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authorS. Solomon Darnell2025-03-28 21:52:21 -0500
committerS. Solomon Darnell2025-03-28 21:52:21 -0500
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+"""Shortest paths and path lengths using the A* ("A star") algorithm."""
+
+from heapq import heappop, heappush
+from itertools import count
+
+import networkx as nx
+from networkx.algorithms.shortest_paths.weighted import _weight_function
+
+__all__ = ["astar_path", "astar_path_length"]
+
+
+@nx._dispatchable(edge_attrs="weight", preserve_node_attrs="heuristic")
+def astar_path(G, source, target, heuristic=None, weight="weight", *, cutoff=None):
+ """Returns a list of nodes in a shortest path between source and target
+ using the A* ("A-star") algorithm.
+
+ There may be more than one shortest path. This returns only one.
+
+ Parameters
+ ----------
+ G : NetworkX graph
+
+ source : node
+ Starting node for path
+
+ target : node
+ Ending node for path
+
+ heuristic : function
+ A function to evaluate the estimate of the distance
+ from the a node to the target. The function takes
+ two nodes arguments and must return a number.
+ If the heuristic is inadmissible (if it might
+ overestimate the cost of reaching the goal from a node),
+ the result may not be a shortest path.
+ The algorithm does not support updating heuristic
+ values for the same node due to caching the first
+ heuristic calculation per node.
+
+ weight : string or function
+ If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the
+ edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge
+ joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no
+ such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to
+ be one.
+ If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value
+ returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three
+ positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the
+ dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must
+ return a number or None to indicate a hidden edge.
+
+ cutoff : float, optional
+ If this is provided, the search will be bounded to this value. I.e. if
+ the evaluation function surpasses this value for a node n, the node will not
+ be expanded further and will be ignored. More formally, let h'(n) be the
+ heuristic function, and g(n) be the cost of reaching n from the source node. Then,
+ if g(n) + h'(n) > cutoff, the node will not be explored further.
+ Note that if the heuristic is inadmissible, it is possible that paths
+ are ignored even though they satisfy the cutoff.
+
+ Raises
+ ------
+ NetworkXNoPath
+ If no path exists between source and target.
+
+ Examples
+ --------
+ >>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
+ >>> print(nx.astar_path(G, 0, 4))
+ [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+ >>> G = nx.grid_graph(dim=[3, 3]) # nodes are two-tuples (x,y)
+ >>> nx.set_edge_attributes(G, {e: e[1][0] * 2 for e in G.edges()}, "cost")
+ >>> def dist(a, b):
+ ... (x1, y1) = a
+ ... (x2, y2) = b
+ ... return ((x1 - x2) ** 2 + (y1 - y2) ** 2) ** 0.5
+ >>> print(nx.astar_path(G, (0, 0), (2, 2), heuristic=dist, weight="cost"))
+ [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (2, 2)]
+
+ Notes
+ -----
+ Edge weight attributes must be numerical.
+ Distances are calculated as sums of weighted edges traversed.
+
+ The weight function can be used to hide edges by returning None.
+ So ``weight = lambda u, v, d: 1 if d['color']=="red" else None``
+ will find the shortest red path.
+
+ See Also
+ --------
+ shortest_path, dijkstra_path
+
+ """
+ if source not in G:
+ raise nx.NodeNotFound(f"Source {source} is not in G")
+
+ if target not in G:
+ raise nx.NodeNotFound(f"Target {target} is not in G")
+
+ if heuristic is None:
+ # The default heuristic is h=0 - same as Dijkstra's algorithm
+ def heuristic(u, v):
+ return 0
+
+ push = heappush
+ pop = heappop
+ weight = _weight_function(G, weight)
+
+ G_succ = G._adj # For speed-up (and works for both directed and undirected graphs)
+
+ # The queue stores priority, node, cost to reach, and parent.
+ # Uses Python heapq to keep in priority order.
+ # Add a counter to the queue to prevent the underlying heap from
+ # attempting to compare the nodes themselves. The hash breaks ties in the
+ # priority and is guaranteed unique for all nodes in the graph.
+ c = count()
+ queue = [(0, next(c), source, 0, None)]
+
+ # Maps enqueued nodes to distance of discovered paths and the
+ # computed heuristics to target. We avoid computing the heuristics
+ # more than once and inserting the node into the queue too many times.
+ enqueued = {}
+ # Maps explored nodes to parent closest to the source.
+ explored = {}
+
+ while queue:
+ # Pop the smallest item from queue.
+ _, __, curnode, dist, parent = pop(queue)
+
+ if curnode == target:
+ path = [curnode]
+ node = parent
+ while node is not None:
+ path.append(node)
+ node = explored[node]
+ path.reverse()
+ return path
+
+ if curnode in explored:
+ # Do not override the parent of starting node
+ if explored[curnode] is None:
+ continue
+
+ # Skip bad paths that were enqueued before finding a better one
+ qcost, h = enqueued[curnode]
+ if qcost < dist:
+ continue
+
+ explored[curnode] = parent
+
+ for neighbor, w in G_succ[curnode].items():
+ cost = weight(curnode, neighbor, w)
+ if cost is None:
+ continue
+ ncost = dist + cost
+ if neighbor in enqueued:
+ qcost, h = enqueued[neighbor]
+ # if qcost <= ncost, a less costly path from the
+ # neighbor to the source was already determined.
+ # Therefore, we won't attempt to push this neighbor
+ # to the queue
+ if qcost <= ncost:
+ continue
+ else:
+ h = heuristic(neighbor, target)
+
+ if cutoff and ncost + h > cutoff:
+ continue
+
+ enqueued[neighbor] = ncost, h
+ push(queue, (ncost + h, next(c), neighbor, ncost, curnode))
+
+ raise nx.NetworkXNoPath(f"Node {target} not reachable from {source}")
+
+
+@nx._dispatchable(edge_attrs="weight", preserve_node_attrs="heuristic")
+def astar_path_length(
+ G, source, target, heuristic=None, weight="weight", *, cutoff=None
+):
+ """Returns the length of the shortest path between source and target using
+ the A* ("A-star") algorithm.
+
+ Parameters
+ ----------
+ G : NetworkX graph
+
+ source : node
+ Starting node for path
+
+ target : node
+ Ending node for path
+
+ heuristic : function
+ A function to evaluate the estimate of the distance
+ from the a node to the target. The function takes
+ two nodes arguments and must return a number.
+ If the heuristic is inadmissible (if it might
+ overestimate the cost of reaching the goal from a node),
+ the result may not be a shortest path.
+ The algorithm does not support updating heuristic
+ values for the same node due to caching the first
+ heuristic calculation per node.
+
+ weight : string or function
+ If this is a string, then edge weights will be accessed via the
+ edge attribute with this key (that is, the weight of the edge
+ joining `u` to `v` will be ``G.edges[u, v][weight]``). If no
+ such edge attribute exists, the weight of the edge is assumed to
+ be one.
+ If this is a function, the weight of an edge is the value
+ returned by the function. The function must accept exactly three
+ positional arguments: the two endpoints of an edge and the
+ dictionary of edge attributes for that edge. The function must
+ return a number or None to indicate a hidden edge.
+
+ cutoff : float, optional
+ If this is provided, the search will be bounded to this value. I.e. if
+ the evaluation function surpasses this value for a node n, the node will not
+ be expanded further and will be ignored. More formally, let h'(n) be the
+ heuristic function, and g(n) be the cost of reaching n from the source node. Then,
+ if g(n) + h'(n) > cutoff, the node will not be explored further.
+ Note that if the heuristic is inadmissible, it is possible that paths
+ are ignored even though they satisfy the cutoff.
+
+ Raises
+ ------
+ NetworkXNoPath
+ If no path exists between source and target.
+
+ See Also
+ --------
+ astar_path
+
+ """
+ if source not in G or target not in G:
+ msg = f"Either source {source} or target {target} is not in G"
+ raise nx.NodeNotFound(msg)
+
+ weight = _weight_function(G, weight)
+ path = astar_path(G, source, target, heuristic, weight, cutoff=cutoff)
+ return sum(weight(u, v, G[u][v]) for u, v in zip(path[:-1], path[1:]))