the
+    # priority and is guaranteed unique for all nodes in the graph.
+    c = count()
+    queue = [(0, next(c), source, 0, None)]
+
+    # Maps enqueued nodes to distance of discovered paths and the
+    # computed heuristics to target. We avoid computing the heuristics
+    # more than once and inserting the node into the queue too many times.
+    enqueued = {}
+    # Maps explored nodes to parent closest to the source.
+    explored = {}
+
+    while queue:
+        # Pop the smallest item from queue.
+        _, __, curnode, dist, parent = pop(queue)
+
+        if curnode == target:
+            path = [curnode]
+            node = parent
+            while node is not None:
+                path.append(node)
+                node = explored[node]
+            path.reverse()
+            return path
+
+        if curnode in explored:
+            # Do not override the parent of starting node
+            if explored[curnode] is None:
+                continue
+
+            # Skip bad paths that were enqueued before finding a better one
+            qcost, h = enqueued[curnode]
+            if qcost < dist:
+                continue
+
+        explored[curnode] = parent
+
+        for neighbor, w in G_succ[curnode].items():
+            cost = weight(curnode, neighbor, w)
+            if cost is None:
+                continue
+            ncost = dist + cost
+            if neighbor in enqueued:
+                qcost, h = enqueued[neighbor]
+                # if qcost <= ncost, a less costly path from the
+                # neighbor to the source was already determined.
+                # Therefore, we won't attempt to push this neighbor
+                # to the queue
+                if qcost <= ncost:
+                    continue
+            else:
+                h = heuristic(neighbor, target)
+
+            if cutoff and ncost + h > cutoff:
+                continue
+
+            enqueued[neighbor] = ncost, h
+            push(queue, (ncost + h, next(c), neighbor, ncost, curnode))
+
+    raise nx.NetworkXNoPath(f"Node {target} not reachable from {source}")
+
+
+@nx._dispatchable(edge_attrs="weight", preserve_node_attrs="heuristic")
+def astar_path_length(
+    G, source, target, heuristic=None, weight="weight", *, cutoff=None
+):
+    """Returns the length of the shortest path between source and target using
+    the A* ("A-star") algorithm.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : NetworkX graph
+
+    source : node
+       Starting node for path
+
+    target : node
+       Ending node for path
+
+    heuristic : function
+       A function to evaluate the estimate of the distance
+       from the a node to the target.  The function takes
+       two nodes arguments and must return a number.
+       If the heuristic is inadmissible (if it might
+       overestimate the cost of reaching the goal from a node),
+       the result may not be a shortest path.
+       The algorithm does not support updating heuristic
+       values for the same node due to caching the first
+       heuristic calculation per node.
+
+    weight : string or function
+       If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the
+       edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge
+       joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no
+       such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to
+       be one.
+       If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value
+       returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three
+       positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the
+       dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must
+       return a number or None to indicate a hidden edge.
+
+    cutoff : float, optional
+       If this is provided, the search will be bounded to this value. I.e. if
+       the evaluation function surpasses this value for a node n, the node will not
+       be expanded further and will be ignored. More formally, let h'(n) be the
+       heuristic function, and g(n) be the cost of reaching n from the source node. Then,
+       if g(n) + h'(n) > cutoff, the node will not be explored further.
+       Note that if the heuristic is inadmissible, it is possible that paths
+       are ignored even though they satisfy the cutoff.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    NetworkXNoPath
+        If no path exists between source and target.
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    astar_path
+
+    """
+    if source not in G or target not in G:
+        msg = f"Either source {source} or target {target} is not in G"
+        raise nx.NodeNotFound(msg)
+
+    weight = _weight_function(G, weight)
+    path = astar_path(G, source, target, heuristic, weight, cutoff=cutoff)
+    return sum(weight(u, v, G[u][v]) for u, v in zip(path[:-1], path[1:]))