two version of R2R are hereHEADmaster

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diff --git a/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/lxml/objectify.pyx b/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/lxml/objectify.pyx
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+# cython: binding=True
+# cython: auto_pickle=False
+# cython: language_level=3
+
+"""
+The ``lxml.objectify`` module implements a Python object API for XML.
+It is based on `lxml.etree`.
+"""
+
+cimport cython
+
+from lxml.includes.etreepublic cimport _Document, _Element, ElementBase, ElementClassLookup
+from lxml.includes.etreepublic cimport elementFactory, import_lxml__etree, textOf, pyunicode
+from lxml.includes.tree cimport const_xmlChar, _xcstr
+from lxml cimport python
+from lxml.includes cimport tree
+
+cimport lxml.includes.etreepublic as cetree
+cimport libc.string as cstring_h   # not to be confused with stdlib 'string'
+from libc.string cimport const_char
+
+__all__ = ['BoolElement', 'DataElement', 'E', 'Element', 'ElementMaker',
+           'FloatElement', 'IntElement', 'NoneElement',
+           'NumberElement', 'ObjectPath', 'ObjectifiedDataElement',
+           'ObjectifiedElement', 'ObjectifyElementClassLookup',
+           'PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE', 'PyType', 'StringElement', 'SubElement',
+           'XML', 'annotate', 'deannotate', 'dump', 'enable_recursive_str',
+           'fromstring', 'getRegisteredTypes', 'makeparser', 'parse',
+           'pyannotate', 'pytypename', 'set_default_parser',
+           'set_pytype_attribute_tag', 'xsiannotate']
+
+cdef object etree
+from lxml import etree
+# initialize C-API of lxml.etree
+import_lxml__etree()
+
+__version__ = etree.__version__
+
+cdef object _float_is_inf, _float_is_nan
+from math import isinf as _float_is_inf, isnan as _float_is_nan
+
+cdef object re
+import re
+
+cdef tuple IGNORABLE_ERRORS = (ValueError, TypeError)
+cdef object is_special_method = re.compile('__.*__$').match
+
+
+cdef object _typename(object t):
+    cdef const_char* c_name
+    c_name = python._fqtypename(t)
+    s = cstring_h.strrchr(c_name, c'.')
+    if s is not NULL:
+        c_name = s + 1
+    return pyunicode(<const_xmlChar*>c_name)
+
+
+# namespace/name for "pytype" hint attribute
+cdef object PYTYPE_NAMESPACE
+cdef bytes PYTYPE_NAMESPACE_UTF8
+cdef const_xmlChar* _PYTYPE_NAMESPACE
+
+cdef object PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME
+cdef bytes PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_UTF8
+cdef const_xmlChar* _PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME
+
+PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE = None
+
+cdef unicode TREE_PYTYPE_NAME = "TREE"
+
+cdef tuple _unicodeAndUtf8(s):
+    return s, python.PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(s)
+
+def set_pytype_attribute_tag(attribute_tag=None):
+    """set_pytype_attribute_tag(attribute_tag=None)
+    Change name and namespace of the XML attribute that holds Python type
+    information.
+
+    Do not use this unless you know what you are doing.
+
+    Reset by calling without argument.
+
+    Default: "{http://codespeak.net/lxml/objectify/pytype}pytype"
+    """
+    global PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE, _PYTYPE_NAMESPACE, _PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME
+    global PYTYPE_NAMESPACE, PYTYPE_NAMESPACE_UTF8
+    global PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME, PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_UTF8
+    if attribute_tag is None:
+        PYTYPE_NAMESPACE, PYTYPE_NAMESPACE_UTF8 = \
+            _unicodeAndUtf8("http://codespeak.net/lxml/objectify/pytype")
+        PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME, PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_UTF8 = \
+            _unicodeAndUtf8("pytype")
+    else:
+        PYTYPE_NAMESPACE_UTF8, PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_UTF8 = \
+            cetree.getNsTag(attribute_tag)
+        PYTYPE_NAMESPACE = PYTYPE_NAMESPACE_UTF8.decode('utf8')
+        PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME = PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_UTF8.decode('utf8')
+
+    _PYTYPE_NAMESPACE      = PYTYPE_NAMESPACE_UTF8
+    _PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME = PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME_UTF8
+    PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE = cetree.namespacedNameFromNsName(
+        _PYTYPE_NAMESPACE, _PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME)
+
+set_pytype_attribute_tag()
+
+
+# namespaces for XML Schema
+cdef object XML_SCHEMA_NS, XML_SCHEMA_NS_UTF8
+XML_SCHEMA_NS, XML_SCHEMA_NS_UTF8 = \
+    _unicodeAndUtf8("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema")
+cdef const_xmlChar* _XML_SCHEMA_NS = _xcstr(XML_SCHEMA_NS_UTF8)
+
+cdef object XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS_UTF8
+XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS_UTF8 = \
+    _unicodeAndUtf8("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance")
+cdef const_xmlChar* _XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS = _xcstr(XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS_UTF8)
+
+cdef object XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NIL_ATTR = "{%s}nil" % XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS
+cdef object XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_TYPE_ATTR = "{%s}type" % XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS
+
+
+################################################################################
+# Element class for the main API
+
+cdef class ObjectifiedElement(ElementBase):
+    """Main XML Element class.
+
+    Element children are accessed as object attributes.  Multiple children
+    with the same name are available through a list index.  Example::
+
+       >>> root = XML("<root><c1><c2>0</c2><c2>1</c2></c1></root>")
+       >>> second_c2 = root.c1.c2[1]
+       >>> print(second_c2.text)
+       1
+
+    Note that you cannot (and must not) instantiate this class or its
+    subclasses.
+    """
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over self and all siblings with the same tag.
+        """
+        parent = self.getparent()
+        if parent is None:
+            return iter([self])
+        return etree.ElementChildIterator(parent, tag=self.tag)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if __RECURSIVE_STR:
+            return _dump(self, 0)
+        else:
+            return textOf(self._c_node) or ''
+
+    # pickle support for objectified Element
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return fromstring, (etree.tostring(self),)
+
+    @property
+    def text(self):
+        return textOf(self._c_node)
+
+    @property
+    def __dict__(self):
+        """A fake implementation for __dict__ to support dir() etc.
+
+        Note that this only considers the first child with a given name.
+        """
+        cdef _Element child
+        cdef dict children
+        c_ns = tree._getNs(self._c_node)
+        tag = "{%s}*" % pyunicode(c_ns) if c_ns is not NULL else None
+        children = {}
+        for child in etree.ElementChildIterator(self, tag=tag):
+            if c_ns is NULL and tree._getNs(child._c_node) is not NULL:
+                continue
+            name = pyunicode(child._c_node.name)
+            if name not in children:
+                children[name] = child
+        return children
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Count self and siblings with the same tag.
+        """
+        return _countSiblings(self._c_node)
+
+    def countchildren(self):
+        """countchildren(self)
+
+        Return the number of children of this element, regardless of their
+        name.
+        """
+        # copied from etree
+        cdef Py_ssize_t c
+        cdef tree.xmlNode* c_node
+        c = 0
+        c_node = self._c_node.children
+        while c_node is not NULL:
+            if tree._isElement(c_node):
+                c += 1
+            c_node = c_node.next
+        return c
+
+    def getchildren(self):
+        """getchildren(self)
+
+        Returns a sequence of all direct children.  The elements are
+        returned in document order.
+        """
+        cdef tree.xmlNode* c_node
+        result = []
+        c_node = self._c_node.children
+        while c_node is not NULL:
+            if tree._isElement(c_node):
+                result.append(cetree.elementFactory(self._doc, c_node))
+            c_node = c_node.next
+        return result
+
+    def __getattr__(self, tag):
+        """Return the (first) child with the given tag name.  If no namespace
+        is provided, the child will be looked up in the same one as self.
+        """
+        return _lookupChildOrRaise(self, tag)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, tag, value):
+        """Set the value of the (first) child with the given tag name.  If no
+        namespace is provided, the child will be looked up in the same one as
+        self.
+        """
+        cdef _Element element
+        # properties are looked up /after/ __setattr__, so we must emulate them
+        if tag == 'text' or tag == 'pyval':
+            # read-only !
+            raise TypeError, f"attribute '{tag}' of '{_typename(self)}' objects is not writable"
+        elif tag == 'tail':
+            cetree.setTailText(self._c_node, value)
+            return
+        elif tag == 'tag':
+            ElementBase.tag.__set__(self, value)
+            return
+        elif tag == 'base':
+            ElementBase.base.__set__(self, value)
+            return
+        tag = _buildChildTag(self, tag)
+        element = _lookupChild(self, tag)
+        if element is None:
+            _appendValue(self, tag, value)
+        else:
+            _replaceElement(element, value)
+
+    def __delattr__(self, tag):
+        child = _lookupChildOrRaise(self, tag)
+        self.remove(child)
+
+    def addattr(self, tag, value):
+        """addattr(self, tag, value)
+
+        Add a child value to the element.
+
+        As opposed to append(), it sets a data value, not an element.
+        """
+        _appendValue(self, _buildChildTag(self, tag), value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Return a sibling, counting from the first child of the parent.  The
+        method behaves like both a dict and a sequence.
+
+        * If argument is an integer, returns the sibling at that position.
+
+        * If argument is a string, does the same as getattr().  This can be
+          used to provide namespaces for element lookup, or to look up
+          children with special names (``text`` etc.).
+
+        * If argument is a slice object, returns the matching slice.
+        """
+        cdef tree.xmlNode* c_self_node
+        cdef tree.xmlNode* c_parent
+        cdef tree.xmlNode* c_node
+        cdef Py_ssize_t c_index
+        if python._isString(key):
+            return _lookupChildOrRaise(self, key)
+        elif isinstance(key, slice):
+            return list(self)[key]
+        # normal item access
+        c_index = key   # raises TypeError if necessary
+        c_self_node = self._c_node
+        c_parent = c_self_node.parent
+        if c_parent is NULL:
+            if c_index == 0 or c_index == -1:
+                return self
+            raise IndexError, unicode(key)
+        if c_index < 0:
+            c_node = c_parent.last
+        else:
+            c_node = c_parent.children
+        c_node = _findFollowingSibling(
+            c_node, tree._getNs(c_self_node), c_self_node.name, c_index)
+        if c_node is NULL:
+            raise IndexError, unicode(key)
+        return elementFactory(self._doc, c_node)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """Set the value of a sibling, counting from the first child of the
+        parent.  Implements key assignment, item assignment and slice
+        assignment.
+
+        * If argument is an integer, sets the sibling at that position.
+
+        * If argument is a string, does the same as setattr().  This is used
+          to provide namespaces for element lookup.
+
+        * If argument is a sequence (list, tuple, etc.), assign the contained
+          items to the siblings.
+        """
+        cdef _Element element
+        cdef tree.xmlNode* c_node
+        if python._isString(key):
+            key = _buildChildTag(self, key)
+            element = _lookupChild(self, key)
+            if element is None:
+                _appendValue(self, key, value)
+            else:
+                _replaceElement(element, value)
+            return
+
+        if self._c_node.parent is NULL:
+            # the 'root[i] = ...' case
+            raise TypeError, "assignment to root element is invalid"
+
+        if isinstance(key, slice):
+            # slice assignment
+            _setSlice(key, self, value)
+        else:
+            # normal index assignment
+            if key < 0:
+                c_node = self._c_node.parent.last
+            else:
+                c_node = self._c_node.parent.children
+            c_node = _findFollowingSibling(
+                c_node, tree._getNs(self._c_node), self._c_node.name, key)
+            if c_node is NULL:
+                raise IndexError, unicode(key)
+            element = elementFactory(self._doc, c_node)
+            _replaceElement(element, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        parent = self.getparent()
+        if parent is None:
+            raise TypeError, "deleting items not supported by root element"
+        if isinstance(key, slice):
+            # slice deletion
+            del_items = list(self)[key]
+            remove = parent.remove
+            for el in del_items:
+                remove(el)
+        else:
+            # normal index deletion
+            sibling = self.__getitem__(key)
+            parent.remove(sibling)
+
+    def descendantpaths(self, prefix=None):
+        """descendantpaths(self, prefix=None)
+
+        Returns a list of object path expressions for all descendants.
+        """
+        if prefix is not None and not python._isString(prefix):
+            prefix = '.'.join(prefix)
+        return _build_descendant_paths(self._c_node, prefix)
+
+
+cdef inline bint _tagMatches(tree.xmlNode* c_node, const_xmlChar* c_href, const_xmlChar* c_name):
+    if c_node.name != c_name:
+        return 0
+    if c_href == NULL:
+        return 1
+    c_node_href = tree._getNs(c_node)
+    if c_node_href == NULL:
+        return c_href[0] == c'\0'
+    return tree.xmlStrcmp(c_node_href, c_href) == 0
+
+
+cdef Py_ssize_t _countSiblings(tree.xmlNode* c_start_node):
+    cdef tree.xmlNode* c_node
+    cdef Py_ssize_t count
+    c_tag  = c_start_node.name
+    c_href = tree._getNs(c_start_node)
+    count = 1
+    c_node = c_start_node.next
+    while c_node is not NULL:
+        if c_node.type == tree.XML_ELEMENT_NODE and \
+               _tagMatches(c_node, c_href, c_tag):
+            count += 1
+        c_node = c_node.next
+    c_node = c_start_node.prev
+    while c_node is not NULL:
+        if c_node.type == tree.XML_ELEMENT_NODE and \
+               _tagMatches(c_node, c_href, c_tag):
+            count += 1
+        c_node = c_node.prev
+    return count
+
+cdef tree.xmlNode* _findFollowingSibling(tree.xmlNode* c_node,
+                                         const_xmlChar* href, const_xmlChar* name,
+                                         Py_ssize_t index):
+    cdef tree.xmlNode* (*next)(tree.xmlNode*)
+    if index >= 0:
+        next = cetree.nextElement
+    else:
+        index = -1 - index
+        next = cetree.previousElement
+    while c_node is not NULL:
+        if c_node.type == tree.XML_ELEMENT_NODE and \
+               _tagMatches(c_node, href, name):
+            index = index - 1
+            if index < 0:
+                return c_node
+        c_node = next(c_node)
+    return NULL
+
+cdef object _lookupChild(_Element parent, tag):
+    cdef tree.xmlNode* c_result
+    cdef tree.xmlNode* c_node
+    c_node = parent._c_node
+    ns, tag = cetree.getNsTagWithEmptyNs(tag)
+    c_tag = tree.xmlDictExists(
+        c_node.doc.dict, _xcstr(tag), python.PyBytes_GET_SIZE(tag))
+    if c_tag is NULL:
+        return None # not in the hash map => not in the tree
+    if ns is None:
+        # either inherit ns from parent or use empty (i.e. no) namespace
+        c_href = tree._getNs(c_node) or <const_xmlChar*>''
+    else:
+        c_href = _xcstr(ns)
+    c_result = _findFollowingSibling(c_node.children, c_href, c_tag, 0)
+    if c_result is NULL:
+        return None
+    return elementFactory(parent._doc, c_result)
+
+cdef object _lookupChildOrRaise(_Element parent, tag):
+    element = _lookupChild(parent, tag)
+    if element is None:
+        raise AttributeError, "no such child: " + _buildChildTag(parent, tag)
+    return element
+
+cdef object _buildChildTag(_Element parent, tag):
+    ns, tag = cetree.getNsTag(tag)
+    c_tag = _xcstr(tag)
+    c_href = tree._getNs(parent._c_node) if ns is None else _xcstr(ns)
+    return cetree.namespacedNameFromNsName(c_href, c_tag)
+
+cdef _replaceElement(_Element element, value):
+    cdef _Element new_element
+    if isinstance(value, _Element):
+        # deep copy the new element
+        new_element = cetree.deepcopyNodeToDocument(
+            element._doc, (<_Element>value)._c_node)
+        new_element.tag = element.tag
+    elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+        element[:] = value
+        return
+    else:
+        new_element = element.makeelement(element.tag)
+        _setElementValue(new_element, value)
+    element.getparent().replace(element, new_element)
+
+cdef _appendValue(_Element parent, tag, value):
+    cdef _Element new_element
+    if isinstance(value, _Element):
+        # deep copy the new element
+        new_element = cetree.deepcopyNodeToDocument(
+            parent._doc, (<_Element>value)._c_node)
+        new_element.tag = tag
+        cetree.appendChildToElement(parent, new_element)
+    elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+        for item in value:
+            _appendValue(parent, tag, item)
+    else:
+        new_element = cetree.makeElement(
+            tag, parent._doc, None, None, None, None, None)
+        _setElementValue(new_element, value)
+        cetree.appendChildToElement(parent, new_element)
+
+cdef _setElementValue(_Element element, value):
+    if value is None:
+        cetree.setAttributeValue(
+            element, XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NIL_ATTR, "true")
+    elif isinstance(value, _Element):
+        _replaceElement(element, value)
+        return
+    else:
+        cetree.delAttributeFromNsName(
+            element._c_node, _XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, <unsigned char*>"nil")
+        if python._isString(value):
+            pytype_name = "str"
+            py_type = <PyType>_PYTYPE_DICT.get(pytype_name)
+        else:
+            pytype_name = _typename(value)
+            py_type = <PyType>_PYTYPE_DICT.get(pytype_name)
+            if py_type is not None:
+                value = py_type.stringify(value)
+            else:
+                value = unicode(value)
+        if py_type is not None:
+            cetree.setAttributeValue(element, PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE, pytype_name)
+        else:
+            cetree.delAttributeFromNsName(
+                element._c_node, _PYTYPE_NAMESPACE, _PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME)
+    cetree.setNodeText(element._c_node, value)
+
+cdef _setSlice(sliceobject, _Element target, items):
+    cdef _Element parent
+    cdef tree.xmlNode* c_node
+    cdef Py_ssize_t c_step, c_start, pos
+    # collect existing slice
+    if (<slice>sliceobject).step is None:
+        c_step = 1
+    else:
+        c_step = (<slice>sliceobject).step
+    if c_step == 0:
+        raise ValueError, "Invalid slice"
+    cdef list del_items = target[sliceobject]
+
+    # collect new values
+    new_items = []
+    tag = target.tag
+    for item in items:
+        if isinstance(item, _Element):
+            # deep copy the new element
+            new_element = cetree.deepcopyNodeToDocument(
+                target._doc, (<_Element>item)._c_node)
+            new_element.tag = tag
+        else:
+            new_element = cetree.makeElement(
+                tag, target._doc, None, None, None, None, None)
+            _setElementValue(new_element, item)
+        new_items.append(new_element)
+
+    # sanity check - raise what a list would raise
+    if c_step != 1 and len(del_items) != len(new_items):
+        raise ValueError, \
+            f"attempt to assign sequence of size {len(new_items)} to extended slice of size {len(del_items)}"
+
+    # replace existing items
+    pos = 0
+    parent = target.getparent()
+    replace = parent.replace
+    while pos < len(new_items) and pos < len(del_items):
+        replace(del_items[pos], new_items[pos])
+        pos += 1
+    # remove leftover items
+    if pos < len(del_items):
+        remove = parent.remove
+        while pos < len(del_items):
+            remove(del_items[pos])
+            pos += 1
+    # append remaining new items
+    if pos < len(new_items):
+        # the sanity check above guarantees (step == 1)
+        if pos > 0:
+            item = new_items[pos-1]
+        else:
+            if (<slice>sliceobject).start > 0:
+                c_node = parent._c_node.children
+            else:
+                c_node = parent._c_node.last
+            c_node = _findFollowingSibling(
+                c_node, tree._getNs(target._c_node), target._c_node.name,
+                (<slice>sliceobject).start - 1)
+            if c_node is NULL:
+                while pos < len(new_items):
+                    cetree.appendChildToElement(parent, new_items[pos])
+                    pos += 1
+                return
+            item = cetree.elementFactory(parent._doc, c_node)
+        while pos < len(new_items):
+            add = item.addnext
+            item = new_items[pos]
+            add(item)
+            pos += 1
+
+################################################################################
+# Data type support in subclasses
+
+cdef class ObjectifiedDataElement(ObjectifiedElement):
+    """This is the base class for all data type Elements.  Subclasses should
+    override the 'pyval' property and possibly the __str__ method.
+    """
+    @property
+    def pyval(self):
+        return textOf(self._c_node)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return textOf(self._c_node) or ''
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return textOf(self._c_node) or ''
+
+    def _setText(self, s):
+        """For use in subclasses only. Don't use unless you know what you are
+        doing.
+        """
+        cetree.setNodeText(self._c_node, s)
+
+
+cdef class NumberElement(ObjectifiedDataElement):
+    cdef object _parse_value
+
+    def _setValueParser(self, function):
+        """Set the function that parses the Python value from a string.
+
+        Do not use this unless you know what you are doing.
+        """
+        self._parse_value = function
+
+    @property
+    def pyval(self):
+        return _parseNumber(self)
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return int(_parseNumber(self))
+
+    def __float__(self):
+        return float(_parseNumber(self))
+
+    def __complex__(self):
+        return complex(_parseNumber(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return unicode(_parseNumber(self))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(_parseNumber(self))
+
+    def __oct__(self):
+        return oct(_parseNumber(self))
+
+    def __hex__(self):
+        return hex(_parseNumber(self))
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, int op):
+        return _richcmpPyvals(self, other, op)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(_parseNumber(self))
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) + _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) + _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) - _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) - _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) * _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) * _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __div__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) / _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rdiv__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) / _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) / _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) / _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) // _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rfloordiv__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) // _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __mod__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) % _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rmod__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) % _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __divmod__(self, other):
+        return divmod(_numericValueOf(self), _numericValueOf(other))
+
+    def __rdivmod__(self, other):
+        return divmod(_numericValueOf(other), _numericValueOf(self))
+
+    def __pow__(self, other, modulo):
+        if modulo is None:
+            return _numericValueOf(self) ** _numericValueOf(other)
+        else:
+            return pow(_numericValueOf(self), _numericValueOf(other), modulo)
+
+    def __rpow__(self, other, modulo):
+        if modulo is None:
+            return _numericValueOf(other) ** _numericValueOf(self)
+        else:
+            return pow(_numericValueOf(other), _numericValueOf(self), modulo)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return - _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __pos__(self):
+        return + _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        return abs( _numericValueOf(self) )
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(_numericValueOf(self))
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        return ~ _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __lshift__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) << _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rlshift__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) << _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __rshift__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) >> _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rrshift__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) >> _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) & _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rand__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) & _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) | _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) | _numericValueOf(self)
+
+    def __xor__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(self) ^ _numericValueOf(other)
+
+    def __rxor__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) ^ _numericValueOf(self)
+
+
+cdef class IntElement(NumberElement):
+    def _init(self):
+        self._parse_value = int
+
+    def __index__(self):
+        return int(_parseNumber(self))
+
+
+cdef class FloatElement(NumberElement):
+    def _init(self):
+        self._parse_value = float
+
+
+cdef class StringElement(ObjectifiedDataElement):
+    """String data class.
+
+    Note that this class does *not* support the sequence protocol of strings:
+    len(), iter(), str_attr[0], str_attr[0:1], etc. are *not* supported.
+    Instead, use the .text attribute to get a 'real' string.
+    """
+    @property
+    def pyval(self):
+        return textOf(self._c_node) or ''
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(textOf(self._c_node) or '')
+
+    def strlen(self):
+        text = textOf(self._c_node)
+        if text is None:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            return len(text)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(textOf(self._c_node))
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, int op):
+        return _richcmpPyvals(self, other, op)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(textOf(self._c_node) or '')
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        text  = _strValueOf(self)
+        other = _strValueOf(other)
+        return text + other
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        text  = _strValueOf(self)
+        other = _strValueOf(other)
+        return other + text
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(self, StringElement):
+            return (textOf((<StringElement>self)._c_node) or '') * _numericValueOf(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, StringElement):
+            return _numericValueOf(self) * (textOf((<StringElement>other)._c_node) or '')
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return _numericValueOf(other) * (textOf((<StringElement>self)._c_node) or '')
+
+    def __mod__(self, other):
+        return (_strValueOf(self) or '') % other
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return int(textOf(self._c_node))
+
+    def __float__(self):
+        return float(textOf(self._c_node))
+
+    def __complex__(self):
+        return complex(textOf(self._c_node))
+
+
+cdef class NoneElement(ObjectifiedDataElement):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "None"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "None"
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return False
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, int op):
+        if other is None or self is None:
+            return python.PyObject_RichCompare(None, None, op)
+        if isinstance(self, NoneElement):
+            return python.PyObject_RichCompare(None, other, op)
+        else:
+            return python.PyObject_RichCompare(self, None, op)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(None)
+
+    @property
+    def pyval(self):
+        return None
+
+
+cdef class BoolElement(IntElement):
+    """Boolean type base on string values: 'true' or 'false'.
+
+    Note that this inherits from IntElement to mimic the behaviour of
+    Python's bool type.
+    """
+    def _init(self):
+        self._parse_value = _parseBool  # wraps as Python callable
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return _parseBool(textOf(self._c_node))
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return 0 + _parseBool(textOf(self._c_node))
+
+    def __float__(self):
+        return 0.0 + _parseBool(textOf(self._c_node))
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, int op):
+        return _richcmpPyvals(self, other, op)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(_parseBool(textOf(self._c_node)))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return unicode(_parseBool(textOf(self._c_node)))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(_parseBool(textOf(self._c_node)))
+
+    @property
+    def pyval(self):
+        return _parseBool(textOf(self._c_node))
+
+
+cdef _checkBool(s):
+    cdef int value = -1
+    if s is not None:
+        value = __parseBoolAsInt(s)
+    if value == -1:
+        raise ValueError
+
+
+cdef bint _parseBool(s) except -1:
+    cdef int value
+    if s is None:
+        return False
+    value = __parseBoolAsInt(s)
+    if value == -1:
+        raise ValueError, f"Invalid boolean value: '{s}'"
+    return value
+
+
+cdef inline int __parseBoolAsInt(text) except -2:
+    if text == 'false':
+        return 0
+    elif text == 'true':
+        return 1
+    elif text == '0':
+        return 0
+    elif text == '1':
+        return 1
+    return -1
+
+
+cdef object _parseNumber(NumberElement element):
+    return element._parse_value(textOf(element._c_node))
+
+
+cdef enum NumberParserState:
+    NPS_SPACE_PRE = 0
+    NPS_SIGN = 1
+    NPS_DIGITS = 2
+    NPS_POINT_LEAD = 3
+    NPS_POINT = 4
+    NPS_FRACTION = 5
+    NPS_EXP = 6
+    NPS_EXP_SIGN = 7
+    NPS_DIGITS_EXP = 8
+    NPS_SPACE_TAIL = 9
+    NPS_INF1 = 20
+    NPS_INF2 = 21
+    NPS_INF3 = 22
+    NPS_NAN1 = 23
+    NPS_NAN2 = 24
+    NPS_NAN3 = 25
+    NPS_ERROR = 99
+
+
+ctypedef fused bytes_unicode:
+    bytes
+    unicode
+
+
+cdef _checkNumber(bytes_unicode s, bint allow_float):
+    cdef Py_UCS4 c
+    cdef NumberParserState state = NPS_SPACE_PRE
+
+    for c in s:
+        if c in '0123456789':
+            if state in (NPS_DIGITS, NPS_FRACTION, NPS_DIGITS_EXP):
+                pass
+            elif state in (NPS_SPACE_PRE, NPS_SIGN):
+                state = NPS_DIGITS
+            elif state in (NPS_POINT_LEAD, NPS_POINT):
+                state = NPS_FRACTION
+            elif state in (NPS_EXP, NPS_EXP_SIGN):
+                state = NPS_DIGITS_EXP
+            else:
+                state = NPS_ERROR
+        else:
+            if c == '.':
+                if state in (NPS_SPACE_PRE, NPS_SIGN):
+                    state = NPS_POINT_LEAD
+                elif state == NPS_DIGITS:
+                    state = NPS_POINT
+                else:
+                    state = NPS_ERROR
+                if not allow_float:
+                    state = NPS_ERROR
+            elif c in '-+':
+                if state == NPS_SPACE_PRE:
+                    state = NPS_SIGN
+                elif state == NPS_EXP:
+                    state = NPS_EXP_SIGN
+                else:
+                    state = NPS_ERROR
+            elif c == 'E':
+                if state in (NPS_DIGITS, NPS_POINT, NPS_FRACTION):
+                    state = NPS_EXP
+                else:
+                    state = NPS_ERROR
+                if not allow_float:
+                    state = NPS_ERROR
+            # Allow INF and NaN. XMLSchema requires case, we don't, like Python.
+            elif c in 'iI':
+                state = NPS_INF1 if allow_float and state in (NPS_SPACE_PRE, NPS_SIGN) else NPS_ERROR
+            elif c in 'fF':
+                state = NPS_INF3 if state == NPS_INF2 else NPS_ERROR
+            elif c in 'aA':
+                state = NPS_NAN2 if state == NPS_NAN1 else NPS_ERROR
+            elif c in 'nN':
+                # Python also allows [+-]NaN, so let's accept that.
+                if state in (NPS_SPACE_PRE, NPS_SIGN):
+                    state = NPS_NAN1 if allow_float else NPS_ERROR
+                elif state == NPS_NAN2:
+                    state = NPS_NAN3
+                elif state == NPS_INF1:
+                    state = NPS_INF2
+                else:
+                    state = NPS_ERROR
+            # Allow spaces around text values.
+            else:
+                if c.isspace() if (bytes_unicode is unicode) else c in b'\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x20':
+                    if state in (NPS_SPACE_PRE, NPS_SPACE_TAIL):
+                        pass
+                    elif state in (NPS_DIGITS, NPS_POINT, NPS_FRACTION, NPS_DIGITS_EXP, NPS_INF3, NPS_NAN3):
+                        state = NPS_SPACE_TAIL
+                    else:
+                        state = NPS_ERROR
+                else:
+                    state = NPS_ERROR
+
+            if state == NPS_ERROR:
+                break
+
+    if state not in (NPS_DIGITS, NPS_FRACTION, NPS_POINT, NPS_DIGITS_EXP, NPS_INF3, NPS_NAN3, NPS_SPACE_TAIL):
+        raise ValueError
+
+
+cdef _checkInt(s):
+    return _checkNumber(<unicode>s, allow_float=False)
+
+
+cdef _checkFloat(s):
+    return _checkNumber(<unicode>s, allow_float=True)
+
+
+cdef object _strValueOf(obj):
+    if python._isString(obj):
+        return obj
+    if isinstance(obj, _Element):
+        return textOf((<_Element>obj)._c_node) or ''
+    if obj is None:
+        return ''
+    return unicode(obj)
+
+
+cdef object _numericValueOf(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, NumberElement):
+        return _parseNumber(<NumberElement>obj)
+    try:
+        # not always numeric, but Python will raise the right exception
+        return obj.pyval
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    return obj
+
+
+cdef _richcmpPyvals(left, right, int op):
+    left  = getattr(left,  'pyval', left)
+    right = getattr(right, 'pyval', right)
+    return python.PyObject_RichCompare(left, right, op)
+
+
+################################################################################
+# Python type registry
+
+cdef class PyType:
+    """PyType(self, name, type_check, type_class, stringify=None)
+    User defined type.
+
+    Named type that contains a type check function, a type class that
+    inherits from ObjectifiedDataElement and an optional "stringification"
+    function.  The type check must take a string as argument and raise
+    ValueError or TypeError if it cannot handle the string value.  It may be
+    None in which case it is not considered for type guessing.  For registered
+    named types, the 'stringify' function (or unicode() if None) is used to
+    convert a Python object with type name 'name' to the string representation
+    stored in the XML tree.
+
+    Example::
+
+        PyType('int', int, MyIntClass).register()
+
+    Note that the order in which types are registered matters.  The first
+    matching type will be used.
+    """
+    cdef readonly object name
+    cdef readonly object type_check
+    cdef readonly object stringify
+    cdef object _type
+    cdef list _schema_types
+    def __init__(self, name, type_check, type_class, stringify=None):
+        if isinstance(name, bytes):
+            name = (<bytes>name).decode('ascii')
+        elif not isinstance(name, unicode):
+            raise TypeError, "Type name must be a string"
+        if type_check is not None and not callable(type_check):
+            raise TypeError, "Type check function must be callable (or None)"
+        if name != TREE_PYTYPE_NAME and \
+               not issubclass(type_class, ObjectifiedDataElement):
+            raise TypeError, \
+                "Data classes must inherit from ObjectifiedDataElement"
+        self.name  = name
+        self._type = type_class
+        self.type_check = type_check
+        if stringify is None:
+            stringify = unicode
+        self.stringify = stringify
+        self._schema_types = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "PyType(%s, %s)" % (self.name, self._type.__name__)
+
+    def register(self, before=None, after=None):
+        """register(self, before=None, after=None)
+
+        Register the type.
+
+        The additional keyword arguments 'before' and 'after' accept a
+        sequence of type names that must appear before/after the new type in
+        the type list.  If any of them is not currently known, it is simply
+        ignored.  Raises ValueError if the dependencies cannot be fulfilled.
+        """
+        if self.name == TREE_PYTYPE_NAME:
+            raise ValueError, "Cannot register tree type"
+        if self.type_check is not None:
+            for item in _TYPE_CHECKS:
+                if item[0] is self.type_check:
+                    _TYPE_CHECKS.remove(item)
+                    break
+            entry = (self.type_check, self)
+            first_pos = 0
+            last_pos = -1
+            if before or after:
+                if before is None:
+                    before = ()
+                elif after is None:
+                    after = ()
+                for i, (check, pytype) in enumerate(_TYPE_CHECKS):
+                    if last_pos == -1 and pytype.name in before:
+                        last_pos = i
+                    if pytype.name in after:
+                        first_pos = i+1
+            if last_pos == -1:
+                _TYPE_CHECKS.append(entry)
+            elif first_pos > last_pos:
+                raise ValueError, "inconsistent before/after dependencies"
+            else:
+                _TYPE_CHECKS.insert(last_pos, entry)
+
+        _PYTYPE_DICT[self.name] = self
+        for xs_type in self._schema_types:
+            _SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT[xs_type] = self
+
+    def unregister(self):
+        "unregister(self)"
+        if _PYTYPE_DICT.get(self.name) is self:
+            del _PYTYPE_DICT[self.name]
+        for xs_type, pytype in list(_SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT.items()):
+            if pytype is self:
+                del _SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT[xs_type]
+        if self.type_check is None:
+            return
+        try:
+            _TYPE_CHECKS.remove( (self.type_check, self) )
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    property xmlSchemaTypes:
+        """The list of XML Schema datatypes this Python type maps to.
+
+        Note that this must be set before registering the type!
+        """
+        def __get__(self):
+            return self._schema_types
+        def __set__(self, types):
+            self._schema_types = list(map(unicode, types))
+
+
+cdef dict _PYTYPE_DICT = {}
+cdef dict _SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT = {}
+cdef list _TYPE_CHECKS = []
+
+cdef unicode _xml_bool(value):
+    return "true" if value else "false"
+
+cdef unicode _xml_float(value):
+    if _float_is_inf(value):
+        if value > 0:
+            return "INF"
+        return "-INF"
+    if _float_is_nan(value):
+        return "NaN"
+    return unicode(repr(value))
+
+cdef _pytypename(obj):
+    return "str" if python._isString(obj) else _typename(obj)
+
+def pytypename(obj):
+    """pytypename(obj)
+
+    Find the name of the corresponding PyType for a Python object.
+    """
+    return _pytypename(obj)
+
+cdef _registerPyTypes():
+    pytype = PyType('int', _checkInt, IntElement)  # wraps functions for Python
+    pytype.xmlSchemaTypes = ("integer", "int", "short", "byte", "unsignedShort",
+                             "unsignedByte", "nonPositiveInteger",
+                             "negativeInteger", "long", "nonNegativeInteger",
+                             "unsignedLong", "unsignedInt", "positiveInteger",)
+    pytype.register()
+
+    # 'long' type just for backwards compatibility
+    pytype = PyType('long', None, IntElement)
+    pytype.register()
+
+    pytype = PyType('float', _checkFloat, FloatElement, _xml_float)  # wraps functions for Python
+    pytype.xmlSchemaTypes = ("double", "float")
+    pytype.register()
+
+    pytype = PyType('bool', _checkBool, BoolElement, _xml_bool)  # wraps functions for Python
+    pytype.xmlSchemaTypes = ("boolean",)
+    pytype.register()
+
+    pytype = PyType('str', None, StringElement)
+    pytype.xmlSchemaTypes = ("string", "normalizedString", "token", "language",
+                             "Name", "NCName", "ID", "IDREF", "ENTITY",
+                             "NMTOKEN", )
+    pytype.register()
+
+    # since lxml 2.0
+    pytype = PyType('NoneType', None, NoneElement)
+    pytype.register()
+
+    # backwards compatibility
+    pytype = PyType('none', None, NoneElement)
+    pytype.register()
+
+# non-registered PyType for inner tree elements
+cdef PyType TREE_PYTYPE = PyType(TREE_PYTYPE_NAME, None, ObjectifiedElement)
+
+_registerPyTypes()
+
+def getRegisteredTypes():
+    """getRegisteredTypes()
+
+    Returns a list of the currently registered PyType objects.
+
+    To add a new type, retrieve this list and call unregister() for all
+    entries.  Then add the new type at a suitable position (possibly replacing
+    an existing one) and call register() for all entries.
+
+    This is necessary if the new type interferes with the type check functions
+    of existing ones (normally only int/float/bool) and must the tried before
+    other types.  To add a type that is not yet parsable by the current type
+    check functions, you can simply register() it, which will append it to the
+    end of the type list.
+    """
+    cdef list types = []
+    cdef set known = set()
+    for check, pytype in _TYPE_CHECKS:
+        name = pytype.name
+        if name not in known:
+            known.add(name)
+            types.append(pytype)
+    for pytype in _PYTYPE_DICT.values():
+        name = pytype.name
+        if name not in known:
+            known.add(name)
+            types.append(pytype)
+    return types
+
+cdef PyType _guessPyType(value, PyType defaulttype):
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    for type_check, tested_pytype in _TYPE_CHECKS:
+        try:
+            type_check(value)
+            return <PyType>tested_pytype
+        except IGNORABLE_ERRORS:
+            # could not be parsed as the specified type => ignore
+            pass
+    return defaulttype
+
+cdef object _guessElementClass(tree.xmlNode* c_node):
+    value = textOf(c_node)
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    if value == '':
+        return StringElement
+    
+    for type_check, pytype in _TYPE_CHECKS:
+        try:
+            type_check(value)
+            return (<PyType>pytype)._type
+        except IGNORABLE_ERRORS:
+            pass
+    return None
+
+################################################################################
+# adapted ElementMaker supports registered PyTypes
+
+@cython.final
+@cython.internal
+cdef class _ObjectifyElementMakerCaller:
+    cdef object _tag
+    cdef object _nsmap
+    cdef object _element_factory
+    cdef bint _annotate
+
+    def __call__(self, *children, **attrib):
+        "__call__(self, *children, **attrib)"
+        cdef _ObjectifyElementMakerCaller elementMaker
+        cdef _Element element
+        cdef _Element childElement
+        cdef bint has_children
+        cdef bint has_string_value
+        if self._element_factory is None:
+            element = _makeElement(self._tag, None, attrib, self._nsmap)
+        else:
+            element = self._element_factory(self._tag, attrib, self._nsmap)
+
+        pytype_name = None
+        has_children = False
+        has_string_value = False
+        for child in children:
+            if child is None:
+                if len(children) == 1:
+                    cetree.setAttributeValue(
+                        element, XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NIL_ATTR, "true")
+            elif python._isString(child):
+                _add_text(element, child)
+                has_string_value = True
+            elif isinstance(child, _Element):
+                cetree.appendChildToElement(element, <_Element>child)
+                has_children = True
+            elif isinstance(child, _ObjectifyElementMakerCaller):
+                elementMaker = <_ObjectifyElementMakerCaller>child
+                if elementMaker._element_factory is None:
+                    cetree.makeSubElement(element, elementMaker._tag,
+                                          None, None, None, None)
+                else:
+                    childElement = elementMaker._element_factory(
+                        elementMaker._tag)
+                    cetree.appendChildToElement(element, childElement)
+                has_children = True
+            elif isinstance(child, dict):
+                for name, value in child.items():
+                    # keyword arguments in attrib take precedence
+                    if name in attrib:
+                        continue
+                    pytype = _PYTYPE_DICT.get(_typename(value))
+                    if pytype is not None:
+                        value = (<PyType>pytype).stringify(value)
+                    elif not python._isString(value):
+                        value = unicode(value)
+                    cetree.setAttributeValue(element, name, value)
+            else:
+                if pytype_name is not None:
+                    # concatenation always makes the result a string
+                    has_string_value = True
+                pytype_name = _typename(child)
+                pytype = _PYTYPE_DICT.get(_typename(child))
+                if pytype is not None:
+                    _add_text(element, (<PyType>pytype).stringify(child))
+                else:
+                    has_string_value = True
+                    child = unicode(child)
+                    _add_text(element, child)
+
+        if self._annotate and not has_children:
+            if has_string_value:
+                cetree.setAttributeValue(element, PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE, "str")
+            elif pytype_name is not None:
+                cetree.setAttributeValue(element, PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE, pytype_name)
+
+        return element
+
+cdef _add_text(_Element elem, text):
+    # add text to the tree in construction, either as element text or
+    # tail text, depending on the current tree state
+    cdef tree.xmlNode* c_child
+    c_child = cetree.findChildBackwards(elem._c_node, 0)
+    if c_child is not NULL:
+        old = cetree.tailOf(c_child)
+        if old is not None:
+            text = old + text
+        cetree.setTailText(c_child, text)
+    else:
+        old = cetree.textOf(elem._c_node)
+        if old is not None:
+            text = old + text
+        cetree.setNodeText(elem._c_node, text)
+
+cdef class ElementMaker:
+    """ElementMaker(self, namespace=None, nsmap=None, annotate=True, makeelement=None)
+
+    An ElementMaker that can be used for constructing trees.
+
+    Example::
+
+      >>> M = ElementMaker(annotate=False)
+      >>> attributes = {'class': 'par'}
+      >>> html = M.html( M.body( M.p('hello', attributes, M.br, 'objectify', style="font-weight: bold") ) )
+
+      >>> from lxml.etree import tostring
+      >>> print(tostring(html, method='html').decode('ascii'))
+      <html><body><p style="font-weight: bold" class="par">hello<br>objectify</p></body></html>
+
+    To create tags that are not valid Python identifiers, call the factory
+    directly and pass the tag name as first argument::
+
+      >>> root = M('tricky-tag', 'some text')
+      >>> print(root.tag)
+      tricky-tag
+      >>> print(root.text)
+      some text
+
+    Note that this module has a predefined ElementMaker instance called ``E``.
+    """
+    cdef object _makeelement
+    cdef object _namespace
+    cdef object _nsmap
+    cdef bint _annotate
+    cdef dict _cache
+    def __init__(self, *, namespace=None, nsmap=None, annotate=True,
+                 makeelement=None):
+        if nsmap is None:
+            nsmap = _DEFAULT_NSMAP if annotate else {}
+        self._nsmap = nsmap
+        self._namespace = None if namespace is None else "{%s}" % namespace
+        self._annotate = annotate
+        if makeelement is not None:
+            if not callable(makeelement):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"argument of 'makeelement' parameter must be callable, got {type(makeelement)}")
+            self._makeelement = makeelement
+        else:
+            self._makeelement = None
+        self._cache = {}
+
+    @cython.final
+    cdef _build_element_maker(self, tag, bint caching):
+        cdef _ObjectifyElementMakerCaller element_maker
+        element_maker = _ObjectifyElementMakerCaller.__new__(_ObjectifyElementMakerCaller)
+        if self._namespace is not None and tag[0] != "{":
+            element_maker._tag = self._namespace + tag
+        else:
+            element_maker._tag = tag
+        element_maker._nsmap = self._nsmap
+        element_maker._annotate = self._annotate
+        element_maker._element_factory = self._makeelement
+        if caching:
+            if len(self._cache) > 200:
+                self._cache.clear()
+            self._cache[tag] = element_maker
+        return element_maker
+
+    def __getattr__(self, tag):
+        element_maker = self._cache.get(tag)
+        if element_maker is None:
+            return self._build_element_maker(tag, caching=True)
+        return element_maker
+
+    def __call__(self, tag, *args, **kwargs):
+        element_maker = self._cache.get(tag)
+        if element_maker is None:
+            element_maker = self._build_element_maker(
+                tag, caching=not is_special_method(tag))
+        return element_maker(*args, **kwargs)
+
+################################################################################
+# Recursive element dumping
+
+cdef bint __RECURSIVE_STR = 0 # default: off
+
+def enable_recursive_str(on=True):
+    """enable_recursive_str(on=True)
+
+    Enable a recursively generated tree representation for str(element),
+    based on objectify.dump(element).
+    """
+    global __RECURSIVE_STR
+    __RECURSIVE_STR = on
+
+def dump(_Element element not None):
+    """dump(_Element element not None)
+
+    Return a recursively generated string representation of an element.
+    """
+    return _dump(element, 0)
+
+cdef object _dump(_Element element, int indent):
+    indentstr = "    " * indent
+    if isinstance(element, ObjectifiedDataElement):
+        value = repr(element)
+    else:
+        value = textOf(element._c_node)
+        if value is not None:
+            if not value.strip():
+                value = None
+            else:
+                value = repr(value)
+    result = f"{indentstr}{element.tag} = {value} [{_typename(element)}]\n"
+    xsi_ns    = "{%s}" % XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS
+    pytype_ns = "{%s}" % PYTYPE_NAMESPACE
+    for name, value in sorted(cetree.iterattributes(element, 3)):
+        if '{' in name:
+            if name == PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE:
+                if value == TREE_PYTYPE_NAME:
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    name = name.replace(pytype_ns, 'py:')
+            name = name.replace(xsi_ns, 'xsi:')
+        result += f"{indentstr}  * {name} = {value!r}\n"
+
+    indent += 1
+    for child in element.iterchildren():
+        result += _dump(child, indent)
+    if indent == 1:
+        return result[:-1] # strip last '\n'
+    else:
+        return result
+
+
+################################################################################
+# Pickle support for objectified ElementTree
+
+def __unpickleElementTree(data):
+    return etree.ElementTree(fromstring(data))
+
+cdef _setupPickle(elementTreeReduceFunction):
+    import copyreg
+    copyreg.pickle(etree._ElementTree,
+                   elementTreeReduceFunction, __unpickleElementTree)
+
+def pickleReduceElementTree(obj):
+    return __unpickleElementTree, (etree.tostring(obj),)
+
+_setupPickle(pickleReduceElementTree)
+del pickleReduceElementTree
+
+################################################################################
+# Element class lookup
+
+cdef class ObjectifyElementClassLookup(ElementClassLookup):
+    """ObjectifyElementClassLookup(self, tree_class=None, empty_data_class=None)
+    Element class lookup method that uses the objectify classes.
+    """
+    cdef object empty_data_class
+    cdef object tree_class
+    def __init__(self, tree_class=None, empty_data_class=None):
+        """Lookup mechanism for objectify.
+
+        The default Element classes can be replaced by passing subclasses of
+        ObjectifiedElement and ObjectifiedDataElement as keyword arguments.
+        'tree_class' defines inner tree classes (defaults to
+        ObjectifiedElement), 'empty_data_class' defines the default class for
+        empty data elements (defaults to StringElement).
+        """
+        self._lookup_function = _lookupElementClass
+        if tree_class is None:
+            tree_class = ObjectifiedElement
+        self.tree_class = tree_class
+        if empty_data_class is None:
+            empty_data_class = StringElement
+        self.empty_data_class = empty_data_class
+
+cdef object _lookupElementClass(state, _Document doc, tree.xmlNode* c_node):
+    cdef ObjectifyElementClassLookup lookup
+    lookup = <ObjectifyElementClassLookup>state
+    # if element has children => no data class
+    if cetree.hasChild(c_node):
+        return lookup.tree_class
+
+    # if element is defined as xsi:nil, return NoneElement class
+    if "true" == cetree.attributeValueFromNsName(
+        c_node, _XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, <unsigned char*>"nil"):
+        return NoneElement
+
+    # check for Python type hint
+    value = cetree.attributeValueFromNsName(
+        c_node, _PYTYPE_NAMESPACE, _PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME)
+    if value is not None:
+        if value == TREE_PYTYPE_NAME:
+            return lookup.tree_class
+        py_type = <PyType>_PYTYPE_DICT.get(value)
+        if py_type is not None:
+            return py_type._type
+        # unknown 'pyval' => try to figure it out ourself, just go on
+
+    # check for XML Schema type hint
+    value = cetree.attributeValueFromNsName(
+        c_node, _XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, <unsigned char*>"type")
+
+    if value is not None:
+        schema_type = <PyType>_SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT.get(value)
+        if schema_type is None and ':' in value:
+            prefix, value = value.split(':', 1)
+            schema_type = <PyType>_SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT.get(value)
+        if schema_type is not None:
+            return schema_type._type
+
+    # otherwise determine class based on text content type
+    el_class = _guessElementClass(c_node)
+    if el_class is not None:
+        return el_class
+
+    # if element is a root node => default to tree node
+    if c_node.parent is NULL or not tree._isElement(c_node.parent):
+        return lookup.tree_class
+
+    return lookup.empty_data_class
+
+
+################################################################################
+# Type annotations
+
+cdef PyType _check_type(tree.xmlNode* c_node, PyType pytype):
+    if pytype is None:
+        return None
+    value = textOf(c_node)
+    try:
+        pytype.type_check(value)
+        return pytype
+    except IGNORABLE_ERRORS:
+        # could not be parsed as the specified type => ignore
+        pass
+    return None
+
+def pyannotate(element_or_tree, *, ignore_old=False, ignore_xsi=False,
+             empty_pytype=None):
+    """pyannotate(element_or_tree, ignore_old=False, ignore_xsi=False, empty_pytype=None)
+
+    Recursively annotates the elements of an XML tree with 'pytype'
+    attributes.
+
+    If the 'ignore_old' keyword argument is True (the default), current 'pytype'
+    attributes will be ignored and replaced.  Otherwise, they will be checked
+    and only replaced if they no longer fit the current text value.
+
+    Setting the keyword argument ``ignore_xsi`` to True makes the function
+    additionally ignore existing ``xsi:type`` annotations.  The default is to
+    use them as a type hint.
+
+    The default annotation of empty elements can be set with the
+    ``empty_pytype`` keyword argument.  The default is not to annotate empty
+    elements.  Pass 'str', for example, to make string values the default.
+    """
+    cdef _Element  element
+    element = cetree.rootNodeOrRaise(element_or_tree)
+    _annotate(element, 0, 1, ignore_xsi, ignore_old, None, empty_pytype)
+
+def xsiannotate(element_or_tree, *, ignore_old=False, ignore_pytype=False,
+                empty_type=None):
+    """xsiannotate(element_or_tree, ignore_old=False, ignore_pytype=False, empty_type=None)
+
+    Recursively annotates the elements of an XML tree with 'xsi:type'
+    attributes.
+
+    If the 'ignore_old' keyword argument is True (the default), current
+    'xsi:type' attributes will be ignored and replaced.  Otherwise, they will be
+    checked and only replaced if they no longer fit the current text value.
+
+    Note that the mapping from Python types to XSI types is usually ambiguous.
+    Currently, only the first XSI type name in the corresponding PyType
+    definition will be used for annotation.  Thus, you should consider naming
+    the widest type first if you define additional types.
+
+    Setting the keyword argument ``ignore_pytype`` to True makes the function
+    additionally ignore existing ``pytype`` annotations.  The default is to
+    use them as a type hint.
+
+    The default annotation of empty elements can be set with the
+    ``empty_type`` keyword argument.  The default is not to annotate empty
+    elements.  Pass 'string', for example, to make string values the default.
+    """
+    cdef _Element  element
+    element = cetree.rootNodeOrRaise(element_or_tree)
+    _annotate(element, 1, 0, ignore_old, ignore_pytype, empty_type, None)
+
+def annotate(element_or_tree, *, ignore_old=True, ignore_xsi=False,
+             empty_pytype=None, empty_type=None, annotate_xsi=0,
+             annotate_pytype=1):
+    """annotate(element_or_tree, ignore_old=True, ignore_xsi=False, empty_pytype=None, empty_type=None, annotate_xsi=0, annotate_pytype=1)
+
+    Recursively annotates the elements of an XML tree with 'xsi:type'
+    and/or 'py:pytype' attributes.
+
+    If the 'ignore_old' keyword argument is True (the default), current
+    'py:pytype' attributes will be ignored for the type annotation. Set to False
+    if you want reuse existing 'py:pytype' information (iff appropriate for the
+    element text value).
+
+    If the 'ignore_xsi' keyword argument is False (the default), existing
+    'xsi:type' attributes will be used for the type annotation, if they fit the
+    element text values. 
+    
+    Note that the mapping from Python types to XSI types is usually ambiguous.
+    Currently, only the first XSI type name in the corresponding PyType
+    definition will be used for annotation.  Thus, you should consider naming
+    the widest type first if you define additional types.
+
+    The default 'py:pytype' annotation of empty elements can be set with the
+    ``empty_pytype`` keyword argument. Pass 'str', for example, to make
+    string values the default.
+
+    The default 'xsi:type' annotation of empty elements can be set with the
+    ``empty_type`` keyword argument.  The default is not to annotate empty
+    elements.  Pass 'string', for example, to make string values the default.
+
+    The keyword arguments 'annotate_xsi' (default: 0) and 'annotate_pytype'
+    (default: 1) control which kind(s) of annotation to use. 
+    """
+    cdef _Element  element
+    element = cetree.rootNodeOrRaise(element_or_tree)
+    _annotate(element, annotate_xsi, annotate_pytype, ignore_xsi,
+              ignore_old, empty_type, empty_pytype)
+
+
+cdef _annotate(_Element element, bint annotate_xsi, bint annotate_pytype,
+               bint ignore_xsi, bint ignore_pytype,
+               empty_type_name, empty_pytype_name):
+    cdef _Document doc
+    cdef tree.xmlNode* c_node
+    cdef PyType empty_pytype, StrType, NoneType
+
+    if not annotate_xsi and not annotate_pytype:
+        return
+
+    if empty_type_name is not None:
+        if isinstance(empty_type_name, bytes):
+            empty_type_name = (<bytes>empty_type_name).decode("ascii")
+        empty_pytype = <PyType>_SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT.get(empty_type_name)
+    elif empty_pytype_name is not None:
+        if isinstance(empty_pytype_name, bytes):
+            empty_pytype_name = (<bytes>empty_pytype_name).decode("ascii")
+        empty_pytype = <PyType>_PYTYPE_DICT.get(empty_pytype_name)
+    else:
+        empty_pytype = None
+
+    StrType  = <PyType>_PYTYPE_DICT.get('str')
+    NoneType = <PyType>_PYTYPE_DICT.get('NoneType')
+
+    doc = element._doc
+    c_node = element._c_node
+    tree.BEGIN_FOR_EACH_ELEMENT_FROM(c_node, c_node, 1)
+    if c_node.type == tree.XML_ELEMENT_NODE:
+        _annotate_element(c_node, doc, annotate_xsi, annotate_pytype,
+                          ignore_xsi, ignore_pytype,
+                          empty_type_name, empty_pytype, StrType, NoneType)
+    tree.END_FOR_EACH_ELEMENT_FROM(c_node)
+
+cdef int _annotate_element(tree.xmlNode* c_node, _Document doc,
+                           bint annotate_xsi, bint annotate_pytype,
+                           bint ignore_xsi, bint ignore_pytype,
+                           empty_type_name, PyType empty_pytype,
+                           PyType StrType, PyType NoneType) except -1:
+    cdef tree.xmlNs*   c_ns
+    cdef PyType pytype = None
+    typename = None
+    istree = 0
+
+    # if element is defined as xsi:nil, represent it as None
+    if cetree.attributeValueFromNsName(
+        c_node, _XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, <unsigned char*>"nil") == "true":
+        pytype = NoneType
+
+    if pytype is None and not ignore_xsi:
+        # check that old xsi type value is valid
+        typename = cetree.attributeValueFromNsName(
+            c_node, _XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, <unsigned char*>"type")
+        if typename is not None:
+            pytype = <PyType>_SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT.get(typename)
+            if pytype is None and ':' in typename:
+                prefix, typename = typename.split(':', 1)
+                pytype = <PyType>_SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT.get(typename)
+            if pytype is not None and pytype is not StrType:
+                # StrType does not have a typecheck but is the default
+                # anyway, so just accept it if given as type
+                # information
+                pytype = _check_type(c_node, pytype)
+                if pytype is None:
+                    typename = None
+
+    if pytype is None and not ignore_pytype:
+        # check that old pytype value is valid
+        old_pytypename = cetree.attributeValueFromNsName(
+            c_node, _PYTYPE_NAMESPACE, _PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME)
+        if old_pytypename is not None:
+            if old_pytypename == TREE_PYTYPE_NAME:
+                if not cetree.hasChild(c_node):
+                    # only case where we should keep it,
+                    # everything else is clear enough
+                    pytype = TREE_PYTYPE
+            else:
+                if old_pytypename == 'none':
+                    # transition from lxml 1.x
+                    old_pytypename = "NoneType"
+                pytype = <PyType>_PYTYPE_DICT.get(old_pytypename)
+                if pytype is not None and pytype is not StrType:
+                    # StrType does not have a typecheck but is the
+                    # default anyway, so just accept it if given as
+                    # type information
+                    pytype = _check_type(c_node, pytype)
+
+    if pytype is None:
+        # try to guess type
+        if not cetree.hasChild(c_node):
+            # element has no children => data class
+            pytype = _guessPyType(textOf(c_node), StrType)
+        else:
+            istree = 1
+
+    if pytype is None:
+        # use default type for empty elements
+        if cetree.hasText(c_node):
+            pytype = StrType
+        else:
+            pytype = empty_pytype
+            if typename is None:
+                typename = empty_type_name
+
+    if pytype is not None:
+        if typename is None:
+            if not istree:
+                if pytype._schema_types:
+                    # pytype->xsi:type is a 1:n mapping
+                    # simply take the first
+                    typename = pytype._schema_types[0]
+        elif typename not in pytype._schema_types:
+            typename = pytype._schema_types[0]
+
+    if annotate_xsi:
+        if typename is None or istree:
+            cetree.delAttributeFromNsName(
+                c_node, _XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, <unsigned char*>"type")
+        else:
+            # update or create attribute
+            typename_utf8 = cetree.utf8(typename)
+            c_ns = cetree.findOrBuildNodeNsPrefix(
+                doc, c_node, _XML_SCHEMA_NS, <unsigned char*>'xsd')
+            if c_ns is not NULL:
+                if b':' in typename_utf8:
+                    prefix, name = typename_utf8.split(b':', 1)
+                    if c_ns.prefix is NULL or c_ns.prefix[0] == c'\0':
+                        typename_utf8 = name
+                    elif tree.xmlStrcmp(_xcstr(prefix), c_ns.prefix) != 0:
+                        typename_utf8 = (<unsigned char*>c_ns.prefix) + b':' + name
+                elif c_ns.prefix is not NULL and c_ns.prefix[0] != c'\0':
+                    typename_utf8 = (<unsigned char*>c_ns.prefix) + b':' + typename_utf8
+            c_ns = cetree.findOrBuildNodeNsPrefix(
+                doc, c_node, _XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, <unsigned char*>'xsi')
+            tree.xmlSetNsProp(c_node, c_ns, <unsigned char*>"type", _xcstr(typename_utf8))
+
+    if annotate_pytype:
+        if pytype is None:
+            # delete attribute if it exists
+            cetree.delAttributeFromNsName(
+                c_node, _PYTYPE_NAMESPACE, _PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME)
+        else:
+            # update or create attribute
+            c_ns = cetree.findOrBuildNodeNsPrefix(
+                doc, c_node, _PYTYPE_NAMESPACE, <unsigned char*>'py')
+            pytype_name = cetree.utf8(pytype.name)
+            tree.xmlSetNsProp(c_node, c_ns, _PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE_NAME,
+                              _xcstr(pytype_name))
+            if pytype is NoneType:
+                c_ns = cetree.findOrBuildNodeNsPrefix(
+                    doc, c_node, _XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS, <unsigned char*>'xsi')
+                tree.xmlSetNsProp(c_node, c_ns, <unsigned char*>"nil", <unsigned char*>"true")
+
+    return 0
+
+cdef object _strip_attributes = etree.strip_attributes
+cdef object _cleanup_namespaces = etree.cleanup_namespaces
+
+def deannotate(element_or_tree, *, bint pytype=True, bint xsi=True,
+               bint xsi_nil=False, bint cleanup_namespaces=False):
+    """deannotate(element_or_tree, pytype=True, xsi=True, xsi_nil=False, cleanup_namespaces=False)
+
+    Recursively de-annotate the elements of an XML tree by removing 'py:pytype'
+    and/or 'xsi:type' attributes and/or 'xsi:nil' attributes.
+
+    If the 'pytype' keyword argument is True (the default), 'py:pytype'
+    attributes will be removed. If the 'xsi' keyword argument is True (the 
+    default), 'xsi:type' attributes will be removed.
+    If the 'xsi_nil' keyword argument is True (default: False), 'xsi:nil'
+    attributes will be removed.
+
+    Note that this does not touch the namespace declarations by
+    default.  If you want to remove unused namespace declarations from
+    the tree, pass the option ``cleanup_namespaces=True``.
+    """
+    cdef list attribute_names = []
+
+    if pytype:
+        attribute_names.append(PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE)
+    if xsi:
+        attribute_names.append(XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_TYPE_ATTR)
+    if xsi_nil:
+        attribute_names.append(XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NIL_ATTR)
+
+    _strip_attributes(element_or_tree, *attribute_names)
+    if cleanup_namespaces:
+        _cleanup_namespaces(element_or_tree)
+
+################################################################################
+# Module level parser setup
+
+cdef object __DEFAULT_PARSER
+__DEFAULT_PARSER = etree.XMLParser(remove_blank_text=True)
+__DEFAULT_PARSER.set_element_class_lookup( ObjectifyElementClassLookup() )
+
+cdef object objectify_parser
+objectify_parser = __DEFAULT_PARSER
+
+def set_default_parser(new_parser = None):
+    """set_default_parser(new_parser = None)
+
+    Replace the default parser used by objectify's Element() and
+    fromstring() functions.
+
+    The new parser must be an etree.XMLParser.
+
+    Call without arguments to reset to the original parser.
+    """
+    global objectify_parser
+    if new_parser is None:
+        objectify_parser = __DEFAULT_PARSER
+    elif isinstance(new_parser, etree.XMLParser):
+        objectify_parser = new_parser
+    else:
+        raise TypeError, "parser must inherit from lxml.etree.XMLParser"
+
+def makeparser(**kw):
+    """makeparser(remove_blank_text=True, **kw)
+
+    Create a new XML parser for objectify trees.
+
+    You can pass all keyword arguments that are supported by
+    ``etree.XMLParser()``.  Note that this parser defaults to removing
+    blank text.  You can disable this by passing the
+    ``remove_blank_text`` boolean keyword option yourself.
+    """
+    if 'remove_blank_text' not in kw:
+        kw['remove_blank_text'] = True
+    parser = etree.XMLParser(**kw)
+    parser.set_element_class_lookup( ObjectifyElementClassLookup() )
+    return parser
+
+cdef _Element _makeElement(tag, text, attrib, nsmap):
+    return cetree.makeElement(tag, None, objectify_parser, text, None, attrib, nsmap)
+
+################################################################################
+# Module level factory functions
+
+cdef object _fromstring
+_fromstring = etree.fromstring
+
+SubElement = etree.SubElement
+
+def fromstring(xml, parser=None, *, base_url=None):
+    """fromstring(xml, parser=None, base_url=None)
+
+    Objectify specific version of the lxml.etree fromstring() function
+    that uses the objectify parser.
+
+    You can pass a different parser as second argument.
+
+    The ``base_url`` keyword argument allows to set the original base URL of
+    the document to support relative Paths when looking up external entities
+    (DTD, XInclude, ...).
+    """
+    if parser is None:
+        parser = objectify_parser
+    return _fromstring(xml, parser, base_url=base_url)
+
+def XML(xml, parser=None, *, base_url=None):
+    """XML(xml, parser=None, base_url=None)
+
+    Objectify specific version of the lxml.etree XML() literal factory
+    that uses the objectify parser.
+
+    You can pass a different parser as second argument.
+
+    The ``base_url`` keyword argument allows to set the original base URL of
+    the document to support relative Paths when looking up external entities
+    (DTD, XInclude, ...).
+    """
+    if parser is None:
+        parser = objectify_parser
+    return _fromstring(xml, parser, base_url=base_url)
+
+cdef object _parse
+_parse = etree.parse
+
+def parse(f, parser=None, *, base_url=None):
+    """parse(f, parser=None, base_url=None)
+
+    Parse a file or file-like object with the objectify parser.
+
+    You can pass a different parser as second argument.
+
+    The ``base_url`` keyword allows setting a URL for the document
+    when parsing from a file-like object.  This is needed when looking
+    up external entities (DTD, XInclude, ...) with relative paths.
+    """
+    if parser is None:
+        parser = objectify_parser
+    return _parse(f, parser, base_url=base_url)
+
+cdef dict _DEFAULT_NSMAP = {
+    "py"  : PYTYPE_NAMESPACE,
+    "xsi" : XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NS,
+    "xsd" : XML_SCHEMA_NS
+}
+
+E = ElementMaker()
+
+def Element(_tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, *, _pytype=None, **_attributes):
+    """Element(_tag, attrib=None, nsmap=None, _pytype=None, **_attributes)
+
+    Objectify specific version of the lxml.etree Element() factory that
+    always creates a structural (tree) element.
+
+    NOTE: requires parser based element class lookup activated in lxml.etree!
+    """
+    if attrib is not None:
+        if _attributes:
+            attrib = dict(attrib)
+            attrib.update(_attributes)
+        _attributes = attrib
+    if _pytype is None:
+        _pytype = TREE_PYTYPE_NAME
+    if nsmap is None:
+        nsmap = _DEFAULT_NSMAP
+    _attributes[PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE] = _pytype
+    return _makeElement(_tag, None, _attributes, nsmap)
+
+def DataElement(_value, attrib=None, nsmap=None, *, _pytype=None, _xsi=None,
+                **_attributes):
+    """DataElement(_value, attrib=None, nsmap=None, _pytype=None, _xsi=None, **_attributes)
+
+    Create a new element from a Python value and XML attributes taken from
+    keyword arguments or a dictionary passed as second argument.
+
+    Automatically adds a 'pytype' attribute for the Python type of the value,
+    if the type can be identified.  If '_pytype' or '_xsi' are among the
+    keyword arguments, they will be used instead.
+
+    If the _value argument is an ObjectifiedDataElement instance, its py:pytype,
+    xsi:type and other attributes and nsmap are reused unless they are redefined
+    in attrib and/or keyword arguments.
+    """
+    if nsmap is None:
+        nsmap = _DEFAULT_NSMAP
+    if attrib is not None and attrib:
+        if _attributes:
+            attrib = dict(attrib)
+            attrib.update(_attributes)
+        _attributes = attrib
+    if isinstance(_value, ObjectifiedElement):
+        if _pytype is None:
+            if _xsi is None and not _attributes and nsmap is _DEFAULT_NSMAP:
+                # special case: no change!
+                return _value.__copy__()
+    if isinstance(_value, ObjectifiedDataElement):
+        # reuse existing nsmap unless redefined in nsmap parameter
+        temp = _value.nsmap
+        if temp is not None and temp:
+            temp = dict(temp)
+            temp.update(nsmap)
+            nsmap = temp
+        # reuse existing attributes unless redefined in attrib/_attributes
+        temp = _value.attrib
+        if temp is not None and temp:
+            temp = dict(temp)
+            temp.update(_attributes)
+            _attributes = temp
+        # reuse existing xsi:type or py:pytype attributes, unless provided as
+        # arguments
+        if _xsi is None and _pytype is None:
+            _xsi = _attributes.get(XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_TYPE_ATTR)
+            _pytype = _attributes.get(PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE)
+
+    if _xsi is not None:
+        if ':' in _xsi:
+            prefix, name = _xsi.split(':', 1)
+            ns = nsmap.get(prefix)
+            if ns != XML_SCHEMA_NS:
+                raise ValueError, "XSD types require the XSD namespace"
+        elif nsmap is _DEFAULT_NSMAP:
+            name = _xsi
+            _xsi = 'xsd:' + _xsi
+        else:
+            name = _xsi
+            for prefix, ns in nsmap.items():
+                if ns == XML_SCHEMA_NS:
+                    if prefix is not None and prefix:
+                        _xsi = prefix + ':' + _xsi
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ValueError, "XSD types require the XSD namespace"
+        _attributes[XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_TYPE_ATTR] = _xsi
+        if _pytype is None:
+            # allow using unregistered or even wrong xsi:type names
+            py_type = <PyType>_SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT.get(_xsi)
+            if py_type is None:
+                py_type = <PyType>_SCHEMA_TYPE_DICT.get(name)
+            if py_type is not None:
+                _pytype = py_type.name
+
+    if _pytype is None:
+        _pytype = _pytypename(_value)
+
+    if _value is None and _pytype != "str":
+        _pytype = _pytype or "NoneType"
+        strval = None
+    elif python._isString(_value):
+        strval = _value
+    elif isinstance(_value, bool):
+        if _value:
+            strval = "true"
+        else:
+            strval = "false"
+    else:
+        py_type = <PyType>_PYTYPE_DICT.get(_pytype)
+        stringify = unicode if py_type is None else py_type.stringify
+        strval = stringify(_value)
+
+    if _pytype is not None: 
+        if _pytype == "NoneType" or _pytype == "none":
+            strval = None
+            _attributes[XML_SCHEMA_INSTANCE_NIL_ATTR] = "true"
+        else:
+            # check if type information from arguments is valid
+            py_type = <PyType>_PYTYPE_DICT.get(_pytype)
+            if py_type is not None:
+                if py_type.type_check is not None:
+                    py_type.type_check(strval)
+                _attributes[PYTYPE_ATTRIBUTE] = _pytype
+
+    return _makeElement("value", strval, _attributes, nsmap)
+
+
+################################################################################
+# ObjectPath
+
+include "objectpath.pxi"